HISTORY AND CULTURE OF PAKISTAN

SECTION WISE QUESTIONS(Book) FROM PAST PAPERS(2010-2022)

SECTION “A”
Cultural and Political Background to the Pakistan Movement.
S.NO TOPIC SESSION QUESTION
Ch:01 Religious Thinkers/Reformers May/June 2022 2 (a) Describe what happened at the battle of Balakot. [4]
 Shah Wali Ullah (b) Explain why Haji Shariatullah was an important figure in the revival of Islam
 Syed Ahmed Barelvi during the eighteenth century [7]
 Haji Shariat Ullah May/June 2021 (c) ‘The work of Shah Waliullah was the main factor contributing to the spread of Islam
between 1700 and 1850.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer. [14]
Oct/Nov 2020 (b) Explain why Shah Waliullah was an important figure for the Muslim community
during the eighteenth century. [7]
May/June 2019 2 (a) Who was Ahmad Shah Durrani? [4]
(c) Did Syed Ahmad Barelvi contribute more to the spread of Islam than anyone else in
the subcontinent before 1840? Explain your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov 2018 (b) Why did Syed Ahmad Barelvi call for Jihad to overthrow Sikh rule in the early
nineteenth century? [7]
May/June 2017 2 (a) Who were zamindars? [4]
Oct/Nov 2017 (c) Did Haji Shariatullah contribute more to the spread of Islam than anyone else in the
subcontinent before 1850? Explain your answer.
May/June 2016 (c) Did Shah Waliullah contribute more to the spread of Islam than anyone else in the
subcontinent before 1850? Explain your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov 2015 (b) Why did Shah Waliullah have such a major influence on the revival of Islam in the
subcontinent?
May/June 2014 Describe the achievements of Haji Shariat Ullah in reviving Islam. [4]
May/June 2013 (c) Who of the following was the most important in the spread of Islam during the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: (i) Shah Wali Ullah; (ii) Syed Ahmad Shaheed
Barailvi; (iii) Hajji Shariat Ullah? Explain your answer with reference to all three of the
above [14]
May/June 2010 (b) Why did Shah Wali Ullah have such a major influence on the revival of Islam in the
sub-continent? [7]
 Oct/Nov 2010 1 (a) What was the Faraizi Movement? [4]

Ch:02(a) Mughal Empire Oct/Nov 2021 1 Study the sources (Insert) carefully and then answer the questions which follow.
(a) According to Source A, which policies do some historians claim contributed to the
increasing instability of the Mughal Empire by the time of Aurangzeb’s death? [3]
(b) What can we learn from Source B about Mughal rule in India? [5]
(c) Explain why the Hindu community objected to the Jizya tax. [7]
(d) ‘The Marathan rebellions were the main reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire
after the death of Aurangzeb.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer. [10]
[Total: 25]
May/June 2020 (c) Were the policies of Aurangzeb the main reason for the decline of the Mughal
Empire? Explain your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov 2020 2 (a) Describe the Jizya tax. [4]
Oct/Nov 2019 (b) Explain why the Mughal Empire declined following the death of Aurangzeb. [7]
Oct/Nov 2018 (c) Was British expansion in India the most important reason for the decline of the
Mughal Empire? Explain your answer. [14]
May/June 2017 (c) Was the in-fighting between Aurangzeb’s successors the most important reason for
the break-up of the Mughal Empire? Explain your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov 2017 (b) Why were the Marathas defeated after the decline of the Mughal Empire? [7
Oct/Nov 2015 (c) Were the invasions by the Persians and Afghans the main reason for the decline of
the Mughal Empire? Explain your answer. [14]
May/June 2013 1 (a) The Mughal Empire took 150 years from the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 to break
up. His empire was facing difficulties at the time of his death and following this, the
tensions and problems only got worse. The most serious challenge to Mughal authority
came from the Marathas.
Describe what the Marathas did. [4]
Oct/Nov 2013 (b) How did the successors of Aurangzeb contribute to the downfall of the Mughal
Empire? [7]
May/June 2012 (b) Explain why the Mughal Empire declined following the reign of Aurangzeb.
May/June 2011 (a) Describe the achievements of Shah Wali Ullah in reviving Islam. [4]
(b) ‘The spread of Marathan power was the main reason for the decline of the Mughal
Empire.’ Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
 Oct/Nov 2011 (c) Did Hajji Shariat Ullah contribute more to the spread of Islam than anyone else in the
sub-continent before 1850? Explain your answer. [14]

Ch:02(b) Enter the British Oct/Nov 2022 (b)Explain how Britain extended its control across the subcontinent between 1756 and
EIC 1856. [7]
May/June 2021 2 (a) Describe the achievements of Ranjit Singh. [4]
Oct/Nov 2021 2 (a) Describe what happened at the battle of Buxar. [4]
May/June 2020 1 Study the sources (Insert) carefully and then answer the questions which follow.
(a) According to Source A what were the personal characteristics of Robert Clive? [3]
(b) What can we learn from Source B about the treatment of Indian hostages during
the Mysore Wars? [5]
(c) Explain why the East India Company was interested in the subcontinent in the years
before 1750. [7]
May/June 2020 2 (a) Who was Mir Qasim? [4]
(b) Explain why Britain was able to expand into the subcontinent between 1750 and
1850. [7]
May/June 2019 (b) Explain why the British wanted to trade in India from 1600. [7]
May/June 2018 2 (a) Who was Titu Mir? [4]
May/June 2017 (b) Why was Robert Clive appointed the first Governor of Bengal? [7]
Oct/Nov 2017 2 (a) Who were the Thuggee? [4]
(b) Why did the East India Company become involved in the Indian subcontinent
during the seventeenth century? [7]
Oct/Nov 2017 3 (a) Who was Warren Hastings? [4]
(c) How far was Indian resistance to British expansion in the subcontinent successful
before 1850? [14]
May/June 2016 (b) Explain the appeal of India to the East India Company during the early seventeenth
century. [7]
May/June 2015 This question is about the British in India
1 Study the sources (Insert) carefully and then answer the questions which follow.
(a) According to Source A, what reasons are suggested for the British victory at the
battle of Plassey in 1757? [3]
(b) What does Source B tell us about the British East India Company in 1825? [5]
(c) Why were the British able to take control of India by 1850? [7]
 (d) Was the work of the Christian missionaries the most important reason why the
Indians opposed British attempts to westernise them between 1750 and 1850? Explain
your answer. [10]
May/June 2015 (a) Who was Tipu Sultan? [4]
Oct/Nov 2015 (a) Who was Robert Clive? [4]
May/June 2014 (b) Explain why the East India Company became involved in the sub-continent during
the seventeenth century. [7[
Oct/Nov 2014 (a) What was suttee? [4]
Oct/Nov 2013 (c) Was the Industrial Revolution in Britain the most important reason why the British
were able to take control of India between 1750 and 1850? Explain your answer.
May/June 2013 (a) Describe the battle of Plassey. [4]
Oct/Nov 2012 (b) Why did the Indian sub-continent attract the British in the early seventeenth
century?
(c) How successful was Indian resistance to British attempts to take control of lands in
the sub-continent between 1750 and 1850? Explain your answer.
May/June 2011 (b) Explain why Britain was so successful in extending its control of the sub-continent
between 1750 and 1850. [7]
Oct/Nov 2011 (a) Who was Titu Mir? [4]
(c) Did educational reforms have a more important effect on the Indians than the
social, religious and economic ones introduced by the British during the years 1773 to
1856? Explain your answer. [14]
May/June 2010 (a) What was the East India Company? [4]
Oct/Nov 2010 (b) Why did the East India Company become involved in the Indian sub-continent
during the seventeenth century? [7]
Oct/Nov 2010 (c) How successful were the British attempts to take control of lands in the sub-
continent between 1750 and 1856? [14]

Ch:03 War of Independence May/June 2022 (c) To what extent were military factors the main cause of the War of Independence in
1857? Explain your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov 2022 2 (a) Describe the military actions of Nana Sahib in 1857. [4]
May/June 2020 (d) To what extent were economic reforms the main cause of the War of
Independence in 1857? Explain your answer. [10]
May/June 2018 (c) Was religion the most important reason for the War of Independence in 1857? Give
reasons for your answer. [14]
 Oct/Nov 2018 2 (a) Who was Lakshmibai? [4]
May/June 2016 2 (a) What happened at Cawnpore in 1857? [4]
Oct/Nov 2016 2 (a) Who was Nana Sahib? [4]
Oct/Nov 2016 (b) Why was Britain so successful in expanding its control of the sub-continent
between 1750 and 1850? [7]
Oct/Nov 2014 (c) “The strength of the British army was the sole reason for the failure of the War of
Independence by 1858.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov 2013 (b) Why did the War of Independence fail to meet its aims in 1857?
May/June 2012 (c) Was the greased cartridge incident the most important cause of the War of
Independence of 1857? Explain your answer.
May/June 2011 (a) What happened at the battle of Kanpur? [4]
Oct/Nov 2011 (b) Why did the Indians not achieve independence in 1857? [7]
May/June 2010 (c) Was a lack of unity amongst the Indians the main reason for the failure of the War
of Independence 1857–1858? Explain your answer. [14]
OCT/Nov 2010 (b) Explain why the Mughal Empire declined following the death of Aurangzeb. [7]

Ch:04 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan May/June 2022 3 (a) Describe the purpose of the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College. [4]
Oct/Nov 2022 (c.) Introducing a new approach to education was the main contribution of Sir Syed
Ahmad Khan to improving the lives of Muslim people during the nineteenth century.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov 2021 (b) Explain why Sir Syed Ahmad Khan wanted to improve relations between the
Muslim community and the British after the War of Independence. [7]

Oct/Nov 2020 (c) ‘The “Two-Nation” Theory was Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s main contribution to the
development of the Pakistan Movement during the nineteenth century.’ How far do
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov 2019 2 (a) Describe ‘The Loyal Mohammedans of India’. [4]
May/June 2018 (b) Explain why Sir Syed Ahmad Khan tried to improve relations between the Muslim
community and the British. [7]
Oct/Nov 2016 (c) Was the development of a western education system the greatest achievement of
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan? Explain your answer. [14]
May/June 2015 (c) Was the attempt to achieve a better understanding with the British the most
important contribution that Sir Syed Ahmad Khan made to the Muslim cause during
the nineteenth century? Explain your answer. [14]
 May/June 2014 (c) Was the introduction of the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ in 1852 the most important reason
for the War of Independence in 1857? Explain your answer. [14[
Oct/Nov 2014 (b) Why did Sir Syed Ahmad Khan try to improve relations between the Muslims and
the British? [7]
Oct/Nov 2013 (a) What was the Mohammaden Anglo-Oriental School?
Oct/Nov 2012 (a) Describe the ‘Hindu-Urdu Controversy.’ [4]
May/June 2011 (b) Why did Sir Syed Ahmad Khan found the Aligarh Movement? [7]
Oct/Nov 2011 (a) What was ‘The Loyal Mohammedans of India?’ [4]
Oct/Nov 2010 (c) Were the religious views of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan his most important contribution in
developing the cause of Muslims during the nineteenth century? Explain your answer.
[13]

Ch:05 Languages May/June 2021 (b) Explain why Muhammad Ali Jinnah chose Urdu as the national language of Pakistan.
[7]
Oct/Nov 2018 (b) Explain why Urdu was chosen as the national language of Pakistan in 1947. [7]
May/June 2015 (b) Why was Urdu chosen as the national language in Pakistan in 1947? [7]
May/June 2013 (b) Why have regional languages been promoted by the Pakistan government since
1947?
Oct/Nov 2013 1 After Independence, Urdu became the national language as it was a unifying force in
the new country. It was seen as the link language for all the provinces to provide for the
cultural and educational needs of the people. However, it was also recognised that
regional languages had an important role to play in the newly formed country. One of
these was Sindhi.
(a) How has Pakistan promoted the development of Sindhi since 1947?
May/June 2011 (c) ‘Punjabi has been promoted more than any other Pakistani regional language
between 1947 and 1999.’ Give reasons why you might agree and disagree with this
statement. [14]
Oct/Nov 2011 (b) Explain the choice of Urdu in 1947 as the national language of Pakistan. [7]
Oct/Nov 2010 (a) How has the Pakistan government promoted the development of Balochi since
1947? [4]
Oct/Nov 2012 (a) How has the Pakistan government promoted the development of Punjabi? [4]
Oct/Nov 2013 (a) How has Pakistan promoted the development of Sindhi since 1947? [4]
SECTION “B”
The emergence of Pakistan 1906-1947
Ch:06 How far did the Pakistan Movement
develop during the early 20th century?
01  Partition of Bengal Oct/Nov 3 (a) Describe the impact of Lord Curzon on India. [4]
2022
May/June 3 (a) What was the Swadeshi Movement? [4]
2018
May/June (c) How successful was the 1905 Partition of Bengal? Explain your answer. [14]
2020
Oct/Nov (b) Explain how the British reacted to Hindu-led protests against the Partition of Bengal
2018 between 1906 and 1908. [7]
May/June (b) Explain why the British partitioned Bengal in 1905. [7]
2016
Oct/Nov (c) Was the partition of Bengal the main reason for the formation of the Muslim
2016 League in 1906? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov (c) How successful was the Partition of Bengal in 1905? Explain your answer. [14]
2016
May/June (b) Why did the British reverse the partition of Bengal in 1911?
2018
Oct/Nov a) Describe the Swadeshi Movement. [4]
2014
Oct/Nov (b) Why was Bengal partitioned in 1905? [7]
2012
May/June (c) ‘Partition or reversal?’ Were the reasons why Bengal was partitioned in 1905 more
2011 important than those regarding its reversal in 1911? Explain your answer. [14]
May/June (a) What was the Swadeshi Movement? [4]
2010
2  Simla Deputation Oct/Nov (b) Why was the Simla Deputation of 1906 an important event for the Muslims of the
2010 subcontinent? [7]
3  Formation of All India Muslim May/June (b) Explain why the Muslim League was formed in 1906. [7]
League. 2021

May/June (b) Explain why the Muslim community felt it necessary to form their own political
2018 party in 1906. [7]
 May/June (c) To what extent was the need for a political party to represent the Muslim
2022 community the main reason for the establishment of the All-India Muslim League in
1906? Explain your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov (b) Explain why the Muslim League was formed in 1906. [7]
2014
May/June (b) Why was the Muslim League established in 1906? [7]
4  Morley-Minto Reforms Oct/Nov (c) what extent were the Morley-Minto reforms the most important political
2022 development in India between 1909 and 1919? Explain your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov (d) Which of the following had the most important effect on the Pakistan Movement
2018 between 1909 and 1919? (i) the Morley–Minto reforms, 1909 (ii) the reversal of the
Partition of Bengal, 1911 (iii) the Lucknow Pact, 1916 Explain your answer with
reference to all three of the above. [10]
May/June 3 (a) What were the terms of the Indian Councils Act of 1909? [4]
2016
May/June (c) How successful were political developments in seeking a solution to the problems in
2014 the sub-continent between 1909 and 1919? Explain your answer.
5  Lucknow Pact Oct/Nov 3 (a) Describe what happened at Lucknow in 1916. [4]
2016
May/June (b) Explain why the Lucknow Pact of 1916 came about. [7]
2014
May/June (a) What was the Lucknow Pact? [4]
2012
Oct/Nov (c) ‘The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was the most important attempt by either the Muslims,
2012 Hindus or the British government in seeking a solution to the problems in the sub-
continent between 1909 and 1919.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
6  Montague-Chelmsford reforms Oct/Nov (c) Why was India not granted self-rule by Britain in 1919? [7]
2018
Oct/Nov (b) Why were the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms opposed by Indians in 1919? [7]
2015
Oct/Nov (c) Were the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms the main reason for the outbreak of
2014 violence across India in 1919? Explain your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov c) ‘The Montague-Chelmsford reforms were more important than any other political
2011 developments between 1909 and 1919.’ Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for
your answer. [14]
 7  Rowlatt Act May/June 4 (a) Describe the terms of the Rowlatt Act. [4]
2022
May/June (c) Was the introduction of the Rowlatt Act in 1919 the sole cause of violence in India
2016 during 1919 and 1920? Explain your answer. [14]
May/June (a) Describe the Rowlatt Act. [4]
2011
8  Amritsar Massacre May/June 3 (a) Who was General Dyer? [4]
2020
May/June 3 (a) Describe the events that took place at Jallianwalla Bagh in 1919. [4]
2021
Oct/Nov (b) How does Source B help us to understand what happened at Jallianwala Bagh in
2018 1919? [5]

Ch:07 Khilafat Movement Oct/Nov (b) Explain why people joined the Khilafat Movement. [7]
2022
May/June (b) Explain why the Khilafat Movement ended in 1924. [7]
2020
Oct/Nov 3 (a) Describe the Hijrat Movement. [4]
2020
May/June (c) Was the Moplah uprising in 1921 the main reason for the end of the Khilafat
2019 Movement? Explain your answer. [14]
May/June (c) Was the withdrawal of Gandhi’s support the most important reason for the decline
2018 of the Khilafat Movement? Explain your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov (b) Why did the Khilafat Movement emerge? [7]
2016
May/June (a) What was the All India Khilafat Conference? [4]
2018
May/June (c) Was the migration to Afghanistan (Hijrat) the most important reason why the
2014 Khilafat Movement failed? Explain your answer.
Oct/Nov (c) Were concerns about British policies towards Muslims the most important reason
2014 for the foundation of the Khilafat Movement? Explain your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov (b) Why did the Khilafat Movement fail by 1924? [7]
2014
 May/June (c) ‘The Khilafat Movement failed by 1924 because Gandhi withdrew his support.’ Do
2012 you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov (a) Describe the Chauri-Chaura incident. [4]
2012
Oct/Nov (a) Describe the hijrat. [4]
2011
May/June (b) Why was the Khilafat Movement founded? [7]
2011
Oct/Nov (c) Was the migration to Afghanistan the most important reason why the Khilafat
2010 Movement failed? Explain your answer. [14]
Ch:08 How Successful was the Pakistan
Movement in the years 1927-1939?
01  Simon Commission Oct/Nov (b) Explain why the Simon Commission of 1927 was unpopular. [7]
2022 4 (a) Describe the terms of the Nehru Report. [4]
Oct/Nov (a) What was the Simon Report? [4]
2016
02  Nehru Report Oct/Nov (a) What was the Nehru Report? [4]
2014
May/June (a) Describe the Nehru Report. [4]
2011
My/June (b) Explain why the All India Muslim Conference rejected the Nehru Report in 1928. [7]
2016
03  Jinnah’s 14 Points May/June (b) Explain why Muhammad Ali Jinnah produced his 14 Points in 1929. [7]
2022
Oct/Nov (c) Were Jinnah’s 14 Points the most important development in the Pakistan
2019 Movement between 1929 and 1940? Explain your answer. [14
May/June (b) Why did Jinnah produce his 14 Points in 1929? [7]
2015
May/June (b) Why did Jinnah produce his 14 Points in 1929? [7]
2010
04  RTCs and Allahabad Address Oct/Nov (c.)what extent did the Round Table Conferences (1930–1932) provide a solution to
1930 2022 the government of India? Explain your answer. [14]
May/June (c) Was the First Round Table Conference of 1930 more successful than the two that
2018 followed in 1931 and 1932? Explain your answer. [14]
 Oct/Nov 3 (a) What was Satyagraha? [4]
2019
Oct/Nov (b) Explain why there were three Round Table Conferences between 1930 and 1932.
2020 [7]
Oct/Nov 3 (a) What was the Communal Award? [4]
2018
May/June (b) Why was the Second Round Table Conference of 1931 unsuccessful? [7]
2018
May/June (c) How successful were the three Round Table Conferences of 1930-1932? Explain
2015 your answer. [14]
May/June (b) Why were three Round Table Conferences held between 1930 and 1932?
May/June (c) Was anything achieved by the Round Table Conferences of 1930 to 1932? Explain
2013 your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov (b) Why were the three Round Table Conferences held between 1930 and 1932? [7]
2011
May/June (c) ‘The First Round Table Conference of 1930 was the most successful one of all
2010 three.’ Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
05  Allahabad Address May/June 3 (a) Describe what happened at Allahabad in 1930. [4]
2021
06  Government of India Act-1935 May/June (b) Explain why there was opposition to the Government of India Act of 1935. [7]
2020
Oct/Nov (b) Why was there so much opposition to the Government of India Act of 1935? [7]
2012
May/June (b) Why was the Government of India Act of 1935 so important to the future of the
2011 sub-continent? [7]
07  Elections 1937 May/June What were the outcomes of the provincial elections of 1937? [4]
2014
08  Congress Rule (1937-39) May/June 4 (a) What was the ‘Day of Deliverance’? [4]
2020
May/June (b) Explain why the Muslim community objected to the rule of the Congress party
2019 between 1937 and 1939. [7]
Oct/Nov (c) Was the introduction of the Wardha Scheme the main reason why Congress rule
2018 (1937–1939) was disliked by the Muslim community? Give reasons for your answer.
[14]
 Oct/Nov (c) Was the main reason why Congress rule (1937–1939) was hated so much because
2013 of the introduction of Bande Matram? Explain your answer. [14]
May/June (a) What was the Wardha Scheme? [4]
2011
May/June (b) Why did Muslims object to ‘Congress Rule’ between 1937 and 1939? [7]
2010
Ch:09. How important were attempts to find a
solution to the problems facing the
subcontinent in the years 1940 to
1947?
01  2nd WW Oct/Nov (c) How successful were negotiations aimed at Independence during the Second World
2010 War? Explain your answer. [14]
02  Day of Deliverance Oct/Nov (c) ‘The declaration of the Day of Deliverance in 1939 was Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s
2012 greatest achievement in the years 1929 to 1947.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer.
[14]
03  Cripps Mission May/June b) Explain why Congress and the Muslim League opposed the Cripps Mission of 1942.
/oct/Nov [7]
2021 (b) Explain why the Congress Party opposed the Morley–Minto reforms of 1909. [7]
May/June (a) Describe the Cripps Mission. [4]
2013
Oct/Nov (b) Why was the Cripps Mission of 1942 unsuccessful? [7]
2019
04  Quit-India Resolution Oct/Nov 4 (a) Describe the Quit India Resolution. [4]
2021
05 Oct/Nov (a) What was the Quit India Resolution? [4]
2013
06  Gandhi-Jinnah Talks Oct/Nov (b) Explain why the Gandhi-Jinnah Talks of 1944 did not reach an agreement. [7]
2018
May/June (b) Why did the Gandhi-Jinnah Talks fail in 1944? [7]
2017
 Oct/Nov (b) Explain why the Gandhi-Jinnah Talks of 1944 did not reach an agreement. [7]
2017
 May/June (c) Were the Gandhi–Jinnah talks the most important factor during the 1940s that led
2018 to the partition of the subcontinent in 1947? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
 07  Cabinet Mission Plan Oct/Nov 4 (a) What was the Cabinet Mission Plan? [4]
2019
May/June What was the Cabinet Mission Plan? [4]
08  Direct Action Day Oct/Nov (c) To what extent was Direct Action Day more significant in the creation of Pakistan
2020 than other key events of the 1940s? Explain your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov 4 (a) What happened on Direct Action Day? [4]
2018
Oct/Nov (a) What was the Direct Action Day? [4]
2017
09  3rd June Plan May/June 4 (a) What was the June 3 Plan? [4]
2016

Ch:10 Contributions of Mr.Jinnah,Iqbal ,Miss May/June (c) Assess the significance of the contributions of Allama Iqbal and Rahmat Ali to the
Fatima and 2020 Pakistan Movement. Explain your answer. [14]
Chaudhary Rehmat Ali May/June 4 (a) Who was Rahmat Ali? [4]
2022
May/June 3 (a) How did the name ‘Pakistan’ originate? [4]
2017
Oct/Nov (b) Why was Dr Allama Iqbal an important influence on the struggle for a separate
2014 homeland for Pakistan? [7]
May/June (c) Was the work of Allama Iqbal more important to the Pakistan Movement than that
2011 of Rehmat Ali? Explain your answer. [14]
May/June (a) Who was Dr Allama Iqbal? [4]
2010
May/June 5 (a) Who was Fatima Jinnah? [4]
2020
May/June 3 (a) How did the name ‘Pakistan’ originate? [4]
2017
May/June (c) Did Allama Iqbal contribute more to the Pakistan Movement than Rahmat Ali?
2016 Explain your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov 3(b) Why was Dr Allama Iqbal an important influence on the struggle for a separate
2014 homeland for Pakistan? [7]
 Section “C”
Nationhood 1947-1999
Ch:11 How Successful was the establishment
of an independent nation between
1947-1948?
01 Initial problems of Pakistan Oct/Nov 5 (a) Describe the Canal Water Dispute. [4]
2022
May/June 4 (a) What was the Radcliffe Award? [4]
2018
Oct/Nov 4 (a) Describe the refugee crisis of 1947. [4]
2018
Oct/Nov (b) Explain why the subcontinent was faced with a refugee problem in 1947. [7]
2017
May/June (c) How successful was Pakistan in solving the problems of Partition during 1947
2016 and 1948? Explain your answer. [14]
May/June 4(b) Why was Pakistan faced with a refugee problem in 1947? [7]
2013
Oct/Nov 4(c) How successful was the government of Pakistan in solving the problems of
2013 Partition during 1947 and 1948? Explain your answer. [14]
May/June 4(b) Why did many Pakistanis migrate between 1947 and 1999? [7]
2012
May/June 4(c) ‘The government of Pakistan was totally successful in solving the problems of
2012 Partition during 1947 and 1948.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov (a) Describe the refugee problem. [4]
2012
Ch:12 How far did Pakistan achieve stability
following the death of Jinnah?
01 Khawaja Nazim uddin May/June 4(c) Who of the following contributed the most to Pakistan’s domestic policies
2013 between 1948 and 1958: (i) Liaquat Ali Khan; (ii) Malik Ghulam Muhammad; (iii)
Iskander Mirza? Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above. [14]
May/June (c) Which of the following contributed the most to Pakistan’s domestic policies
2017 between 1948 and 1958? [14] (i) Khwaja Nazimuddin (ii) Malik Ghulam
Muhammad (iii) Iskander Mirza Explain your answer with reference to all three of
the above
 (b) Why was it so difficult to agree on a new Constitution in 1950? [7]
02 Ghulam Muhammad May/June 5(b) Explain why there were changes of government between 1951 and 1958. [7]
2019
03 Iskandar Mirza May/June 5(b) Explain why there was a constitutional crisis in 1958. [7]
2018
May/June 5 (a) Describe the provisions of the 1956 Constitution. [4]
2022
May/June 4 (a) What was the ‘One Unit’ Scheme? [4]
2016
Oct/Nov (b) Why was there a constitutional crisis between 1954 and 1955? [7]
2016
Oct/Nov 4(b) Why were there so many governments between 1951 and 1958?
2014
Oct/Nov 4(a) Describe the 1956 Constitution. [4]
2013
Oct/Nov 4(a) Describe the constitutional crisis of 1954–55. [4]
2012
04 Ayub Khan May/June 4(c) ‘Ayub Khan’s agricultural policies were the most effective of the domestic
2021 reforms that took place between 1958 and 1969.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov 4(b) Explain why martial law was implemented in 1958. [7]
2021
Oct/Nov 4(b) Explain why Ayub Khan came to power in 1958. [7]
2020
May/June (c) Were the economic reforms of Ayub Khan the most important of his domestic
2019 policies in the ‘Decade of Progress’ between 1958 and 1969? Explain your answer.
[14]
May/June 4 (a) What were the Basic Democracies? [4]
2017
May/June (b) Explain why Ayub Khan introduced Martial Law in 1958. [7]
2017
May/June (b) Why was Islamabad chosen as the new capital of Pakistan? [7]
2015
 May/June 4(c) Were the social reforms of Ayub Khan the most important of his domestic
2014 policies during the ‘Decade of Progress’ between 1958 and 1969? Explain your
answer.
Oct/Nov 4(b) Why did Ayub Khan come to power in 1958? [7]
May/June 5(c) ‘Constitutional reforms were the most important of Ayub Khan’s domestic
2012 policies during the ‘Decade of Progress’ between 1958 and 1969.’ Do you agree?
Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov (b) Why did Ayub Khan come to power in 1958? [7]
2013
Oct/Nov (a) What were the Basic Democracies? [4]
2011
05 Yahya Khan Oct/Nov (a) What was Operation Searchlight? [4]
2015
Ch:13 Why did East Pakistan seek and then
form the independent state of
Bangladesh?
01 Separation of East Pakistan from West May/June 5(c) Were political concerns more important than economic ones in the creation of
Pakistan 2014 Bangladesh in 1971? Explain your answer.
May/June (c) ‘Political factors were more important than any other factor in the creation of
2011 Bangladesh in 1971.’ Do you agree or disagree? Explain your answer. [14]
May/June 5(b) Explain why East Pakistan wished to become independent of West Pakistan.
2013 [7]
Ch:14 How successful was Pakistan in the
twenty years following the decade of
progress?
01 Zulfequar Ali Bhutto May/June 4(c) Assess the effectiveness of the domestic policies introduced by Zulfikar Ali
2022 Bhutto between 1971 and 1977. Explain your answer. [14]
May/June 4 (a) Describe the terms of the Simla Agreement. [4]
2021
Oct/Nov 5(b) Explain why Zulfikar Ali Bhutto reformed education between 1971 and 1977.
2021 [7]
Oct/Nov 5 (a) Describe the Security of Tenure scheme. [4]
2020
 Oct/Nov 5(c) To what extent did Pakistan achieve a new constitution between 1949 and
2019 1973? Explain your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov (c) In which of the following did Zulfikar Ali Bhutto have most success? (i) reform
2018 and control of the armed forces (ii) constitutional reform (iii) education and health
reforms Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above. [14]
May/June (b) Explain why Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s rule ended in 1977. [7]
2017
May/June 5 (a) Describe Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s health reforms of 1972. [4]
2016
May/June (c) How successful were Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s domestic policies between 1971 and
2015 1977? Explain your answer. [14]
May/June 5(b) Why was Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto executed in 1979?
2014
Oct/Nov 4 In 1962, Ayub Khan introduced a new constitution that was largely made up of
2014 his own proposals. The new constitution was aimed at making Ayub Khan’s
position more secure and guaranteed far-reaching powers for the President. It was
disliked by many people, especially those in East Pakistan who felt that they would
have little part in governing Pakistan. As a result within a decade there was a need
to introduce a new constitution. (a) Describe the terms of the 1973 Constitution.
[4]
May/June 4(a) Describe the Simla Agreement. [4]
2013
Oct/Nov c) ‘Constitutional reforms were the most important of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s
2011 domestic policies between 1971 and 1977.’ Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons
for your answer. [14]
02 Zia Ul Haq May/June 5 (a) Describe the main events of Muhammad Khan Junejo’s political career. [4]
2021
Oct/Nov 5 (a) Describe the ‘cricket diplomacy’ of 1987. [4]
2021 5 (c) To what extent was the Islamisation programme the most significant domestic
policy introduced by the government of Zia-ul-Haq between 1977 and 1988?
Explain your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov (b) Explain why it became more challenging for Zia-ul-Haq to govern Pakistan
2020 effectively during the late 1980s. [7]
 May/June 5 (a) Describe the Zakat Ordinance. [4]
2019
May/June This question is about Zia-ul-Haq, President of Pakistan 1978–1988. 1 Study the
2018 sources (Insert) carefully and then answer the questions which follow.
(a) According to Source A, what were the effects of the High Court judgement
regarding Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto on the people of Pakistan? [3]
(b) How does Source B help us to understand the way Zia-ul-Haq governed
Pakistan? [5]
(c) Why did Zia-ul-Haq introduce his Islamisation reforms? [7]
(d) How successful was Zia-ul-Haq’s foreign policy between 1978 and 1988? Explain
your answer. [10]
Oct/Nov 5 (a) What was the Eighth Amendment? [4]
2018
May/June (b) Why did Zia-ul-Haq find it difficult to rule Pakistan during the late 1980s? [7]
2016
May/June (a) What was the ‘Afghan Miracle’? [4]
2015
Oct/Nov 4(c) Was the promotion of Islamic values the most important achievement of
2014 General Ziaul-Haq’s domestic policies between 1977 and 1988? Explain your
answer.
Oct/Nov 5(a) What were the Hudood Ordinances? [4]
2013
Oct/Nov (c) ‘Economic reforms were the most important of Zia-ul-Haq’s domestic policies
2012 between 1977 and 1988.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
May/June (b) Why did Zia-ul-Haq introduce his package of Islamic laws between 1979 and
2011 1988? [7]
Ch:15 How effective were Pakistan’s
Government in the final decade of the
20th Century?
03 Benazeer Bhutto Oct/Nov 5(b) Explain why Benazir Bhutto’s government was dismissed in 1990. [7]
2022
May/June 5(b) Explain why Benazir Bhutto’s government ended in 1996. [7]
2020
 Oct/Nov 5(c) To what extent did Benazir Bhutto’s privatisation policy contribute to the
government being replaced in 1996? Explain your answer. [14]
May/June 5(c) Were the challenges facing Benazir Bhutto in Sindh the main reason why she
2018 left office in 1990? Explain your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov 5 (a) What happened at Pucca Qila? [4]
2017
May/June 4 (a) Benazir Bhutto’s government had to deal with accusations of encouraging
2014 corruption when she was in office in the late 1980s. Faced with increasing
opposition to her rule, she was dismissed from office in 1990 by the President
Ghulam Ishaq Khan. Nawaz Sharif became Prime Minister. He believed he could
solve Pakistan’s problems and move away from the corruption accusations of the
previous government. However, he did encounter a number of problems, one of
which was regarding the Co-operative societies.
What was the Co-operative societies scandal? [4]
Oct/Nov 5 Benazir Bhutto described her time as Prime Minister as problematic: ‘I found that
2014 people opposed me simply on the grounds that I was a woman. The clerics took to
the mosque saying that Pakistan had thrown itself outside the Muslim world by
voting for a woman, that a woman had taken a man’s place in an Islamic society.
My opponents reduced themselves to verbal abuse rather than discuss issues
simply because I was a woman.’ (a) Describe the problems caused by family feuds
that faced the Benazir Bhutto governments. [4]
May/June 4(a) What problems did Benazir Bhutto face as Prime Minister of Pakistan? [4]
2012
May/June 5(a) What problems did Benazir Bhutto face as Prime Minister of Pakistan? [4]
2012
04 Nawaz Sharif May/June 4(b) Explain why Pakistan becoming a nuclear power was significant. [7]
2022
May/June 5(c) Was the collapse of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) the
2020 main reason for the government ending in 1993? Explain your answer. [14]
May/June (c) Was the Co-operative Societies scandal the most important reason why Nawaz
2016 Sharif fell from office in 1993? Explain your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov 5(b) Why did Nawaz Sharif fall from office in 1993? [7]
2013
 May/June (a) What problems did Nawaz Sharif face as Prime Minister during the 1990s? [4]
2011
05 General Pervaiz Musharraf May/June 5(b) Explain the circumstances that brought General Pervez Musharraf into power
2022 in 1999. [7]
Oct/Nov 5 (a) Describe General Pervez Musharraf’s rise to power in 1999. [4]
2016
May/June (b) Explain why General Musharraf was able to gain power in 1999. [7]
2015
May/June 5(a) Describe General Pervez Musharraf’s coup. [4]
2013
Oct/Nov (b) Why did General Musharraf come to power in 1999? [7]
2011
Ch:16 How Important haas Pakistan’s role
been in international affairs since 1947:
01 Pakistan and India May/June (a) What has been the importance of the Siachen Glacier to both India and
2015 Pakistan? [4]
Oct/Nov 5(c) How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with India between 1947 and
2013 1999? Explain your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov 5(b) Why did Pakistan distrust India so much between 1971 and 1988?
2014
May/June 5(b) Why was India successful in the 1965 and 1971 wars against Pakistan? [7]
2012
Oct/Nov (c) How successfully did India and Pakistan handle the Kashmir issue between 1947
2011 and 1999? Explain your answer. [14]
02 Pakistan and USA May/June 5(c) ‘Pakistan has had good relations with the United States since 1947.’ How far
2021 do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [14]
May/June (c) How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with the U.S.A. between 1947
2015 and 1999? Explain your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov (a) Describe Pakistan’s involvement in the U2 crisis. [4]
2011
03 Pakistan and USSR Oct/Nov 5C.Pakistan has had good relations with the USSR (Russia) since 1947.’ How far do
2022 you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [14] (
Oct/Nov (c) To what extent was the relationship between Pakistan and USSR successful
2017 from 1947 to 1999? Explain your answer. [14]
 Oct/Nov (c) How successful was Pakistan’s relationship with the USSR between 1947 and
2012 1999? Explain your answer. [14]
04 Pakistan, Britain and Commonwealth Oct/Nov 4(c) ‘Pakistan has had good relations with the United Kingdom and the
2020 Commonwealth since 1947.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer. [14]
May/June 5(b) Explain why East Pakistan wished to become independent of West Pakistan.
20013 [7]
Oct/Nov (c) How successful was Pakistan’s relationship with the UK and the Commonwealth
2016 in the years 1947 to 1999? Explain your answer. [14]
05 Pakistan and Afghanistan May/June (c) To what extent was the relationship between Pakistan and its neighbour
2017 Afghanistan successful from 1947 to 1999? [14
Oct/Nov 5c) How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with Afghanistan between 1947
2014 and 1999?
06 Pakistan and China Oct/Nov 5(c) How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with China between 1947 and
2018 1999? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
07 Pakistan and Iran
08 Pakistan and Bangladesh May/June 4(c) ‘Pakistan has built good relations with Bangladesh since 1971.’ How far do you
2022 agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [14]
09 Pakistan and Muslim world Oct/Nov (b) Why did Pakistan support the Palestinian cause between 1947 and 1999? [7]
2015
10 Pakistan and United nation Oct/Nov (b) Why did Pakistan apply for membership of the United Nations in 1947? [7]
2019
11 Pakistan and Organizations. Oct/Nov 4(c) To what extent has Pakistan been an effective member of world organisations
2021 since 1947? Explain your answer. [14]
Oct/Nov 4 (a) Describe the OIC. [4]
2020
May/June 5 (a) What was CENTO? [4]
2018 4(b) Explain why Pakistan has given continued support to the Palestinian cause. [7]
May/June 5 (a) What was SEATO? [4]
2017
Oct/Nov 4(c) How effective has Pakistan been as a member of world organisations between
2017 1947 and 1999? Explain your answer. [14]
May/June (b) Why did Pakistan seek membership of the United Nations in 1947?
2014
12 Miscellaneous Oct/Nov (b) Why did educational reform become such an important issue between 1947
2018 and 1999? [7]
May/June (b) Why did being a nuclear power create difficulties for Pakistan in the 1980s and
2017 1990s? [7]
Oct/Nov c) How successful was Pakistan in establishing a new constitution between 1947
2015 and 1973? Explain your answer
May/June 5(a) During the 1980s, relations between India and Pakistan were fraught with
2014 difficulties. The situation in Kashmir was far from resolved and both sides were
developing nuclear weapons. Neither side was willing to sign the Nuclear
Proliferation Treaty. By the 1990s tension was increasing again regarding nuclear
weapons and Kashmir. Eventually an attempt was made to reduce tensions
between the two countries by ending nuclear testing and then the Kargil Conflict
happened. What was the Kargil Conflict? [4]