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Energy can be classified into several types

based on the following criteria:
Introduction • Primary and Secondary energy
• Commercial and Non commercial energy
• Renewable and Non-Renewable energy
Chapter One
• Conventional and Non-conventional
energy

3 Energy Conversion & Rural Electrification

Introduction Primary and Secondary Energy

 Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in
Any physical activity in this world, whether carried nature.
out by human beings or by nature, is cause due to flow  Common primary energy sources are coal, oil, natural gas, and
biomass (such as wood).
of energy in one form or the other.  Other primary energy sources available include nuclear energy from
radioactive substances, thermal energy stored in earth's interior, and
 Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic potential energy due to earth's gravity.
development of any country.
Primary energy sources are costly converted in industrial utilities
 In the case of the developing countries, the energy into secondary energy sources.
sector assumes a critical importance in view of the  Primary energy can also be used directly.
ever-increasing energy needs requiring huge
investments to meet them.

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FORMS OF ENERGY
 There is an important principle stating that the total amount of
energy in a closed system remains constant.
 Energy may change from one form to another, but the total
amount in any closed system remains constant.
 This principle, known as ‘Conservation of energy’ is extremely
important for understanding a variety of phenomena
(a) Kinetic energy
(b) Potential energy
(c) Chemical energy
(d) Electrical energy
(e) Heat energy
(f) Radiant energy
(g) Nuclear (Mass) energy
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Energy sources are categorized in to two basic

parts
1. Renewable Energy
2. Non Renewable Energy
1 Renewable energy is the term used to cover those
energy that occur naturally and Repeatedly in the
environment.
 The ultimate sources of most of these energy are
the sun, gravity and the earth’s rotation.

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Definition of Non-renewable Energy  Meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the

Nonrenewable energy is energy obtained from ability of future generations to meet their needs”.
static stores of energy that remain bound unless
released by human interaction.
 Nonrenewable energy supplies are also called
finite supplies
 Examples: fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas). The
energy is initially an isolated energy potential and
external action is required to initiate the supply of
energy for practical purposes.

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 Why Should we use Renewable Energy? Energy Conversion

Non-renewable resources are limited  Energy can be changed from one form to another.
 Security of Supply
 Changes in the form of energy are called energy
 Possible vulnerabilities: conversions.
 Dependence on the resource in question
 Supply and demand problems  All forms of energy can be converted into other
 Vulnerability and exposure of supply forms.
 Variety of sources of disruption
The sun’s energy through solar cells can be
 Increase in the world energy consumption converted directly into electricity.
The issue for Sustainability-
Green plants convert the sun’s energy
 Energy
 Environment (electromagnetic) into starches and sugars
 Society (chemical energy).
 Economy
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Cont’d
 Energy Conversion is the Process by which one
energy form is transformed into a different form of
energy. Henceforth an energy conversion process
transforms primary energy into secondary energy
Transitional Energy:
Energy in motion, e.g. kinetic energy (K.E.);
thermal energy;
electric energy in transmission/distribution systems;
radiated electromagnetic energy (e.g. solar energy,
radio waves, other electromagnetic energies)
 Stored Energy:
Energy sources which exist in the forms of sitting
masses at higher positions or elevations, and
13 commonly referred to as potential energy (P.E.) 15

Energy sources and conversion processes  Primary energy carriers are substances which have not yet
undergone any technical conversion.
 From primary Energy secondary energy can be produced directly
or by one or several conversion steps.
 Fossil fuels ( coal, oil, natural gas);
 Geothermal, biomass fuels
 Different forms of solar energy (e.g. radiant energy,
hydropower, wind, waves and Tidal energy). Are examples of
primary energy.
 Secondary energy carriers are energy carriers that are
produced from primary or other secondary energy carriers by
technical conversion.
 This processing of primary energy is subject to conversion and
distribution losses.
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Secondary energy are available to be converted

Generation trend
into other secondary or final energy carriers.  Generation trend is increasing
Final energy carrier are energy streams directly
consumed by the final user.
Useful energy refers to the energy available to
the consumer after the last conversion step to
satisfy the respective requirements or energy
demands.
It is produced from final energy carrier or final
energy, reduced by losses of this last conversion.
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Ethiopian power system Electrification status

Generation potential  According to EEPCO report 48.3%

Supply system
ICS supplied from hydro power plants
SCS mini hydro plants and diesel
generators

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Voltage Level Installed

No. Substation Name Region
[KV] Capacity (MW)
1 AdamaI Wind Power Plant 132 Central 51
2 Awash II Power Plant 132 Central 32 Installed capacity
3 Awash III Power Plant 132 Central 32
4 Koka Power Plant 132 Central 43.2

5 Ashegoda Wind Power Plant 230 North 120

6 Tekeze Power Plant 230 North 300

7 Beles Power Plant 400 North West 460

8 Tis Abay I Power Plant 132 North West 11.4

9 Tis Abay II Power Plant 132 North West 72

10 MelkaWakena Power Plant 230 South 153

11 Gilgel Gibe II Power Plant 400 South West 420

12 Gilgel Gibe I Power Plant 230 South West 184

13 AmertiNeshe Power Plant 230 West 97

14 Fincha Power Plant 230 West 132

15 Adama II wind Power Plant 230 Central 153

16 21 Aluto Langano-I geo thermal Power Plant 132 South 7.3

Total 2267.9

Installed capacity

Percentage contributions
 Largest portion is supplied from hydro 89.8%

4%
6%
0%

hydro
diesel
geothermal
wind

90%

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Transmission system Energy sales

 Total length 11,796.32Km with 5 voltage levels  Total number of customers by tariff group is as shown below

•There are 143 substations with 127 supplying

distribution systems

Historic energy sales

Distribution system
 Distribution system consists of 148745.5km and 18,888 transformers

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Total energy soled