AGNEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND DESIGN

AGNEL TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL COMPLEX

ASSAGAO, BARDEZ-GOA. 403 507
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to Goa University)
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Trigonometric formula
sin( A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B sin( A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B
Cos ( A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B cos ( A  B )  cos A cos B  sin A sin B
j  j j  j
e e e e
cos  sin 
2 2j
cos (  2 )  cos ( ) sin(  2 )  sin( )    
cos      sin( ) sin      cos( )
2  2 
cos 2   sin 2  1 cos ( )  cos ( ) sin(  )   sin( )
1  cos 2 1  cos 2
sin2  cos 2 
2 2
sin 2  2sin( )cos ( ) cos 2  1  2sin 2   2cos 2   1
2 sin A cos B  sin( A  B )  sin( A  B) 2 cos A cos B  cos( A  B )  cos( A  B )
2sin A sin B  cos( A  B)  cos( A  B )
 n 1 N 1 n 1  a N
 a  1  a   a 
n0 n0 1 a
x  a  ib Mag of x x  a 2  b 2 b
angle or phase of x x=tan 1  
a
Unit1 Equations and Formulas
Property/Signal Continuous Time Discrete Time
Even component x (t )  x (  t ) x ( n )  x (  n)
xe (t )  xe ( n ) 
2 2
Odd component x (t )  x ( t ) x (n)  x (n)
xo (t )  x0 ( n ) 
2 2
Energy  
E=  x (n)
2

2
E x(t ) dt joules joules
 n 

Power 1
T
1 N


2

T  2T 
2
P  lim x(t ) dt watts P= lim x(n) watts
N  2 N  1
T n  N

Unit impulse  (t ) = 1 t = 0  (n) = 1 n= 0

=0 t 0 =0 n 0
Unit step u (t ) = 1 t  0 u( n) = 1 n  0
= 0 t< 0 =0 n<0

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Unit ramp r (t ) = t t  0 r(n) = n n  0
= 0 t< 0 =0 n<0
Convolution  
y(t)=  x( )h(t  )dt y(n)=  x(k)h(n  k)
 k 

Stability  

 h( ) d   h(n) 
- n=-

Causality h(t)=0 for t<0 h[n]=0 for n<0

Step response t n

s(t)=  h( )d s[n]=  h(k )




Interconnection serial h(t)=h1(t)* h2(t) h[n]=h1[n]* h2[n]

Interconnection parallel h(t)=h1(t)+h2(t) h[n]=h1[n]+ h2[n]
Unit2 Equations and Formulas
Property/Signal Continuous Time Discrete Time
Analysis Equation 1
T
-jk t 2 1 N 1 2
a k   x(t) e dt,   a k   x[n]e  jk n ,  
T0 T N n 0 N
Synthesis Equation k= k=N 1 jkn
x(t)=  a e jk t x[n]=  ake
k= - k k= 0
Linearity Aa k  Bbk Aa k  Bbk
Time shifting jk to -jk n o
a e ,to-shifting unit ak e no-shifting unit
k
Time reversal a -k a -k If signal is real and even a k =a -k
If signal is real and odd a k =-a -k
Time scaling FS[x(ut)] =ak with period To/u FS[x[n/m]] =
ak ,periodic with period mN
Frequency Shifting jmt j mn
FS[e x(t)]  ak  m FS[e x(n)]=ak  m
Convolution FS(x(t)*y(t))=Ta k b k FS(x[n]*y[n])=Na k b k
Multiplication l  l 
FS(x(t)y(t))=  a l b k-l FS(x[n]y[n])=  a l b k-l
l  l 

Parsevals theorem k= 2 k=N-1 2

Pavg   a Pavg   a
k=- k k=0 k
Differentiation dx(t) FS Not Applicable
 jko ak
dt
Difference Not Applicable x[n]  x[ n  1] 
FS
1  e jk  ak
Conjugation If x(t) is real and even, ak=a*-k, ak If x(n) is real and even, ak=a*-k, ak is
is real and even. If x(t) is real and real and even. If x(n) is real and odd,
odd, ak=-a*-k, ak is purely ak=-a*-k, ak is purely imaginary and
imaginary and odd odd.

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 Unit3 Equations and Formulas
Property/Signal Continuous Time Discrete Time
Analysis Equation 
-j
n 
X(j)   x (t) e t dt X(e j )   x[n]e
n 
 j n

-
Synthesis Equation 1

j t 1 jωn
x(t) 
2 
-
X(j)e d x[n] 
2 2
 X(e j ) e d

Linearity aX(j)+bY(j) aX(e j )+bY(e j )

Time shifting -j t 0 e  j no X(e j ) no-shifting unit
e X() ,to-shifting unit
Time reversal X (  j)
 -j 
X e
Time scaling 1 
X( ) a-scaling factor
a a
Frequency Shifting jmt j mn
FS[e x(t)]  ak  m FS[e x(n)]=ak  m
Convolution FT(x(t)*y(t))=X(j)Y(j) j   j  
FT(x[n]*y[n])=X  e Y  e 
   
Multiplication 1 1
FT(x(t)y(t))= (X(j)*Y(j)) FT(x[n]y[n])=  X(e j ) * Y (e j ) 
2 2
Parsevals theorem 1

1  j 2
  X(e ) d
2
E= X() d E=
2 - 2 -
Differentiation dx(t) FT Not Applicable
 jX()
dt
Difference Not Applicable x[n]  x[ n  1] 
FT
1  e j  X(e j )
Conjugation If x(t) is real and even, X(j) is If x(n) is real and even, X(e j ) is real
real and even. If x(t) is real and and even. If x(n) is real and odd,
odd, X(j) is also real and odd X(e j ) is real and odd.
Duality Property 2 x(-)  X(t )

Unit4

LAPLACE-TRANSFORM-

The laplace transform of x(t) L(x(t)) = X(s)=  x(t)e-st dt
-
S = σ + jΩ
   j
st 1
X(s)   x (t) e dt
-
ILT x(t) 
2 j  j
X(s)est ds

Signal LT
x(t )  e  at u (t ) 1
X ( s) 
sa

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x(t) = -e-at u(-t) a>0 1
X ( s)  s+a is negative
sa
x(t) = e at u(-t) a>0 1
X(s)= -
s-a
dx(t) sX ( s )  x(0)
dt
x(t-to) t
e-s 0 X(s)
st X ( s  so )
e- o x(t)
x(-t) X(-s)
 d 2 x(t )  s 2 X ( s )  sx (0) -x'(0)
 dt 2 
 
LT  -tx(t) dX(s)
ds
  t n x(t )  n
d X(s)
 
ds n
LT  x(t) * y(t)  X(s)Y(s)
Initial value theorem Final Value Theorem
lt lt
x(0)  s   sX ( s ) x ( )  s  0 sX ( s )
Common Laplace Transforms

Signal Transforms Signal Transforms

 (t ) 1 te at u(t) 1
 s  a 2
u(t) 1 t n eat u(t) n!
s ( s  a)n 1
e at u(t) 1 sin(t ) u(t) 
sa s 2  2
- e at u(-t) 1 cos(t ) u(t) s
sa s  2
2

e at u(-t) 1 e at sin(t ) u(t) 


sa (s  a)2  2
tu (t ) 1 e  at cos(t ) u(t) sa
s2 (s  a)2  2
t nu (t ) n!
s 1
n
Z TRANSORM-Analysis of Discrete Time System

The Z transform of x[n] Z(x[n]) = X(z)=  x[n]z  n
n 

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Signal ZT
δ[n] 1 ROC entire z plane
u[n] z
X(z) = , with ROC z  1
z 1
-u[-n-1] z
X(z) = , with ROC z  1
z 1
x[n]  a nu[n] z
X(z) = , with ROC z  a
za
x[n] =a n a <1 z z
 with ROC a< z  1/ a
z  a z  1/ a
x[n] = -a nu[n  1] z
with ROC z  a
za
nx[n] dX(z)
z
dz
nanu(n) az
z  a
2

sin o nu[ n]  sin o  z 1 ROC |z|>1

1  (2Coso ) z 1  z 2
r n sin o nu[ n] r  sin o  z 1
ROC |z|>r
1  (2rCoso ) z 1  r 2 z 2
cos o nu[n] 1   cos o  z 1
ROC |z|>1
1  (2Coso ) z 1  z 2
r n cos o nu[n] 1   r cos o  z 1
ROC |z|>r
1  (2rCoso ) z 1  r 2 z 2
ZT  x[n] * y[n] X(z)Y(z)
lt Final Value Theorem
Initial value theorem x[0]  z   X ( z ) lt
x()  z  1 [1  z 1 ] X ( z )

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