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 9th
GeoSymposium
of Young
Researchers Silesia 2016
 9th
GeoSymposium
of Young
Researchers Silesia 2016

Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016

Organizers:

Student Government Departament of Earth Science UŚ

Doctoral Scientific Circle WNOZ UŚ

The conference partners & patrons

Przegląd Geograficzny

Sponsor of this year’s edition

Geosyposium Young Researchers „Silesia 2016"
 9th
GeoSymposium
of Young
Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016 Researchers Silesia 2016

Editors:
Msc Sylwia Skreczko
MSc Krzysztof Broda
MSc Agnieszka Dżaluk
MSc Michał Glazer
MSc Kinga Mazurek
MSc Dorota Środek
PhD Krzysztof Szopa

Project:
MSc Sylwia Skreczko

ISBN 978-83-934005-9-1

Print:
Drukarnia Kolumb
Budowlana Str. 15
41-100 Siemianowice Śląskie
tel: +48 801 641 691
e-mail: [email protected]
 9th
GeoSymposium
of Young
Researchers Silesia 2016
Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016

Partners

Ins tute for Ecology of Industrial Areas has been ac ng in the field
of environmental protec on since 1972, providing a scien fic basis for sustainable
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We co-operate with the leading RTD units from Europe. Research carried out in the five main
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phone: +48 32 254 60 31; +48 32 254 01 64
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e-mail: [email protected]

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(IMGW-PIB) is a research and development unit established on the basis of the
governmental decree issued in 1972. However, the history of the Polish Met-Service
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the fastest growing Services in Europe.
IMGW-PIB operates in support of the public sector as well as business and offers various services and
expert opinions in the field of meteorology, climatology, hydrology and related domains of science.

3
 9th
GeoSymposium
of Young
Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016 Researchers Silesia 2016

From over 40 years now the Ins tute of Meteorology and Water Management - Na onal Research Ins tute
has been dealing with safety of dams. Dam Monitoring Service is fulfilled by Dam Monitoring Centre based
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and safety state of the damming structures of I or II Class and lower classes. OTKZ operates throughout
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The main tasks of OTKZ carried out in the framework of the Na onal Service for the Safety of Dams
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- performing tests, measurements and assessments of technical and safety state of dams,
- development of current and periodic reports for the government administra on on dams technical
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- keeping dams' database with technical data and informa on on the loca on, legal status, condi on
and safety state of dams,
- improvement of measurement methods for assessing dams' technical condi on,
- analysis and verifica on of guidelines for inspec ng, measurements and evalua on of dams technical
and safety state based on current technical knowledge

The Centre employs highly qualified engineers from within various fields (hydraulic engineering,
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4
 9th
GeoSymposium
of Young
Researchers Silesia 2016
Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016
Table of Contents
Partners.........................................................................................................................................................................3
The idea of the mee ng................................................................................................................................................8
Loca on of conference..................................................................................................................................................9
Schedule......................................................................................................................................................................10
Excursion Guide...........................................................................................................................................................11
Abstracts. Oral presenta on........................................................................................................................................12
Sieinski E., Balcerzak A., Wiejacz P. Technical and Economic Terms of Non-Invasive Inves ga on Methods of Geotechnical Condi ons
of Earth Embankment Construc ons..............................................................................19
Zelaya Wziątek D. The poten al of UAV-Laser Scanning Measuring System for Levee Monitoring...................................................20
Abdel Aziz Y.M. A compara ve study between oceanic rocks of Kane fracture Zone gabbro,Mid Atlan c Ridge and ophioli c rocks from
Moroco- indica on for ophiolte genesis and evolu on of the oceanic lithosphere.................................................. 21
Caletka M., Honek D., Šulc Michalková M. Can we afford to model flash flood in an alterna ve way?......................................22
Chepurna T. B. The prognos ca on of mudflows in the Ukrainian Carpathians...........................................................................23
Dulski M., Janeczek J., Ciesielczuk J., Krzykawski T. Impact of the isomorphic subs tu on (As ↔P) on the structure of copper
phosphate minerals determined by chemical and structural inves ga ons.....24
Dżaluk A. In situ measurements of natural radioac vity in selected quartz ites and carbonate rocks of the Opava Mountains region.......25
Fheed A., Krzyżak A. Carbonate facies and diagene c altera on inves ga on based on Nuclear Magne c Resonance - examples from
Zechstein Wielichowo Reef, Poland......................................................................................................26
Freyerová K., Šafanda J. Soil thermal regimes under different land covers...............................................................................27
Gawior D., Kryszczuk P., Rutkiewicz P. The impact of seismic events on radial growth and wood anatomy of spurces in Podhale
(Poland)............................................................................................................. 28
Glazer M., Dobiński W. Preliminary results of ERT study in Hornsund area.............................................................................. 29
Grabowska K. The impact of emergent aqua c macrophytes'transpira on on the ver cal water exchange in lakes: case study.............30
Grishchenkova E. Laser scanning in displacement monitoring of undermined territories.............................................................. 31
Guzy P., Sechman H., Machowski G. The influence of tectonics on the microseepage of hydrocarbons from subsurface accumula ons.
Case study from Polish outer Carpathians (SE Poland).....................................................32
Juroszek R. Raman spectroscopy of Se-, Cr-bearing minerals of the e ringite group from Hatrurim Complex..................................... 33
Kaczmarek Ł. Numerical models of shale rocks based on X-ray computed microtomography..........................................................34
Kaczmarek Ł. Numerical simula on of Mio-Pliocene clay creep............................................................................................... 35
Kepski D., Luks B., Migała K., Westermann S. Snow distribu on assessment from ground based photography and Landsat 8 images
in High Arc c (Hornsund, SW Spitsbergen)...................................................... 36
Kondas M. Acritarchs and prasinophytes from the Uppermost Devonian black shale deposits (north-eastern USA).............................. 37
Krzątała A., Gałuskina I. O. Vanadium mineraliza on in paralavas of the Negev Desert, Hatrurim Complex, Israel...........................38
Lipiński O. The Rela on between synop c situa ons and the nephological condi ons in Spitsbergen (1983-2013)...............................39
Łuszczyńska K. Using dendrochronology as a source of data for landslide ac vity maps............................................................... 40
Makowska D. Church of the Assump on of the Blessed Virgin Mary (St. Mary's Basilica) in Krakow as a geotouris c site.....................41
Makowska D., Majer-Durman A. Selected geological objects in area of the Dębnik an cline (Southern Poland) in terms of their
geoturism provision......................................................................................................42
Masseroli A., Leonell G., Pelfini M., Trombino L. Soils evolu on and recent treeline shi s in the Upper Valtellina (Italian Alps)....43
Mazurkiewcz M., Włodarska-Kowalczuk M., Renaud P. Arc c benthic biomass size spectra in response to climate changes...... 44
Mendecki M. J. The Seismic Network of the University of Silesia – present status and future prospects...........................................45
Michałowicz P. 3D seismic data applica on in geological modeling – methodology of work..........................................................46
Mikoda B., Gruszecka-Kosowska A., Klimek A. Compe ve sorp on of Cd(II), Cr(III), Cu(II) and Pb(II) by copper flota on waste
from KGHM Polska Miedź.........................................................................47
Nourani V., Mousavi S., Dąbrowska D. Temporal Chloride Modeling of Groundwater by Conjuga on of Ar ficial Intelligence
and Wavelet Transform Coherence Approaches.........................................................48
Panecki T. Historical Topographic Database: concept, development and applica on.....................................................................49
Pawelec S., Bielowicz B. Petrographic composi on of lignite from the Szczerców deposit..........................................................50

5
 9th
GeoSymposium
of Young
Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016 Researchers Silesia 2016

Piasecka – Rodak J. Nephelometry in determining the degree of soil erosion –assessment of the method......................................51
Pouch A., Zaborska A., Pazdro K. Distribu on and origin of selected POPs in the Arc c ords sediments....................................52
Rutkiewicz P., Malik I., Wistuba M., Gawior D. Spruce tree ring reduc ons and air pollu on changes related to number of human
diseases..............................................................................................53
Stasiak M. Bul onteinite from Negev Desert, Israel.............................................................................................................54
Środek D. New occurences of rusinovite Ca10(Si2O7)3Cl2..................................................................................................... 55
Twaróg A., Guzy P., Sechman H. Comparison of methods to measure the fluxes of methane and carbon dioxide......................... 56
Wandycz P., Waliczek M. Vitrnite reflectance based on organic and geochemical methods.......................................................57
Wandycz P. Calcula on of the apparent Quality Factor based on well-log.................................................................................58
Warchulski R. Methods for approxima ng the temperatures of crystalliza on of historic Zn-Pb slag: cri cal overview .......................59
Wołosiewicz B. Morphotectonic controll of the drainage basins, based on the deep fault zones, Inner Carpathians, Poland................60
Zatorski M. Geological control of deep seated gravita onal slope deforma ons (DSGSDs) in central part of the Beskid Niski Mts..........61
Abstracts. Posters......................................................................................................................................................62
Andrychowicz A. Assessment of flood flow hazards in part of Upper Vistula catchment area using FLO – 2D so ware.......................63
Błasiak A., Makohonienko M. The outline of Holocene environmental transforma ons of The Puszcza Zielonka Forest...................64
Błasiak A., Makohonienko M. Alder carr environmental transforma ons in the vicinity of Żurawiniec Reserve in Poznan
(western Poland)..............................................................................................................65
Broda K., Łazuka A. Phyllocarid crustaceans from Upper Devonian of Kowala Quarry (Holy Cross Mountains, central Poland)............66
Cao V, Schaffer M., Licha T. An evalua on of common conserva ve tracers in hydrogeology.....................................................67
Cegielska K.,Salata T., Kudas D., Szylar M. The concept of municipality's geoportal – selected legal and administra ve issues......68
Chepurna T.B., Kuzmenko E.D., Chepurnyj I.V. Geomorphological and lithological factors of mudflows processes in the predic ve
model of flooding danger......................................................................69
Chmielarz A., Potoczek M., Galas D., Jurek P. Foams made out of waste materials manufactured by the gelcas ng approach.....70
Chmielarz A. Potoczek M. Pressureless sintering of MAX Phases foams................................................................................71
Chmielarz A., Potoczek M. Ti2AlC foams – poten al applica on as microbial fuel cells............................................................72
Dąbrowski M. GPR research of the Polish Lowland..............................................................................................................73
Dulski M., Janeczek J., Ciesielczuk J., Krzykawski T. Impact of the isomorphic subs tu on (As ↔ P) on the structure of copper
phosphate minerals.........................................................................74
Fiaschi S. The Dead Sea monitored using two decades of InSAR data....................................................................................... 75
Forte, G. , Preto, N., Roghi, G., Kustatscher, E., Van Konijnenburg – van Ci ert, J.H.A, Kerp, H. The Tregiovo flora
(Early Permian, Trento, NE-Italy) – Paleobotanical, palynological and geochemical inves ga ons....76
Galas D. Kalembkiewicz J., Sitarz-Palczak E. The sequen al extrac on of post-galvanizing sewage sludge and specia on Co, Cd,
Cr and Ni..................................................................................................77
Galas D., Kalembkiewicz J., Sitarz-Palczak E., Wierzbińska M., Chmielarz A. The characteris cs of physicochemistry
and chemical composi on of post-galvanized sewage sludge.. 78
Galas D. A review of applica on of industrial fly ash.............................................................................................................79
Gawior D., Rutkiewicz P. Reconstruc on of smelter pond func oning in Bobrza River valley in Białogon (Holy Cross Mts., Poland)......80
Gia Tung P., Kappas M., Degener J. The soil erosion and nutrient losses in soil in Hilly Area in Central Vietnam...........................81
Glazer M. Extended approach to interpreta on of electrical resis vity imaging models obtained in periglacial environment on example
of Fuglebekken region, Hornsund, Spitsbergen.......................................................................................................82
Haide S., Mondol N. H. Imaging reservoir quality using Contemporary Geophysical Methods; a case study from SW Barents Sea.......83
Kawa K. Variability of major parameters of therapeu c waters from springs Celestyna, Klaudia and Tytus in Rymanów-Zdrój area
(SE Poland).......................................................................................................................................................84
Klievēns K., Mešķis S. Carbonate rocks of the Devonian Pļaviņas Forma on, their sedimentary environments and ichnofossil complexes
in North Latvia and South Estonia ....................................................................................................85
Kudas D., Szylar M., Cegielska K. The evalua on of the posi oning accuracy by using selected smartphones for GIS .................... 86
Łuszczyńska K. GIS analysis of landslide relief – examples from Żywiecki Beskid Mts (Western Outer Carpathians, Poland)................. 87

6
 9th
GeoSymposium
of Young
Researchers Silesia 2016
Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016

Masseroli A., Pelfini M., Leonelli G., Trombino L. GIS-analysis of treeline posi on and fluctua ons in the Valle Camonica
(Italian Alps)......................................................................................88
Mazurek K. Prussian and German Topographic Maps as the Data Source...................................................................................89
Mazurek K. Graphic Reconstruc on of Landscape.................................................................................................................90
Michałowicz P. Three-dimensional model of geological structure of F3 block (Netherlands)...........................................................91
Nguyen T. P., Ruppert H., Sauer B. A review of a status of heavy metal contamina on in Paddy Field in Vietnam..........................92
Rutkiewicz P., Gawior D. Natural and anthropogenic indicators of fluvial system changes, the Bobrza valley (Holy Cross Mts) as
an example.............................................................................................................................93
Rysz K. Predic ng land cover using Markov chains.................................................................................................................94
Scanu G.G., Kustatscher E., Pi au P., Pšenicka J. Permian flora of Seui (central Sardinia): Preliminary results...........................95
Skreczko S., Szopa K., Karolczyk P. Vivianite as an indicator of anoxic condi ons on the example of Strumień site
(southern Poland).......................................................................................................96
Skreczko S., Nadłonek W., Karolczyk P., Wieczorek A. Current state of reclama on on ZGH „Bolesław” waste dump
(Olkusz Region)....................................................................................97
Stasiak M., Galuskin E.V. Uranium-zirconium garnets from pyrometamorphic rocks, Nahal Ayalon, Israel......................................98
Szaciłowski G., Szarłowicz K. Use of 210Po in geochronology research
Szczepaniak K. Two subfamilies of Chironomidae (Chironominae and Tanypodinae) inclusions in resins from the collec ons
of the Polish Academy of Sciences Museum of Earth`s in Warsaw.......................................................................99
Szylar M., Cegielska K., Kudas D. Coordinate systems used in Poland a er the Second World War ...........................................100
Środek D., Juroszek R., Dulski M., Gazeev V., Galuskina I. Varia ons of chemical formula of jasmundite from two new
locali es.............................................................................101
Vivaldi V., Ninfo A. 3d morphometric analysis of lunar impact craters: a tool for degrada on es mates and interpreta on
of lunar maria stra graphy...........................................................................................................102

7
 9th
GeoSymposium
of Young
Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016 Researchers Silesia 2016

The idea of the meeting:

This conference is dedicated for young researchers, star ng from master and PhD students
to young PhDs, interested in Earth Science – geology, geography, geophysics, environmental
protec on etc. The interdisciplinary nature of this mee ng creates unique opportunity to
demonstrate contemporary trends in geosciences, and builds a pla orm upon which it is possible
to exchange par cipants' experiences. Nowadays works carried out on the edge of several fields
possess the most important meaning. Especially in the case of environmental research due to
the complexity of the problems it is crucial to have differen ated approach. The nature
of Geosmposium is to promote construc ve discussion on raised issues from a variety of points
of view. That is the source of its high poten al to contribute to improvement of the current work
of young researchers and establish collabora on on joint projects between them in the future.

This year's Geosymposium of Young Researchers will be the ninth mee ng since the first edi on in 2007.
Since 2014 GeoSymposium has received the rank of an interna onal. This demonstrates the need for this
type of ac vity and the posi ve effects exerted on the community of young researchers.

The conference will be accompanied by an excursion in the Polish Jura with their beau ful landscapes.
This year’s edi on of GeoSymposium is going to be extended with sta onary and field workshops led
by the representants of Navigate.

Organizing committee:

Msc Krzysztof Broda

Msc Michał Glazer
Msc Agnieszka Dżaluk
Msc Kinga Mazurek
Msc Sylwia Skreczko
Msc Dorota Środek

8
 9th
GeoSymposium
of Young
Researchers Silesia 2016 Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016

Location of conference:

4
2 3
Hotel Jura
Batalionów Chłopskich Str.88 B
42-425 Kroczyce
1 - Jura hotel
2 - Grill
3 - Stacja Jura 1
4 - Green area
A, B - parking
A

9
 9th
GeoSymposium
of Young
Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016 Researchers Silesia 2016

Schedule:
31.08.2016
9:00 - 9:15 Greetings
9:15 - 9:45 Inaugural lecture

I session: Hydrogeology
9:45 - 10:00 Katarzyna Grabowska The impact of emergent aquatic macrophytes’ transpiration on the vertical
water exchange in lakes: case study.
10:00 - 10:15 Vahid Nourani Temporal Chloride Modeling of Groundwater by Conjugation of Artificial Intelligence
and Wavelet Transform Coherence Approaches.
10:15 - 10:30 COFFEE BREAK

II session: Environmental protection

10:30 - 10:50 IETU PRESENTATION
10:50 - 11:05 Joanna Piasecka - Rodak Nephelometry in determining the degree of soil erosion – assessment
of the method.
11:05 - 11:20 Paweł Rutkiewicz Spruce tree ring reductions and air pollution changes related to number
of human diseases.
11:20 - 11:35 Anna Twaróg Comparison of methods to measure the fluxes of methane and carbon dioxide.
11:35 - 11:50 Bartosz Mikoda Competitive sorption of Cd(II), Cr(III), Cu(II) and Pb(II) by copper flotation
waste from KGHM Polska Miedź.
11:50 - 12:05 Silesian GIS Laboratory Presentation
12:05-12:15 COFFEE BREAK

III session: Physical Geography, Landscape ecology

12:15 - 12:35 IMGW PRESENTATION
12:35 - 12:50 Paweł Wiejacz Technical and Economic Terms of Non-Invasive Investigation Methods of Geotechnical
Conditions of Earth Embankment Constructions.
12:50 - 13:05 Katarzyna Łuszczyńska Using dendrochronology as a source of data for landslide activity maps.
13:05 - 13.20 Martin Caletka Can we afford to model flash flood in an alternative way?
13:20 - 13:35 Ekaterina Grishchenkova Laser scanning in displacement monitoring of undermined territories.
13:35 - 13:50 Katerina Freyerova Soil thermal regimes under different land covers.
13:50 - 14:05 Anna Masseroli Soils evolution and recent treeline shifts in the Upper Valtellina (Italian Alps).
14:05 - 14:20 Daniel Gawior The impact of seismic events on radial growth and wood anatomy of spurces
in Podhale (Poland).
14:20 - 15.30 LUNCH

10
 9th
GeoSymposium
of Young
Researchers Silesia 2016 Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016

IV session: Mineralogy, Petrography and Geochemistry 1

15:30 - 15:45 Sandra Pawelec Petrographic composition of lignite from the Szczerców deposit.
15:45 - 16:00 Paweł Wandycz Vitrnite reflectance based on organic and geochemical methods.
16: 00 - 16:15 Rafał Juroszek Raman spectroscopy of Se-, Cr-bearing minerals of the ettringite group from
Hatrurim Complex.
16:15 - 16:30 Mateusz Dulski Impact of the isomorphic substitution (As↔P) on the structure of copper
phosphate minerals determined by chemical and structural investigations.
16:30 - 16:45 Rafał Warchulski Methods for approximating the temperatures of crystallization of historic
Zn-Pb slag: critical overview.
16:45 - 17:00 Marta Stasiak Bultfonteinite from Negev Desert, Israel.
17:00 - 17: 15 COFFEE BREAK

V session: Mineralogy, Petrography and Geochemistry 1I

17:15 - 17:30 Arkadiusz Krzątała Vanadium mineralization of paralavas, Hatrurim Complex, Israel.
17:30 - 17:45 Paweł Wandycz Calculation of the apparent Quality Factor based on well-log.
17:45 - 18:00 Dorota Środek New occurences of rusinovite Ca10(Si2O7)3Cl2.

VI session: Geophysics
18:00 - 18:15 Michał Glazer Preliminary results of ERT study in Hornsund area.
18:15 - 18:30 Agnieszka Dżaluk In situ measurements of natural radioactivity in selected quartzites and
carbonate rocks of the Opava Mountains region.
18:30 - 18:45 Adam Fheed Carbonate facies and diagenetic alteration investigation based on Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance - examples from Zechstein Wielichowo Reef, Poland
18:45 - 19:00 Maciej Mendecki The Seismic Network of the University of Silesia – present status and future
prospects.
19.30 ICEBREAKER (Grill)

01.09.2016
08:00 - 09:00 BREAKFAST
09:00 - 09:40 NAVIGATE presentation
Field trip
09:45 Departure from hotel
10:00 - 12:30 Zborów Moutain/ Głęboka cave/ Navigate workshops
12:30 - 15:00 Hiking trail "Eagle Nests"
15: 00 - 16:15 Ogrodzieniec mine
16:50 Approximate return time
17:30 - 19:00 POSTER SESSION
19:30 GALA PARTY

11
 9th
GeoSymposium
of Young
Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016 Researchers Silesia 2016

02.09.2016
08:00 - 09:00 BREAKFAST

I session: Polar studies

09:00 - 09:15 Anna Pouch Distribution and origin of selected PCBs and PAHs in the Arctic fjords sediments.
09:15 - 09:30 Mikołaj Mazurkiewicz Arctic benthic biomass size spectra in response to climate changes.
09:30 - 09:45 Oskar Lipiński The relation between the synoptic situations and the nephological conditions
in Spitsbergen (1983 - 2013).
09:45 -10: 00 Daniel Kępski Snow distribution assessment from ground based photography and Landsat
8 images in High Arctic (Hornsund, SW Spitsbergen).
10:00 - 10:15 COFFEE BREAK

II session: Structural Geology

10:15 - 10:30 Łukasz Kaczmarek Numerical models of shale rocks based on X-ray computed microtomography.
10:30 - 10:45 Michał Zatorski Geological control of deep seated gravitational slope deformations (DSGSDs)
in central part of the Beskid Niski Mts.
10:45 - 11:00 Tetiana Chepurna The prognostication of mudflows in the Ukrainian Carpathians.
11:00 - 11:15 Piotr Guzy The influence of tectonics on the microseepage of hydrocarbons from subsurface
accumulations. Case study from Polish outer Carpathians (SE Poland).
11:15 - 11:30 Patrycja Michałowicz 3D seismic data application in geological modeling – methodology of work.
11:30 - 11:45 Bartosz Wołosiewicz Morphotectonic controll of the drainage basins, based on the deep fault
zones, Inner Carpathians, Poland.
11:45 - 12:00 Yaser Abdel - Aziz A comparative study between oceanic rocks of Kane fracture Zone gabbro,
Mid Atlantic Ridge and ophiolitic rocks from Moroco- indication for ophiolte
genesis and evolution of the oceanic lithosphere.
12:00 - 12:15 Łukasz Kaczmarek Numerical simulation of Mio-Pliocene clay creep.
12:15 - 12:30 COFFEE BREAK

III session: Paleontology

12:30 - 12:45 Marcelina Kondas Acritarchs and prasinophytes from the Uppermost Devonian black shale
deposits (north-eastern USA).

IV session: GIS, Teledetection and Cartography

12:45 - 13:00 Tomasz Panecki Historical Topographic Database: concept, development and application.
13:00 - 13:15 Dominika Makowska Selected geological objects in area of the Dębnik anticline (Southern Poland)
in terms of their geoturism provision.
13:15 - 13:30 Dominika Makowska Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (St. Mary's Basilica)
in Krakow as a geotouristic site.
13:30 - 13:45 Closing of the conference
13:45 - 15:00 LUNCH

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Excursion Guide.
Geology and geomorphology of Polish Jura
Krzysztof Broda, Agnieszka Dżaluk, Michał Glazer, Mazurek Kinga, Rafał Lach,
Sylwia Skreczko, Dorota Środek

Introduc on
In the guide we will like to introduce the geology and geomorphology of Polish Jura basing on natural
and ar ficial rock outcrops.
The village of Kroczyce, where we start our excursion, is located in central part of Polish Jura ant it is
surrounded by numerous hills and bornhardts. To the north east from the village the Landscape Park
of Eagle Nests is located (fig. 1; www.kroczyce.pl).

Fig. 1. The map of Krośnice (red star) area and its neighborhood. Red dots with numbers show excursion
stops. Map based on google.com/maps.

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The Polish Jura (Kraków-Silesian Homocline) is a monoclinal structure build of mostly Mesozoic
sediments overlaying Palaeozoic bedrock. The most characteris c rocks for this area are the Upper
Jurassic limestones present in the whole area under a thin layer of younger sediments. Because of this
rock complex, outcropping frequently between Kraków and Częstochowa, the whole area is called Jura
Krakowsko – Wieluńska, Jura Krakowsko – Częstochowska or simply Polish Jura (fig. 2; Krajewski
& Matyszkiewicz, 2009; Żelaźniewicz et al., 2011). Geology of the area has a strong influence on
the morphology of the surface. Jurassic limestones build every hill what is evidenced by presence
of bornhardts and natural outcrops (Krajewski & Matyszkiewicz, 2009).

Fig. 2. Simplified geological map of Kraków – Częstochowa Upland excluding Quaternary. Red star shows
the localista on of Kroczyce. (a er Krajewski & Matuszkiewicz, 2009)

Stop 1: The Zborów Hill

The Zborów Hill (also known as Berkowa Hill) with its height of 462 m.a.s.l. is one of the highest hills
in the area. During WW II it was an important observa on point and place of fights. Nowadays the whole
hill is protected as a inanimate nature reserve.
We can observe there bornhardts made of white Jurassic limestone, shaped by erosion to various
interes ng shapes. As a tourist a rac on the Zborów Hill is known also from its Lapidary showing
the geology of the Hill and the whole Jura area as well. Except Upper Jurassic limestones we can observe
there rocks from Lower Mesozoic and Upper Paleozoic such as Devonian dolomites, Permian volcanic
ryodacite or sandy limestones of Lower Jurassic.

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Fig. 3. The Zborów Hill. View from the top. (fot. Grzegorz Maciąg, wyjade.pl)

Głęboka Cave
The Głęboka Cave is situated in northern part of Zborów Hill, near the Krucze Skały. It was discovered
during exploita on of limestone in 1942. The Cave is 190 m long and nearly 20 m deep (denivela on
parameter is 22,5 m: +2,9; -19,5). Inside the cave we can observe various faults and drippstones.
We can also observe the signs of calcite (so called “szpat”) exploita on as well as the gatherings of bats.

Fig. 4. Entrance to the Głęboka Cave. (clickcoin.pl)

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Stop 2: The Eagle Nests Trail, Bobolice and Mirów Castles

The Trail of the Eagles' Nests (Polish: Szlak Orlich Gniazd) of south-western Poland, is a marked trail,
named a er a chain of 25 medieval castles which the trail passes by, between Częstochowa and Kraków
(it-jura.pl). The Trail of the Eagles' Nests was first marked by Kazimierz Sosnowski. Since 1980, much
of the area has been designated a protected area known as the Eagle Nests Landscape Park (Polish: Park
Krajobrazowy Orlich Gniazd).
The castles date mostly to the 14th century, and were constructed by the order of King of Poland Kazimierz
the Great (it-jura.pl). They have been named the "Eagles' Nests", as most of them are located on large, tall
rocks of the Polish Jura Chain featuring many limestone cliffs, monadnocks and valleys below. They were
built along the 14th-century border of Lesser Poland with the province of Silesia, which at that me
belonged to the Kingdom of Bohemia.
The Trail of the Eagles' Nests is considered one of the best tourist trails in Poland, marked as No. 1 on
the official list of most popular trails in the country. It encompasses all 25 castles and watchtowers, and is
163 kilometres (101 miles) long (the bicycle trail is 188 km (117 mi) long).
During our hiking we will see two Castles: Royal Castle in Bobolice and Mirów.
Stop 3: The Ogrodzieniec quarry
Abandoned Ogrodzieniec Quarry (with clay-pit “Wiek”; fig. 5.) is located in the southern part of the Polish
Jura Chain (fig. 1). In Ogrodzieniec Quarry (50°27'52"N, 19°30'43"E), sedimentary sequence begins with
dark-grey ore-bearing clays of Upper Bathonian (Orbis and Discus zones). Over clays, Callovian sediments
rich in macrofauna (for e.g. ammonites, belemnites, brachiopods, echinoderms and gastropods) are present
with thickness of approximately 3.8 meters. The Lower Callovian (Herveyi, Koenigi and Calloviense zones)
marls with ferruginous ooids, sandy marls and limestones are exposed. Above, rich macrofauna sandy marls,
limestones and glauconi c marls with phosphorite concre ons of Middle (Jason and Coronatum zones)
and Upper (Athleta and Lamber zones) Callovian occur.

Fig. 5. Examples of fossils from Ogrodzieniec Quarry. A and B: ammonites; C: belemnite; D: brachiopod.
Scale bar is 1 cm. (fot. K. Broda)

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Platy limestones of Early to Middle Oxfordian (all the zones and subzones from the Cordatum to
the Transversarium are represented with the excep on of the discon nuous Mariae Zone) lie directly
on the limestones of highest Callovian (Lamber zone). The oldest Oxfordian rocks are represented
by thick (3.2-3.3 meters) marls with clays and marly limestones (Jasna Góra Beds) containing numerous
ammonites and calcified siliceous sponges. The Jasna Góra Beds display a few sponge bioherms. Above,
thick complex (approximately 25 meters) of thin-bedded platy limestones, medium- and thick-bedded
limestones and massive rocky limestones (Zawodziańskie Beds) deposited in a shallow sea shelf are
exposed. In whole Oxfordian strata, ammonites (Perisphinctes, Cardioceras, Taramelliceras, Euaspidoceras,
Lissoceratoides and Peltoceratoides), belemnites (Hibolites) and brachiopods (Lacunosella and Terebratula)
predominate (Fig.5).

References
Orman, D. "Zamki Jurajskie. Orle Gniazda." Informator Turystyczny it-jura.pl.
Krajewski, M. & Matyszkiewicz, J. (2009): Upper Jurassic deposits in the Czestochowa Upland. In:
Stefaniak K., Tyc A., Socha P. (Eds) 2009. Karst of the Czestochowa Upland and of the Eastern Sudetes:
palaeoenvironments and protec on. Studies of the Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia,
No. 56, Sosnowiec – Wrocław; 536 pp.
Żelaźniewicz, A., Aleksandrowski, P., Buła, Z., Karnkowski, P.H., Konon, A., Oszczypko, N., Ślączka, P.,
Żaba, J. & Żytko, K. (2011): Regionalizacja tektoniczna Polski. Komitet Nauk Geologicznych PAN,
Wrocław; 64 pp.

Websites:
www.kroczyce.pl
google.com/maps
www.wyjade.pl
www.clickcoin.pl
www.panoramio.com
www.wikipedia.org

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ABSTRACTS
Oral presenta ons

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Technical and Economic Terms of Non-Invasive Inves ga on Methods

of Geotechnical Condi ons of Earth Embankment Construc ons
Edmund Sieinski, Andrzej Balcerzak, Paweł Wiejacz
The Ins tute of Meteorology and Water Management - Na onal Research Ins tute (IMGW-PIB),
Dam Monitoring Centre based in Katowice, ul. Kossutha 6, 40-844 Katowice, Poland;
e-mail: [email protected]

Proper evalua on of condi on of an earth embankment construc on is crucial to providing for its safety.
The condi on of the construc on can be be er evaluated if its structure is inves gated be er. Standard
assessment of the technical condi on of an earth embankment construc on is based on results
of geotechnical methods which are usually performed at selected loca ons along the structure. Without
employing geophysical methods these loca ons are picked random or at best - by eye, in places considered
intriguing. Geophysical methods provide con nuous images of selected physical parameters along
the construc on. Thus, the loca on of penetra on soundings and borehole drillings can be properly
assinged at places they are most important for evalua on of the construc on's condi on. The Dam
Technical Control Center has studied the possibility to use eight various geophysical methods to study
earth embankments. As result of this, in 2015 the Electric Resistance Tomography, the Seismic Refrac on
Tomography and the Electric Conduc vity methods were applied to studying an -flood river embankments.
The efficiency of the methods were studied, as well as in terms of density anomaly detec on as in terms
of costs and labor required. As result, the electric conduc vity method has proven the most feasible.
In 2016 the electric conduc vity method has been applied to river dam embankments of length
of 236 km - selected from a total 565 km of river dam embankments that are subject to their technical
condi on assessment for the year. Having performed about 80% of the planned inves ga ons in the field,
it is possible to es mate the costs and labor required. The obtained results allow for proper planning
of further geotechnical inves ga on.

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The poten al of UAV-Laser Scanning Measuring System for Levee Monitoring

Dagmara Zelaya Wziątek
The Ins tute of Meteorology and Water Management - Na onal Research Ins tute (IMGW-PIB),
Dam Monitoring Centre based in Katowice, ul. Kossutha 6, 40-844 Katowice, Poland;
e-mail: [email protected]
River flooding is a serious threat in Poland, causing yearly serious damages to crops, roads, households
and ci es. Moreover, its consequences are reflected with nega ve impacts on the social, economic,
and environmental sectors. The vulnerability of such event is counteracted by the construc on of levee
structures along the river banks, ac ng as flood protec on barriers. However, due to the extremely dynamic
erosion processes in near-aqua c environments, these embankments are highly exposed to deteriora on,
resul ng in failure of the structures. Therefore, a constant and precise monitoring system of such structures
is essen al for extending its life efficiency and accurate evalua on of current state.
Currently, approximately 3000-3500 lineal kilometers of levees in Poland, are under supervision by
the Na onal Dam Control Center (OTKZ). The high complexity of the study area is a challenge for the use
of one survey technique that allows rapid data collec on, assuring simultaneously data integra on.
Along with the technological progress, topographic instruments used in former days are slowly being
replaced by more modern techniques. Nowadays, the use of Light Detec on And Ranging (LIDAR) survey
technique combined with an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV, Dron) pla orm, is highly recommended
and becoming a more common monitoring technique used for high-energe c environments, due to its
possibility of fast and detailed topographic data collec on. However, the guidelines and parameters
for dealing with the UAV-LIDAR measuring pla orm, concerning levee monitoring, have not been yet
clearly established. This work focuses on the descrip on of the UAV-LIDAR measuring pla orm data
processing framework to be applied by the Polish Na onal Research Ins tute of Meteorology and Water
Management (IMGW), Dam Control Center. The author presents guidelines for UAV-LIDAR survey planning
and data processing focused on DTM accuracy improvement.

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A compara ve study between oceanic rocks of Kane fracture Zone gabbro,

Mid Atlan c Ridge and ophioli c rocks from Moroco- indica on for ophiolte
genesis and evolu on of the oceanic lithosphere

Yaser Maher Abdel Aziz

Geology Department-Faculty of Science-Assiut University
The upper Proterozoic ophiolites of Bou Azzer, Morocco composed of ultramafics, cumulate gabbros,
sheeted dykes, pillow lavas and diorite intrusions, and overlying volcanosedimentary sequence (Yaser et
al, 2005). The gabbroic rocks and basal c flows and dykes have composi ons similar to recent ocean- floor
rocks (N- and/ or T-type) Bodinier et al (1984). Although the frac onal crystalliza on play an important role
in the evolu on of these rocks, the large varia ons in their chemical composi ons require genera on from
a hetereogenious upper mantle source or by dynamic par al mel ng process.
Ahmed et al (2005) concluded that bou azzer ophiolites may have been linked with some high-Mg, high- Cr
supra-subduc on zone magma, such as high-Mg andesite,boninite or high-Mg tholeiite. The depleted harzbergite
is common to the Neoproterozoic ophiolites, sugges ng high degree of par al mel ng prevailing in
the Neoproterozoic era.
The Mid-Atlan c Ridge Kane (MARK) south of Kane fracture zone, 23 N) where normal faul ng
microeartheques with focal depth down to 8 Km occur right at the ridge ( Toomey et al, 1988 ), indica ng
that the lithosphere there is indeed thick, and subjected to extensional deforma on.. In this same region,
serpen nized mantle-derived perido tes and gabbros crop out in median valley wall.
Yaser and Mevel (1999) concluded that the oxides of the Kane fracture zone gabbro indicate crystalliza on
from high Mg tholeiite magma at nearly magma c temperature (1046 C) and high Oxygen fugaci es.
Recrystalliza on and subsolidus reac ons have occurred. Composi onal varia ons of ilmenite reflect
change in magma chemistry and cooling rates. Hydrothermal water circula on rich in manganese dioxide
in later stages penetrated the rocks through microcracks causing the forma on of Mn rich ilmenite by
replacemen of MgO. Eva Marion (1992) found that the petrographic and chemical study indicate the rela ve
heterogeneity of the gabbroic rocks from the viewpoint of magma c aspect. This is supported by Yaser and
Mevel (1999) where they found heterogenity of mineral chemistry of the oxides resulted from changes
in magma chemistry during cooling and subsequent crystalliza on process. So, the lithological-chemical
signature of the mantle sec on can provide insights into the tectonic se ng at which the complex was
formed; supra-subduc on se ng or mid-ocean ridge se ng.

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Can we afford to model flash flood in an alterna ve way?

Mar n Caletka, David Honek, Monika Šulc Michalková
Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 602 00 Brno,
Czech Republic, T. G. Masaryk Water Research Ins tute, Mojmírovo náměs 16, 612 00, Brno,
Czech Republic; e-mail: mar [email protected]
Frequency of flash floods has been increasing in recent years. Heavy rainfall events causing severe
damages are recorded all around Europe. In the Czech republic, the spots proned to being hit by flash
floods have been iden fied (cri cal points). A poten al flood event at par cular point may be modelled
using a hydrologic model. Such a model is demanding both on me and on the computa onal capacity.
Therefore, an alterna ve approach could be more convenient and bring sufficinet outputs. The AIZM
model represents an aleterna ve tool of the delinie on of flood inunda ons. The computa on is based
on the level of water above the terrain. Despite the neglec ng of laws of hydraulics, a previous study has
found out that the obtained outputs can be reliable. The AIZM model was applied for river reaches
of various types of river reaches. However, the flash floods usually uccur in a specific environment,
different from the one in flood planes.
Accuracy of the AIZM model is sta s cally analyzed for various cri cal points and the results are related
to the parametres of the contribu ng area and the trajectory of the surface runoff downstream. This way
allows to iden fy factors influencing beheaviour of the AIZM model.
Incorpora ng of all essen al informa on (such as the current development of rainfall and the the satura on
of soil in a catchment) might bring a promising tool, able to express the 'flash flood hazard' in real me.
In the light of its findings, this study aims to show whether the AIZM model could be an integral part
of such technique.

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The prognos ca on of mudflows in the Ukrainian Carpathians.

Te ana B. Chepurna
Ivano- Frankivsk Na onal Technical University of Oil and Gas, Ins tute of Geology and Geophisics,
Department of Geotehnohenic safety and Geoinforma cs, 15 Carpatska street, Ivano -Frankivsk,
Ukraine, 76019; e-mail: [email protected]

The aim of the research is to elucidate the regularity of the mudflow growth processes, depending on
the factor that cause them and to the regional me-spa al prognos ca on of mudflow hazard using GIS.
Using GIS technologies relevant and representa ve complex of significant due to the character of influence
has been selected and suggested for usage in the regional prognos ca on of mudflows hazard. Geological,
geomorphological, technological, clima c, landscape factors have been selected as spa al mudflow factors.
Spa al analysis is based on detec on of the regular connec on of spa al factor characteris cs with spa al
distribu on of mudflow centers. The me long-las ng prognos ca on of the mudflows ac vity is based on
the hypothesis of the regular reitera on of natural processes. Heliophysical, seismic, meteorological,
hydrogeological factors have been selected as me mudflow factors. The func on of a complex index
of long standing mudflow ac vity has been calculated. The presence of rhythm in range of mudflow ac vity
and group of factors can be confirmed. Based on the factors distribu on the func on of a standard complex
spa al index of the probability of the mudflow centers distribu on and the func on of a complex index
of long standing mudflow ac vity have been calculated. The final result of the research is to create
prognos c geoinforma cs model of mudflow hazard, which is based on the detected pa erns of me- spa al
distribu on of mudflows taking in to account the total complex of influen al factors. The example of solving
the burning scien fic issue - regional me-spa al prognos ca on ac va on of mudflow processes with
representa on of theore cal jus fica on, prognos ca on algorithm and the results of tes ng in a par cular
area has been considered.

Literature:
Predic on of the mudflow processes: monograph / ED Kuzmenko, TB Chepurna; Ivano-Frankivsk: IFNTUOG, 2014. 253 p.

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Impact of the isomorphic subs tu on (as ↔ p) on the structure

of copper phosphate minerals determined by chemical
and structural inves ga ons

Mateusz Dulski¹, Janusz Janeczek², Justyna Ciesielczuk², Tomasz Krzykawski²

1
Ins tute of Material Sciences, University of Silesia, Chorzow, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]
2
Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
It is well known that base metal arsenates and phosphates in the oxide zone of ore deposits o en form
solid solu ons due to similar size and charge of [AsO4]3- (248 pm) and [PO4]3- (238 pm) tetrahedra. Moreover,
in some copper solid solu ons are observed subs tu on between Zn and Cu content. Hence, the general
[4] [6]
chemical formula of solid solu on stands for: (Zn,Cu) Cu5(P1-xAsxO4)2(OH)6·H2O. Isomorphic subs tu on
As ↔ P and/or Zn ↔ Cu causes point defects and local structural distor on within structural units.
Moreover, the degree of the phosphate tetrahedra distor on depends on the number of As atoms
subs tu ng for P. Introduc on of As into the phosphates structure or Zn into the copper posi on is
reflectedin Raman spectra by the appearence of new bands as well as by increase in intensity
of arsenate(zinc)-related bands.In addi on, depends on the As and/or Zn content it is observed
the changes of the unit cell parameters by the X-ray diffrac on measurements.
Minerals of the cornwallite-pseudomalachite and kipushite-philipsburgite series from Miedzianka in the Sudety
Mountains, SW Poland were inves gated by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), X-ray diffrac on
and Raman spectroscopy.
EPMA data revealed extended solid solu on between both end-members resulted from anionic
subs tu ons: P ↔ As. Hence, the strongest Raman bands related to the arsenate ion vibra on are
up-shi ed with respect to the literature data. The upshi is a ributed to the local distor on of tetrahedra
caused by shortening As-O bonds and adjustment angles between bonds to accommodate large As ions
in the pseudomalachite or kipushite structure. With decreasing content of As ions the As-band is shi ed
towards lower wavenumber and the reduc on in number of Raman bands is observed. 3D Raman imaging
data shown a linear correla on between arsenate content and both Raman band posi ons and FWHM.
X-ray diffrac on analysis revealed a reduc on of unit cell parameters with decreasing of the arsenate
content in the structure confirming Raman outcomes. In addi on, Gibbs diagram was applied to show
correla on between Raman band intensity and chemical composi on (As, P, OH) of the inves gated
solid solu ons. Hence, the Raman outcomes provide a quan ta ve data on minerals forming solid solu ons.
Finally, EPMA data for kipushite-philipsburgite solid solu on resulted from ca onic subs tu ons: Cu ↔ Zn
in octahedral sites. However, the Zn deficiency observed in samples from Miedzianka suggests that some
Cu posi ons are fourfold coordinated. As a result, Raman spectrum at low-wavenumber range below
-1
400 cm is strongly complicated with bands associated with the OCuO and OZnO vibra ons. The local
structural distor on have only a small impact on the unit cell parameters of both end-members.

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In situ measurements of natural radioac vity in selected quartzites

and carbonate rocks of the Opava Mountains region
Agnieszka Dżaluk
University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Science; e-mail: [email protected]
In situ gamma–ray measurements of quartzites and carbonate rocks were taken in the Opava Mountains.
The Opava Mountains are mostly situated in the Czech Republic. Only a small fragment between Głuchołazy
in the west and Prudnik in the east is situated in Poland (Janeczek et al. 1991). They are located in
the Eastern Sudetes, represent their furthest eastern range and are built of rocks of different ages and
lithologies. The Opava Mountains belong to the western part of the Upper Silesia Block, which together
with the Brno Block form a structure that is called the Brunovistulicum (Żaba et al., 2005).
The ac vity of naturally occurring radionuclides were measured using a portable gamma–ray
spectrometry worksta on GX3020. The system is based on a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector with
a 32% rela ve efficiency and great energy resolu ons. The ac vity concentra ons of 40K varied from
60 Bqkg-1 (calci c marble, Sławniowice) to 826 Bqkg-1 (metamorphic quartzite, Burgrabice), while those
232 -1 -1
of Th from 5.0 Bqkg (calci c marble, Sławniowice) to 29,7 Bqkg (quartzi c shale, Głuchołazy).
238 -1 -1
The ac vi es associated with U ranged from 6,9 Bqkg (metamorphic quartzite, Burgrabice) to 21,8 Bqkg
(quartzi c shale, Głuchołazy).

The aim of this work is to show the first experimental data concerning the ac vity concentra ons of primordial
radio-nuclides in the quartzites and carbonate rocks in the Opava Mountains.
Literature:
Janeczek J., Kozłowski K., Żaba J. (1991): Zbieramy minerały i skały. Przewodnik po Dolnym Śląsku pod red. naukową
Jerzego Żaby. Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa .
Żaba J., Ciesielczuk J., Malik K., Strzyżewska-Konieczna S. (2005): Budowa i ewolucja strukturalna utworów dewońsko-
karbońskich Gór Opawskich (strefa śląsko-morawska). [in:] Jureczek J., Buła Z. & Żaba J. (eds), Geologia i zagadnienia
ochrony środowiska w rejonie Górnośląskim, LXXVI Zjazd Naukowy Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, Rudy
k/Rybnika, Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny, Polskie Towarzystwo Geologiczne, Warszawa, 116–127

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Carbonate facies and diagene c altera on inves ga on based on Nuclear

Magne c Resonance - examples from Zechstein Wielichowo Reef, Poland
Adam Fheed and Artur Krzyżak
AGH Univesity of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental
Protec on, Department of Fossil Fuels, al. A.Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland;
e-mail: adam. [email protected] – contact person
[email protected]
Nuclear Magne c Resonance (NMR) has been extensively used in field prospec on for years (e.g. Kenyon
et al., 1995b, Allen et al., 2000, Freedman and Heaton, 2004, Akkurt et al., 2009, Dillinger and Esteban, 2014).
Besides porosity inves ga on, NMR can yield addi onal reservoir informa on. Although it was preliminarily
a empted to recognize carbonate facies based on NMR yet (Kenyon et al., 1995a), only extremely different
textures were separated. Therefore, this paper discusses a new methodological approach, aiming to carbonate
facies recogni on, based on T2 relaxa on spectra.

The Wielichowo Reef, located in the Permian Basin of western Poland was chosen for the study object,
as it comprises various carbonate textures (Fheed et al., 2015). Twenty one NMR cores and related thin
sec ons were carefully studied. T2 relaxa on measurements were launched in 50 [mT] magne c field, with
inter-echo spacing of 40-50 [μs]. Petrographic studies included core descrip on, polarizing microscopy and
cathodolominescence, supplemen ng the NMR analyses

As the effect of joint studies, T2 signal changes could have been related to a given carbonate texture.
Several rock textures, i.e - wackestone, packstone, grainstone, floatstone, rudstone and bindstone were
differen ated from each other, using qualita ve T2 distribu on data, concerning the development of
Clay-Bound Water (MCBW), Capillary (BVI) and Free Fluid (FFI) pore systems, T2 signal fluctua on and peaks'
width and amplitude. Some of the diagene c altera ons are recognizable, as well. It was no ced that
extensive cementa on will cause signal to fluctuate strongly. Similarly, low-angle signal fluctua ons appear
in the co-occurrence of fractures and pores (cf. Chi et al., 2014). What is more, dissolu on vugs are separable
from another porosity types, based on elevated peaks' widths. It was therefore concluded, that NMR yields
significant textural data, that can ameliorate hydrocarbon prospec on in carbonate reservoirs.
The presented methodology is, however, s ll awai ng further tes ng.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors desire to thank Anna Świerczewska, who provided them with many construc ve guidelines. NMR core
samples were delivered by Grzegorz Machowski, to whom the authors would also like to thank. The authors are also
grateful to the Polish Oil and Gas Company (PGNiG S.A.), for providing core material. The studies were funded
by NCBiR project No PBS2/A2/16/2013.

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LITERATURE
Akkurt R., Bachman H.N., Minh C. C., Flaum C., LaVigne J., Leveridge R., Carmona R., Crary S., Decoster E., Heaton N.,
Hürlimann M. D., Looyes jn W. J., Mardon D., White J., (2009): Nuclear magne c resonance comes out of its shell. Oilfield
Review, Schlumberger, vol. 20; p. 4-23.
Allen D., Flaum C., Ramakrishnan T. S., Bedford J. Castelijns K., Fairhust D., Gubelin G., Heaton N., Minh C. C, Norville M. A.,
Seim M. R. Pritchard, T., Ramamoorthy R., (2000): Trends in NMR Logging. Oilfield Review, Schlumberger, vol. 12; p. 2-19.
Chi L., Heidari Z., (2014a): Quan fying the Impact of Natural Fractures and Pore Structure on NMR Measurements in Mul ple-
Porosity Systems. Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) Interna onal Petroleum Technology Conference, Doha, Qatar,
20-22 January.
Dillinger A., Esteban L., (2014): Experimental evalua on of reservoir quality in Mesozoic forma ons of the Perth Basin (Western
Australia) by using a laboratory low field Nuclear Magne c Resonance. Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol. 57; p. 455-469.
Fheed A., Świerczewska A., Krzyżak A., (2015): The isolated Wuchiapingian (Zechstein) Wielichowo Reef and its sedimentary
and diagene c evolu on, SW Poland. Geological Quarterly, vol. 59; p. 762-780.
Freedman R., Heaton N., (2004): Fluid Characteriza on using Nuclear Magne c Resonance Logging. Petrophysics, vol. 45;
p.. 241-250.
Kenyon W.E., Takezaki H., Straley C., Sen P.N., Herron M., Ma eson A., Petricola M.J., (1995a): A laboratory study of nuclear
magne c resonance relaxa on and its rela on to deposi onal texture and petrophysical proper es--carbonate Thamama Group,
Mubarraz field, Abu Dhabi, SPE-29886, in 9th Middle East oil show and conference proceedings: Society of Petroleum Engineers,
vol. 2, p. 477-502.
Kenyon W. E., Kleinberg R.L., Straley C., Gubelin G., Morriss C., (1995b): Nuclear Magne c Resonance Imaging – Technology
for the 21st Century. Oilfield Review, Schlumberger, vol. 7; p. 19–33

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Soil thermal regimes under different land covers

Kateřina Freyerová¹ and Jan Šafanda²
Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Albertov 6, Praha 12843; ¹ Ins tute of Geophysics,
Czech Academy of Sciences, Boční II 1401, Praha 14131; ² Institute of Geophysics, Czech Academy
of Sciences, Boční II 1401, Praha 14131; e-mail: [email protected];

Predic on of the ground or soil temperature is needed in many environmental applica ons such as
agriculture, soil science, ecological or hydrological modelling (Jacobs et al. 2011; Ouzzane et al. 2015).
The soil temperature is influenced by many internal (such as physical proper es of soils) and external
factors (such as meteorological variables, vegeta on cover etc.) (Farouki, O. 1981). One of this external
factor which influences soil temperature in local scale is the type of land surface cover.
Soil temperatures in Prague are measured under different types of land surface cover (bare soil, grass, sand,
asphalt) up to 50 cm depth since 2003. Furthermore, meteorological variables such as air temperature,
incoming and reflected radia on, precipita on are recorded since 2008.
We analysed long-term trends in soil temperatures under the different land covers and the response of
the soil temperatures to various clima c variables. The future aim of this work is to establish a model
which incorporates the land cover effect on soil temperatures.
Literature:
Farouki, O., T., 1981. Thermal proper es of soils,Chow, T.T. et al., 2011. Es ma on of soil temperature profile in Hong Kong
from clima c variables. Energy and Buildings, 43(12), pp.35683575.
Jacobs, A.F.G., Heusinkveld, B.G. & Holtslag, A.A.M., 2011. Long-term record and analysis of soil temperatures and soil heat
fluxes in a grassland area, The Netherlands. Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 151(7), pp.774780.
Ouzzane, M. et al., 2015. New correla ons for the predic on of the undisturbed ground temperature. Geothermics, 53,
pp.379384.

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Researchers Silesia 2016 Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016

The impact of seismic events on radial growth and wood anatomy

of spurces in Podhale (Poland)
Daniel Gawior¹, Paweł Kryszczuk², Paweł Rutkiewicz¹
¹ University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Department of Reconstruc ng Environmental Change,
ul. Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected];
² Ins tute of Meteorolog and Water Management, Na onal Research Ins tute, IMGW-PIB O/Kraków
ul. Piotra Borowego 14, DZSPO Katowice, Poland, [email protected]

Palaeoseismological studies include several indicator of past earthquake occurrence. Trees are also count
into indicators of past earthquakes. Seismic shaking can cause trees growing within a range of earthquake
to decline and die in the same me. Some of trees which survived an earthquake can be lted temporarily
or permanently (under the impact of seismic wave or due to permanent changes in relief), their roots are
o en broken and stems are cracked. Tree tops are o en broken and destroyed. Due to the damages, a er
earthquake events trees which survived have disturbed radial growth and develop certain wood anatomy
features recorded in the following tree rings.
The aim of research was to compare growth reac on of trees located in diverse distance from earthquake
epicentre. Studies were conducted in Podhale where weak seismic tremblings were occurred several mes
in last centenary. In samples taken from spruces (Picea abies) we have analysed the occurrence of: growth
eccentricity, abrupt changes of tree-ring widths (growth reduc ons and releases) and trauma c resin ducts
inside tree rings. The influence on growth reac on was not related to straight distance from earthquake
epicentre.

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Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016 Researchers Silesia 2016

Preliminary results of ERT study in Hornsund area

Michał Glazer and Wojciech Dobiński
University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Department of Geomorphology,
Będzińska 60, Sosnowiec, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

Electrical Resis vity Tomography method is widely used to study spacial rela ons of permafrost with other
components of periglacial environment as well as in a empts to characterize extent of ice-rich bodies in
the forefield of the glaciers (Hauck and Kneisel, 2008; Yanhui et al., 2013). During 2015 summer season,
data from ERT method from over 30 profile lines that varies in terms of total length and penetra on depth
has been obtained in Fuglebekken region, Hornsund, Svalbard. The main purpose of the study was
recogni on of shallow geological structure in the context of permafrost occurrence. In the study area
there is li le to none available a priori informa on concerning deeper parts of geological medium which
can be used to bind resis vity models to actual structure. Therefore, to enrich the interpreta on process
and to explain some of the encountered resis vity anomalies addi onal synthe c modeling and Depth
of inves ga on index method have been used.

As a result of this approach it was possible to determine upper boundary of bedrock which was very poorly
constrained on resis vity models due to the presence of sea water in costal sediments. The layer of ice-rich
permafrost has been marked. Furthermore, rela on visible on resis vity models between concentra on
on mineralised water and distance from the fiord has been captured.
Acknowledgments.
This abstract is one of the results of a research project funded by the Na onal Science Centre,
Poland (NCN) DEC-2012/07/B/ST10/04268.

Literature:
Hauck C., Kneisel, C. (eds.), (2008): Applied Geophysics in Periglacial Environment, Cambridge University Press.
ISBN: 9780521889667.
You Y., Yu Q., Pan X., Wang X., Guo L., (2013): Applica on of electrical resis vity tomography in inves ga ng depth
of permafrost base and permafrost structure in Tibetan Plateau. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 87, 19-26.

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Researchers Silesia 2016 Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016

The impact of emergent aqua c macrophytes' transpira on on the ver cal

water exchange in lakes: case study
Katarzyna Grabowska
University of Gdansk, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, Ins tute of Geography,
Department of Limnology, ul. Bazynskiego 4, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland;
e-mail: [email protected]

Every lake, regardless of the age and individual characteris cs, is subject of constant evolu on. The effects
of this change is the disappearance of the reservoir which is the result of shallowing of the lakes basin with
organic and mineral ma er and the observable sign of this process is overgrowing. According to the
morphometric documenta on of the Inland Fisheries Ins tute in Olsztyn, the average emergent plants
coverage ra o for inland water bodies reaches almost 4.1% of their total area. Due to the fact that the data
comes about 20 years behind, it could be speculated that the current state of lakes' overgrowth is much
more advanced.
Evapora on is a physical phenomenon of state change from liquid into vapour. Its intensity depends
mostly on the ambient meteorological condi ons. Considering the fact that the Polish lakes rushes zones,
in most cases, cover an area of several hectares, the phenomenon of water losses by plants as a result
of the diffusion through stomata, is one of the key elements determining the water balance of shallow
lakes and larger lakes with wide li oral zones coverd by emergent plants.
The main aim of this research was to define the influence of the common reed transpira on on the
evapora on from the surface of the lake. The experiment was conducted during summer season of 2014,
from 1st of May to 31st of October in the University of Gdańsk Limnological Sta on in Borucino. Analysis
and comparison of the results were prepared based on data collected during measurements of both
evapora on and evapotranspira on from two GGI-3000 pan installa ons.
Deno ng “mechanical reed bed's evapora on” and unique microclimate of reed bed, it was shown that
the amountof water losses from the surface of reed bed is several mes higher than the evapora on from
the water surface only.

Acknowledgments
The author wishes to express her gra tude to her supervisor, dr hab. Dariusz Borowiak, prof. UG who offered
invaluable assistance, support and guidance.

Literature:
Choiński A., (2007): Limnologia fizyczna Polski (Physical limnology of Poland), Wyd. Nauk. UAM, Poznań, p. 547

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Laser scanning in displacement monitoring of undermined territories.

Ekaterina Grishchenkova
Saint-Petersburg Mining University, Department of Engineering Geodesy,
199106 Saint-Petersburg 21st Line 2; e-mail: [email protected]

Instrumental observa ons of Earth surface displacement caused by undermining are an important part
of mine surveying opera ons at coal mines territories. These opera ons are provided during the whole
life cycle of mining company and aim to determine the surface displacement parameters, calculate
deforma ons on all displacement process stages and find rela ons between surface deforma ons and
deforma ons of undermined objects.
According to the tradi onal technology, full series of instrumental observa ons consists of measuring
the distances between benchmarks on profile lines, leveling between benchmarks on the sta on, determining
the values of crack openings. Measurements in tradi onal technology are highly precise, but also are
labor-intensive and include big amounts of field and office work. Also a disadvantage is inability to obtain
the spa al pa ern of the Earth surface deforma on in the whole territory of the displacement trough.
It's becoming important to correct the exis ng approach to provide observa ons and create a technique
on a fundamentally renewed instrumental base tha ncludes laser-scanning systems.
Periodic observa ons of displacement trough using laser-scanning method make it possible to present the results
of surveying in the form of dynamic digital terrain models (DDTM). The DDTM development helps to organize
the spa al representa on of the surveying results, and gives an opportunity to show the displacement picture
in detail, analyze the deforma on growth process and solve problems of undermined objects protec on.

Literature:
Instrukcija po nabljudenijam za sdvizheniem gornyh porod, zemnoj poverhnos i podrabatyvaemymi sooruzhenijami
na ugol'nyh i slancevyh mestorozhdenijah: Utv. Minugleprom SSSR 30.12.87. – M.: Nedra, 1989. – 96 pp.
Osnovy nazemnoj lazerno-skanirujushhej s''emki: Ucheb. posobie / V.N. Gusev, A.I. Naumenko, E.M. Volohov,
V.A. Golovanov. – Sankt-Peterburgskij gosudarstvennyj gornyj ins tut (tehnicheskij universitet). – SPb, 2008. – 80 pp.

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The influence of tectonics on the microseepage of hydrocarbons from subsurface

accumula ons. Case study from Polish outer Carpathians (SE Poland)

Piotr Guzy, Henryk Sechmam, Grzegorz Machowski

AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology Geophysics and Environmental Protec on,
Department of Fossil Fuels, Al.Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

In the near-surface zone, directly above the subsurface accumula on, increased concentra ons
of hydrocarbons should appear, forming simple anomalies. The final anomalous surface reflects the chemical
composi on of source, the proper es of the overbuden rock, the geological composi on and microorganism
ac vity (Klusman 1993).
The purpose of the study is to determine the influence of geological and structural factors on the distribu on
of hydrocarbons migra ng from subsurface accumula ons in the selected area of the Polish Outer Carpathians.
The surveys, conducted along two profiles, used the free gas method (Dzieniewicz & Sechman 2008).
The first profile ran through the deposi onal zone and was oriented perpendicular to the strike of the geological
structures. The second profile was located along a part of the structural axis. Choosing different loca ons for
the survey profiles in rela on to the structural strike allowed to determine the influence of tectonics on
the effects of hydrocarbon dissipa on from poten al accumula ons.
The distribu on of hydrocarbons along Profile 1 reveals several anomalous zones registered mostly above
the tectonic thrust zones, fault zones and lithological contact zones. In the surveyed Profile 2, no geochemical
anomalies were found along the structural axis.
A deposi onal interpreta on of the obtained surface geochemical image is possible in close rela on to
the exis ng geological model. It is essen al to include in the interpreta on the hade and course of the fault planes,
as well as thrust zones, which are the main arteries for hydrocarbon migra on from subsurface accumula ons.
The results show that surface geochemical surveys should be conducted perpendicular to the strike of geological
structures.
Literature:
Dzieniewicz M., Sechman H., (2008): Surface geochemical survey in selected areas of the Polish and Ukrainian Flysch
Carpha ans Geologia – kwartalnik AGH, vol. 34; p. 489-502.
Klusman R.W., (1993): Soil Gas and Related Methods for Natural Resource Explora on. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.,
Chichester.

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Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016 Researchers Silesia 2016

Raman spectroscopy of Se-, Cr-bearing minerals of the e ringite group

from Hatrurim Complex.
Rafał Juroszek
University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Department of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrography,
Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

The important issue on the boundary of mineralogy and ecology is a problem of immobiliza on of toxic
6+ 6+
elements such as Se and Cr in stable matrix. No ceable amount of Se and Cr were detected in composi on
of Se-bearing thaumasite (up to 5-7 wt.% SeO3) and Cr-bearing e ringite (up to 2 wt.% CrO3) belonging to
the e ringite group. These phases fill cavi es and veins in pyrometamorphic rocks of the Hatrurim Complex
distributed in Israel, Pales nian Autonomy and Jordan (Gross 1977; Geller et al. 2012).
-1
The following main bands in the Raman spectrum of Se-bearing thaumasite were observed (cm ): 993 and
2- 2- 2- 2- 2- 2-
971 (ν1 SO4 ); 445 (ν2 SO4 ); 1115 (ν3 SO4 ); 655 (ν1 SiOH6); 808 (ν1 SeO4 ); 325 (ν2 SeO4 ); 410 (ν4 SeO4 );
2-
1085 (ν1 CO3 ) (Sankaranarayanan et al. 1972, Ga a et al. 2012). In the OH region there are three main bands:
-1
3500, 3440, 3370 cm , characteris c for thaumasite (Ga a et al. 2012).
The Raman spectrum of Cr-bearing e ringite is characterized by several strong bands: 998 cm-1
corresponding to ν1 (SO4)2-, 1065 cm-1 – ν1 (CO3)2-, 1116 and 1123 cm-1 – ν3 (SO4)2-, 856 cm-1 – ν1 (CrO4)2-, 603 and
621 cm-1 – ν4 (SO4)2-, 449 cm-1 – ν2 (SO4)2-, 368 cm-1 – ν2 (CrO4)2- and 547 cm-1 – (Al-OH6) (Mar nez-Ramírez
et al. 2011). Bands observed below 300 cm-1 are related to Ca-O vibra ons. Bands > 3200 cm-1 corresponding
to O-H stretching vibra ons (Torréns-Mar n et al. 2013).
Results of the Raman spectroscopy study allowed to note the differences between these minerals revealing
in isomorphic replacement in structure of these phases: SeO42-→SO42- in Se-thaumasite, CrO42-→SO42- in Cr6+-
bearing e ringite in tetrahedral sites. This type of subs tu ons allowing for immobiliza on of toxic elements,
such as Se, Cr6+, is very rare in natural phases (Sokol et al. 2012).

Literature:
Ga a G.D., McIntyre G.J., Swanson J.G. & Jacobsen S.D., (2012): Minerals in cement chemistry: A single-crystal neutron
diffrac on and Raman spectroscopic study of thaumasite, Ca3Si(OH)6(CO3)(SO4)·12H2O, American Mineralogist, vol. 97;
p. 1060 – 1069.
Geller Y.I., Burg A., Halicz L. & Kolodny Y., (2012): System closure during the combus on metamorphic ”Mo led Zone”
event, Israel. Chemical Geology,vol. 334; p. 25 – 36.
Gross S., (1977): The mineralogy of the Hatrurim Forma on, Israel. Geological Survey of Israel Bulle n vol. 70, p; 1 – 80.
Mar nez-Ramírez S., Fernández-Carrasco L., (2011): Raman Spectroscopy: Applica on to cemen ous systems, p. 232 – 244.
Sankaranarayanan V.N., Krishnan R.S., (1972): Raman and infrared spectra of ammonium selenite and lithium ammonium
selenite, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences - Sec on A, vol. 76(6); p. 267 – 279.
Sokol E., Kokh S., Seryotkin Yu., Gaskova O. & Kozmenko O., (2012): Cr+6, Cr+3, Fe+3 and Se in natural e ringite group minerals,
European Mineralogical Conference, vol. 1; EMC2012 – 143.
Torréns-Mar n D., Fernández-Carrasco L., Mar nez-Ramírez S., Ibáñez J., Artús L., Matschei T., (2013): Raman Spectroscopy
of Anhydrous and Hydrated Calcium Aluminates and Sulfoaluminates, American Ceramic Society Journal, vol. 96; p. 3589 – 3595.

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Researchers Silesia 2016 Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016

Numerical models of shale rocks based on X-ray computed microtomography.

Łukasz Kaczmarek
University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland;
e-mail: [email protected];
Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland;
e-mail: [email protected]

The results of numerical models of rock samples analysis with use of X-ray computed microtomography
(µCT) the non-destruc ve technique is presented within this study. The samples were collected from
borehole in the north of Poland. Structure characteriza on of Paleozoic shale rocks samples from
unconven onal hydrocarbon reservoir were performed in order to present research poten al of used
technique. Furthermore the µCT images set were used to generate three dimensional finite-volume model,
which enabled for flow simula ons. Created spa al model can be object of many various numerical
simula ons of laboratory tests.

Acknowledgments
The studies were funded by NCBiR project No PBS2/A2/16/2013

Literature:
Kaczmarek Ł., Machowski G., Maksimczuk M., Wejrzanowski T., (2015): The use of high-resolu on X-ray computed
microtomography in the structural analysis of the Miocene sandstone of the Carpathian Foredeep. Na a-Gaz,
vol. 71 (9), p.647-653.
Kaczmarek Ł., Łukasiak D., Maksimczuk M., Wejrzanowski T., (2015): The use of high-resolu on X-ray computed
microtomography and ultrasonic analysis for structure characteriza on of Paleozic gas-bearing shales of the Bal c
(in Polish with English summary). Na a-Gaz, vol. 71 (12), p. 1017-1023.
Kaczmarek Ł., Maksimczuk M., Wejrzanowski T., Krzyzak A., (2015): High-resolu on X-ray microtomography and Nuclear
Magne c Resonance study of a carbonate reservoir rock. Conference Proceedings of 15th Interna onal Mul disciplinary
Scien fic Geoconference SGEM, at Bulgaria, Volume: Science and Technologies in Geology, Explora on and Mining;
Volume I, p. 779-786.

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Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016 Researchers Silesia 2016

Numerical simula on of Mio-Pliocene clay creep.

Łukasz Kaczmarek
University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland;
e-mail: [email protected]
The ar cle presents numerical calcula ons of long-term soil creep of road embankment. Basic index,
compression and strength proper es of Mio-Pliocene clay from Warsaw were implemented to the finite
element model. The soil so creep (SSC) material model was used in order to simulate me dependency
of soil deforma ons. Furthermore, towards evalua on of creep deforma on part to the total soil deforma on,
the calcula ons with use of so soil (SS), were performed. This material model do not take into account
creep soil behavior. The results enable for assessment of soil deforma on magnitude and direc ons. It is
valuable procedure example which can be adopted to any similar geotechnical communica on investment.
Literature:
Kaczmarek Ł., Dobak P., (2015): Stability condi ons of the Vistula Valley a ained by a mul variate approach –
a case study from the Warsaw Southern Ring Road. Geologos, vol. 21 (4); p. 249 – 260.
Kaczmarek Ł., Popielski P., (2016): Numerical analysis of the impact of construc on of an underground metro line on
the urban environment – a case study from the Vistula Valley in Warsaw. Polish Geological Review, vol. 64 (4); p. 220 – 229.

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Researchers Silesia 2016 Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016

Snow distribu on assessment from ground based photography

and Landsat 8 images in High Arc c (Hornsund, SW Spitsbergen)
Daniel Kępski1, Bartłomiej Luks1, Krzysztof Migała2, Sebas an Westermann3
1
Ins tute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Polar and Marine Research,
64 Księcia Janusza, Warsaw PL-01452, Poland; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
2
University of Wroclaw, Department of Climatology and Atmosphere Protec on,
8 Kosiby, Wrocław PL-54621, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]
3
University of Oslo, Faculty of Mathema cs and Natural Sciences, Department of Geosciences,
P.O. Box 1047 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway; e-mail: sebas [email protected]
In our study we present semi-automa c method of snow cover extent designa on from ground based
imagery, on the example of Polish Polar Sta on surroundings. Data used to analyzes was acquired from
me-lapse camera installed close to Fugleberget summit (560 m asl) during the SMACS project (Snow
Monitoring Using Automa c Camera Systems at Svalbard Key Sites). Daily imagery from Spring and Summer
2014 and 2015 was orthorec fied in Matlab so ware and classified in ArcGIS so ware using threshold values
into two surfaces: snow covered and free from snow, basing on conclusions of Harer et al. 2013. Day by day
changes of snow cover extent in the catchment from two abla on seasons are presented. Differences
between two consecu ve years were explained on the basis of data from Hornsund meteorological sta on
(with WMO number 01003).
To evaluate the usefulness of most accessible Landsat 8 satellite images, them were classified in similar
way as ground based images on 2 classes for the same small area that is seen by camera. Related were
classifica on effects of images from Fugleberget summit and Landsat 8 mission for 6 days (07.04.14, 25.05.14,
03.06.14, 15.06.14, 26.04.15, 12.05.15) - all that provide reliable data for comparison from satellite due
to cloudless sky above examined area. Obtained from such comparison es mated error, was used to assessment
precision of snow cover extent measurements, made on basis of Landsat 8 satellite imagery for Arc c tundra
environment. For 6 days (22.03.14, 07.04.14, 25.05.14, 03.06.14, 23.03.15, 26.04.15) with sufficiently quality
of Landsat images to designa on the snow cover extent in Hornsund area, such designa ons were made,
with taking into account the established es mated error. Studies like this are poorly available (e.g. Harvey
and Hill 2001) and according to our knowledge, nobody checked Landsat accuracy for snow cover extent i
n the Arc c in proposed way.

Acknowledgments
In this work we used the dataset collected by Snow Monitoring Using Automa c Camera Systems At Svalbard Key
Sites project(project no. 236768 / E10; Svalbard Science Forum, Research Council of Norway). Presented results
of inves ga ons has been(par ally) financed from the funds of the Leading Na onal Research Centre (KNOW) received
by the Centre for Polar Studies for the period 2014-2018 and by Anna Pasek Founda on, which honorable men oned
D. Kępski in VII edi on of Anna Pasek Scholarship Program.

Literature:
Harer, S., Bernhardt, M., Corripio, J. G., Schulz, K. (2013): Prac se–photo rec fica on and classifica on so ware (v. 1.0).
Geoscien fic Model Development, 6(3), p. 837-848
Harvey, K. R., & Hill, G. J. E. (2001). Vegeta on mapping of a tropical freshwater swamp in the Northern Territory, Australia:
a comparison of aerial photography, Landsat TM and SPOT satellite imagery. Interna onal Journal of Remote Sensing, 22(15),
p. 2911-2925.

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Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016 Researchers Silesia 2016

Acritarchs and prasinophytes from the Uppermost Devonian

black shale deposits (north-eastern USA).
Marcelina Kondas
Silesian University, Department of Earth Sciences, Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec;
e-mail; [email protected]

A palynological inves ga on has been carried out on samples obtained from lower black shales deposits
of the Sappington Forma on in south-eastern Montana State (USA). All twelve samples were taken from
the top of Peak 9559 within the Bridger Mountain Range. Almost all samples taken from 120 cm sec on
contain well preserved both- acritarchs and prasinophytes. The prasinophyte assemblage consists mainly
of Leiosphaeridia sp., Tasmanites sp. and Maranhites sp. Acritarch is strongly dominated
by Gorgonisphaeridium spp. and Stellinium spp. The whole microphytoplankton assemblage is dominated
by Leiospaeridia. Preliminary analysis of acritarch morphotype variability, fluctua ons in acritarchs
diversity and the ra o of microphytoplankton were used to know paleoenvironmental interpreta ons.
All obtained data suggest deposi on in a offshore marine environment but a regressive environmental
change is indicated by a decrease in the acritarch taxonomic diversity in the topmost samples. Moreover,
an increase in terrestrial palynomorphs can be observed in the samples from the top part of the sec on.

Literature:
Vanguestaine M., (1986): Late Devonian and Carboniferous acritarch stra graphy and paleogeography. Annales de la Societe
geologique de Belgique; 109, p. 93 – 102.
Wicander R., Wood G. D, (1981): Systema cs and biostra graphy of the organic-walled microphytoplankton from the Middle
Devonian (Give an) silica forma on, Ohio, U.S.A. AASP Contribu ons Series, vol. 8; pp. 1 – 137.
Wicander R., Wood D. R., (1997): The use of microphytoplankton and chi nozoans for interpre ng transgressive/regressive
cycles in the Rapid Member of the Cedar Valley Forma on (Middle Devonian), Iowa. Review of aleobotany and Palynology;
98, p. 125 – 152.

38
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Researchers Silesia 2016 Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016

Vanadium mineraliza on in paralavas of the Negev Desert,

Hatrurim Complex, Israel.
Arkadiusz Krzątała and Irina O. Gałuskina
University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Department of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrography,
Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; e-mail:[email protected]

Vanadium-bearing minerals occur in vein-like bodies of paralavas within gehlenite hornfels hosted by
pyrometamorphic rocks belonging to the Hatrurim Complex on the territory of Israel and Pales nian
Autonomy. Rankinite, gehlenite, flamite, garnet of the andradite – schorlomite series, fluorapa te,
fluorellestadite, larnite, wollastonite or pseudowollastonite, minerals of the zadovite group (aradite and zadovite),
Ba-Mg-Ca-Ni ferrite, gurimite, delafossite, walstromite and ferrian perovskite are typical associa on of coarse-
grained paralavas.
In 1977 Gross described only one vanadium minerals - metatyuyamunite Ca(UO2)2(VO4)2·3-5H2O, from rocks
of the Hatrurim Complex (Gross, 1977). In studied paralavas several vanadium minerals are revealed for
the last years. There are aradite, Ca6Ba[(SiO4)(VO4)](VO4)2; gurimite, Ba3(VO4)2; V-bearing apa te (V~0.24 apfu),
Ca5[(P,V)O]4(F,Cl); and poten ally new mineral belonging to the apa te group (Pasero et al., 2010) with
the simplified crystal chemical formula Ca5(VO4)3F. Besides, garnet of the schorlomite-andradite series
3+ 4+ 6+ 3+ 5+
with vanadium at tetrahedral site: Ca3(Fe ,Ti ,Zr,U )2(Fe ,Si,V )3O12, was detected in the studied paralava.
The empirical formula of vanadium analog of fluorapa te (mean of 7 analyses) is (Ca4.75Sr0.11Ba0.09Na0.05)Σ5
[(VO4)2.52(PO4)0.33(SO4)0.1(SiO4)0.05]Σ3(F0.49Cl0.28OH0.23)Σ1 and the end-member formula is Ca5(VO4)3F.
In the Raman spectra of vanadium analog of fluorapa te and V-bearing fluorapa te bands at ~806 cm-1
and ~868 cm-1 (VO4) and at ~960 cm−1 (PO4) were observed. The presence of S and Si in composi on of
the apa te group minerals leads to an appearance of addi onal Raman bands at ~997 cm−1 (SO4) and
~855 cm-1 (SiO4). The presence of OH groups in the channel sites was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy
(bands at ~3600-3660 cm-1).
Vanadian analog of fluorapa te forms at the later stage from residual melt.
Reference:
Gross, S. (1977). The mineralogy of the Hatrurim Forma on, Israel. Geological Survey of Israel Bulle n, 70, 1-80.
Pasero, M., Kampf, A., Ferraris, C., Pekov, I., Rakovan, J., and White, T. (2010). Nomenclature of the apa te
supergroup minerals. European Journal of Mineralogy, 22, 163–179.

39
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GeoSymposium
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Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016 Researchers Silesia 2016

The rela on between synop c situa ons and the nephological

condi ons in Spitsbergen (1983-2013)
Oskar Lipiński
The University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Department of climatology,
Bedzinska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec; e-mail: [email protected]

Polar regions are very sensi ve and react quickly to all changes occurring in the climate system. Those
changes are related, among others, to the variability of the size of cloudiness over Spitsbergen. Cloudiness
influences (directly or indirectly) the high variability of the course of meteorological elements such as: the
amount of the direct radia on, precipita on intensity, changes in the air or ground temperature. The main
purpose of this study was to determine rela ons between specific synop c situa ons and nephological
condi ons, that included covered the average cloudiness and the characteris c days. The research was based
on average daily values of cloudiness, obtained from 3 meteorological sta ons located in the different parts
of Spitsbergen: Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard Lu havn and Hornsund (1983-2013). The influence of atmospheric
circula on was examined on the basis of a simplified Calendar of synop c situa ons for territory
of Spitsbergen (Niedźwiedź 2013), which includes 11 types of circula on: 5 an cyclonic, 5 cyclonic and
1 undetermined. The analysis involved the seasonal me scales, dependent on the amount of sunlight reaching
Spitsbergen during the year. The results are presented for the polar day and polar night and both transi onal
periods between them (the spring and autumn). The results shows that the causal rela onship between
cloudiness and respec ve circula on types is not as important, as it is for direc on of advec on of air
masses in the forma on of cloudiness over Spitsbergen. Despite rela vely short distances between three
analyzed sta ons, significant differences in spa al distribu on of the size of sky cover and the number of
the characteris c days during year and defined seasons were revealed.
Literature:
Niedźwiedź T., (2013): Calendar of Circula on Types for territory of Spitsbergen - electronic data, The University of Silesia,
Department of climatology, Sosnowiec.

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Researchers Silesia 2016 Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016

Using dendrochronology as a source of data for landslide

ac vity maps.
Katarzyna Łuszczyńska
University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Department of Reconstruc ng
Environmental Change; e-mail: [email protected]

On mountain slopes, where landslides occur, we o en find forests or at least single tree specimens.
Trees by producing annual rings of wood provide a record of past environmental disturbances, among
them landsliding. Compared to trees growing on stable slopes trees growing on ac ve landslides have
lted and bent stems. Stem deforma on affects the structure of wood and tree-rings. In the study
conducted in the Beskid Żywiecki Mts (Western Outer Carpathians, Poland) I have used tree-ring
eccentricity, feature of wood anatomy diagnos c for ac ve landslides to develop landslide ac vity map.
Samples were taken in 54 sampling points spread over the area of 3,75 km2. In each point I have sampled
1-3 trees (depending on the availability of old enough, healthy trees). From each tree 2 cores were sampled:
one from the upslope side of a stem and the other from the downslope side of a stem. Tree-ring widths
measured in samples taken were recalculated into eccentricity index values. Landslide events were dated
using reference thresholds (avg. levels of eccentricity typical for a nearby stable slope). Obtained results
allowed to determine the mean frequency of landsliding in each sampling point. In order to prepare
a landslide ac vity map I have interpolated results obtained for sampling points.

Study was supported through the project INNOTECH-K3/IN3/58/228202/NCBR/15 funded by

the Na onal Research and Development Centre.

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GeoSymposium
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Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016 Researchers Silesia 2016

Church of the Assump on of the Blessed Virgin Mary (St. Mary's Basilica)
in Krakow as a geotouris c site
Dominika Makowska
AGH University of Science and Technology; Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environment Protec on;
Department od General Geology and Geoturism; 30-050 Cracow, 30 Mickiewicza Av.

The purpose of this paper is to interest tourists not only of the history and architecture St. Mary's Basilica,
one of the most beau ful and important sacral building in Krakow (Poland). In par cular, a en on was
drawn to advantages of the decora ve value of the stones, which in numerous and interes ng manner
were applied outside and inside this church.
The main building and sculpture materials in the sacral buildings are the various stones. It stresses
the monumental character of this type of an architecture and it enriches the unique decor of its interior
and exterior by the numerous ornamental mo fs, various sculptures, reliefs, as the material of stairs, panel
floors, columns, pilasters, portals, window frames, epitaph plaques and others.

42
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Researchers Silesia 2016 Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016

Selected geological objects in area of the Dębnik an cline

(Southern Poland) in terms of their geoturism provision
Dominika Makowska and Agnieszka Majer- Durman
AGH University of Science and Technology; Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environment Protec on;
Department od General Geology and Geoturism; 30-050 Cracow, 30 Mickiewicza Av.
This paper presents a selected geological objects in an area of Dębnik an cline in terms of their geoturism
availability. An interes ng and unique deposits of rocks, a geological structure of the area, diversified fauna
and morphology of the terrain, and a lot of historical and contemporary mine workings make this area
perfect for development of a geotourism. The Dębnik an cline is the south eastern part of Silesian-Krakow
Monocline. The present site is a part of the area with unique environmental, tourist and sightseeing values.
It is situated within the Landscape Park - Krakow Valleys. On a small area there are primarily: Devonian
dolomite and black Dębnik limestone, Carboniferous limestone and "Różanka paczółtowicka" (mul -colored
calcite veins), Middle Jurassic conglomerate, sandstone and limestone, the volcanic rocks of the Permian,
a clay of the Lower Jurassic and a deposit of a minig krast - Terra Rosa.
Selected geological objects may in purpose promote tourism of this region, based on the geological
heritage of the Dębnik an cline area. Each object has been described, including the loca on of the object,
the descrip on of the natural environment and geology, the current state of geoturism infrastructure.
Tourist a rac veness of this area would increase the organiza on of "educa onal paths" with informa on
boards (with a short descrip on of the geological structure and the history of mining in this region).

43
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GeoSymposium
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Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016 Researchers Silesia 2016

Soils evolu on and recent treeline shi s in the Upper Valtellina

(Italian Alps)
Anna Masseroli¹, Giovanni Leonelli², Manuela Pelfini¹, Luca Trombino¹
¹Dept. of Earth Sciences, University of Milano, Via Mangiagalli, 34 Milano, Italy;
e-mail: [email protected] manuela.pelfi[email protected] [email protected];
² DISAT - Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences,
University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milano, Italy, [email protected]

The al tudinal treeline ecotone is one of the most dis nc ve features of the mountain environments and
it is widely considered a clima c boundary. In fact, at high al tude, the ongoing temperatureincrease has
triggered some responses in these environments such as the upward shi of thevegeta on belts and,
in par cular, of the treeline. Although al tudinal treelines are widely recognizedas climate indicators,
geomorphological processes and soil development can strongly influence the vegeta on growth and dynamics.
The aim of this study is the reconstruc on of both the late Holocene soil evolu on and the environmental
changes at the treeline during the recent decades on the SW slope of the Monte Confinale in the Upper
Valtellina, Central Italian Alps.
In order to understand the rela onships between coloniza on by arboreal vegeta on and soil
development, a detailed reconstruc on of the treeline al tudinal dynamics has been performed,
together with the field and laboratory characteriza on of a transect of nine soil profiles ranging in
al tude from 1800 m to 2550 m a.s.l. The upward shi of the treeline was assessed analyzing tree
age distribu on on the slope by means of a tree-ring based approach. The treeline eleva on over me
increased from 2505 m a.s.l. (period 1990-1999) to 2531 m (period 2000-2009) to 2545 m (in 2013).
The inves gated soils show a decreasing development with increasing al tude. At higher al tude, in
the treeline ecotone (from 2545 m to 2400 m a.s.l.) weakly developed soils (i.e. Ranker) have been
found; on the contrary in the forest area (about 2000 m a.s.l.) moderately developed soils (i.e. Podzol)
have been iden fied.
The integrate analysis of geopedological and dendrochronological data will provide punctual informa on
about the responses to climate changes of biological and abiological systems through the late Holocene
and in recent decades.

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GeoSymposium
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Researchers Silesia 2016 Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016

Arc c benthic biomass size spectra in response to climate changes

Mikołaj Mazurkiewicz¹, Maria Włodarska-Kowalczuk¹, Barbara Górska¹,
Paul Renaud²
1
Ins tute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Marine Ecology, Sopot, Poland;
e-mail: [email protected]; ²Akvaplan-niva, Tromso, Norway

Body size is a fundamental biological unit that is closely coupled to key ecological proper es
and processes, like metabolism or bioturba on rate. Decline in organisms' body-size has been predicted
to be “the third universal response to global warming” (alongside changes in phenology and distribu on
of species) in both aqua c and terrestrial systems (Gardner et al. 2011). Increasing temperature results
in decline in size of par cular species or in expansion of smaller boreal species towards higher la tudes.
In the present study we aimed to present the first assessment of large scale la tudinal pa erns in benthic
biomass size spectra. The study area covers boreal and Arc c loca ons (6 different ords) and the results
are related to gradients in environmental regimes. Our approach provides the baseline for predic ng
possible future effects of global warming on size structures in Arc c benthic systems and related with
it environmental processes like nutrients cycle. We hypothesize that decreasing temperature along
the la tudinal gradient is reflected in changes in organism size, here analyzed at the community level.
At each loca on we collected macrobenthic samples using van Veen grab, acquired hydrological se ngs,
and collected sediments for geochemical analyses (grain size, organic ma er descriptors). All macrobenthic
organisms were iden fied taxonomically and measured using microscope-based image analyses system.
Applying volumetric formulas we calculated the biovolume and biomass of each organism. For each loca on
we plo ed the normalized biomass size spectra and abundance size spectra. The variability in size structures
and func oning (produc on) of the studied communi es were related to the environmental se ngs. Based
on the results of the study we conclude that primary produc on changes, which are related to climate change,
will have greater impact on benthic size structure than the temperature.

Acknowledgments.
This project is funded / co-funded from Norway Grants in the Polish-Norwegian Research Programme operated
by the Na onal Centre for Research and Development. The studies were prepared within the doctoral project that is
conducted by M.M at the Centre for Polar Studies, University of Silesia, Poland.

Literature:
Gardner, J. L., Peters, A., Kearney, M. R., Joseph, L., Heinsohn, R., (2011): Declining body size: a third universal response
to warming? Trends Ecol. Evol., 26: 285–91, doi:10.1016/j.tree.2011.03.005

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Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016 Researchers Silesia 2016

The Seismic Network of the University of Silesia – present status

and future prospects.
Maciej J. Mendecki
University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Department of Applied Geology,
ul Będzinska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec; e-mail: [email protected].
The Department of Applied Geophysics, that deal with any aspects of geophysics, is working on the Seismic
Network of the University of Silesia. In last year, 2015, an idea has appeared in some minds to create own
seismic network that covers Uppers Silesia Coal Basin (USCB) and allows to monitor earthquakes and
induced tremors occurring in Poland as well as those from all over the world. Currently, the University
of Silesia possesses seven very broadband seismometers that are installing or installed around the South-
Eastern part of USCB as the seismic network and a small seismic array in one. The seismic sta ons are located
in Sosnowiec, Jaworzno, Silesian Planetarium and Imielin, whereas it is planning to install next sta ons
in Mikołow, Pszczyna and Oświęcim. All seven sta on will create a circle (the array) surrounding the South-
Eastern metropolitan area, where new mines have been planned.
When the complete opera onal capability of the Seismic Network will be achieved, the sensors allow
to register every seismic events occurring in UBSC, as well as in Europe and from the en re world.
The collected data will be used to assess the seismic hazard in this part of Silesia and to es mate loca on,
seismic source parameter etc. In other words, the standard procedure of seismological observa ons will
be conducted at the Faculty of Earth Sciences. However, such data is a very valuable material for further
research in the field of seismology and physics of Earth's interior. In addi on, the array will be used for
seismic research on the inves ga on of the geological structure and velocity models in the layers
of Carboniferous complex and its overburden.

Acknowledgments.
The Seismic Network prepra on is funded by the Young Scien sts Project.

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Researchers Silesia 2016 Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016

3D seismic data applica on in geological modeling – methodology of work

Patrycja Michałowicz
University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, 60 Będzińska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec;
e-mail: [email protected]

Three-dimensional geological modeling is the most comprehensive method of studying depth geological
structures nowadays. This method is used on the world for decades. (Jarosiński et al., 2014). Ini ally,
three-dimensional modeling was applied in prospect of hydrocarbonates mainly. Now, this method has a wide
range of applica ons, for example: localiza on and analysis of mineral deposits, hydrogeological analysis,
analysis of geological processes and geohazards, land-use planning and others. (www.pgi.gov.pl).
To create a three-dimensional geological model a lot of different types of data can be used. Most common
are geological maps and geological cross-sec on, data from boreholes, geological data (like seismic profiling
2D and 3D, resis vity profiling, magne c profiling and gravimetric profiling) or Digital Eleva on Model
(www.pgi.gov.pl).
It appears, that 3D seismic data are the most complex data, which allow to build reliable geological
models. Unfortunately, there are only a few publically available sample sets of the seismic data in the world,
e.g. The F3 block, which is located on the shelf of the North Sea in the Netherlands and Gullfaks field on
the shelf of the North Sea in Norway. The aim of the study was to develop the three-dimensional model
of the geological structure of the F3 block using 3D seismic data and other supplementary data.
The model has been developed with the Petrel Schlumberger so ware.

Acknowledgments for the Schlumberger concern

for licensing of Petrel so ware to educa on purposes

Literature:
Jarosiński M., Papiernik B., Szynkaruk E., 2014. Koncepncja rozwoju cyfrowego modelowania budowy geologicznej Polski.
Przegląd geologiczny, vol 62. p. 801-805
Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny
h ps://www.pgi.gov.pl/docman-tree/geologia-3d/1739-ekspertyza-plytkie-3d/file.html (25.05.2016)

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Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016 Researchers Silesia 2016

Compe ve sorp on of Cd(II), Cr(III), Cu(II) and Pb(II) by copper

flota on waste from KGHM Polska Miedź
Bartosz Mikoda¹, Agnieszka Gruszecka-Kosowska¹, Agnieszka Klimek²
¹AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology,
Geophysics and Environmental Protec on,Department of Environmental Protec on, al.
Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow; e-mail:[email protected], [email protected];
² AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology,
Geophysics and Environmental Protec on,Department of Mineralogy, Petrography and
Geochemistry, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow; e-mail:[email protected]

The aim of this work was to assay the copper flota on waste from KGHM Polska Miedź S.A., Polkowice Ore
Enrichment Department as an adsorbent of heavy metals from model wastewater solu ons. The compe ve
sorp on and desorp on procedures were carried out toassay the sorp on ability of waste material to heavy
metal (Cd(II), Cr(III), Cu(II) and Pb(II))ca ons from mul element solu on. The sorp on experiment was carried
out using constan ons concentra on (50 mg/dm3 of each metal) and pH value (pH=4) at 20°C temperature.
Theinfluence of adsorbent dose on the sorp on ability was measured for 200, 100, 50 and 25
g/dm3 doses. The desorp on experiment was performed by filling the waste samples with 1M
CH3COONH4 to evaluate the bonding strength from the degree of desorp on. The concentra ons of metals
in supernatants were determined using atomic absorp on spectroscopy (AAS).
The results of the sorp on experiment revealed that the sorp on effec veness was not dependent on
the adsorbent dose for Cr, Cu and Pb (>98% for each ca on). In case of Cd the sorp on effec veness was
decreasing along with the adsorbent dose. The results of desorp onexperiment showed that the amount
of weakly bound ca ons was significant and depended onthe adsorbent dose. The results indicated that
only Cr(III) and Pb(II) ca ons were boundstrongly to the material during sorp on experiment (>2.1% and
>33% desorbed, respec vely).The desorp on values suggested that physisorp on or precipita on (for Cd(II)
and Cu(II))and chemisorp on (for Cr(III) and Pb(II)) were the domina ng processes. The results suggested
that the copper flota on waste from KGHM Polska Miedź S.A. exhibited poten ally good sorp on ability
to heavy metal ca ons.

This research has been funded by AGH University of Science and Technology Statutory
Research [Project No. 11.11.140.199].

Literature:
Kotarska I., (2012): Mining waste from copper industry in Poland – balance, management and environmental aspects.
Cuprum, vol. 65, p. 45-64
Rzepa G., Bajda T., Ratajczak T., (2009): U liza on of bog iron ores as sorbents of heavy metals. Journal of Hazardous Materials,
vol. 162, p. 1007-1013

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Researchers Silesia 2016 Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016

Temporal Chloride Modeling of Groundwater by Conjuga on of Ar ficial

Intelligence and Wavelet Transform Coherence Approaches

Vahid Nourani1, Shahram Mousavi2, Dominika Dąbrowska3

1
Dept. of Water Resources Engineering, Faculty of Civil Eng.,
Univ. of Tabriz, Iran, e-mail: [email protected]
2
Miyaneh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Miyaneh, Iran;
3
Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,
Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Poland;

In this study, temporal groundwater flow and contaminant transport models were developed using
integra on of ar ficial intelligence (AI) and wavelet transform coherence (WTC) techniques. Miandoab
plain located in North-west Iran was inves gated as a case study for simula ng groundwater level (GL)
and chloride concentra on (CC). In this research, in order to cluster the piezometers in the study plain,
WTC was employed as a technique for examining the correla on and phase lag between non-sta onary
me series of GL and CC. Also, the WTC was used as a novel method for detec ng the interac on of aquifers
in the plain and rela onship between water level of the adjacent lake and GLs of piezometers located near
the lake shore which can present helpful informa on in GL and CC modeling. Then, me series of GL
and CC observed in 14 different piezometers were trained and verified via ar ficial neural network (ANN)
and adap ve neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) models to predict the GL and CC at one month ahead.
In this study, the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm employed to train the ANN model and the membership
func ons (MFs) used for ANFIS model were included Gaussian curve (i.e., gussmf), Gaussian combina on
(i.e., gauss2mf), triangular-shaped (i.e., trimf), generalized bell (i.e., gbellmf), trapezoidal curve
(i.e., trapmf), Π-shaped (i.e., pimf), difference between two sigmoidal func ons (i.e., dsigmf) and product
of two sigmoidal (i.e., psigmf) membership func ons. Finally, the performance of the AI models was
compared. The results showed that the efficiency of ANFIS model was more than ANN model up to 30%.
Reliability of ANFIS model is more than ANN model in both calibra on and verifica on stages duo to
the efficiency of fuzzy concept to overcome the uncertain es of the phenomenon.

Acknowledgments
This project was financially supported by a research grant from the University of Tabriz, Iran.

Literature:
Grinsted, A., Moore, J. C., Jevrejeva, S. (2004): Applica on of the Cross Wavelet Transform and Wavelet Coherence
to Geophysical Time Series, Nonlinear processes in geophysics, vol. 11, p. 561-566.
Nourani, V., Alami, M. T., Vousoughi, F. D. (2015): Wavelet-Entropy Data Pre-Processing Approach for Ann-Based Groundwater
Level Modeling, , Journal of Hydrology, vol. 524; p. 255-269.
Nourani, V., Mousavi, S. (2016): Spa otemporal Groundwater Level Modeling Using Hybrid Ar ficial Intelligence-Meshless
Method, Journal of Hydrology, vol. 536; p. 10-25.

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Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016 Researchers Silesia 2016

Historical Topographic Database: concept, development and applica on.

Tomasz Panecki
University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, Department of Geoinforma cs,
Cartography and Remote Sensing, Krakowskie Przedmieście 30, 00-927 Warsaw;
e-mail: [email protected]

An increasing amount of informa on collected from old maps means that ad hoc solu ons to organize
such large resources do not work, and results in (broadly defined) insufficient quality of the outcome data.
The consistent database structure should solve the problem by enabling data acquisi on in the consistent
and harmonized source schema, as well as their processing into the output data set.
The proposed database model will allow to store data on two levels: source and output. In the source
schema, data is obtained from archival topographic maps: both a ribute (map legend entries) and geometric
(features' geometry). A ribute data consists of categories (features) acquired from map legends, instruc ons
and symbol collec ons and is stored in the ”Catalogue of features”. The are assigned to common categories
based on seman c rela ons between them which allows to build a common conceptual model. Selected
thema c map layers are then vectorized and connected by an iden fier with the above-men oned
“Catalogue of features”. This procedure also allows to update map legends based on maps' geometric content
and thereby makes it possible to reconstruct the their actual scope. Vectorized elements are also iden fied
spa ally with each other: the same locali es, roads and economic objects from different maps are supplied
by an iden fier which cons tutes their diachronic iden ty and thus gives the founda on for the crea on of
the me-space abstrac ons of iden fied features (so-called: “metafeatures”).
Source schema presented above is necessary to develop an outcome part of the database. Its crea on
is based on the concept “metafeatures” for which the harmonized geometry is elaborated based on
the retrogressive method. It is important that the data from the source and outcome schema are connected
by iden fiers, so any final result of analysis can be verified by reference to the original data sources, both maps
(geometric reference) and legends (a ribute reference).

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Researchers Silesia 2016 Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016

Petrographic composi on of lignite from the Szczerców deposit

Sandra Pawelec and Barbara Bielowicz
AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics
and Environmental Protection, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland;
e-mail:[email protected], [email protected]

The objecitve of the study was to examine the macroscopic and microscopic composi on of lignite from
the Szczerców deposit. The macroscopic composi on was determined according to the newest lithological
classifica on of humic coal i.e. the scheme suggested by Kwiecińska and Wagner (1997). Bituminiferous coal
was categorised according to the scheme by Wagner (1996). On this basis it has been shown that main
lithotype is xylo-detri c lignite
The petrographic composi on of lignite was determined microscopically on XX coal samples by iden fying
the maceral groups in accordance with the ICCP guidelines. Macerals from the lip nite group were
examined under fluorescent light. The maceral group content analysis was performed with use of 500
equally spaced points on the surface of the polished sec ons . It has been shown that the examined lignite
is dominated by macerals from the huminite group ranging from 75.2 to 86 %, including atrinite
(23.1-40.7 %, on average 28.9%) and densinite (18.2-41.4 %, on average 24.9%). It has also been
demonstrated that the sta s cal variability of the content of macerals from the huminite group in lignite
is very weak in all samples. In addi on, the random reflectance of ulminite was measured in the standard
way, i.e. according to the ISO standards and ICCP recommenda ons. Similar results, ranging from 0.247
to 0.282 % (the maximum permissible standard devia on < 0.07), were achieved for all lignite samples.
The obtained results allowed the construc on of isopachous maps of the percentage distribu on of both
macerals from the huminite group and random reflectance of ulminite using the weighted average method.
Literature:
Kwiecińska B., Wagner M., (1997) Classifica on of qualita ve features of brown coal from Polish deposits according
to petrographical, chemical and technological criteria; p. 27-80;
Wagner M. (1996): Bituminiferous lignite from the Turów and Bełchatów brown coal deposits and its petrographic-chemical
and sedimentological studies

51
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Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016 Researchers Silesia 2016

Nephelometry in determining the degree of soil erosion –

assessment of the method
Joanna Piasecka - Rodak
Ins tute for Ecology of Industrial Areas in Katowice;
e-mail: [email protected]

Soil erosion is a serious problem affec ng many countries around the world. The analyses of the research
carried out in Poland and the European Union show that the problem has been sa sfactorily tested for
agricultural areas. The amounts of materials discharged from these areas have been determined. It is
generally es mated that Poland loses irrevocably 10 million tons of soil every year.
The subject of the presenta on will be the assessment of soil erosion volume in selected urban catchments
and examina on of the possibility of using direct methods of measuring a suspended load and indirect
methods such as nephelometric measurements in determining the intensity of the soil erosion. Previous
studies focused on the comparison of both methods were carried out in the agricultural catchment.
The inspira on for undertaking the research work was the publica on of Szewrański et al. The project has
been realized using the equipment and tes ng methods available at the Ins tute for Ecology of Industrial
Areas. Moreover, data for further analyses and soil erosion modelling have been obtained. For the carried
out research the catchment area of the Wapienica River in Bielsko-Biala has been selected.
The presenta on will show the results of the previous studies and observa ons.

Literature:
Prochal P., Maślanka K., Koreleski K., Environmental protec on from water erosion, Publishing House
of the University of Agriculture in Krakow (2005)
Szewrański Sz., Żmuda R., The es ma on of the intensity of water erosion and denuda on using nephelometric
measurements of water dimness, Pamiętnik Puławski, vol. 139(2005)

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Researchers Silesia 2016 Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016

Distribu on and origin of selected POPs in the Arc c ords sediments

Anna Pouch, A. Zaborska, K. Pazdro
Ins tute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences,
Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81 – 712 Sopot, Poland;
e-mail: [email protected]

The objec ve of the study is to present preliminary results of selected Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
concentra ons in the Arc c ords sediments. The extension of knowledge on POPs cycling in the Arc c
is important since POPs may be transported over long distances from distant sources, are persistent
in the environment and toxic. They tend to accumulate in fa y ssues of organisms, moreover may
biomagnify along the arc c food web. POPs are highly reac ve par cles and are readily sorbed onto
sinking organic and mineral par cles. Part of them is accumulated by marine organisms and other part
is deposited at the sea bo om. Deposited contaminants may be re-introduced to the water column
and be again bioavailable for organisms.

The study presents the results of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated aroma c
hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentra on in sediments collected from three ords (western Svalbard). These
ords are influenced by different water masses, different rate of glaciers abla on and the intensity of primary
and secondary produc on. In addi on, the knowledge on POPs concentra ons in the Adven jord near
Longyearbyen may allow to assess the significance of local pollu on source. The concentra ons of selected
PCBs and selected PAHs have beenmeasured in sediment cores from selected depth intervals. GC-FID and
GC-ECD techniques were used for qualita ve and quan ta ve analysis of PCBs and PAHs. To assess
the origin of PAHs contaminants in sediments, individual components ra os were used. Sediment cores
210
were dated using Pb method, therefore the history of POPs accumula on has also been studied.
The concentra on of Σ7 PCBs and Σ12 PAHs in sediments ranged from 0.05 to 1.5 ng/g d.w. and from
33.5 to 463.3 ng/g d.w. respec vely. The compounds present in highest propor on were vola le CB28
congener and phenanthrene. The obtained results are also discussed in the context of environmental
condi ons that may influence POPs accumula on.

Acknowledgments.
The project has been financed from the funds of the Leading Na onal Research Centre (KNOW) received
by the Centre for Polar Studies for the period 2014-2018

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Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016 Researchers Silesia 2016

Spruce tree ring reduc ons and air pollu on changes related
to number of human diseases
Paweł Rutkiewicz, Ireneusz Malik, Małgorzata Wistuba, Daniel Gawior
Department of Reconstruc ng Environmental Change, Faculty of Earth Sciences,
Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland;
e-mail: [email protected]

In order to analyse the impact of contemporary air pollu on on the health of wood stands we have
taken cores from spruces growing in the vicinity of the center of a few Polish Carpathians towns. We
developed local chronologies, skeleton plots and calculated ring reduc on for sampled trees. We also
searched for temporal rela onships between air pollu on and nega ve health reac on among trees and
among people. To fulfill the aim dates of the occurrence of tree-ring reduc ons were compared with
the concentra on of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and par culates in the atmosphere, and also lung
diseases morbidity among people. We have iden fied two periods of growth suppression in trees, the
first (in 1970s) associated with large industrial pollu on. The second is more dis nct, it began in the
beginning of XXI century and con nues to the present. Tree ring reduc ons, the content of dust in
the atmosphere and the incidence of lung disease morbidity increases from the beginning of XXI
century. Preliminary studies conducted in a few towns in mountain areas has shown the need
for further research the rela onships between contemporary emission of pollutants into the
atmosphere, the suppression of tree growth and adverse health effects among people.

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Researchers Silesia 2016 Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016

Bul onteinite from Negev Desert, Israel

Marta Stasiak
University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Department of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrography,
Będzińska st.60, Sosnowiec 41-200; e-mail: [email protected]

Bul onteinite, Ca2(SiO3OH)FH2O was discovered in the Bul ontein mine in Kimberley, South Africa at 1904
(Parry, Williams, Wright, 1932). It was reported in many localiza ons in the World: Crestmore, California
(Murdock, Joseph, 1955); Mihara, Okinawa, Japan (Miyake, 1965 w: Gross, 1977); Suisho-dani, Kiniki, Japan
(Minakawa, Inaba, Noto, 1986); Tazheran Massif, Eastern-Siberian Region, Russia (Koneva, Uschapovskaya,
1991); Lakargi Mountain and Baksan Valley in Northern Caucasus Region, Russia (Galuskin et al., 2009;
Galuskina et al., 2015; Galuskin et al., 2015); Lac de Gras, Northwest Territories, Canada (Chakhmouradian,
Mitchell, 2001); Kalahari Manganese Field, Republic of South Africa (Biagioni, Bonaccorsi, Merlino, 2011);
Damtshaa, Botswana (Buse et al., 2010) etc. Although Gross (1977) men oned bul onteinite occurrence
in larnite rocks of the Hatrurim Forma on, Israel, up to now it was not inves gated.
Bul onteinite was found in low-temperature hydrothermal veins of altered spurrite marbles at the Negev
Desert, Israel. Veins containing this mineral form following associa on: afwillite, calcite, e ringite and baryte.
Bul oneteinite o en forms split crystals (up to 60 μm) or an aggregates (up to 300 μm in diameter).
Unaltered, surrounded rock contains mainly minerals of the fluormayenite-fluorkyuygenite, fluorapa te-
fluorellestadite, srebrodolskite-brownmillerite, spinel-magnesioferrite series as well as calcite. Fe, Zn,
Ni- sulfides, brucite, vorlanite, vapnikite and U-bearing garnets are accessory minerals.
The Raman spectrum of bul onteinite is characterized by following bands (main in italics): 153 δ (Ca-OH),
186 ν/δ (Ca-O), 278 ν2 (Ca-O), 322 (mo on of Ca), 365 ( l ng of the tetrahedral), 499 ν4 (Si-O), 538 ν4
-1 -1
(Si-O), 832 ν1 (Si-O), 956 cm ν3 (Si-O). Broad band from 3620 to 3720 cm is a ributed to the ν OH
stretching vibra ons of water molecules and also to the Si-OH stretching vibra ons (Frost et al., 2006).
The empirical formula calculated on the basis of 3 ca ons is Ca2.001[(Si0.996S0.004)O3(OH)]{F0.870(OH)0.130}·H2O.
Literature:
Biagioni C., Bonaccorsi E., Merlino S., (2010): Crystal structure of bul onteinite, Ca4[SiO3(OH)]2F2·2H2O, from N'Chwaning II mine (Kalahari Manganese Field,
Republic of South Africa), A della Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali, Memorie, vol. 115, p.9-15.
Buse B., Schumacher J.C., Sparks R.S.J., Field M., (2010): Growth of bul onteinite and hydrogarnet in metasoma zed basalt xenoliths in the B/K9 kimberlite,
Damtshaa, Botswana: insights into hydrothermal metamorphism in kimberlite pipes, Contribu ons to Mineralogy and Petrology vol. 160, p. 533–550.
Chakhmouradian A.R., Mitchell R.H., (2001): Three composi onal varie es of perovskite from kimberlites of the Lac de Gras Field (Northwest Territories,
Canada), Mineralogical Magazine, vol. 65, p.133-148.
Frost R., Cejka J., Weier M., Wayde M., (2006): Raman spectroscopy study of selected uranophanes, Journal of Molecular Structure, vol. 788, p. 115-125.
Galuskin, E.V., Galuskina, I.O., Kusz, J., Gfeller, F., Armbruster, T., Bailau, R., Dulski, M., Gazeev, V.M., Pertsev, N.N., Zadov, A.E., Dzieržanowski, P. (2015):
Mayenite supergroup, part II: Chlorkyuygenite from Upper Chegem, northern Caucasus Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia, a new microporous mayenite supergroup
mineral with “zeoli c” H2O, European Journal of Mineralogy, vol. 27, p. 113-122.
Galuskin, E. V., Gazeev, V. M., Lazic, B., Armbruster, T., Galuskina, I. O., Zadov, A. E., Pertsev, N. N., Wrzalik, R., Dzierzanowski, P., Gurbanov, A. G., Bzowska, G.
(2009), Chegemite Ca7(SiO4)3(OH)2 - a new humite-group calcium mineral from the Northern Caucasus, Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia, European Journal of
Mineralogy vol. 21, p. 1045-1059.
Galuskina, I.O., Krüger, B., Galuskin, E.V. ,Armbruster, T., Gazeev, V.M., Włodyka, R., Dulski, M., Dzierżanowski, P. (2015): Fluorchegemite, Ca7(SiO4)3F2,
a new mineral from the edgrewitebearing endoskarn zone of an altered xenolith in ignimbrites from Upper Chegem Caldera, Northern Caucasus,
Kabardina-balkaria, Russia; Occurrence, crystal structure, and new data on the mineral assemblages, Canadian Mineralogist, vol. 53, p. 325-344.
Gross, S. (1977): The mineralogy of the Hatrurim Forma on, Israel, Geological Survey of Israel Bulle n, vol. 70.
Koneva A.A., Uschapovskaya Z.F. (1991): On harkerite and bul onteinite from skarns of Tazheran alkaline massif, Geologiya i Geofizika, vol. 2, p.74-78.
Minakawa, T., Inaba, S., Noto, S. (1986): Oyelite from Suisho-dani, Ise, Mie Prefecture, Ganseki Koubutsu Koushou Gakkaishi, vol. 81, p. 138-142.
Parry J., Williams A. F., Wright F.E, (1932): On bul onteinite, a new fluorine-bearing hydrous calcium silicate from South Africa, vol. 23; p. 145 – 162.
Murdoch J., (1955b): Bul onteinite from Crestmore, California, American Mineralogist, vol. 40; p. 900-906.

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New occurences of rusinovite Ca10(Si2O7)3Cl2

Dorota Środek
University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Będzińska 60, Sosnowiec, Poland;
e-mail: [email protected]

Rusinovite Ca10(Si2O7)3Cl2 – rare pyrometamorphic calcium-silica mineral, was known only from one
locality – Upper Chegem caldera from Northern Caucasus (Russia). We found it at two more locali es:
north-west slope of the Shadil-Khokh volcano (South Osse a) and Bellerberg volcano from Eifel district
(Germany) in pyrometamorphic rocks consisted of minerals such as larnite Ca2SiO4, spurrite Ca5(SiO4)2(CO3),
chlormayenite Ca12Al14O32Cl2, Cl-bearing ellestadite Ca5(SiO4)1.5(SO4)1.5(Cl,OH,F), gehlenite Ca2Al(AlSiO7),
3+
rondorfite Ca8Mg(SiO4)4Cl2 and srebrodolskite Ca2Fe 2O5. It occurs only in specific zones in studied
rocks – in coronites on quartz and feldspar porphyroblasts, pseudomorphs a er wollastonite
or rankinite and also in small veins at the endocontact zones.
Examined rusinovite is characterized by yellow or brown-yellow colour, elongated crystals and also
constant and stoichiometric chemical composi on. Obtained Raman spectra of rusinovite from new locali es
are analogous to the Raman spectrum of its holotype from Lakargii mountain.
Occurrence of rusinovite in some specific zones may be connected with cross bimetasoma sm affected
by fluid enriched in Ca coming from carbonate xenolith and volcanic gases/fluids enriched in Cl penetrated
the contact zone of xenolith. This theory is based on detailed mineralogical study of xenoliths in volcanic
rocks from different locali es.

Acknowledgments.
This project is financed by the Na onal Science Centre, Poland under research project
No. 2015/17/N/ST10/03141

Literature:
Galuskin E., Galuskina I.O., Lazic B., Armbruster T., Zadov A.E., Krzykawski T., Banasik K., Gazeev V., Pertsev N., (2011):
Rusinovite, Ca10(Si2O7)3Cl2: a new skarn mineral from the Upper Chegem caldera, Kabardino-Balkaria, Northern Caucasus,
Russia. European

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Comparison of methods to measure the fluxes of methane

and carbon dioxide.

Anna Twaróg, Piotr Guzy, Henryk Sechman

AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environment Protec on,
Department of Fossil Fuels, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
e-mail: [email protected]

Emissions of methane and carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere from the geological sources are
the subject of research of the oil industry and environmental protec on as well (E ope 2009). Methane and
carbon dioxide are classified as a greenhouse gases, affec ng the climate changes. The purpose of this study
was to compare two methods: sta c chamber method (Leventhal 1992) and currently widely used portable
flux meter. The studies were carried out in the eastern part of the Polish Outer Carpathians.
The measurements were taken at 11 points in total, located along 1000 meters long profile. There were
3900 individual indica ons performed during the measurements of the emission by flux meter. Whereas,
44 individual chromatographic indica ons were performed to determine the emission by the sta c chamber
method. In the case of emission measured by flux meter, flux of CH4 was found at 4 points (average value
-2 -1 -2 -1
-2.4 mg·m d ), while the flux of CO2 was found at all points (average value 8853.7 mg·m d ). Methane
emission measured using the method of sta c chamber was determined at 3 points (average value -0.02
mg·m-2d-1); flux of CO2 was determined at 4 measuring points (average value 6827.5 mg·m-2d-1).
The use of flux meter in the field research allows to increase the credibility of obtained results by
increasing the average number of indica ons during one measurement cycle, shorten the measurement
me from average 70 minutes to 6 minutes and increase the sealing of a measuring system.

Financial support of this work comes from the research program of Na onal Centre
for Research and Development Blue Gas (BG2/ShaleCarp/14).

Literature:
E ope G., (2009): Natural emissions of methane from geological seepage in Europe. Atmos. Environ., vol. 43; p. 1430-1443.
Leventhal J., (1992): Modern mobile methane measurement in marshes. United States Geological Survey, Denver,
Open-File Report 92-445; p. 1-24.

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Vitrnite reflectance based on organic and geochemical methods.

Paweł Wandycz and Marta Waliczek
AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environment Protec on,
Department of Fossil Fuels, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Kraków;
e-mail: [email protected]

Maturity of organic ma er is one of the most important parameters characterizing source rock.
The vitrinite reflectance measurements (Ro) and Tmax from Rock-Eval pyrolysis are widely used to characterize
the maturity of organic ma er occurring in source rock. The purpose of presented study is to correlate
vitrinite reflectance measurements (Ro) with VRo obtained from Tmax.
Analysis has been performed on eight Oligocene Menilite Shales from Polish Outer Carpathians collected
from outcrops of Dukla Unit.
Reflectance of vitrinite (Ro) was measured under oil immersion using Carl Zeiss Axioplan microscope in
reflected light. V1Ro and V2Ro were determined by Tmax recalculated using Jarvie (2001) and Thomas (2014)
equa ons.
The random reflectance Rₒ of organic ma er varies between 0.45 and 1.00 %, Values of V1Ro and V2Ro
vary from 0.42 to 0.99% and from 0.40 to 1.14%.
The measured values Ro have strong posi ve correla on with those calculated according to formula
elaborated by Jarvie (V1Ro). The reflectance values obtained using Thomas equa on seem to be overes mated.

Literature:
Jarvie, D. M., B. L. Claxton, F. Henk, and J. T. Breyer, 2001, Oil and shale gas from the Barne Shale, Fort Worth Basin,
Texas: AAPG Annual Mee ng Program, v. 10, p. A100.
Thomas A., 2014. The Hypothe cal Cretaceous Petroleum System of Trinidad and Tobago
Geoscience Technology Workshop (GTW), Deep Horizon and Deep Water Fron er Explora on in La n American and
the Caribbean, Port of Spain, Trinidad, March 9-11,

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Calcula on of the apparent Quality Factor based on well-log

Paweł Wandycz
AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environment Protec on,
Department of Fossil Fuels, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Kraków;
e-mail: [email protected]

A enua on of the seismic wave can be described as the decrease of the amplitude of the wave with
the me and distance (Aki & Richards, 2002). The loss of the energy is caused by two types of a enua on –
intrinsic and apparent (Menke & Dubendorff, 1985). The most common parameter used for quan fica on
of this phenomena is the Quality Factor (Q) and it is possible to approximate apparent Q just by using well
log measurements (Liner, 2012).
In this study author presents the results of the es ma on of the apparent quality factor for
the carboniferous strata from the well 1A. For this purpose author used sonic and density curves, to first
calculate the impedance of the geological medium, and based on that two-way transmission coefficients
(TWTC). TWTC series was transformed into the frequency domain by using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).
Quality factor was es mated based on the slope of the curve from the linear regression in the 7-120 [Hz]
frequency band, that corresponds to the frequencies in surface-seismic data.
Linear fit regression yields an es mate of Q = 36. This value represents the apparent a enua on resul ng
from the layer sca ering for the Carboniferous strata in the well 1A. Obtained value is consistent with
the results from the VSP measurements.

Acknowledgments.
The author is thankful to Ph. D. hab. M. Stefaniuk and Ph.D Tomasz Maćkowski for care and advices.

Literature:
Aki K., and Richards, P.G. (2002): Quan ta ve seismology (2nd edi on), University Science Books, 700 pp.
Liner C.L., (2012): Elements of Seismic Dispersion, Society of Explora on Geophysicists
Menke W., Dubendorff B., (1985): Discrimina ng intrinsic and apparent a enua on in layered rock, Geophysical
Research Le ers, vol.12; p. 721-724

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Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016 Researchers Silesia 2016

Methods for approxima ng the temperatures of crystalliza on

of historic Zn-Pb slag: cri cal overview
Rafał Warchulski
University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences;
e-mail: [email protected]

Temperature is one of the most important factors influencing the crystalliza on process of the slags.
Depending on the temperature range phase composi on and specia on of elements changes. This is why
it is crucial to best approximate temperature condi ons during slag crystalliza on. To accomplish this task
three approaches (theore cal, phase diagrams and geothermometry) were used for slags from Piekary
Śląskie. Preserved theore cal descrip ons suggest that temperature during smel ng process was in
the range of 1100 to 1300°C. Phase diagrams on the other hand showed temperatures between
1200 - 1500°C. The span for phase diagrams is wider than in case of theore cal descrip ons, but for
diagram with best fit to chemical composi on of slags (SiO2-CaO-MgO-10%Al2O3) it is narrowed
to 1300 – 1400°C (Warchulski, 2016). The last method, geothermometry, gave results of 1090-1314°C,
with best fi ed geothermometer (clinopyroxene-whole rock composi on; Pu rka et al., 1996;
Pu rka, 2008) showing the range of 1158 - 1314°C (Warchulski, 2016). Phase diagrams gave the highest
results, which is common as phase diagram are restricted to few elements only, while slags has up to nine
main elements. Most of them cause depolymeriza on of SiO2 net and thus lower the smel ng temperature.
Geothermometry shows wider range, but probably it is caused by real changes of temperature during slag
crystalliza on. On the other hand this method is the most prone to undercooling condi on or local
disturbances in slag composi on.

Literature:
Pu rka, K. (2008): Thermometers and barometers for volcanic systems. Re. Mineral. Geochem., 69, 61–120.
Pu rka, K., Johnson, M., Kinzler, R., Walker, D. (1996): Thermobarometry of mafic igneous rocks based on
clinopyroxene-liquid equilibria, 0–30 kbar. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 123, 92–108.
Warchulski, R. (2016): A first approach to evalua ng temperature condi ons in a disequilibrium melt system
on the basis of geothermometry: a study of Zn-Pb slag crystalliza on. European Journal of Mineralogy,
vol. 28 DOI: 10.1127/ejm/2016/0028-2496

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Morphotectonic controll of the drainage basins, based on the deep fault zones,
Inner Carpathians, Poland.
Bartosz Wołosiewicz
University of Silesia, Faculty of Earh Science, Department of Fundamental Geology;
e-mail: [email protected]

As the consequence of Miocene oblique subduc on and subsequent collision of the North-European
con nental crust with the Central Carpathian Block, several NNW-SSE deep fault zones have been ac vated.
Czarny Dunajec Fault, Biały Dunajec Fault, Białka Fault, Rijeka Fault and Dunajec Fault are parallel, right
lateral zones crossing the Polish part of the Inner Carpathians. The faults` geometry indicates their
rela onship with the Kraków-Presov fault zone. It is one of the major structures in the boarder zone
between the Małopolska Block (East European Craton) and the Upper Silesia Block (Brunovistulicum
Terrane), Trans European Suture Zone (TESZ).
The deep seated structures are copied into the rocks of the Carpathian overthrust. The faults are
the basis for the main river valleys in the study area. The previous study revealed the major influence of
the Białka Fault ac vity on the morphology of the Białka River drainage basin. The morphometric methods
used previouslly have been improved and transferred to the wider study area. This work presents the results
of the geometric and morphometric analysis of the drainage basins, including slope inclina on and aspect
analysis, baselevels and isolongs study, basins' elonga on ra o, circulatory ra o, form ra o, lemniscate
coefficient, shape index, planimetric shape index, rela ve eleva on index and hypsometric integral as well
as the morphometric coefficients based on the longitudinal stream profiles calculated for the main rivers
(concavity index, max. concavity) and the mountain front line (mountain front sinuosity index).

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Geological control of deep seated gravita onal slope deforma ons

(DSGSDs) in central part of the Beskid Niski Mts
Michał Zatorski
Jagiellonian University, Ins tute of Geography and Spa al Management,
Department of Geomorphology, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków;
e-mail: [email protected]

The Beskid Niski is located between western and eastern part of the Carpathian flysch belt, low al tudes
of passes and ridges in this region un l now have been iden fied mainly as a result of differences
in resistance of bedrock. In the light of contemporary informa on regarding geology of this area and
rock massif gravita onal processes, again current is a hypothesis of the gravita onal placement of large
tectonic elements. A par cularly interes ng area is the ridge and foreland of Magura Wątkowska. This
edges zone of the Beskid Niski has a complicated geological structure - tectonic contact of Magura Unit
and Central Carpathian Depression. During the morphometric analysis conducted using the Digital Terrain
Model, was observed the structural fragmenta on of research area (modify the course of the main
lineaments).
During the field survey, 6573 measurements of the spa al orienta on of rock discon nui es were
performed, at about 93 measuring posi ons. The results of the measurements are presented as contour
and direc onal rose diagrams. Contour diagrams and direc onal diagrams were supplemented by the strata
orienta on and the classifica on of the joint sets. A er preliminary verifica on for further study classified
those that allowed the determina on of the deep-seated gravita onal slope deforma ons (DSGSD)
and characteris cs of contemporary landforms processes related to the collapse of the rock massif.
Using the direc onal and contour diagrams, generated by measuring of the cracks surfaces spa al
orienta on, selected gravita onal macrocomplex with a characteris c joints system. Then, during the research
it was correlated with faults zones and morphogene c analysis was performed, the result was a precise
characterize the type of gravity morphogene c processes in meso scale (eg. large rock landslides), and
at the macro scale also (basin type or DSGSD). The research indicates the variety of macro scale movements
in edge zone of research area, leading to fragmenta on morphological threshold of Beskid Niski region
and crea on a characteris c structural landforms.

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ABSTRACTS
Posters

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Assessment of flood flow hazards in part of Upper Vistula

catchment area using FLO – 2D so ware.
Anna Andrychowicz
AGH University of Science and Technology; Faculty of Geology,
Geophysics and Environmental Protec on,
al. Mickiewicza 30. 30-059 Krakow, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

Progressive climate changes are increasingly leading to a sudden torren al rainfall, the consequence
of it is the occurrence of floods and flooding. These phenomena are especially dangerous in areas with
a specific interac on of groundwater and surface water, which o en is compounded by human ac vity
(Szuba, 2012). This issue has a great social importance, especially in areas affected by the occurrence
of floods in the catchment area of floods in the Upper Vistula catchment. Part of these catchment
is changed as a result of the current construc on and use of the highway A-4. It is therefore necessary
to develop an integrated approach to flood risk analysis, which would emphasize the interac on between
groundwater and surface water in regions of the implementa on and opera on of road investments.
The aim of the work is characterizing the FLO - 2D so ware for use to simulate flood flow in the study area.

Literature:
FLO – 2D So ware, Inc. (2006) FLO – 2D Users manual (Version 2006.01), Arizona, USA
Szuba K., 2012 – Przemiany stosunków wodnych w zlewni i dolinie Dunajca w kontekście poszukiwania środków ograniczania
zagrożenia powodziowego, Czasopismo Techniczne z. 23. Środowisko z. 2-Ś.

64
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The outline of Holocene environmental transforma ons

of The Puszcza Zielonka Forest

Agnieszka Błasiak1, Mirosław Makohonienko2

1
Poznan University of Life Science, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Game Management and Forest Protec on,
Wojska Polskiego 71 C, 60-625 Poznan; e-mail: [email protected];
2
Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences,
Ins tute of Geoecology and Geoinforma on, Department of Quaternary Geology and Paleogeography,
Dziegielowa 27, 61-680 Poznan

The Puszcza Zielonka Forest is located in central Wielkopolska (Great Poland) near Poznań (western
Poland) (52°33ʹN 17°06ʹE), in possible range of Morasko Meteorite impact, which occurred around 5000
years ago. During the early medieval mes, the region around Poznań was the cradle of the Polish State,
se led by the tribe of Polanie (Polans). Human impact on this area could be correlated with the history
of Polish State.It seems important to examine the history of environmental transforma ons of The Puszcza
Zielonka Forest. The aim of this study is to evaluate vegeta on and landscape changes in this area.
Palynological studies has been carried out on the biogenic (lacustrine and peat) sediments from the Jezioro
Czarne Reserve, located in the southern part of The Puszcza Zielonka Forest. Samples for pollen analyses
3
were taken every 5 cm with a volume of 1 cm , from collected sediment core (7,5 m length, taken from
a small swamp), and treated using standard palynological techniques. Pollen analy cal results provided
the local and regional reconstruc on of vegeta on history. For a chronological framework, sediments
14
of the core was examined using C da ngs (ages are given in years BP - Before Present).
The obtained palynological results revealed vegeta on history of the area since the early Holocene ll
today. Con nuous presence of palynological cul va on indicators (Cerealia type) and constant human
ac vity have been noted since 1050 +/- 30 years BP.

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Alder carr environmental transforma ons in the vicinity

of Żurawiniec Reserve in Poznan (western Poland)

Agnieszka Błasiak1, Mirosław Makohonienko2

1
Poznan University of Life Science, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Game Management and Forest Protec on,
Wojska Polskiego 71 C, 60-625 Poznan; e-mail: [email protected];
2
Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences,
Ins tute of Geoecology and Geoinforma on, Department of Quaternary Geology and Paleogeography,
Dziegielowa 27, 61-680 Poznan

From the forestry viewpoint, alder (Alnus) carr (swamp forest with alder, which accumulates wood peats)
are usually undervalued and treated as wastelands, mainly due to its waterlogged terrain. However, these
habitats fulfilled an important role in the landscape and environment, e.g. create a biogeochemical barrier
for adjacent areas, provide refuges for flora and fauna, increase the water reten on and influence
topoclimate. Evalua on of environmental transforma ons occurred in these habitats is necessary
to describe very unique alder forest lifecycle. The aim of this study is an a empt of reconstruc on of
the alder carr ecosystem history based on palaeoecological data.
The area of this study is alder (Alnus) carr in Piątkowski Forest in Poznań (52°27'N 16°55'E). The sediment
core, with the length of 133 cm was taken in 2012. Samples for pollen analyses were taken every 10 cm with
3
a volume of 1 cm and prepared fallowing standard procedures. Pollen analyses was used to reconstruct
environmental transforma ons based on interpreta on of vegeta on changes.
According to the obtained results, 5 pollen zones (stages) were determined in the history of the examined
ecosystem, what is an evidence of constant habitat development. Moreover anthropogenic impact appears
to be a driving factor of environmental changes of this seemingly natural habitat.

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Phyllocarid crustaceans from Upper Devonian of Kowala Quarry

(Holy Cross Mountains, central Poland)
Krzysztof Broda1, Anna Łazuka2
1
University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences. Będzińska 60,
41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]
2
University of Silesia, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protec on.
Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland

Phyllocarida (Crustacea, Malacostraca; Rolfe, 1969) are a very interes ng arthropods. They are
characterized by bivalve carapace, which dis nguishes them from other non-malacostracan crustaceans.
During Devonian period phyllocarids were important and diversified malacostracan subclass. Although
Upper Devonian outcrops in the area of Holy Cross Mountains are the subject of scien fic interest for
more than a century, very less a en on was devoted to phyllocarids. Their isolated remains from Frasnian
and Famennian were reported by various authors (e.g. Dzik, 1980; Zatoń et al.,2014), but macrofossils of
these arthropods have never been the subject of detailed study.
The following poster presents phyllocarid macrofossils from Upper Frasnian and Lower Famennian of
Kowala Quarry. We provide their taxonomical iden fica on into three different suborders: Echinocaridina
(Echinocaris sp. and Montecaris sp.) and Rhinocaridina. We present also a brief comment on their
preserva on state as well as descrip on of fossil containing strata from famous Kowala Quarry.

Literature:
Dzik, J., (1980): Isolated mandibles of early Palaeozoic phyllocarid Crustacea. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie,
Monatshe e 2, pp. 87–106.
Rolfe, W.D.I. & Edwards, V.A., (1979): Devonian Arthropoda (Trilobita and Ostracoda excluded). In: M. R. House, C. T. Scru on
& M. G. Basse (eds). The Devonian System. Special Papers in Palaeontology, Palaeontological Associa on, Aberystwyth 23,
pp. 325–329.
Zatoń, M., Filipiak, P., Rakociński, M. & Krawczyński, W., (2014): Kowala Lagerstä e: Late Devonian arthropods
and non-biomineralized algae from Poland. Lethaia 47 (3), pp. 352-364.

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An evalua on of common conserva ve tracers in hydrogeology

Viet Cao, Mario Schaffer, Tobias Licha
Geoscience Centre, Department of Applied Geology, Hydrochemistry Group,
University of Gö ngen, Goldschmidtstr. 3, 37077 Gö ngen, Germany;
e-mail: [email protected] ngen.de

Although many fluorescent compounds have long been used as conserva ve tracers, their conserva ve
behavior is always brought into ques on under specific media condi ons, such as the ones exis ng
in geofluids from geothermal reservoirs.
Nine fluorescent tracer compounds (1-naphthalene sulfonate, 1,5-naphthalene disulfonate, 2,6-naphthalene
disulfonate, 4-amino-1-naphthalene sulfonate, 6-hydroxy-2-naphthalene sulfonate, 1,3,6-naphthalene
trisulfonate, 1,3,6,8-pyrene tetrasulfonate, uranine, and eosin) were inves gated and compared
in laboratory batch experiments, to assess their conserva ve behavior in the presence of high
concentra ons of Fe (II) and Fe(III).
The concentra on of uranine and eosin were not affected by iron precipita on. The decreasing
fluorescence signals caused by the increasing of iron could be corrected by pH-dependent charts. Five
naphthalene sulfonates tracers have similar effects by iron precipita on with an unexpected drop of
fluorescence signal at low pH, which could not be corrected by pH-dependence charts. This could be due
to the low zero point of charge of iron and sorp on likely plays a role in this inves ga on.
As a sugges on for conduc ng sampling fluids from tracer tests in field experiments, it is generally
recommended to adjust the samples to the same pH directly a er collec ng the samples, and to perform
a proper centrifuga on before measurement.

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The concept of municipality's geoportal -

selected legal and administra ve issues

Katarzyna Cegielska1, Tomasz Salata1, Dawid Kudas2, Marta Szylar1

1
University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying,
Department of Spa al Management and Landscape Architecture, ul. Balicka 253C, 30-149 Kraków;
e-mail: [email protected];
2
University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying,
Department of Land Surveying, ul.Balicka 253A, 30-149 Kraków

The entry into force of the INSPIRE Direc ve (Infrastructure for Spa al Informa on in Europe) has
contributed to the progressive building of spa al data infrastructures in the countries of the European
Union. Law on spa al informa on infrastructure requires local government to create and share spa al data.
The result of the INSPIRE Direc ve in Polish legisla on is the adop on of the Law of 4 March 2010 about
spa al informa on infrastructure by the Polish Government. This Act contained the principles of crea on
and use of spa al data infrastructure.
Presented work consisted selected legal regula ons and administra ve provisions rela ng to the conduct
of the municipality's geoportals. As an example geoportal prepared for the Tomice municipality was
presented. To prepare the thema c layers QGIS so ware based on the Open Source License has been used.
Several thema c layers were prepared based on the data made available by the municipality, the data
obtained from a na onal Geoportal (www.geoportal.gov.pl) and the General Directorate for Environmental
Protec on as well as materials developed during the many years of coopera on with the municipality.
The process of portal assump ons was made on the basis of Geoxa so were.
Geoportals can be regarded as tools which are valuable sources of informa on for various consumers -
from government to the individual users. They allow quick and transparent access to diverse spa al data
at the same me based on detailed and reliable sources.

Literature:
Direc ve 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 establishing an Infrastructure
for Spa al Informa on in the European Community (INSPIRE)
General Directorate for Environmental Protec on. www.gdos.gov.pl – access: 15.03.2016 r.
Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography. www.geoportal.gov.pl – access: 10.06.2016 r.
The Law of 4 March 2010 about spa al informa on infrastructure (Dz.U. z 2012 r., poz. 951)

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Geomorphological and lithological factors of mudflows processes

in the predic ve model of flooding danger
Te ana B. Chepurna, E.D. Kuzmenko, I.V. Chepurnyj
Ivano- Frankivsk Na onal Technical University of Oil and Gas, Ins tute of Geology and Geophisics,
Department of Geotehnohenic safety and Geoinforma cs, 15 Carpatska street,
Ivano -Frankivsk, Ukraine; e-mail [email protected]

The analysis of the terms of the spa al distribu on of mudflows for Transcarpathia in predic ve model
is given. Par cular a en on is given to region, where a lot of mudflow hazard streams, and where there
is a significant intensifica on of mudflow processes. Methods of sta s cal analysis evaluated pa erns
of parameters that quan ta vely characterize mud processes, such as geometrical parameters - the length,
width, area of the fan, power of proluvium volume of material and geomorphological se ngs - absolute
mark, the angle of the slope surface. The results of this analysis indicate that the distribu on of the
quan ta ve characteris cs of landslides, in addi on to al tude above sea level is consistent with
the log-normal law, significant correla on es between independent parameters were found. Research
of the impact to development of mudflows of lithological, tectonic and geomorphological condi ons of
the territory is given. Transcarpathian distribu on with lithological, landslides and tectonic structure of
the inves gated area is agreement. Analysis of the loca on of debris flows towards lithological complexes
and tectonic zones allows to set a definite pa ern in the mud on flat intensity processes, including the vast
majority of lesions in mud tectonic zoning belongs to Krosnenska zone, and the lithofacies to facies sand
flish. Mudflow processes manifesta on factor to consider distribu on in areas related of mudflow hazard
and other exogenous geological processes (landslides, erosion, etc.).

Literature:
Chepurna T.B. Some geomorphological characteris cs of mudflows in Transcarpathia and their rela onship with lithology /
T.B. Chepurna I.V.Chepurny // Scien fic Bulle n of Ivano-Frankivsk Na onal Technical University of Oil and Gas: Vol. 2 (39).
Ivano-Frankivsk: INFTUOG., 2015.-p.38-48
Kuzmenko E.D. Predic ng landslides in the Ukrainian Carpathians / E.D. Kuzmenko, T.B. Chepurna // Geodynamics. - 2014.
№ 1. - P. 129-143

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Foams made out of waste materials

manufactured by the gelcas ng approach
Anna Chmielarz¹, Marek Potoczek¹, Dagmara Galas², Paweł Jurek¹
1
Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Industrial
and Materials Chemistry; e-mail: [email protected]
2
Faculty of Chemsitry, Department of Inorganic and Analy cal Chemistry

Porous glass is glass that includes pores, usually in the nanometre- or micrometre-range. The specific
proper es and commercial availability of porous glass make it one of the most extensively researched
and characterized amorphous solids. Due to the possibility of modeling the microstructure, porous glasses
have a high poten al as a model system. Because of their high chemical, thermal and mechanical resistance
a variety of applica ons are possible. For example, thanks to the ability to form porous glasses as platelets
they can be used in the membrane technology for hyperfiltra on of sea and brackish water. The control
of the porosity and pore size would make it possible to design materials for specific technological
applica ons.
In this work the foaming and gelling technology of ceramic suspensions containing Ti2AlC powders was
developed. Porous samples were manufactured with the use of agarose as a gelling agent. Mechanical
characteris cs such as Young's and Kirchoff's Modulus were inves gated. Microstructural proper es such
as porosity and pore size were described. It was possible to obtain a route for manufacturing samples with
desired porosity and pore size. The total porosity of foams was propor onal to the amount of gas
incorporated into the suspension during the foaming process, which was dependent on surfactant
concentra on. As porosity increased the larger the cell and the windows size was obtained.

Literature:
Potoczek M., (2007): Design of microstructure of porous ceramics manufacturing by gelcas ng method, Ceramics, vol. 103;
p. 501 – 508.

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Pressureless sintering of MAX Phases foams

Anna Chmielarz, Marek Potoczek
Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Industrial
and Materials Chemistry; e-mail: [email protected]

Ternary carbides called MAX phases have a layered structure in nanoscale with heterodesmic covalent
chemical bonds. They have a Mn+1AXn composi on, where M is early transi on metal, A is an element of A
group and X is carbon or/and nitrogen. They have unique proper es laying between metal and ceramics
such as low density, low thermal expansion coefficient, high modulus and high strength, good
high-temperature oxida on resistance, good electrical and thermal conductors, machinability, tolerance
to damage, and resistance to thermal shock. Those features make MAX phases very interes ng and
perspec ve novel materials to be used for example as solar volumetric colectors or microbial fuel cells.
Pressureless sintering of tanium aluminum carbide (Ti2AlC) is difficult due to its easy decomposability
at high temperatures, thus decomposi on must be avoided during sintering. In this work, pressureless
sintering was performed with and without the embedded powders using different sintering condi ons.
XRD measurements confirmed that Ti3AlC2 was the best embedding powder and that sintering should
be conducted with crea ng the vaccum before the flowing of the Ar and the sintering took place.

Literature:
Lu X., Zhou Y., (2010): Pressureless sintering and proper es of Ti3AlC2, Int J Appl Ceram Technol, vol. 6; p. 744–51.

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Ti2AlC foams – poten al applica on as microbial fuel cells

Anna Chmielarz, Marek Potoczek

Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Industrial
and Materials Chemistry; e-mail: [email protected]

In order to prevent the climate change, renewable energy technologies need to be iden fied. Microbial
fuel cells (MCFs) are such a technology that can be par cularly advantageous due to their ability to u lize
low grade waste that is to wet to burn. Electro – ac ve bacteria used in this technology generate electricity
by consuming organic pollutants as part of their metabolism. The desired typical proper es for such an
applica on include sufficient mechanical strength, high level and size of open porosity and high electrical
conduc vity.
MAX Phases are a nano - laminated ternary carbides or nitrides. They are of interest because they exhibit
a unique combina on of both metallic and ceramic proper es such as high thermal conduc vity, good
thermal shock resistance, machinability, high degree of plas city at elevated temperatures, refractory
nature, oxida on resistance and maintaining their strength at high temperatures. This features make
MAX Phases a promising materials for poten al applica on as a microbial fuel cells.
In this work the basics of MCFs technology are presented. A tailorable manufacturing technique for
producing Ti2AlC porous materials is developed. Ti2AlC porous samples with the controlled porosity and
pore size are produced by gelcas ng approach and their morphological characteris cs are presented.

Literature:
Bowen C. R., Thomas T., (2015): Macro-porous Ti2AlC MAX phase ceramics by the foam replica on method,
Ceramics Interna onal, vol. 41; p. 12178 – 12185.
Winfield J., Gajda I., Greenman J., Ieropoulus I., (2016): A review into the use of ceramics in microbial fuel cells,
Bioresource Technology, Ar cle in Press.

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GPR research of the Polish Lowland

Michał Dąbrowski
Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Earth Science,
Department of Geology and Hydrogeology, ul. Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń;
e-mail: [email protected]

Geomorphology and quaternary geology can be inves gated by non destruc ve geophysical techniques.
In this study, which includes a part of the Polish Lowland, I presented capabili es and results of applica on
of Ground Penetra ng Radar method which uses electromagne c waves.
In the study Ground Penetra ng Radar fi ed with ground coupled bow e pseudo monosta c antennas
with center frequency 300 and 400 MHz was used. The data were presented in 2D space. Topographic
correc on applied to GPR data were Numerical Model Terrain from aerial scanning LiDAR.
The conducted studies in most cases bring posi ve and sa sfactory results. The results of research
have good correla on with view from gravel pits and confirm geomorphological assump ons.
Final results are presented in 2D sec ons with structural interpreta on including layers and discon nuous
structures. GPR method in quaternary geology was confirmed and can be used as a common geophysical
method to research the Polish Lowland.

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Impact of the isomorphic subs tu on (As ↔ P) on the structure

of copper phosphate minerals
Mateusz Dulski ¹, Janusz Janeczek², Justyna Ciesielczuk², Tomasz Krzykawski²
1
Ins tute of Material Sciences, University Of Silesia, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a,
41-500 Chorzow, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]
2
Faculty of Earth Sciences, University Of Silesia, Będzińska 60,
41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland

Metal arsenates and phosphates occuring in the oxide zone of ore deposits o en form solid solu ons
taking into account phosphourous and arsenate due to similar size and metal charge of [AsO4]3- (248 pm)
and [PO4]3- (238 pm)tetrahedra. Isomorphic subs tu on influenced on the appearance of point defects,
local structural distor on and lowering of the unit cell parameters and the distor on of the phosphate
tetrahedra strictly depends on the number of arsenate (apfu). It generates a new bands as well as affects
the increase of the intensity of arsenate bands on Raman spectrum.
Cornwallite-pseudomalachite series has been found in weathered amphibolites located around a historic
mining town of Miedzianka in the Sudety Mountains, SW Poland. All of minerals have been inves gated
by X-ray powder diffrac on (XRD), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and Raman spectroscopy.
EPMA data revealed extended solid solu on between both end-members resulted from anionic
subs tu ons: P ↔ As. Hence, the strongest Raman bands related to the arsenate ion vibra on are
up-shi ed with respect to the literature data. The upshi is a ributed to the local distor on of tetrahedra
caused by shortening As-O bonds and adjustment angles between bonds to accommodate large As ions
in the pseudomalachite or kipushite structure. With decreasing content of As ions the As-band is shi ed
towards lower wavenumber and the reduc on in number of Raman bands is observed. 3D Raman imaging
data shown a linear correla on between arsenate content and both Raman band posi ons and FWHM.
X-ray diffrac on analysis revealed a reduc on of unit cell parameters with decreasing of the arsenate
content in the structure confirming Raman outcomes. In addi on, Gibbs diagram was applied to show
correla on between Raman band intensity and chemical composi on (As, P, OH) of the inves gated
solid solu ons. Hence, the Raman outcomes provide a quan ta ve data on minerals forming solid solu ons.
Finally, EPMA data for kipushite-philipsburgite solid solu on resulted from ca onic subs tu ons: Cu ↔ Zn
in octahedral sites. However, the Zn deficiency observed in samples from Miedzianka suggests that some
Cu posi ons are fourfold coordinated. As a result, Raman spectrum at low-wavenumber range below
400 cm-1 is strongly complicated with bands associated with the OCuO and OZnO vibra ons. The local
structural distor on have only a small impact on the unit cell parameters of both end-members.

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The Dead Sea monitored using two decades of InSAR data

Simone Fiaschi
University of Padova, Department of Geosciences,
Via G. Gradenigo 6, 35131, Padova, Italy;
e-mail: simone.fi[email protected]

The Dead Sea is an hypersaline terminal lake located between the borders of Israel and Jordan,
in the lowest point on Earth at -420 m m.s.l.. Since the '80s, the potash industries are heavily
exploi ng the salty-rich water of the Dead Sea, pumping huge amount of water in the desaliniza on
ponds located in the southern part of the lake. Furthermore, most of the freshwater that comes from
the Jordan River to the North is derived to bring potable water to the near ci es. The combina on
of these factors has caused the constant and rapid drop (-1 m/year) of the Dead Sea water level that
deeply changed the hydrogeological se ngs of the en re basin. The freshwater coming from the near
mountain range is now forced to flow through the underlying evaporate layers (mostly salt and gypsum)
causing their dissolu on. This is the main factor of the occurrence of different instabili es phenomena
that are affec ng the en re lake area. Thousands of sinkholes are developing since the 2000 bringing
huge damage to the territory and the buildings along the Dead Sea coastline, while other instabili es,
represented by subsidence/upli phenomena, are located in par cular in the southernmost part
of the lake, in an area of about 15 x 25 Km called Lisan Peninsula. In this work, we monitor
the displacements affec ng the Lisan Peninsula using Interferometric Synthe c Aperture Radar
(InSAR) techniques. To this end, we exploit five SAR datasets acquired by ERS-1/2, ENVISAT, ALOS-PALSAR,
COSMO-SkyMed and Sen nel-1 satellites, which in total cover the period 1992 – 2016. The obtained results,
reported as veloci es map projected to the ver cal, precisely describe the salt karst dynamics
of the Lisan Peninsula and the displacements affec ng its surroundings. Furthermore, we point out
the capabili es and limits of the InSAR technique used in this study.

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The Tregiovo flora (Early Permian, Trento, NE-Italy) –

Paleobotanical, palynological and geochemical inves ga ons

Giuseppa Forte¹ ², N. Preto1, G. Roghi¹, E. Kustatscher² ³,

J.H.A. Van Konijnenburg – van Ci ert⁴, H. Kerp⁵
1
University of Padua, Department of Geosciences, via Gradenigo 6, 35131, Padua, Italy;
e-mail: [email protected];
2Museum of Nature of South Tyrol, via Bo ai 1, 39100, Bolzano, Italy,
³Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenscha en, Paläontologie und Geobiologie,
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität and Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie,
Richard-Wagner-Straße 10, 80333 München, Germany;
⁴Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands;
⁵Forschungsstelle für Paläobotanik, University of Münster, Heisenbergstrasse 2, 48149 Münster, Germany

The Tregiovo Basin is a small sedimentary basin within the Athesian Volcanic Complex. It is intercalated
between two volcanic forma ons respec vely dated 274.1 ± 1.6 Ma and 276.5 ± 1.1 Ma, i.e., Kungurian.
During the last years, the Tregiovo Basin yielded a high amount of fossils such as conchostracans,
vertebrate and invertebrate footprints, palynomorphs, but mostly plant macroremains (ca.1000 specimens).
Tregiovo is one of the very few Kungurian plant locali es in Euramerica. In the so-called “Le Fraine” sec on
(Trento Province, NE-Italy), two different levels with plant assemblages (Assemblages A and B) were
iden fied from finely laminated, organic-rich lacustrine sediments (ca. 1% TOC). Through the comparison
between the two plant assemblages, it was possible to observe a clear change in the floral composi on.
Both assemblages consist of sphenophytes (Annularia), taeniopterids (Taeniopteris), seed ferns and ferns
(Sphenopteris, Peltaspermum), ginkgophytes (Sphenobaiera) and are characterized by the dominance
of conifers (e.g., Hermi a, Feysia, Quadrocladus, Dolomi a). However, conifers decrease from more than
80% in the lower Assemblage (A) to 60% in the upper Assemblage (B). Vice versa, other groups, like ferns
and seed ferns are poorly represented in the lower Assemblage and become quite common in the upper
one (ca. 30%). Parallel to this, an increase of taeniate bisaccate and striate pollen is observed, while
13
the ∂ C of bulk organic ma er shows a clear trend towards more nega ve values (VPDB). In par cular,
13
the ∂ C value of the upper assemblage is >1‰ more nega ve than the lower one. These results reflect
a change in environmental condi ons. Whether the isotopic shi reflects changes in the floral composi on
(e.g., because the ∂13C differs between different groups of plants) or a global perturba on, it could only
be shown by further, taxon-specific geochemical inves ga ons.

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The sequen al extrac on of post-galvanizing sewage

sludge and specia on Co, Cd, Cr and Ni
Dagmara Galas, Jan Kalembkiewicz, Elżbieta Sitarz-Palczak
Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry,
Powstańców Warszawy 6 Ave., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
e-mail:[email protected]

The characteriza on of environmental pollu on by total metal concentra on does not inform about
the actual threat, because ignores important factors that influence the mobility, bioavailability and toxicity.
One of the methods, which permit to make a realis c assessment of the risks arising from the storage
of galvanizing sewage sludge is chemical frac ona on, which consis ng of series of extrac on with
extractants with increasing the strength of leaching [1-2].
The sequen al extrac on of post-galvanized sewage sludge from the Screw Factory Koelner in Łańcut
(Podkarpackie Voivodeship, Poland) was carried out in accordance with the Tessier procedure [3].
The content of cobalt, cadmium, chromium and nickel were analyzed in frac ons: exchangeable F(1),
soluble in acids F(2), oxide F(3), organic F(4) and residual F(5). In this study, there was no presence
of cadmium in the samples of sewage sludge. The results of analyses of chemical frac ons of metals
were verified with the total content of metals, marked as “contents nearing to the general” in analyzed
sewage sludge received with one-step mineraliza on in a mixture of concentrated acids and FAAS
techniques. The significant differences of total content of study metals and also their chemical frac ons
were observed. The dominant par cipa on shows a frac on oxide (Cr), residual (Ni) and soluble in acids
(Co). The threat for the environment are mainly frac ons soluble in acids Co, Cr and Ni as mobile frac ons
sewage sludge.

Literature:
[1] Gleyzes Ch., Tellier S., Astruc M., (2002): Trends in Analy cal Chemistry, vol. 21, p. 6–7.
[2] Jesce A., Gworek B., (2011): Ochrona Środowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych, vol. 49, p. 209- 218.
[3] Tessier A., Campbell P. G. C., Bisson M., (1979): Analy cal Chemistry, vol. 51, p. 844-851.

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The characteris cs of physicochemistry and chemical composi on

of post-galvanized sewage sludge

Dagmara Galas1, Jan Kalembkiewicz1

, Elżbieta Sitarz-Palczak1
,
Małgorzata Wierzbińska2, Anna Chmielarz1
1
Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Powstańców Warszawy 6 Ave.,
35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]
2
Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronau cs,
Wincentego Pola 2 Ave., 35-959 Rzeszów

Management and storage of waste from galvanic processes (eg. zinc, chromium and cadmium pla ng)
is a par cularly difficult issue because they contain ca ons of many metals, including heavy metals,
which are classified as par cularly dangerous and harmful to the environment. The analysis of
the morphology, physicochemical proper es and chemical composi on of galvanizing sewage
sludge is an important aspect of the ac vi es under the monitoring of anthropogenic pollu on.
The analysis of physicochemical proper es and chemical composi on of post-galvanized sewage sludge
origina ng from Screw Factory in Łańcut (Podkarpackie Voivodeship, Poland) was carried out.
The morphology of post-galvanized sewage sludge was examined using a scanning electron microscope
(SEM), with an a achment for chemical analysis in microareas (EDS). A study done for various samples
have shown that the material characterized by significant dispersion (φ <100 .mu.m) and the dominant
share of grains of irregular shape. The following physicochemical proper es of sewage sludge were
examined: humidity (74.4%), loss on igni on (34.6%), pH (H2O - 8.30, KCl - 8.33 CaCl2 - 8.26), and
the bulk density in loose and shake down state (respec vely 0.58 g/cm3 and 0.83 g/cm3). The total
content of metals (Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Zn) as a content "is close to the general”
and non-metals (C, H, N, S) in samples of sludge were marked, using the FAAS method and elemental
analysis. It was noted the dominant share of calcium, zinc and iron in the sludge based on the dry weight,
which probably is associated with the produc on processes carried out in the factory (diges on
and galvanizing).

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A review of applica on of industrial fly ash

Dagmara Galas
Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry,
Powstańców Warszawy 6 Ave., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
e-mail: [email protected]

In recent years, the industry generates large amounts of fly ash. It has been es mated that annually
produce around 500 million tons of this type of waste. Many industries use fly ash to produce new material.
However, huge amounts of fly ash are s ll landfilled, ac ng in ever-growing threat to the environment.
Therefore it is important to develop methods for their wider use in various industries.
The proper es of fly ash allow their wide applica on in many fields. Fly ash for many years are used
in the cement industry, are also an essen al component adhesives, which are part of building mortars
[1]. The furnace wastes are also used in ceramics for the produc on of bricks or hollow blocks.
In the mining sector fly ash are used for filling cavi es, and also for "screening" the heaps of coal.
In road construc on have been used as materials for construc on of embankments, stabilizing addi ve
substrate or filling material for bitumen [2]. Waste from the furnaces are used to the produc on of
mixtures of cement-ash, which are used to build levees. Fly ash is widely used in agriculture,
among others, for de-acidifica on, the improvement of migra on of water in the soil, and soil
neutraliza on of acidic components. [3]. Currently, one of the alterna ves of applica on
o f a s h i s t h e i r m o d i fi c a o n a n d u s e d a s a d s o r b e n t s o f m e ta l s i n s o l u o n [ 4 ] .

Literature:
[1] Bland A. F., Brown T. H., Wheeldon J. M., (1997): Fuel, vol. 76, p.733-740.
[2] Piotrowski Z., Uliasz-Bocheńczyk A., (2008): Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi, vol. 24, p. 73-85.
[3] Kasprzyk K., Kordylewski W., Zacharczuk W., (2003): Archiwum combus onis, vol. 23, p. 1-10.
[4] Ahmaruzzama M., ., (2010): Progress in Energy and Combus on Science, vol. 36, p. 327-363.

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Reconstruc on of smelter pond func oning in Bobrza River valley

in Białogon (Holy Cross Mts., Poland)
Daniel Gawior, Paweł Rutkiewicz
University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Earth Sciences,
Department of Reconstruc ng Environmental Change,
ul. Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
e-mail: [email protected]

Se lements developed in the bo oms of river valleys where water energy was used to drive water
wheels which engined smel ng machines. Hydraulic structures and technical construc ons were
accompanied by water dams/weirs providing water for smithies. Sediments deposed in bootom of former
ponds are excellent archive of changes in land management in river catchments.

The aim of research was to reconstruct func oning of ponds related to metallurgical produc on. Studies
were conducted in Bobrza river valley near to former small ironworks. According to historical sources in
this part of river valley were waterpowered iron smelters from early 17th to late 19th century. We have
analysed historical maps and deposits from former smelter pond. Study has shown func oning of few
pond genera ons.

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The soil erosion and nutrient losses in soil in hilly area

in central Vietnam
Pham Gia Tung, Mar n Kappas, Jan Degener
Department of Cartography, GIS and Remote Sensing
Georg-August University Gö ngen, Germany;
e-mail: [email protected]

The research was conducted in Basin of Asap River in A Luoi district, Thua Thien Hue province, central
of Vietnam. By the applica on USLE for this area, the result indicated that soil erosion in research site
is mainly less than 1 ton/ha/year (44.67%) and from 10 to 50 ton/ha/year (27.72%). Besides natural factors
such as climate, topography, the type of land use with the human impact also contributed to limi ng erosion.
Soil erosion has brought the loss of nutrients in the soil, in which the organic ma er and potassium is most
losing, there are many places to up to 500kg / ha / year, meanwhile, nitrogen and phosphorus lost less
and mainly concentrated in the high mountain areas, with many ditches, small streams.

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Extended approach to interpreta on of electrical resis vity imaging

models obtained in periglacial environment on example
of Fuglebekken region, Hornsund, Spitsbergen
Michał Glazer
University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Department of Geomorphology,
Będzińska 60, Sosnowiec, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

The harsh nature of the periglacial environment, expensive transport of equipment and li le to none
human se lements nearby make this kind of research area very demanding. These condi ons successfully
limit the possibili es of drilling opera ons and the number of small-scale geological structures studies.
It results directly in lack of detailed a priori informa on to bind resis vity models to actual geological
structure. This is the reason behind forcing extra measures on analyses of resis vity models to extract
maximum useful informa on from obtained data.
In presented analyses 3 profile lines have been used. They were done in the area of Fuglebekken, near
Polish Polar Sta on in Hornsund at Svalbard. Schlumberger and dipole-dipole measuring protocols were
used on every profile. With the aim to test the stability of inversions and thoroughly search the space
of available models on every data set over 121 inversions with predefined parameters were made
in Res2Dinv. It resulted in over 726 resis vity models for those 3 profiles. Submission of the inversion
procedure to extra extor ons allowed to gain series of resis vity models on which secondary features
were strengthened posi vely in terms of more realis c features, but at the expense of worsening overall
structure. Informa on obtained in this manner has been used to improve the geological interpreta on
of chosen, main resis vity models. To further complement it, the DOI (depth of inves ga on) index method
and synthe c modeling have been used in a empt to explain variability of some of the resis vity models.

Acknowledgments.
This abstract is one of the results of a research project funded by the Na onal Science Centre, Poland
(NCN) DEC-2012/07/B/ST10/04268.

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Imaging reservoir quality using Contemporary Geophysical Methods;

a case study from SW Barents Sea
Shahzeb Haider¹ and Nazmul Haque Mondol¹ ²
1
University of Oslo, Department of Geology, P.O. Box 1047 Blinder, 0316 Oslo, Norway;
e-mail: [email protected];
²Norway and Norwegian Geotechnical Ins tute, P.O. Box 3930 Ullevål Stadion,
0806 Oslo,Norway

The conven onal methods for reservoir characteriza on are not enough for geologically complex area like
the Barents Sea, that's why an integrated approach of petrophysical analysis, rock physics diagnos cs
and AVO modeling is applied to characterize Middle Jurassic Stø Forma on deposited under Shoreface
environment.
The petrophysical analysis revealed inter-forma onal changes from one well to the other and the
intra-forma onal changes within a single well. The Stø Forma on showed no difference on net-to-gross
towards east but the porosity decreased dras cally. The reduc on in porosity is due to chemical compac on
confirming the deep burial diagenesis associated with high temperature.
Velocity-porosity rela onship is used over rock physics cement model. Effect of cementa on is found
different in different wells. The Stø Forma on which shows low porosity value in the well 7120/2-2 found
to be highly cemented. This validates the effect of exhuma on probably higher than 1000 m. Rock physics
templates (RPT's) between AI versus Vp/Vs and Lamda-Rho versus Mu-Rho show no clear devia on found
in the reservoir rocks. All reservoir sec ons follow the brine saturated sandstone line which shows fluid
effects on seismic proper es is insensi ve to the cemented rocks.
Rock Physics Diagnos cs and AVO modeling for cemented reservoir sec on showed change in seismic
parameters but not that robust as usually observed in the unconsolidated sandstones. The Stø Forma on
in well 7120/1-2 shows very good reservoir quality whereas in well 7120/2-2 cementa on deteriorates
the reservoir quality. Mul -disciplinary integra on is the key to the success for hydrocarbon explora on,
especially areas with complex geology. It minimizes the explora on risk and enhances the quality of imaging
reservoir rocks.

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Variability of major parameters of therapeu c waters from springs Celestyna,

Klaudia and Tytus in Rymanów-Zdrój area (SE Poland)

Krys an Kawa
AGH University of Science and Technology; Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protec on,
al. Mickiewicza 30. 30-059 Krakow, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

Rymanów-Zdrój is one of the oldest spa resort in Poland, famous from its therapeu c waters, which are
charged by natural ou lows – springs and also by boreholes. It is located within the Central Carpathian
Synclinorium.
Springs Celestyna, Tytus and Klaudia have been discovered and their waters was analysed for the first me
in 1867 by chemist, Tytus Sławik. High mineralized therapeu c waters are Cl-HCO3-Na hydrochemical class
3
carbonated waters with iodine as specific component. Mineraliza on (TDS) varies between 7,6- 8,1 g/dm .
The aquafer is formed by second level of Ciężkowice sandstones (eocen age). Place of spontaneous ou lows
is located in the vicinity of the transverse fault, crossing Iwonicz-Rymanów an cline, next to the Tabor river.
The research object was data of major parameters of therapeu c waters from springs Celestyna, Tytus
and Klaudia collected by Rymanów-Zdrój spa resort between 2000-2015. Analysis for stability of chemical
composi on of these waters have been made for major parameters, which determine hydrochemical class:
Cl-, HCO3-, Na+, for other parameters like iodine, carbon dioxide and for mineraliza on (TDS). Sta s cal
analysis, as box-plots and control charts were made in IBM SPSS Sta s cs 20. It shows stability of
parameters before 2012, then sudden and small decrease in concentra on of most parameters in that year.
In following years there is no ceable gradual equaliza on of these parameters to the previous state.
Strong dependence of parameters and hydraulic connec on of these springs has been confirmed
by Pearson's r correla on, especially with springs Celestyna and Klaudia.

Literature:
Lewkiewicz-Małysa A., Winid B., (2012): Variability of quan ta ve and qualita ve parameters of Rymanów mineral water
springs. AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas, vol. 29, no. 1, p. 253-263.
Szczepańska J., Kmiecik E., (2005): Ocena stanu chemicznego wód podziemnych w oparciu o wyniki badań monitoringowych.
Uczelniane Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Dydaktyczne AGH, Kraków.

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Carbonate rocks of the Devonian Pļaviņas Forma on, their sedimentary

environments and ichnofossil complexes in North Latvia and South Estonia
Edgars Klievēns and Sandijs Mešķis
University of Latvia, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences,
Jelgavas iela 1, Riga, Latvia; e-mail: [email protected]

This study deals with interpreta on of sedimentary environments of carbonate rocks of the Upper Devonian,
Frasnian in North Latvia and South Estonia, based on documenta on of composi on, structures and fossils
in these deposits in Randā cliff, Grūbe outcrop and Marinova dolostone quarry.
It was concluded that the deposits of lower part of the Pļaviņas Forma on formed in the middle and upper
inter dal zone, but the deposits of the middle and upper part of this forma on accumulated in various
condi ons - from reef and it`s slope-like to middle-upper dal zone environments. The part of
the palaeobasin corresponding to North Latvia and Southeast Estonia corresponds to epicon nental
carbonate pla orm or epicon nental carbonate slope.
Comparing the composi on of the ichnofossil assemblages and the degree of preserva on of separate
ichnotaxa in predominantly clas c deposits, in limestone, dolomi sed limestone and dolomite, it has
been discovered that, under the influence of dolomi sa on processes, features that are important for
the iden fica on of ichnofossils undergo significant modifica ons or even are lost. Those processes
considerably reduce the completeness of geological informa on pertaining to the quan ty and extent
of the paleontological evidence of the beds influenced by dolomi sa on.
It was found out that sedimentary processes during the Pļaviņas me in study area were affected by storms.
There is not yet sufficient amount of data to confirm possible influence of des on sedimenta on.

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The evalua on of the posi oning accuracy

by using selected smartphones for GIS
Dawid Kudas¹, Marta Szylar², Katarzyna Cegielska²
1
University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying,
Department of Land Surveying ; Balicka 253a, 30-198 Cracow, Poland;
e-mail: [email protected];
2
University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying,
Department of Spa al Development and Landscape Architecture;
Balicka 253c, 30-149 Cracow, Poland

Coordinates are a key element of geographic informa on systems (GIS) and they o en decide about their
quality. Supplementa on of geographical databases by coordinates of point objects is o en expensive
and requires geode c surveying. Development of new technologies could be an alterna ve. Currently,
every smartphone is equipped with a satellite modem. The most common are GPS modems, but more
and more common become GNSS modems (GPS with GLONASS). In conjunc on with the corresponding
applica ons they can help build and modernize spa al databases.
The ar cle a empts to determine the coordinates of point and surface objects using smartphones
with GPS modem. Errors posi on of objects obtained by this method has been defined. The usefulness
of this type of equipment for the database systems moderniza on and for GIS imaging point or surface
objects to geoportals has been evaluated. The usefulness of smartphones for the measurement of point
objects was confirmed. Use of smartphones to measure the surface objects is burdened with large errors.

Literature:
Siejka Z.,(2013): Tes ng the usefulness of the selected mobile mapper satellite receiver for the construc on of GIS database
in the range of street furniture objects, Infrastructure and Ecology of Rural Areas, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 127-142.

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GIS analysis of landslide relief – examples from Żywiecki Beskid Mts

(Western Outer Carpathians, Poland)
Katarzyna Łuszczyńska
University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Department of Reconstruc ng
Environmental Change; e-mail: [email protected]

Landslides are a common geodynamic hazard in the flysch Carpathians, posing threat to infrastructure
and bringing significant financial losses. Diverse research methods are applied for studying landslides
and landslide hazard, both geomorphological, geological, geophysical and geode c. In case of Polish
Carpathians a new tool for landslide relief analysis has become available: LiDAR data. Applica on
of LiDAR-derived Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) and GIS methods for studying landslides provides
broader knowledge not only on the distribu on of landslides, but also on their type and thus character
of movement. In this study I have applied GIS techniques and Digital Terrain Model (DTM) from LiDAR
data to study landslides in the selected area of Beskid Żywiecki Mts (Western Outer Carpathians, Poland).
In order to analyse the relief of selected landslides I have compared the following maps: contour map
of eleva on a.s.l., shaded relief map, geomorphological and geological maps, maps of slope and slope
aspect and shape, and 3D visualiza ons of relief. To be er understand the relief of landslides diverse
light posi on angles were used for the DTM under study. Addi onal measurements were made for some
relief features and elements like main scarps or secondary scarps, slope trenches. Based on conducted
GIS analysis landslides in the study area were classified according to their size, slope, geological se ng,
loca on on the slope/valley sides and character of their relief. Studied area is characterized by a large
diversity of landslide types.

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GIS-analysis of treeline posi on and fluctua ons in the Valle Camonica

(Italian Alps)
Anna Masseroli¹, Giovanni Leonelli², Manuela Pelfini¹, Luca Trombino¹
¹Dept. of Earth Sciences, University of Milano, Via Mangiagalli, 34 Milano, Italy;
e-mail: [email protected] manuela.pelfi[email protected] [email protected];
² DISAT - Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences,
University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milano, Italy, [email protected]

High mountain ranges, like the European Alps, typically present temperature-limited environments that
are among the most sensi ve to the ongoing global warming. In fact, in the mountain areas, the increasing
temperature has caused several effects to the naturalenvironment, such as the shi ing of the vegeta on
belt to higher al tudes and, in par cular, theupward shi of the treeline. The treeline is considered
a sensi ve climate indicator, however inhigh-al tude areas, the vegeta on growth and dynamics are
strongly influenced not only byclimate but also by abio c factors, like geomorphological processes, topography,
and human ac vi es.
The aim of this study is to determine the treeline posi on during the last 13 years in the Valle Camonica
(central Italian Alps). We es mated the treeline eleva on with a GIS-based approach for the whole
administra ve area of the “Comunità Montana di Valle Camonica”, 1270 km2 of total area.
In order to reconstruct the treeline posi on changes over the 13 years of analysis, the treeline trees have
been mapped using ortophotos of three different years (2000, 2006, 2012). Forapproximately five trees
per km, and by means of photointerpreta on, the main environmental factors that could control the treeline
upward shi have been iden fied, dis nguishing betweengeomorphologic constraints, clima c constraints,
and human impacts.
First results show a small treeline upward shi during the analyzed 13 years, while more than 80% of
the analyzed treeline trees are influenced by geomorphological constraints, whereas human impacts
and climate control show less influence. Furthermore, the treeline posi onvaries in rela on to the main
limi ng factor and reaches the higher al tudes wheregeomorphological processes and human impact
are weaker (clima c treelines).
This study has provided an overview of the treeline posi on in Valle Camonica and has also contributed
to a more detailed characteriza on of the treeline response through me.

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Prussian and German Topographic Maps as the Data Source

Kinga Mazurek
University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences,
ul. Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec; e-mail: [email protected]

Historical cartographic materials cons tute an essen al source of informa on about geographical
environment and landscape. Prussian and German topographic maps developed from the first half of
the nineteenth century to the first half of the twen eth century are noteworthy. Undeniably, the best
cartographic materials, in the author's view, are Prussian and German topographic maps. These maps are
the "Urmess schblä er" and "Mess schblä er." They were made at a scale of 1:25,000. These maps are
characterized by the excep onal precision of measurements, perfec on of execu on and a significant
territorial scope of Polish territory that was included in the maps.
The aim of the study is to compare the par cular characteris cs of cartographic materials, such as the
content of individual maps, the use of symbols and the methods of classifying objects which were used
on par cular maps.
The use of historical cartographic materials allows for the undertaking of an interes ng and extensive
study of the chronostructure type, which outlines, among others, changesin the landscape structure.

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Graphic Reconstruc on of Landscape

Kinga Mazurek
University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences,
ul. Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec; e-mail: [email protected]

A general defini on that describes landscape says that it is a synthesis of all natural and cultural
phenomena present in a given area. Any changes in the landscape reflect a coexistence in me of phenomena
and elements of the natural environment and human ac vi es, with par cular emphasis on historical
and economic development.
The picture of local landscape can be found in old drawings, graphics and photographs. On the basis
of archival materials, an a empt was made to graphically reconstruct the landscape in the city of Ruda Śląska,
located in southern Poland. A comparison of archival graphics with contemporary photographs makes it
possible to iden fy changes which have taken place in the landscape of the city with mining and industrial
genesis. Par cular a en on was paid to the characteris c buildings and industrial districts.

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Three-dimensional model of geological structure

of F3 block (Netherlands)
Patrycja Michałowicz
University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences,
60 Będzińska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec; e-mail: [email protected]

F3 block is an area, which is located on shelf of the North Sea in the Netherlands. Because North Sea is rich
in hydrocarbonates deposits, this is why this area is very good examined (thanks of the driling and seismic
profiling) and described in the literature.
Within shelf of the North Sea Group ten of geological units was found. There are (from the oldest one):
Limburg Group, Upper and Lower Rotliegend groups, Zechstein Group, Lower and Upper Germanic
Trias groups, Altena Group, Schieland, Scruff and Niedersachsen groups, Rijnland Group, Chalk Group,
Lower and Middle North Sea groups, Upper North Sea Group (Van Adrichem Boogaert and Kouwe,
1993 -1997; (Duin et al., 2006).
The aim of the study was verifica on which of men oned units are presented within F3 block and which
types of geological structures occur there. The studies have been conducted by the building
three-dimensional geological model and using 3D seismic data and data from boreholes.

Acknowledgments for the Schlumberger concern

for licensing of Petrel so ware to educa on purposes.

Literature:
Duin E.J.T., Doornenbal, J.C., Rijkers R.H.B., Verbeek J.W. & Wong Th.E., (2006). Subsurface structure of the Netherlands – results
of recentonshore and offshore mapping. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences — Geologie en Mijnbouw, vol. 85/4, p. 245 – 276
Van Adrichem Boogaert, H.A. & Kouwe, W.F.P., (1993-1997). Stra graphic nomenclature of the Netherlands, revision and update
by RGD and NOGEPA, Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst 50

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A Review of a Status of heavy metal contamina on

in Paddy Field in Vietnam

Thuy Phuong Nguyen1,2, Hans Ruppert2, Benedikt Sauer2

1
Department of Land resource and Agricultural Environment
Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, Vietnam
Phung Hung street 102, Hue city, Vietnam;
2
Environmental Geoscience Ins tu on Faculty of Geography and Geoscience
Goe ngen University 37075 Goe ngen, Germany

The research evaluated the real state of heavy metal contamina on in paddy fields and rice in Vietnam,
a third country posi on of ranking rice export by WHO report in 2005. 30 sites were inves gated including
major along Red river delta field. The research showed that rice from these fields was not or few
contaminated heavy metal(loid)s, although some sites around the factories were determined
contamina on. The contents of some heavy metals in soil were subjected obviously by soil pH and this
effect on some elements were similarly same models, namely Cr – Ni, Cu – Pb. In addi on, Cr and Ni
were significantly linear with the Fe content in the soil. Similarly, it found the interrela on among Cu, Pb,
and As. Fe (oxy)hydroxide just affected considerably the adsorp on of heavy metals when its content were
more than 30 g kg-1. The mobiliza on of some trace elements from soil to the plant was also affected
by pH soil, concurrently there was a stable balance of their contents in soil and plant, Al, Ti, and Zr
almost took up with a rate or elements of Lanthanides with approximately a rate. These mobiliza on
rates may change depending on pH, phosphates, biology agents such as aquaporins and others.
The burning process straw may enrich trace elements and uptake from a part of the atmosphere
as well as eliminate CO2, NOx, and fumes into the air. Although, the rice in Vietnam generally wasn't
contaminated heavy metal(loid)s, but the content Mn in rice was quite high and burning straw a er
harves ng an cipates the contamina on in the near future.

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Natural and anthropogenic indicators of fluvial system

changes, the Bobrza valley (Holy Cross Mts) as an example
Paweł Rutkiewicz, Daniel Gawior
Department of Reconstruc ng Environmental Change, Faculty of Earth Sciences,
Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland;
e-mail: [email protected]

Transforma ons of a fluvial system are caused both by natural factors and human pressure. These factors
model the system independently at different mes and with different intensi es or they affect
it simultaneously. The aim of this study is to iden fy the transforma on of the Bobrza river valley system
occurring under natural condi ons and that occurring under the influence of human ac vity.
The iden fica on was based on specific indicators. The study was conducted in the valley mouth
of the Bobrza River (Holy Cross Mountains), where three research sites were located. The inves ga on
concerned the relief of the valley and the mineral and organic deposits. A wide range of research
methods were used during the study e.g. analysis of LiDAR data, macronutrient analysis, and radioac ve
da ng. The analyses enabled the natural and anthropogenic changes of the Bobrza river system to be
dis nguished using the following indicators: morphometric and sedimentological characteris cs of
the palaeomeander (natural transforma on), the sequence of mineral and organic deposits in
exposures on the contemporary floodplain (natural and anthropogenic transforma on)
and transforma on associated with the opera on of a water mill (anthropogenic transforma on).

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Predic ng land cover using Markov chains

Kamil Rysz
University of Economics in Katowice, Department of Spa al Economics,
ul. Bogucicka 14, 40-287 Katowice; e-mail: [email protected]

Land cover maps from two different periods allow you to draw conclusions about the current trends
of changes in land use. The priority of this study is to analyze the current changes in land use Municipality
Radzionków using original land cover maps of 2002 and 2015, and the construc on of the forecast for
2030. The next stage embraces a comparison of map projec ons with documents municipal spa al
planning. Compared documenta on determines how the current trend es ma on could be con nued
and maximiezed in the future.

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Permian flora of Seui (central Sardinia): Preliminary results

Giovanni G. Scanu¹ ², Evelyn Kustatscher³, Paola Pi au¹, Josef Pšenicka⁴
1
Dipar mento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Via Tren no 51, 09127 Cagliari, Italy;
²AMAP CIRAD, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France;
e-mail: [email protected]; 3Museo di Scienze Naturali dell'Alto Adige,
Via dei Bo ai 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy;
⁴Palaeontology Department, West Bohemian Museum in Pilsen, Kopeckého sady 2,
30100 Plzen, Czech Republic

Cisuralian (early Permian) successions bearing plant macrofossils are located in different areas of Sardinia,
and each plant assemblage is characterized by a different composi on and state of preserva on.
In the Seui-Seulo Basin (central Sardinia) the succession is con nental and composed of alluvial
and lacustrine deposits intercalated with rhyoli c and andesi c lavas and intrusive bodies
(Cassinis et al., 2003) of about 400 m thickness. The different antraci ferous levels have been intensively
explored during the 19th century; plant fossils found during the mining ac vi es are today stored mainly
in the local museum. Plant remains are abundant and include leaves, trunks and root systems.
Brou n et al. (in Cassinis et al., 1999) listed the following genera: Annularia, Pecopteris, Cordaites, Sigillaria
and Ar sia. A new collec on (about 300 slabs) coming from the Montarbu forest shows seed ferns such
as Odontopteris and various Peltasmermales, abundant cordaitales and conifers (e.g. Ernes odendron).
Several fragments show large taeniopterid leaves. Horsetail strobili and fern frond fragments (Pecopteris)
are present as well. The main goal of this study is to combine stra graphical, sedimentological
and palynological data in order to reconstruct the Sardinian paleoenvironmental condi ons and their
changes through the Cisuralian (early Permian).

Acknowledgments.
GGS gratefully acknowledges the Sardinia Regional Government for its PhD scholarship (P.O.R. Sardegna F.S.E. Opera onal
Programme of the Autonomous Region of Sardinia, European Social Fund 2007–2013 - Axis IV Human Resources,
Objec ve l.3, Line of Ac vity l.3.1). The authors also acknowledge financial support from the Ins tu onal Grant Projects
of the West Bohemian Museum in Pilsen (Czech Republic) via the project UU2016/05.

Literature:
Cassinis G., Cortesogno L., Gaggero L., Pi au P., Ronchi A. & Sarria E., eds. (1999). Late Palaeozoic Con nental Basins of Sardinia.
The Con nental Permian - Interna onal Congress - 15-25 September 1999. Earth Science Department, Pavia University; pp. 116.
Cassinis, G., Cortesogno, L., Gaggero, L., Ronchi, A., Sarria, E., Serri, R., Calzia, P. (2003). Reconstruc on of igneous, tectonic
and sedimentary events in the latest Carboniferous-Early Permian Seui basin (Sardinia, Italy), and evolu onary model. Bolle no
della Società Geologica Italiana, Vol. Spec. 2; p. 99–118.

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Vivianite as an indicator of anoxic condi ons on the example

of Strumień site (southern Poland)

Sylwia Skreczko¹, Krzysztof Szopa², Patryk Karolczyk¹

¹Department of Fundamental Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Będzińska Str. 60,
41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;e-mail: [email protected];
² Department of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrography, Faculty of Earth Science, University of Silesia,
Będzińska Str. 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec

Vivianite (Fe3 (PO4)2 x 8 H2O) is a characteris c mineral for anoxic soils and sediments. It is formed from
iron and phosphate compounds, o en as the result of Fe (III) reducing microbial ac vity. Vivianite appears
in the form of concre ons and is associated with organic ma er in waterlogged clays and peaty sediments.
The forma on of vivianite is associated with anoxic condi ons leading to reduc ve dissolu on of iron (III)
oxides (Fe2O3), followed by release of sorbed phosphate to solu on (Szilas et al. 1998). This is an integral
part of the internal phosphorous cycling in eutrophic lakes with seasonally anoxic bo om waters
(Boström et al. 1988; Roden & Edmonds 1997; Walpersdorf et al. 2013) and in wetland soils (Walpersdorf
et al. 2013; Kholodov 2002). This mineral can be treated as an indicator of anoxic environment and it
is used for the reconstruc on of studied paleoenvironmental accumula on reservoir. This study shows
the occurrence of vivianite in a poorly clay layer, which was developed in a peat bog stream.

Literature:
Boström B., Andersen J.M., Fleischer S., Jansson M. (1988). Exchange of phosphorus across the sediment-water interface.
Hydrobiologia, 170: 229–244
Kholodov V.N. (2002) Geochemistry of Phosphorus and Origin of Phosphorites: Communica on 2. Sources of Phosphorus
in Con nents and Genesis of Marine Phosphorites. Lithology and Mineral Resources 38, 6: 477-494
Roden E.E. (2004) Analysis of long-term bacterial vs. chemical Fe (III) oxide reduc on kine cs. Geochimica
et Cosmochimica Acta 68: 3205–3216
Szilas C. P., Borggaard O. K., Hansen H. C. B., Rauer J. (1997) Poten al iron and phosphate mobiliza on during flooding of soil
material. Water, Air and Soil Pollu on 106: 97-109
Walpersdorf E., Bender Koch C., Heiberg L., O'Connell D.W., Kjaergaard C., Bruun Hansen H.C. (2013) Does vivianite control
phosphate solubility in anoxic meadow soils? Geoderma 193-194: 189-199

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Current state of reclama on on ZGH „Bolesław” waste dump

(Olkusz Region)

Sylwia Skreczko¹, Weronika Nadłonek², Patryk Karolczyk¹, Anna Wieczorek

¹Department of Fundamental Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Będzińska Str. 60,
41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;e-mail: [email protected];
² Department of Economic Geology, Faculty of Earth Science, University of Silesia,
Będzińska Str. 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec

The post-smel ng process waste dump ZGH „Bolesław” it is located in Olkusz Ore Region. The exploita on
of Pb and Zn ores was carried on since XVIIth century. Traces of mining and post-mining ac vi es are
inscribed in the landscape of the Olkusz region.
ZGH „Bolesław” waste dump is characterized by the presence of calamine soils - soils related to the high
content of heavy metals (e.g. Pb, Zn), and formed on the post-mining wastes. Vegeta on found in this type
areas is called 'metalophytes'. These plants are resistant to the harmful effects of very high concentra ons
of heavy metals. Plants growing on post-mining wastes are unusually valuable in repairing the damaged
landscape. Armeria mari me is one of the prime examples of calamine vegeta on occurrence.

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Uranium-zirconium garnets from pyrometamorphic rocks,

Nahal Ayalon, Israel

Marta Stasiak and E.V.Galuskin

University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Department of Geochemistry, Mineralogy
and Petrography, Będzińska st.60, Sosnowiec 41-200; e-mail: [email protected]

The Hatrurim Complex is located on the territory of Israel, Pales nian Autonomy and Jordan. It is one of
the best known localiza on where pyrometamorphic rocks are distributed within large area. They are
represented by exo c clinker-like rocks of the sanidinite facies, containing the following mineral associa on:
spurrite, larnite, rankinite, pseudowollastonite, flamite etc. (Bentor, 1960; Gross, 1977; Vapnik et al., 2007;
Novikov et al., 2013, Sokol et.al 2015). The outcrops of Nahal Ayalon (Gross et al., 1967) are situated in
the vicinity of Modi'in. In 2015 the authors have taken the opportunity of collec ng samples from
the excava on pit where the new mall was under construc on.
Preliminary studies on collected samples lead to surprising findings. For a standard petrological thin sec on
98 uranium garnets were ascertain, in which over 76 were bigger than 5μm in size. EMPA studies have shown,
that garnets diversify in con nuous series with the following end-members: kerimasite, Ca3Zr2(Fe3+2Si)O12 –
elbrusite, Ca3(U6+0.5Zr1.5)Fe3+3O12 – theore cal end-member Ca3(U5+Zr)Fe3+O12.
6+
Empirical formulas of detected U-garnets are as follows (Ca 3 . 0 2 Mg 0 . 2 2 ) Σ 3 . 2 4 (Zr 1 . 0 5 U 0 . 2 2 Hf 0 . 1 Ti 0 . 6 3 ) Σ 2
3+ 6+ 5+ 3+ 2+
(Si 0.64 Al 0.22 Fe 2.08 ) Σ2.94 O 12 and (Ca 3.25 Y 0.01 ) Σ3.26 (Zr 0.95 U 0.66 U 0.23 Mg 0.02 Mn 0.01 ) Σ1.87 (Fe 1.49 Al 0.92 Si 0.11 Ti 0.06 Fe 0.29 ) Σ2.87 O 12 .
Higher Ca content, exceeding the theore cal value for garnets, could be interpreted as evidence of
metamic za on (Galuskina et al. 2010). Raman spectroscopy confirmed an iden fica on of U-bearing
5+
kerimasite and elbrusite. What is more Guo et al. (2016) confirmed the presence of U in the synthe c
Ca3(UxZr2-x)Fe3O12 garnets (with x = 0.6 and 0.7) using XPS and XAS data and trivalent Fe with Mössbauer spectroscopy.

Literature:
Bentor, Y.K., (1960): Israel. in ''Lexique stra graphique interna onal, Asie'', CNRS, Paris, France. vol. 3, sec on 10, 2.
Galuskina I.O., Galuskin E.V., Armbruster T., Lazic B., Kusz J., Dzierzanowski P., Gazeev V.M., Pertsev N.N., Prusik K., Zadov A.E.,
Winiarski A., Wrzalik R. and Gurbanov A.G., (2010): Elbrusite-(Zr)-A new uranian garnet from the Upper Chegem caldera,
Kabardino-Balkaria, Northern Caucasus, Russia, Am. Mineral., vol. 95, p. 1172-1181.
Gross S., (1977): The mineralogy of the Hatrurim Forma on, Israel, Bull. - Geol. Surv. Isr., vol. 70, p. 1–80.
Gross S., Mazor E., Sass E., Zak I., (1967): The Mo led Zone Complex of Nahal Aylon (Central Israel), Israel Journal of Earth
Sciences, vol.16, p. 84-96.
Guo, X., Navrotsky, A., Kukkadapu, R.K., Engelhard, M.H., Lanziro , A., Newville, M., Ilton, E.S., Su on, S.R., Xu, H., (2016):
Structure and Thermodynamics of Uranium-Containing Iron Garnets, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,
doi: h p://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.05.043
Novikov, I., Vapnik, Ye., Safonova, I. (2013), Mud volcano origin of the Mo led Zone, South Levant. Geosci. Front., vol. 4,
p. 597–619.
Sokol E.V., Seryotkin Y.V., Kokh S.N., Vapnik, Ye., Nigmatulina, E.N., Goryainov S.V., Belogub E.V., Sharygin V.V., (2015): Flamite,
(Ca,Na,K)2(Si,P)O4, a new mineral from ultrahigh-temperature combus on metamorphic rocks, Hatrurim Basin, Negev Desert,
Israel, Mineralogical Magazine, vol. 79(3), pp. 583–596.
Vapnik, Y., Sharygin, V.V., Sokol, E.V., Shagam, R. (2007): Paralavas in a combus on metamorphic complex: Hatrurim Basin, Israel.
Rev. Eng. Geol., vol. 18, p. 1–21.

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Use of 210Po in geochronology research

Grzegorz Szaciłowski and Katarzyna Szarłowicz
AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels,
al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków; e-mail: [email protected]

Geochronology is a part of science dedicated to assess the age of studied samples. Among many methods
of da ng varying in mescale, radiometric da ng allows to es mate the age of wide range of environmental
samples by use of radioisotope. Currently, 210Pb method, it is the most commonly used method for da ng
sediments (200 years back) from different aqua c systems.
210 210
The aim of this paper is to present the methodology of Po determina on for Pb da ng of sediments
taken from Jamské pleso, one of High Tatra Mountains lake.
210 210
The radiometric da ng with Pb method requires calcula on of Pb radioac vity. It can be made by
210
determina on of Po via alpha spectrometry.
Sediment cores were collected with the use of a Limnos corer. Radiochemical procedure contained
microwave diges on in HCl and HNO3 mixture, evapora on with conversion of nitrates into chloride ions
210
and spontaneous deposi on of Po on a silver disc. Obtained alpha sources were measured on alpha
210 210
spectrometer for 72h. In order to calculate Pb content each sample is to be determined twice for Po
radioac vity with at least six months interval.
210
The results shows the range of Po radioac vity from 608 ± 27 to about 3,07 ± 0,23 [Bq/kg].
The radioac vity decreases exponen ally along sediment cores un l plateau is reached for bo om layers.
210
These results will be used first for Pb and then for sediments age determina on.

Acknowledgments.
This study was supported by the AGH University under Grant number 15.11.210.331

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Two subfamilies of Chironomidae (Chironominae and Tanypodinae) inclusions in resins

from the collec ons of the Polish Academy of Sciences Museum of Earth`s in Warsaw
Katarzyna Szczepaniak
Warsaw University, Department of Geology, Ins tute of Palaeontology, 02-089 Warszawa,
Żwirki i Wigury 93; PAS Museum of the Earth in Warsaw, Aleja Na Skarpie 20/26, 27, 00-488 Warsaw,
Poland e-mail: [email protected]

Amber is fossilized resin secreted by plants of wide range of families, mainly conifers. The oldest fossil
resin is 230 million years old, the youngest one - approximately five million years.
Bal c Amber is dated on Paleogene period, Eocene epoch (56–39 Ma). Europe did not resemble its present
shape: it was not any uniform con nent but a network of islands. A land, known as Fennoscandia which
is now Scandinavia and the Bal c Sea area was covered with “amber”- resin producing forests which were
more like the subtropical forests of today. The PAS Museum of the Earth's in Warsawcollec ons of amber
(over 26,000 specimens) have been systema cally accumulated since 1951 in Amber Department.
The representa ves of Chironomidae described here are the dominant group in the Diptera order inclusions
in amber. 2 721 pieces of Bal c amber with inclusions of chironomids were analysed to date in the Museum
of the Earth's collec on. Based on the completed research, a large propor on of the subfamily Orthocladiinae
has been observed, largely exceeding Chironominae and Tanypodinae in terms of quan ty.
The Dominican amber is fossilized resin secreted by Hymenaea protera (Leguminosae). Dominican amber
is dated also on Paleogene period, Oligocene–Miocene epochs (40–33 Ma), It is excavatedon Hispaniola
Island – amber mines: Los Cacaos, La Toca, Palo Alto, La Bucara, Los Higos, La Cumbre, Carlos Diaz, Palo
Quemado. Good quality yellow and blue amber. Younger of Dominican resins are from Eastern Coastline,
they are dated on Miocene epoch (17–15 Ma). The Museum of the Earth's collec ons of Dominican amber
(only 138 specimens) were donated by John Fudala, and Douglas Lundberg. In the Museum of the Earth's
collec ons only six pieces of Dominican amber with inclusions of chironomids have been analysed.
In Dominican amber have been observed inclusions of subfamilies: Chironominae and Orthocladinae.
The young resin from Dominican Rebublic is copal – it is only approximately 300 years old. The Dominican
copal is fossilized resin secreted by Hymenaea. Copal was collected from freshly plowed fields. The Museum
of the Earth's collec ons of Dominican copal from Cotui (only 80 specimens) have been donated by John
Fudala. Only 22 pieces of copal with inclusions of chironomids have been analysed from the Museum
of the Earth's collec on. In copal have been observed inclusions of subfamilies: Chironominae
and Orthocladinae (like in the Bal c amber Orthocladiinae is dominant subfamily of all chironomids).
Chironomidae are frequently found in amber specimens as syninclusions, (with e.g. Sciaridae,
Mycetophilidae and another Diptera Nematocera; also with Dolichopodidae, Phoridae and another Diptera
Brachycera) with many individuals o en found in a single piece of amber. The number of females largely
exceeds that of males; this is not advantageous for research because the morphology of fossil Chironomidae
males is more reliable in taxonomic research and for this reason has been be er described in literature so far.

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Coordinate systems used in Poland a er the Second World War

Marta Szylar1, Katarzyna Cegielska 1, Dawid Kudas2
University of Agriculture in Kraków, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying,
1
Department of Spa al Development and Landscape Architecture, Balicka 253c, 30-149 Cracow, Poland;
2
Department of Land Surveying ; Balicka 253a, 30-149 Cracow, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

Cartography as a science is known since ancient mes. It is the field of knowledge dealing with rules
of crea ng, developing and edi ng maps and their study as a cartographic documenta on. Cartographic
data can be presented on maps, plans, models of the earth (globes). Nowadays, more and more o en, they
are stored in the form of computer data.
Cartography became an independent scien fic discipline in the twen eth century but cartographic ac vi es
during earlier centuries have usually formed the background for later developments and are also considered
important.
The aim of this study is to present the stages of development of a prac cal approach to coordinate systems
in Poland a er The Second World War. 6 systems, on the basis of which site map had been created, were
presented. Also Krakow Local Coordinate System which was created in the 60s of the twen eth century
was men oned.

Literature:
Banasik, P., Bujakowski, K., Kolińska, M., Michalik, D., Nowak, J, (2012) Geodezyjne porządki w Krakowie, Geodeta : magazyn
geoinformacyjny, no. 1 (200): 18-22
Podlacha K., Szeliga K., Układy odniesień przestrzennych w aspekcie tworzenia i funkcjonowania Systemu Informacji
Przestrzennej w Polsce, Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny, no. 2 (57): 22-30

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Varia ons of chemical formula of jasmundite from two new locali es.
Dorota Środek1, Rafał Juroszek1, Mateusz Dulski2,3, Viktor Gazeev4, Irina Galuskina1
1
University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Będzińska 60, 41 – 200 Sosnowiec, Poland; [email protected]
2
Ins tute of Material Science, University of Silesia, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
3
Silesian Center for Educa on and Interdisciplinary Research, Ins tute of Material Science,
17 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
4
IGEM RAS, Staromonetny 35, Moscow, Russia

Jasmundite, a silicate-sulphide tetragonal mineral with general crystal chemical formula Ca11(SiO4)4O2S
was discovered in metamorphosed limestone xenoliths at Bellerberg volcano near Mayen, Eifel district,
Germany (Hentschel et al. 1983). We found jasmundite in chlorine-enriched calcium-silicate xenolith
enclosed in plagiodacites in Osse a as well as in pyrometamorphic rocks of the Hatrurim Complex.
This mineral generally is associated with spurrite, larnite, gehlenite, merwinite, bredigite, rondorfite,
mayenite, Cl-bearing ellestadite and srebrodolskite.
Detailed studies of jasmundite from Osse a and Hatrurim Complex revealed a variety of Cl and S contents
in its chemical composi on. Increasing of Mg, Al, Fe, Mn and Na concentra ons is observed when chlorine
content rises. A chemical subs tu ons of sulphur and chlorine in jasmundite structure influences on
the changing of anion charge, which have to be compensated by addi onal subs tu on in Ca and Si sites.
Hence, we propose three different types of Cl ↔ S subs tu on in jasmundite structure:
2+ 2- 2+ -
1.Mg + S → ½/Mg + ½ □ + Cl
4- 2- 5- -
2.(SiO4) +S → (AlO4) + Cl
2+ 2- + -
3.Ca + S → Na + Cl

The spectroscopies studies showed a great similarity of Raman spectra for its holotype, where main bands
in the 1150-450 cm-1 range are ascribed to the stretching and bending modes of Si–O bonds, while
low-wavenumber bands below 450 cm-1 are ascribed to the vibra on within CaO6 units in octahedra.

Literature:
Galuskin, E.V., Gfeller, F., Armbruster, T., Galuskina, I.O., Vapnik, Y., Murashko, M., Włodyka, R., Dzierzanowski, P., (2015): New
minerals with a modular structure derived from hatrurite from the pyrometamorphic Hatrurim Complex. Part I. Nabimusaite,
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 9th
GeoSymposium
of Young
Kroczyce, 31.08-02.09. 2016 Researchers Silesia 2016

3d morphometric analysis of lunar impact craters: a tool for degrada on es mates

and interpreta on of lunar maria stra graphy
Valerio Vivaldi, M. Massironi, A. Ninfo, G. Cremonese
University of Padoa, dept. of Geosciences/INAF-OAPD, via Gradenigo 6-Padova-35100-ITALY;
e-mail: [email protected]

In this research we have applied 3D morphometric analysis on lunar simple impact craters, by means
of high resolu on DTMs derived from LROC-NAC (0.5m/pixel) and Kaguya (10m/pixel) spacecra s.
The objec ve was twofold: i) evalua ng crater degrada on and ii) exploring the poten al of this approach
for lunar maria stra graphic interpreta on. In rela on to the first objec ve we have considered several
craters with different diameters representa ve of the four classes of degrada on being C1 the freshest
and C4 the most degraded ones (Arthur et al., 1963; Wilhelms, 1987). DTMs of these craters were elaborated
according to a mul scalar approach (Wood, 1996) in order to retrieve morphometric variables such as slope
and curvatures. In par cular, curvatures were calculated along different planes used to characterize
the different sectors of a crater (rim crest, floor, inner and outer wall). The inner wall mean slope
of different craters representa ve of the four classes shows a decrease trend of the mean slope value
from C1 to C4 in rela on to crater age and diameter. Degrada on is indeed influenced by gravita onal
processes (landslides, dry flows) as well as space weathering, that induces both smoothing effects on
the morphologies and infilling processes within the crater, with the main results of lowering and enlarging
the rim crest, and shallowing the crater depth. As far as the stra graphic applica on is concerned,
morphometric analysis was applied to recognize morphologic features within some simple craters,
in order to understand the stra graphic rela onships among different lava emplacements within mare
Serenita s. A clear-cut rheological boundary at a depth of 200 m within the small fresh Linnè crater
(diameter: 2.22 km), has been well iden fied as a morphological step on the inner crater scarp, and was
also confirmed through a numerical inves ga on (Martellato et al.).

Literature:
Arthur D.W.G., Agnieray A.P., Horvath R.A., Wood C.A. , Chapman C.R., (1963): The system of lunar craters. Quadrant I. Comm.
Lunar Planet. Lab. 2, #30.
Martellato E., Robinson M.S., Cremonese G. & Lucche A., (2013): Numerical modeling of Linné crater. EPSC Abstracts Vol. 8,
EPSC2013-649.
Wilhelms D., (1987): The Geologic History of the Moon. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1348.
Wood J., (1996): The geomorphological characteriza on of digital eleva on models. PhD Thesis, University of Leicester, UK.

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