CH2035 FOOD ENGINEERING 2 SEMESTER 1, 2023/2024 CH2035 FOOD ENGINEERING 2 SEMESTER 1, 2023/2024

TUTORIAL 3
(a) Fundamental of Heat Exchanger
Qa1: A long steel pipe with a 5-cm ID and 3.2-mm wall thickness (emissivity ε = 0.8) passes through a large (b) Design of Shell Tube Heat Exchanger
chamber maintained at 30◦C and atmospheric pressure; 0.6 kg/s of hot water enters one end of the pipe Qb1: A double-pipe parallel-flow heat exchanger is used to heat cold tap water
at 82◦C. If the pipe is 15 m long, the convective heat transfer coefficient, h is 7.27 W/m2.oC. with hot water. Hot water (cp = 4.25 kJ/kg.oC) enters the tube at 85oC at a
Calculate the exit water temperature, considering both free convection and radiation heat loss from the rate of 1.4 kg/s and leaves at 50oC. The heat exchanger is not well
outside of the pipe. insulated, and it is estimated that 3 percent of the heat given up by the
hot fluid is lost from the heat exchanger. If the overall heat transfer
Qa2: Hot water at 90◦C flows on the inside of a 2.5-cm-ID steel tube [k = 36 W/m.oC] with 0.8-mm wall thickness coefficient and the surface area of the heat exchanger are 1150 W/m2 · oC
at a velocity of 4 m/s. Palm oil at 20◦C is forced across the tube at a velocity of 7 m/s. and 4 m2, respectively, determine the rate of heat transfer to the cold
The convective heat transfer coefficient of the fluid in the inner and outer of the pipe is respectively 20 000 water and the log mean temperature difference for this heat exchanger.
W/m2.oC and 1167 W/m2.oC.
Calculate the overall heat-transfer coefficient for this arrangement. Qb2: A stream of vegetable oil (cp = 2.2 kJ/kg·K) is cooled at a rate of 720 kg/h from 150oC to 40oC in the tube side
of a double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger. Water (cp = 4.18 kJ/kg · K) enters the heat exchanger at 10oC
Qa3: Air at 2 atm and 200◦C flows inside a 1 inch schedule 80 steel pipe (do = 0.0334 m, di = 0.0243 m) [k = 43 at a rate of 540 kg/h. The outside diameter of the inner tube is 2.5 cm, and its length is 6.0 m. Calculate the
W/m.oC] with h = 65 W/m2 ·◦C. A hot gas with h =180 W/m2 ·◦C flows across the outside of the pipe at 400◦C. overall heat transfer coefficient.
Calculate the overall heat-transfer coefficient.
Qb3: A shell-and-tube heat exchanger with 2-shell passes and 12-tube passes is
Qa4: A double-pipe heat exchanger is constructed of a copper (k = 380 W/moC) used to heat water (cp = 4180 J/kg.oC) in the tubes from 20oC to 70oC at a
inner tube of internal diameter Di = 1.2 cm and external diameter Do = 1.6 cm rate of 4.5 kg/s. Heat is supplied by hot oil (cp = 2300 J/kg.oC) that enters
and an outer tube of diameter 3.0 cm. The convection heat transfer the shell side at 170oC at a rate of 10 kg/s. For a tube-side overall heat
coefficient is reported to be hi = 700 W/m2.oC on the inner surface of the tube transfer coefficient of 350 W/m2.oC, determine the heat transfer surface
and ho = 1400 W/m2.oC on its outer surface. For a fouling factor Rf, i = 0.0005 area on the tube side.
m2.oC/W on the tube side and Rf,o = 0.0002 m2.oC/W on the shell side.
Determine (a) the thermal resistance of the heat exchanger per unit length
and (b) the overall heat transfer coefficients Ui and Uo based on the inner and
outer surface areas of the tube, respectively. Qb4: During an experiment, a shell-and-tube heat exchanger that is used to transfer heat from a hot-water
stream to a cold-water stream is tested, and the following measurements are taken:
Qa5: Water at an average temperature of 110oC and an average velocity of 3.5 m/s flows through a 5-m-long Inlet Outlet Volume flow Mass flow Specific Heat
stainless steel tube (k = 14.2 W/m.oC) in a boiler. The inner and outer diameters of the tube are Di = 1.0 cm temperature, oC temperature, oC rate, L/min rate, kg/s capacity, kJ/kg.oC
and Do = 1.4 cm, respectively. If the convection heat transfer coefficient at the outer surface of the tube Hot-water stream 71.5 58.2 1.05 0.0172 4187
where boiling is taking place is ho = 8400 W/m2.oC. Cold-water stream 19.7 27.8 1.55 0.0258 4180
It is given that the properties of water at 110°C: v = 0.268 x 10-6 m2/s, k = 0.682 W/m2.K, Pr = 1.58.
Recognize it is a forced fluid flow inside of a pipe for heating, the suitable Nusselt number equation: The heat transfer area is calculated to be 0.0200 m2.
Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.4 (a) Calculate the rate of heat transfer to the cold water.
(a) Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient Ui of this boiler based on the inner surface area of the tube. (b) Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient.
(b) Assuming a fouling factor, Rf ,i=0.0005m2.oC/W, determine the overall heat transfer coefficient Ui of this (c) Determine if the heat exchanger is truly adiabatic. If not, determine the
boiler. fraction of heat loss and calculate the heat transfer efficiency.
(d) Determine the effectiveness and the NTU values of the heat exchanger.
Qa6: A long thin-walled double-pipe heat exchanger with tube and shell
diameters of 1.0 cm and 2.5 cm, respectively, is used to condense
refrigerant-134a by water at 20oC. The refrigerant flows through the tube,
with a convection heat transfer coefficient of hi = 5000 W/m2.oC. Water flows Qb5: A thin-walled double-pipe parallel-flow heat exchanger is used to
through the shell at a rate of 0.3 kg/s. heat rice bran oil whose specific heat is 1800 J/kg.oC with hot water
It is given that the properties of water at 20°C: v = 1.004 x 10-6 m2/s, k = 0.598 (cp = 4180 J/kg. oC). The chemical enters at 20oC at a rate of 3 kg/s,
W/m2.K, Pr = 7.01. while the water enters at 110oC at a rate of 2 kg/s. The heat transfer
Recognize it is a forced fluid flow inside of a pipe for heating, the suitable surface area of the heat exchanger is 7 m2 and the overall heat
Nusselt number equation: Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.4 transfer coefficient is 1200 W/m2.oC.
Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of this heat exchanger. Determine the outlet temperatures of the rice bran oil and the water.

1 2
CH2035 FOOD ENGINEERING 2 SEMESTER 1, 2023/2024 CH2035 FOOD ENGINEERING 2 SEMESTER 1, 2023/2024

o
Qb6: Water (cp = 4180 J/kg. C) enters the 2.5-cm internal-diameter tube of a SUGGESTED SOLUTION:
double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger at 17oC at a rate of 1.8 kg/s. Qa1: Pipe nearly constant temperature:
Water is heated by steam condensing at 120oC (hfg = 2203 kJ/kg) in the
shell. If the overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger is 700
W/m2.oC, determine the length of the tube required in order to heat the qconv=hA∆T = h(2∏rL) ∆T,
water to 80oC using (a) the LMTD method and (b) the ε–NTU method.

qrad = σA ε(Ts4- Tsurr4)

(c) Phase transitions in Heat Exchangers
Qc1: Water boiling on a mechanically polished stainless-steel surface maintained at an excess temperature of
15oC water is at 1 atm.
qtotal = qconv + qrad = 1005 W + 898 W = 1903 W
Properties for saturated water at 1 atm: Tsat = 100oC, ρL = 957.9 kg/m3, ρv = 0.596 kg/m3, cp,L=4217 J/kg.K.
qtotal = 1903 = (0.6)(4175)∆Tw
μL=279x10-6 N.s/m2, PrL = 1.76, σ = 58.9 x10-3 N/m, hfg = 2257 kJ/kg.
∆Tw = 0.76oC
Calculate heat transfer coefficient.
∆Tw (exit)= 82-0.76 = 81.2oC
Qc2: A horizontal tube bank employs 10 columns of tubes, with each column 15 rows high.
Qa2: For unit length of the pipe, the thermal resistances:
The 12-mm-diameter tubes are exposed to condensing steam at 1 atm.
The physical properties of the film: ρf =963 kg/m3, μf =3.06×10−4 kg/m· s, kf =0.678 W/m· ◦C.
The enthalpy of vaporization: hfg =2260 kJ/kg
If the tube wall temperature is maintained at 86◦C, calculate the condensation rate per meter of tube
length.

Qc3: A vertical plate 30 cm wide and 1.2 m high is maintained at 80◦C and exposed to saturated steam at 1 atm.
The physical properties of the film: ρf =964 kg/m3, μf =3.15×10−4 kg/m· s, kf =0.676 W/m· ◦C.
The enthalpy of vaporization: hfg =2255 kJ/kg.
Calculate the heat transfer and the total mass of steam condensed per hour.
RTotal = 2.74 x 10-4 + 16.36 x 10-4 + 0.0103 = 0.01221oC/W.m
Qc4: A 50 by 50 cm square vertical plate is maintained at 95◦C and exposed to saturated steam at 1 atm pressure.
The physical properties of the film: ρf =962 kg/m3, μf =3.0×10−4 kg/m· s, kf =0.684 W/m· ◦C. From UA=1/RTotal,
The enthalpy of vaporization: hfg =2255 kJ/kg.
Calculate the amount of steam condensed per hour.

Qc5: Steam at 1 atm is to be condensed on the outside of a bank of 10×10 horizontal tubes 2.54 cm in diameter. Since Routside is the largest, the overall heat transfer coefficient is based on the outer area:
The tube surface temperature is maintained at 95◦C. The outer surface area:
The physical properties of the film: ρf =962 kg/m3, μf =3.0×10−4 kg/m· s, kf =0.68 W/m· ◦C.
The enthalpy of vaporization: hfg =2255 kJ/kg.
Calculate the quantity of steam condensed for a tube length of 0.61 m.

Qc6: Water at 1 atm boils in a stainless-steel kitchen pan with ∆Tx =8◦C. Estimate the heat flux that will be
obtained. Qa3: For 1 m length:
If the same pan operates as a pressure cooker at 0.17 MPa, what percent increase in heat flux might be Rcond = ln (ro/ri) / 2∏kL = ln (0.0334 m / 0.0243 m) / [2 (3.142)(43)] = 1.177 x 10-3 oC/W
expected?

Qa4: The heat transfer coefficients and the fouling factors are constant and uniform.
(a) The total thermal resistance of the heat exchanger per unit length:
3 4
CH2035 FOOD ENGINEERING 2 SEMESTER 1, 2023/2024 CH2035 FOOD ENGINEERING 2 SEMESTER 1, 2023/2024

The average velocity of water in the tube and the Reynolds number:

The Reynolds number:

(b) The overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inner and the outer surface areas of the tube per length:

Re > 10,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent.

The Nusselt number:

The convective heat transfer coefficient:

Qa5: (a) The Reynolds number:

Re > 10,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent.

The overall heat transfer coefficient is determined to be:
The Nusselt number:

The convective heat transfer coefficient:

Qb1: Assumptions: (i) Steady operating conditions exist. (ii) Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid
streams are negligible. (iii) There is no fouling. (iv) Fluid properties are constant.

The total resistance of this heat exchanger is then determined from: The rate of heat given up by the hot water is:

The rate of heat picked up by the cold water is:

The log mean temperature difference is:

(b) The thermal resistance of heat exchanger with a fouling factor of Rf ,i = 0.0005m2 . oC/W is determined from:
Qb2: Assumptions: (i) Steady operating conditions exist. (ii) The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. (iii) Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. (iv) There is
no fouling. (v) Fluid properties are constant.

The rate of heat transfer is:

Qa6: The hydraulic diameter for annular space:

5 6
CH2035 FOOD ENGINEERING 2 SEMESTER 1, 2023/2024 CH2035 FOOD ENGINEERING 2 SEMESTER 1, 2023/2024

The outlet temperature of water is:

(b) The number of shell and tubes are not specified in the problem. Therefore, the correction factor is
taken to be unity in the following calculations. The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the
overall heat transfer coefficient are:
The logarithmic mean temperature difference is:

The overall heat transfer coefficient is determined from:

(Note that the average of two heat transfer rates was used in calculation.)

(c) The fraction of heat loss and the heat transfer efficiency are:

Qb3: Assumptions: (i) Steady operating conditions exist. (ii) The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. (iii) Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. (iv) There is
no fouling. (v) Fluid properties are constant. Therefore,

The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger is: which is the smaller of the two heat capacity rates.

Then the maximum heat transfer rate becomes:

The outlet temperature of the oil is determined from:

The effectiveness of the heat exchanger is:

The logarithmic mean temperature difference for counterflow arrangement and the correction factor F are:
The average heat transfer rate was used.

The smaller or greater heat transfer rates was used in calculations.

The NTU of the heat exchanger is determined from:

Qb5: Assumptions: (i) Steady operating conditions exist. (ii) The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the
Then the heat transfer surface area on the tube side becomes: cold fluid. (iii) Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. (iv) The thickness
of the tube is negligible since tube is thin-walled. (v) The overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and
uniform.

The heat capacity rates of the hot and cold fluids are:
Qb4: Assumptions: (i) Steady operating conditions exist. (ii) Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid
streams are negligible. (iii) Fluid properties are constant.

(a) The rates of heat transfer from the hot water and to the cold water are:

7 8
CH2035 FOOD ENGINEERING 2 SEMESTER 1, 2023/2024 CH2035 FOOD ENGINEERING 2 SEMESTER 1, 2023/2024

Therefore: (b) The maximum rate of heat transfer rate is:

The c = cmin/cmax = 5.40/8.36 = 0.646 Then the effectiveness of this heat exchanger becomes:

Then the maximum heat transfer rate becomes:

The NTU of this heat exchanger is determined using the relation in Table 1 (in lecture notes) to be:
The NTU of this heat exchanger is:

The surface area is:

Then the effectiveness of this parallel-flow heat exchanger corresponding to c = 0.646 and NTU=1.556 is
determined from:
Finally, the length of tube required is:

Then the actual rate of heat transfer rate becomes:

Qc1: The heat transfer coefficient, h = qs/ ∆Te
The nucleate pool boiling heat flux can be estimated using the Rohsenow correlation:
Finally, the outlet temperatures of the cold and hot fluid streams are determined to be:

From Table 2, the liquid-surface combination, csf = 0.013, n = 1:

Qb6: Assumptions: (i) Steady operating conditions exist. (ii) The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the
cold fluid. (iii) Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. (iv) The overall
heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform.

(a) The temperature differences between the steam and the water at the two ends of the condenser are: The heat transfer coefficient:

The logarithmic mean temperature difference is:

Qc2: The film temperature: Tf =(86+100)/2 = 93oC
No. tubes = 10 x 20 = 200
d = 12 mm, n = 15.
The rate of heat transfer is determined from:

The surface area of heat transfer is:

Qc3: The film temperature:

The length of tube required then becomes:

9 10