Correct Usage of Modal Verbs • Permission: “You may begin

the exam now.”

Modal verbs are a type of auxiliary verb used
to express modality – the speaker’s attitude • Possibility: “It may snow
towards the likelihood or necessity of an tomorrow.”
action. Each modal verb has its own specific • Wish: “May you have a happy
usage and conveys a different level of birthday!”
certainty or possibility. Here is the correct
usage of each modal verb: 5. Should: is used to give advice, make
recommendations, or talk about
1. Can: is used to express ability, expectations. For example:
permission, or possibility in the
present or future. For example: • Advice: “You should eat more
fruits and vegetables.”
• Ability: “She can speak
Spanish fluently.” • Recommendation: “I think you
should watch that movie; it’s
• Permission: “You can leave really good.”
the room now.”
• Expectation: “He should be
• Possibility: “It can get quite here by now.”
hot in the summer.”
6. Shall: is used to make suggestions,
2. Could: is the past tense of “can” and offer assistance, or make promises in
is used to express past ability, polite formal contexts. For example:
requests, or conditional statements.
For example: • Suggestion: “Shall we go for a
walk in the park?”
• Past ability: “When I was
younger, I could run very fast.” • Offer of assistance: “I shall
help you with your
• Polite request: “Could you homework.”
please pass me the salt?”
• Promise: “I shall do my best to
• Conditional statement: “If I finish the project on time.”
had more time, I could help
you with your project.” 7. Will: is used to express future
intentions, predictions, promises, or
3. Might: is used to express possibility spontaneous decisions. For example:
or uncertainty about a present or
future event. For example: • Future intention: “I will call you
tomorrow.”
• Possibility: “It might rain later
today.” • Prediction: “I think it will rain
later.”
• Uncertainty: “I might go to the
party, but I’m not sure yet.” • Promise: “I will always love
you.”
4. May: is used to express permission,
possibility, or a wish in a formal 8. Would: is the past tense of “will” and
context. For example: is used to talk about hypothetical
situations, polite requests, or
 expressing preferences. For
example:
• Hypothetical situation: “If I
won the lottery, I would travel
around the world.”
• Polite request: “Would you
mind closing the window?”
• Preference: “I would rather
stay home tonight.”
9. Ought: is used to indicate duty,
obligation, or advisability. For
example:
• Duty: “You ought to apologize
for your mistake.”
• Obligation: “We ought to
respect our elders.”
• Advisability: “You ought to
wear a coat; it’s cold outside.”
Prepositions are words that show At
relationships between other words in a
The preposition “at” is used to indicate a
sentence. They indicate location, time,
specific point, location, or time. It can also
direction, and other relationships. The
indicate a place where an action or event
prepositions “on,” “in,” and “at” are commonly
takes place. Here are some examples of its
used and have specific meanings. Here is a
usage:
detailed explanation of their usage:
• The store is at the corner of Main
On
Street and Oak Avenue. (indicating
The preposition “on” is used to indicate a the specific point or location)
surface or a particular place where
• He is at home. (indicating the specific
something rests or occurs. It can also
location where he is)
indicate a time period or a position. Here are
some examples of its usage: • The meeting starts at 3 pm.
(indicating the specific time when the
• The book is on the table. (indicating
meeting starts)
the surface where the book is resting)
• They are playing soccer at the park.
• She is on the phone. (indicating the
(indicating the place where they are
position or activity of the person)
playing soccer)
• The meeting is on Monday.
In summary, “on” indicates a surface or
(indicating the time period or day)
position, “in” indicates an enclosed space or
• The poster is on the wall. (indicating general time period, and “at” indicates a
the surface where the poster is specific point, location, time, or event.
hanging) Understanding these prepositions and their
usage can help you communicate more
In
effectively in English.
The preposition “in” is used to indicate a
container, a space, or a location that
encloses something. It can also indicate a
general time period or a situation. Here are
some examples of its usage:
• The milk is in the refrigerator.
(indicating the container where the
milk is stored)
• He is in the room. (indicating the
enclosed space where he is located)
• She was born in 1990. (indicating the
general time period when she was
born)
• He is in trouble. (indicating the
situation he is in)
Understanding Prepositions and • Whose: is a possessive pronoun
used to show ownership or
Verbs in English Grammar
belonging. For example, “Whose
In English grammar, prepositions such as book is this?”
“in,” “on,” and “at” are used to show the
In English grammar, understanding the
relationship between a noun or pronoun and
correct usage of prepositions and verbs is
other words in a sentence. These
essential for clear communication and proper
prepositions indicate location, time, or
sentence structure.
direction.
• In: is used to indicate being inside
something or within a specific area.
For example, “She is in the house.”
The past tense forms of the verb “to have”
• On: is used to indicate being in are as follows:
contact with a surface or position
above something. For example, “The 1. Have (present): I have a car.
book is on the table.” 2. Has (present): She has a dog.
• At: is used to indicate a specific point 3. Had (past): They had a great time.
or location. For example, “He is
waiting at the bus stop.” The past tense forms of the verb “to be” are
as follows:
Understanding Verb Tenses: Have, Has,
Had, Was, Were 1. Was (singular): He was at the party.

Verbs such as “have,” “has,” and “had” are 2. Were (plural): They were happy.
part of the auxiliary verb group in English
grammar. They are used to form tenses and
to show possession.
• Have/Has: “Have” is used with plural
subjects (I, you, we, they), while “has”
is used with singular subjects (he,
she, it). For example, “I have a car”
(plural) vs. “She has a cat” (singular).
• Had: “Had” is the past tense of both
“have” and “has.” It is used to show
possession or to form past perfect
tenses. For example, “They had
finished their homework.”
Understanding Pronouns: Whom and Whose
• Whom: is an object pronoun used
when referring to the object of a verb
or preposition. For example, “To
whom did you speak?”
Elements of Sentence complements: subject complements
and object complements. Subject
Structures
complements provide information
Sentences are the basic units of about the subject, while object
communication in any language. complements provide information
about the object.
Sentence structure refers to the way words
are organized in a sentence, including the 6. Modifiers: are words or phrases that
arrangement of words, phrases, and clauses provide additional information about
to convey meaning. other elements in a sentence. They
can include adjectives, adverbs,
Here are the key elements: prepositional phrases, and clauses.
1. Subject: is the main noun or pronoun 7. Clauses: are groups of words that
that the sentence is about. It typically contain a subject and a predicate.
performs the action in the sentence. There are two main types of clauses:
For example, in the sentence independent clauses (can stand
“John runs every morning,” “John” is alone as complete sentences) and
the subject. dependent clauses (cannot stand
alone as complete sentences).
2. Predicate: the part of the sentence
that contains the verb and provides 8. Phrase: is a group of words that
information about the subject. It can functions as a single unit within a
include verbs, objects, complements, sentence but does not contain both a
and other modifiers. subject and a predicate.

In the sentence “John runs every

morning,” “runs every morning” is
the predicate.
3. Verb: is a word that expresses an
action, occurrence, or state of being.
It is a crucial element in a sentence
as it conveys what the subject is
doing or being.
In the sentence “John runs every
morning,” “runs” is the verb.
4. Object: is a noun or pronoun that
receives the action of the verb. It
answers the question “what” or
“whom” after the verb.
In the sentence “John eats an apple,”
“an apple” is the object.
5. Complement: is a word or group of
words that completes the meaning of
a verb. There are two types of
Types of Sentence Structures
Simple Sentences: A simple sentence
consists of a single independent clause
with a subject and a predicate. It
expresses a complete thought and
stands alone as a sentence.
Example: “She sings.”
Compound Sentences: A compound
sentence is made up of two or more
independent clauses joined by
coordinating conjunctions like “and,”
“but,” or “or.”
Example: “She sings, and he dances.”
Complex Sentences: A complex
sentence contains an independent
clause and one or more dependent
clauses. The dependent clause cannot
stand alone as a complete sentence.
Example: “Although she sings well, she
is shy.”
Compound-Complex Sentences: A
compound-complex sentence combines
elements of both compound and complex
sentences. It has two or more
independent clauses and at least one
dependent clause.
Example: “Although she was tired, she
decided to go for a run, and he joined her
after finishing his work.”
THREE TENSES tense is used for actions that started in
the past and continue up to the present
The past perfect, present perfect, and or have relevance now, and the future
future perfect are three tenses used in perfect tense is used for actions that will
the English language to express different be completed at a specific point in the
time frames and actions. Here’s a future.
detailed explanation of each tense:
Past Perfect (had + Past Participle)
The past perfect tense is used to
describe an action that was completed
before another action in the past. It is
formed by using the auxiliary verb “had”
followed by the past participle of the main
verb.
• Example: She had finished her
homework before going to bed.
Present Perfect (have/has + Past
Participle)
The present perfect tense is used to
describe an action that started in the past
and continues up to the present or its
result is relevant now. It is formed by
using the auxiliary verb “have” or “has”
(depending on the subject) followed by
the past participle of the main verb.
• Example: I have lived in this city for
five years.
Future Perfect (will have + Past
Participle)
The future perfect tense is used to
describe an action that will be completed
at a specific time or point in the future. It
is formed by using the auxiliary verb “will
have” followed by the past participle of
the main verb.
• Example: By this time next year,
they will have traveled to 10
different countries.
In summary, the past perfect tense is
used for actions completed before
another past action, the present perfect