Integral theorems

Green’s theorem in the plane

Statement: If R is a closed region in the xy plane bounded by
simple closed curve C and M, N are continuous functions of x and
y having continuous derivative in R then
 N M 
 Mdx+Ndy=   x − y dxdy (Relationship between line integral
C R

and area integral)

where C is traversed in the positive (counter-clockwise) direction.

Proof:
Suppose
Equation of AEB is y=Y1(x) and
Equation of AFB is y=Y2(x)
and R is the region bounded by the curve C
y
F
f C y=Y2(x)
x=X1(y) x=X2(y)
A R B
y=Y1(x)
e E

o a b x
F
F
 Fig1

M
 y
R
dxdy

b  y =Y2 ( x ) M 
=   dy  dx
a  y =Y1 ( x ) y 
b
=  M ( x, y )Y12 ( x ) dx
Y ( x)

a
b
=  M ( x, Y2 ( x)) − M ( x, Y1 ( x))dx
a
b a
= −  M ( x, Y1 ( x))dx −  M ( x, Y2 ( x))dx
a b

 b a

= −   M ( x, Y1 ( x))dx +  M ( x, Y2 ( x))dx
a b 

= -  Mdx
C

M
 Mdx =-  y
C R
dxdy

Again let the equation of the curves EAF and EBF be x=X 1(y)
and x=X2(y).
Now
N
 x dxdy
R
f  x= X 2 ( y ) N 
=   dx dy
e  x= X1 ( y ) x 
f

=  N ( x, y )X 12 ( y ) dy
X ( y)

2
 f

=  N ( X 2 ( y ), y ) − N ( X 1 ( y ), y )dy
e

f f

=  N ( X 2 ( y ), y )dy −  N ( X 1 ( y ), y )dy
e e
f e
=  N ( X 2 ( y ), y )dy +  N ( X 1 ( y ), y )dy
e f
e f

=  N ( X 1 ( y ), y )dy +  N ( X 2 ( y ), y )dy
f e

=  Ndy
C

N
 Ndy =  x dxdy
C R

 
Adding  Mdx+Ndy=   N − M dxdy proved
 x y 
C R

Deduction:
If M=-y/2 and N=x/2 then
1
2  -ydx+xdy=  dxdy =Area of the region R
C R

Problem-1. Use line integral to find the area enclosed by

the curves y=x and y2=4x.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Discussion
4
Area=  ( y1 − y2 )dx
0
4
8
=  (2 x − x)dx =
0
3

Area=  dxdy
R

3
 42 x
=   dydx
0 x
4
=  y 2x x
dx
0
4
8
=  (2 x − x)dx =
0
3
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution

B(4,4)
C2: y2=4x
C1:y=x
x
O

Fig2

Area=  dxdy
R

= 1  -ydx+xdy
2 C

= 1  -ydx+xdy+ 1  -ydx+xdy, along C2 x=y2/4, dx=(y/2) dy

2 C1
2 C2
4 0 2 2
= 1  -xdx+xdx+ 1  - y dy+ y dy= 8
2 0
2 2 4 4
3

Verification of this theorem

4
Problem-2. Verify Green’s theorem for the plane for
 xydx+x dy where C is the closed region bounded by y=x and
2
C

y=x2

y
B(1,1)
C
C2: y=x
C1: y=x2
x
O

Fig 3

 N M 
 Mdx+Ndy=   x − y dxdy
C R

LS=  Mdx+Ndy
C

=  xydx+x2dy
C

=  xydx+x2dy+  xydx+x2dy
C1 C2
1 0
=  xx2dx +x 2 2 xdx +  xxdx +x 2dx
0 1
1 0
= 3 x3dx +2  x 2 dx
0 1

=1
12

 
RS=   N − M dxdy
R  x y 
=  (2 x − x )dxdy
R

5
 1 x
=   xdydx
0 x2
1
=  x y xx 2 dx
0
1
= x( x − x 2 )dx
0

1
=
12

LS=RS verified

Problem-3. Find the work done in moving a particle along the

curve C in the force field F=(3x2-8y2)i+(4y-6xy)j where C is the
curve y=x2 from (0,0) to (1,1) and the y2=x from (1,1) to (0,0)
using Green,s theorem.

F.dr = (3x2-8y2)dx+(4y-6xy)dy
Work=  F.dr=  (3x2-8y2)dx+(4y-6xy)dy
C C

=  (3x2-8y2)dx+(4y-6xy)dy+  (3x2-8y2)dx+(4y-6xy)dy
C1 C2

y
C B(1,1)
C2: y2=x
C1: y=x2
A

x
O

Fig 4

On C1 , OAB y=x2 so that dy=2xdx

6
  F.dr=  (3x -8y )dx+(4y-6xy)dy
2 2
C1 C1
1
=  (3x2-8x4)dx+(4x2-6xx2)2xdx
0

=-1
On C2 BCO x=y2 so that dx=2ydy
 F.dr=  (3x -8y )dx+(4y-6xy)dy
2 2
C1 C1
0
=  (3y4-8y2)2ydy+(4y-6y2y)dy
1

=5
2

Work done=  F.dr=  F.dr+  F.dr=-1+ 5 = 3

C C1
2 2
C2

Alternative method
This problem can also be done by using Green’s theorem
 
Green’s theorem is  Mdx+Ndy=   N − M dxdy
C  x y  R

Work=  F.dr=  (3x2-8y2)dx+(4y-6xy)dy M=3x2-8y2 N=4y-6xy

C C

=  Mdx+Ndy=   N − M dxdy

C  x y 
R

=  (− 6 y + 16 y))dxdy
R

=  (10 y )dxdy
R

= 10 ydydx
R
1 x
= 10  ydydx
0 x2
x
 2
1
= 10  y  dx
0
2  x2

7
 1
= 10 1 ( x − x 2 )dx
0
2

=3
2
C21==A23==B23==================================
===============================================
===============================================
Express Green’s theorem in the plane in vector form
 
Green’s theorem is  Mdx+Ndy=   N − M dxdy
C  x y  R

Mdx+Ndy=(Mi+Nj).(dxi+dyj)=A.dr
where A=Mi+Nj and r=xi+yj
i j k
 N M 
 xA =   
= - N i + Mj +  − k
x y z z z  x y 
M N 0

(  xA).k= N − M
x y
Green’s theorem can be written as  A.dr =  (  xA).k dR
C R

dR=dxdy

This is for two dimensional case…. curve to region

For three dimensional case…….curve to surface which is known
as Stoke’s theorem (it will be considered next)
===============================================
===============================================
===========================================
Gauss divergence theorem

Statement: The surface integral of the normal component of the

vector A taken over a closed surface is equal to the integral of the
divergence of A taken over the volume enclosed by the surface.

8
If n be unit outward normal at a point of the boundary of the closed
region S and dV be the volume element of the region, then the
theorem expresses that

 A.ndS =  . AdV (Relationship between surface and volume

S V

integral)

Proof:

9
 k
n2 dS2
2 S2: z=f2(x,y)
S
z
1
S1: z=f1(x,y)
dS1
n1

y
o
R
dxdy
x

Fig4

If A=A1i+A2j+A3k then
 A.ndS =  . AdV
S V

A A2 A3
 ( A1i+A2j+A3k).ndS =  ( x
S V
1
+
y
+
z
)dV

 A1i.ndS+  A2j.ndS+  A3k.ndS

S S S

A1 A2 A3

=  dV+  dV+  dV
V x V y V z

Let us suppose that S be a closed surface such that any line parallel
to the coordinate axes cuts S in at most two points.
Suppose that
Equation of the lower surface S1 is z=f1(x,y) and
equation of the upper surface S2 is z=f2(x,y)

10
and R is the projection of the surface S on the xy plane

Consider the third integral of the RHS

A
 3 dV
V z
A3
=  dzdydx
V
z
 z = f 2 ( x , y ) A 
=    3
dz  dydx
R  z = f1 ( x , y ) z 
=  A3 ( x, y, z )zz == ff ((xx,,yy)) dydx
1
2

=  A3 ( x, y, f2 ) − A3 ( x, y, f1)dydx
R

=  A3 ( x, y, f 2 )dydx -  A3 ( x, y, f1 )dydx
R R

==============================================
Discussion

When  is acute

a Projection of a is b=acos 

b

When  is obtuse

a 
180 - 
0 Projection of a is b=acos(180-  )=- acos 
b

We consider the projection on the xy plane

`
Elementary area in the xy plane is =dxdy

11
The angle between two planes is equal to the angle between their
normals

n
S
dS
n k
dS
 S
dxdy dS

Projection of dS is dxdy=dS cos  =dSk.n [k.n=1.1 cos  ]

===============================================

For the upper portion of the surface S2, dxdy=dS2 cos  2 = dS2k.n2
since the outward normal n2 to S2 makes an acute angle  2 with k.

For the lower portion of the surface S1, dxdy=-dS1cos  1 = -dS1k.n1

since the outward normal n1 to S1 makes an obtuse angle  1 with k.
hence


R
A3 ( x, y, f 2 )dydx = 
S2
A3 k.n2 dS2


R
A3 ( x, y, f1 )dydx = - 
S1
A3 k.n1 dS1
Then  A3 ( x, y, f 2 )dydx -  A3 ( x, y, f1 )dydx =  A3 k.n2 dS2+  A3 k.n1 dS1
R R S2 S1

=  A3k.ndS
S

12
 A3

V z
dV=  A3k.ndS
S

A1
Similarly  dV=  A1i.ndS
V x S

A2
And  dV=  A2j.ndS
V y S

Adding all these we get

A A A
 ( 1 + 2 + 3 ) dV=  ( A1i+A2j+A3k).ndS
V x y z S

 . AdV=  A.ndS proved

V S

Verification
Problem-4. Verify Gauss divergence theorem for A=4xi-2y2j+z2k
taken over the region bounded by x2+y2=4, z=0 and z=3.

 . AdV=  A.ndS (to be verified)

V S

S2: z=3

V S3:x2+y2=4
d
dS3=2d  dz

dV=dxdydz 2d 
y
o S1: z=0

13
Discussion
y
z y=4

y=0 x
o
y=mx+c
x2 + y2 =4
y
x2 + y2 =4, z=0 circle

x Fig5

A1 A2 A3

. A= + +
x y z
 (4 x)  (−2 y 2 )  ( z 2 )
= + +
x y z
=4-4y+2z

LS=  . AdV=  (4 - 4y + 2z) dV

V V

2 4− x 2 3
=    (4 − 4 y + 2 z )dzdydx
x = −2 y = − 4 − x 2 z = 0

4− x 2

 4 z − 4 yz + z  dydx
2
=  2 3
0
x = −2 y = − 4 − x 2

2 4− x 2
=   (21 − 12 y )dydx
x = −2 y = − 4 − x 2

2
=  21y − 4−4−x x
2

2
dx
x = −2

14
 42 4 − x dx
2
=  2

x = −2

=2  42 4 − x dx
2
2
x=2sin 
x =0

2
=84x4  sin 2 d
0

=84x4 
4
=84 

RS=  A.ndS
S

The surface S of the cylinder consists of

S1, the plane z=0
S2, the plane z=3
S3, the convex surface x2+y2=4

 A.ndS=  A.ndS1+  A.ndS2+  A.ndS3

S S1 S2 S3

On S1, z=0, n=-k, A=4xi-2y2j A.n=0

Therefore  A.ndS1=0
S1

On S2, z=3, n=k, A=4xi-2y2j+9k A.n=9

therefore  A.ndS2=9  dS2=9x4  =36 
S2 S2

15
On S3, x2+y2=4, n=  =
2 xi + 2 yj
=
xi + yj
 (2 x) 2 + (2 y ) 2 2

A.n=(4xi-2y2j+z2k). ( xi + yj )=2x2-y3
2
From fig.
x=2cos  y=2sin  dS3=2d  dz

 A.ndS3=  (2x -y )dS3

2 3
S3 S3
2 3

=


=0
 [2(2cos  )2-(2sin  )3] 2dzd 
z =0
2
=48  (cos2  -sin3  ) d 
 =0
2
=48  cos2  d 
 =0

=48 

 A.ndS=0+36  +48  =84 

S

LS=RS verified

Problem-5. Evaluate  F.ndS where F=4xi-2y2j+z2k and S is

S

surface the region bounded by x2+y2=4, z=0 and z=3.

Or,
Find the flux of F=4xi-2y2j+z2k through the surface S where S is
surface the region bounded by x2+y2=4, z=0 and z=3.
Or,
Find the flow of fluid through the surface S where S is surface
the region bounded by x2+y2=4, z=0 and z=3, if the fluid velocity
is v=10zi+10j+3yk
Or,

16
 Find the flow of heat through the surface S where S is surface
the region bounded by x2+y2=4, z=0 and z=3, if the heat flux
q=10zi+10j+3yk
Or,
Find the flow of current through the surface S where S is surface
the region bounded by x2+y2=4, z=0 and z=3, if the current
density J=10zi+10j+3yk

These problems can be done either directly or by using Gauss

divergence theorem
 . AdV=  A.ndS
V S

 A.ndS=84  (done previously)

S

Or,
 A.ndS=  . AdV
S V

 . AdV=84  (done previously)

V

Stoke’s theorem
Statement: The line integral of the tangential component of a
vector A taken around a simple closed curve C is equal to the
surface integral of the normal component of the curl of A taken
over any Surface S having C as its boundary.

Mathematically
 A.dr =   xA.ndS (Relation between line and surface integral)
C S

A.dr=A.Tds
Proof:

17
Let S be a surface such that its projection on the xy, yz and zx
planes are the regions bounded by simple closed curves and
suppose that the equation of the surface can be written as z=f(x,y),
x=g(y,z) and y=h(z,x) where f, g, and h are single valued
continuous and differentiable function.

Fig6

Let If A=A1i+A2j+A3k and r=xi+yj+zk

Then the theorem expresses that

 A1dx+A2dy+A3dz =   x (A1i+A2j+A3k).ndS
C S

 A1dx+  A2dy+  A3dz = 

C C C S
 x (A1i).ndS+


S
 x (A2j).ndS + 
S
 x (A3k).ndS

Consider the first term on the right   x (A1i).ndS

S

i j k
   A1 A
 x (A1i)= = j− 1 k
x y z z y
A1 0 0
 
[ x (A1i)].ndS=  A1 j.n −
A1
k .n  dS
 z y 

18
Choosing z=f(x,y) as the equation of the surface S, the position
vector r of any point of S is given by
r=xi+yj+zk= xi+yj+ f(x,y)k
r z
= j+ k
y y
r
is a vector tangent to S, therefore it must be perpendicular to n
y

n. r =n j+n. z k =0 n j= - z
n.k
y y y
 
[  x (A1i)].ndS=  − A1 z A
n.k − 1 k .n  dS
 z y y 
 
=-  A1 z + A1  n.kdS
 z y y 

On the Surface S A1(x,y,z)=A1(x,y,f(x,y))=F(x,y) (say)

A1(x,y,z)=F(x,y)

Differentiating partially with respect to y

A1 A1 z F
+ =
y z y y

[  x (A1i)].ndS=- F n.kdS=- F dxdy

y y
F
  x (A1i).ndS=-  dxdy
S R y
where R is the projection of S on the xy plane
Now by Green’s theorem in the plane region R

 N M 
 Mdx+Ndy=   x − y dxdy
C R

If C1 is the boundary of R then

 0 F   F 
 Fdx+0dy=   x − y dxdy =-   y dxdy
C1 R R


S
 x (A1i). ndS=  Fdx
C1

19
Since at each point (x,y) of C1, the value of F is the same as the
value of A1 at each point (x,y,z) of C and since dx is same for both
the curves, we have
 Fdx=  A1dx
C1 C


S
 x (A1i). ndS=  A1dx
C

Similarly
  x (A2i). ndS=  A2dx
S C


S
 x (A3i). ndS=  A3dx
C

Adding
  x (A1i+A2j+A3k).ndS=  A1dx+A2dy+A3dz
S C

  xA.ndS=  A.dr
S C
proved

Verification
Problem-6. Verify Stoke’s theorem for A=(2x-y)i-yz2j-y2zk where
S is the upper half surface of the sphere x2+y2+z2=1 and C is its
boundary.

20
The boundary C of S is a circle in the xy plane of radius one and
centre at the origin The parametric equation of the circle is x=cost,
y=sint, z=0, 0  t  2 .

We are to show that  A.dr =   xA.ndS

C S
2
LS=  A.dr=  (2x-y)dx-yz2 dy-y2zdz=  (2 cos t − sin t )(− sin t )dt = 
C C 0

RS=   xA.ndS
S

i j k
  
 xA= =k
x y z
2x - y - yz2 - y2z

  xA.ndS
S

=  k.ndS
S

=  dxdy
R
x =1 y = 1− x 2

=   dydx
x = −1 y = − 1− x 2

x =1 y = 1− x
2

=4   dydx
x =0 y =0
x =1
=4  1 − x2 dx
x =0

=

LS=RS verified

END

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