Department of Education
National Capital Region
SCHOOL S DIVISION OFFICE
MARIKINA CITY
Disaster Readiness and
Risk Reduction
First Quarter-Module 7
Hazard, Exposure, Vulnerability,
and Disaster Risk
Maybele L. Roa
City of Good Character
DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the vulnerability of different sectors and elements. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course.
The module has one lesson which is hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and disaster
risk.
After going through this module, you are expected to demonstrate understanding
of various elements that may be exposed to hazards. DRR11/12-Id-13
Specifically, students should be able to
1. differentiate among hazards, exposure, and vulnerabilities; and
2. explain the relationship of the three to disaster risk.
What I Know
Read each statement carefully. Then, encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following statements is TRUE about hazard?
A. It is a series of events that can cause harm or danger.
B. It is a sudden event that causes more damage to human life and
property.
C. It is a situation or chance involving exposure to danger, harm or loss of
lives.
D. It is a condition determined by several factors that increase a person,
community or system’s weakness.
2. Which of the following is an example of hazard that can turn into disaster?
A. Rusting iron in the corner
B. Insecticides under the sink
C. Slippery floors in a cemented corridor
D. Dripping water from the roof during rainy days
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3. Which of the following is NOT likely to happen if household chemicals like
insecticides are not stored safely?
A. Fire B. Cuts C. Explosion D. Poisoning
4. Which of the following disasters DOES NOT resulted from illegal cutting of
trees in the mountains?
A. Earthquake B. Flooding C. Landslide D. Sink hole
5. Which of the statements below is TRUE about vulnerability?
A. It is a series of events that can cause harm or danger.
B. It is a sudden event that causes more damage to human life and property.
C. It is a situation or chance involving exposure to danger, harm or loss of lives.
D. It is a condition determined by several factors that increase a person,
community or system’s weakness.
6. To what kind of danger are children with parents that are cook or chef are
exposed to?
A. Falls from slippery floors C. Cuts from pointed objects
B. Poisoning from chemicals D. Drowning from excess water
7. All of the following disasters may result from exposed electrical wires at
home EXCEPT for what?
A. Fire B. Burn C. Explosion D. Poisoning
8. Which of the following statements is TRUE about exposure?
A. It is a series of events that can cause harm or danger.
B. It is a sudden event that causes more damage to human life and
property.
C. It is a condition determined by several factors that increase a person,
community or system’s weakness.
D. It refers to situation of a people, infrastructure, and other elements
found in hazard-prone areas.
9. Which of the following statements best describe disaster?
A. It is a series of events that can cause harm or danger.
B. It is a sudden event that causes more damage to human life and
property.
C. It is a condition determined by several factors that increase a person,
community or systems weakness.
D. It refers to situation of a people, infrastructure, and other elements
found in hazard-prone areas.
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10. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by a newly
discovered coronavirus. It spreads through droplets of saliva or discharge
from the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes. What kind of
hazard does COVID-19 manifest before it becomes a pandemic?
A. Physical hazard C. Biological hazard
B. Chemical hazard D. Environmental hazard
11. Mac’s dad, Alfredo, just turned 85 years old and he is staying with Mac’s
family. Alfredo is weak and cannot stand or walk steadily on his feet. Mac
see to it that his home is safe for his father. Mac bought new rubberized
mats for his father’s bathroom and makes sure that there are plenty of rails
and grab holds in the shower and around the toilet. What kind of hazard is
Mac preventing to happen to his father?
A. Fall C. Choking
B. Burn D. Poisoning
12. Who among the following is most vulnerable to poisoning if household
chemicals are left under the sink without lock?
A. Children C. Senior citizens
B. Deaf people D. Persons in wheelchair
13. Adults advised young people not to use mobile phones when in gas stations.
What kind of disaster is likely to happen in the said situation?
A. Cuts C. Explosion
B. Choking D. Poisoning
14. Toy manufacturers should put age recommendation for every toy they make.
For example, toys with small parts like robots or dolls should not be given to
children from ages 0-4. What kind of hazard is being prevented here?
A. Fall C. Choking
B. Fire D. Explosion
15. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about the following
equation?
DISASTER RISK = HAZARD x EXPOSURE x VULNERABILITY
A. The risk of disaster grows as global hazards increases.
B. The higher chance of exposure, the higher the disaster risk will be.
C. As people’s vulnerability increases, the disaster risk will be higher.
D. Disaster risk is independent of hazard, exposure and
vulnerability.
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Hazard, Exposure, Vulnerability,
Lesson and Disaster Risk
The Philippines is consisted of almost more than 7000 islands. Our country
is also located in the part of the world where it is prone to different hazards. What
makes these hazards turn into disaster? How can these hazards be prevented by
the kind of exposure and vulnerability of elements present?
What’s In
In your previous modules, you have learned about the concepts of exposure
and vulnerability. Can you still remember the idea or set of ideas related to
exposure and vulnerability?
Activity 1. Exposure and Vulnerability: A Recap
Write down word or words that is/are connected to the concept of EXPOSURE and
VULNERABILITY. Place your answers on the space provided.
EXPOSURE
VULNERABILITY
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What’s New
Now, we will relate how exposure and vulnerability determine the impact of
hazard. Before we proceed, take a look at four of the Philippine’s historical
disasters. Can you match the pictures to its event? Place your answers on the
space provided below each image.
Activity 2. Mix and Match
1._________________________________ 2. _________________________________
3. ______________________________ 4. ______________________________
Events:
a. Typhoon Ondoy (Ketsana) c. 1990 Eruption of Mt. Pinatubo
b. 1990 Luzon Earthquake d. Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan)
Source:
Destroyed church after Philippine Earthquake. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed September 5, 2020.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Loon_2_earthquake.JPG
Flooding from Typhoon Ondoy (Ketsana). Wikimedia Commons. Accessed on September 5, 2020.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flooding_from_Typhoon_Ondoy_(Ketsana),_Philippines_
2009._Photo-_AusAID_(10695644264).jpg
Ashes Eruption. Needpix. Accessed September 5, 2020.
https://www.needpix.com/photo/807765/ashes-eruption-landscape-outdoors-smoke
Tacloban Typoon Haiyan. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed on September 5, 2020.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tacloban_Typhoon_Haiyan_2013-11-14.jpg
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What Is It
Based on what you have learned, the Philippines experienced some
historical disasters that also became notable to other countries, like the examples
given on the previous page. Before these disasters happened, what are the hazards
present? How do exposure and vulnerability of different elements increase the
impact of hazards? What is a risk? Try to look at the following concepts:
HAZARD - refers to a process, activity, or series of events that can cause
harm or danger that pose a threat to human life, destruction of properties,
and other disruption and degradation
DISASTER – a short but sudden event that completely causes more damage
to human life and property
RISK – a situation or chance involving exposure to danger, harm or loss of
lives
EXPOSURE – refers to situation of a people, infrastructure, and other
elements found in hazard-prone areas
VULNERABILITY- are the conditions determined by several factors
(physical, social, economic, and environmental) that increases a person,
community or system’s susceptibility to impact of a hazard
DISASTER RISK – refers to possible loss of life, injury, or destruction in a
specific period of time because of hazard present, exposure, and
vulnerability
For you to better understand how these terms are related to one another,
let’s cite some example:
Earthquake is a natural event that we cannot control, but it becomes a
hazard if it happens in a city where tall infrastructures pose a threat to people. It’s
a risk for the people outside to pass by these buildings during earthquake.
Moreover, people inside the building are more vulnerable because they are more
exposed to harm than those outside the building. All these present elements of
hazard, exposure, and vulnerability result to disaster risk. We can show their
relationship through the diagram below.
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Hazard
Earthquakes,
torrential rains,
storms, etc.
Disaster
Risk
Vulnerability
Exposure
Resistance People, property,
against natural etc.
hazards
Figure 1. The relationship between hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and disaster risk
This model shows that the degree of disaster depends on the following
factors: (1) intensity of the hazard / natural event; (2) the amount of exposure of
the elements at risk like lives and properties; (3) vulnerability level and factors
(physical, social, economic and environmental) of the exposed elements. Simply
put:
DISASTER RISK = HAZARD x EXPOSURE x VULNERABILITY
If there is no hazard present, there will be no risk, as there are no exposed
and vulnerable elements. The incidence of natural events, like earthquakes, cannot
be prevented, but reducing the exposure and eventually the vulnerability of the
elements can minimize the impact of disaster.
What’s More
Since you already know the relationship between hazard exposure,
vulnerability, and disaster, try to answer the following activity.
Activity 3. Describe the Disaster
Using the previous events in Activity 1, fill up the following table, stating the type
of hazard, what are the elements exposed, vulnerability (potential effects), and why
it became a disaster. You may answer in bullet form. You can search the internet
for additional information. The first one (Baguio earthquake) is done as an
example.
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Disaster Hazard/s Exposed Vulnerability/ Why event
Elements Potential Effects resulted in a
disaster
1) 1990 - Earthquake- - Roads - Road blocks - It happened
Luzon induced - Buildings - Collapsed during a busy
Earthquake Landslides - Houses buildings and time of day
(Baguio) - People houses - Many people
- Agriculture - Injured or dead were not able to
people evacuate
- Destroyed crops immediately
2) Typhoon
Yolanda or
Haiyan
(Tacloban)
3) 1990
Eruption
of Mt.
Pinatubo
(Zambales)
4) Typhoon
Ondoy
What I Have Learned
Activity 4. Fill Me In
Complete the following statements of what you have learned about hazard,
exposure, vulnerability, and disaster risk. Place your answers on the space
provided for each item.
1. I now know something about
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
.
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2. First, _________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Second, ______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Further, ______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
.
5. Finally, _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________ .
What I Can Do
Activity 5. Hazard Prevention
Fill up the following table with your recommended adaptation strategies,
prevention, or mitigation on how you can prevent the possibility of the given hazard
turning into disaster. Give at least (3) strategies for each hazard.
Hazard Recommended Strategies
Falling debris or 1.
fragments resulting
from earthquake-
induced landslides 2.
3.
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Flood risk due to storm 1.
surges
2.
3.
Collapse of structures 1.
due to ash fall from
volcanic eruption
2.
3.
Hazard of flash flooding 1.
2.
3.
CRITERIA FOR GRADING:
CRITERION 4 (EXCEEDS 3 (MEETS 2 (NEEDS 1 (NOT
EXPECTATIONS) EXPECTATIONS) IMPROVEMENT) VISIBLE)
Presented Presented 9 and Presented 6-8 Presented 3-5 Did not
adaptation above adaptation adaptation adaptation presented
strategies, strategies, strategies, strategies, adaptation
prevention or prevention or prevention or prevention or strategies,
mitigation in mitigation in mitigation in mitigation in prevention or
preventing preventing preventing hazard preventing mitigation in
hazard turn hazard turn into turn into disaster. hazard turn into preventing
into disaster. disaster. disaster. hazard turn
into disaster.
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Assessment
Read each statement carefully. Then, encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by a newly
discovered coronavirus. It spreads through droplets of saliva or discharge
from the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes. What kind of
hazard does COVID-19 manifested before it becomes a pandemic?
A. Physical hazard
B. Chemical hazard
C. Biological hazard
D. Environmental hazard
2. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about the following
equation?
DISASTER RISK = HAZARD x EXPOSURE x VULNERABILITY
A. The risk of disaster grows as global hazards increases.
B. The higher chance of exposure, the higher the disaster risk.
C. As people’s vulnerability increases, the disaster risk will be higher.
D. Disaster risk is independent of hazard, exposure and vulnerability.
3. Which of the following statements is TRUE about hazard?
A. It is a series of events that can cause harm or danger.
B. It is a sudden event that causes more damage to human life and
property.
C. It is a situation or chance involving exposure to danger, harm or
loss of lives.
D. It is a condition determined by several factors that increase a
person, community or system’s weakness.
4. Which of the following is an example of hazard that can turn into disaster?
A. Rusting iron in the corner
B. Insecticides under the sink
C. Slippery floors in a cemented corridor
D. Dripping water from the roof during rainy days
5. Which of the following is NOT likely to happen if household chemicals like
insecticides are not stored safely?
A. Fire C. Explosion
B. Cuts D. Poisoning
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6. To what kind of danger are children with parents that are cook or chef are
exposed to?
A. Falls from slippery floors C. Cuts from pointed objects
B. Poisoning from chemicals D. Drowning from excess water
7. Which of the following disasters DOES NOT resulted from illegal cutting of
trees in the mountains?
A. Flooding C. Landslide
B. Sink hole D. Earthquake
8. Which of the statements below is TRUE about vulnerability?
A. It is a series of events that can cause harm or danger.
B. It is a sudden event that causes more damage to human life and
property.
C. It is a situation or chance involving exposure to danger, harm or loss
of lives.
D. It is a condition determined by several factors that increase a person, or
systems weakness.
9. All of the following disasters may result from exposed electrical wires at
home EXCEPT for what?
A. Fire C. Explosion
B. Burn D. Poisoning
10. Which of the following statements best describe disaster?
A. It is a series of events that can cause harm or danger.
B. It is a sudden event that causes more damage to human life and property.
C. It is a condition determined by several factors that increase a person,
community or system’s weakness.
D. It refers to situation of a people, infrastructure, and other elements
found in hazard-prone areas.
11. Which of the following statements is TRUE about exposure?
A. It is a series of events that can cause harm or danger.
B. It is a sudden event that causes more damage to human life and property.
C. It is a condition determined by several factors that increase a person,
community or system’s weakness.
D. It refers to situation of a people, infrastructure, and other elements
found in hazard-prone areas.
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12. Toy manufacturers should put age recommendation for every toy they
make. For example, toys with small parts like robots or dolls should not be
given to children from ages 0-4. What kind of hazard is being prevented
here?
A. Fire
B. Fall
C. Choking
D. Explosion
13. Adults advised young people not to use mobile phones when in gas
stations. What kind of disaster that is likely to happen in the said
situation?
A. Cuts
B. Choking
C. Explosion
D. Poisoning
14. Who among the following is most vulnerable to poisoning if household
chemicals are left under the sink without lock?
A. Children
B. Deaf people
C. Senior citizens
D. Persons in wheelchair
15. Mac’s dad, Alfredo, just turned 85 years old and he is staying with Mac’s
family. Alfredo is weak and cannot stand or walk steadily on his feet. Mac
see to it that his home is safe for his father. Mac bought new rubberized
mats for his father’s bathroom and makes sure that there are plenty of
rails and grab holds in the shower and around the toilet. What kind of
hazard is Mac preventing to happen to his father?
A. Fall
B. Burn
C. Choking
D. Poisoning
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Additional Activities
During this time of COVID-19 pandemic, several problems occurred as a
result of this disease, though the pandemic itself is considered a hazard already.
These problems are hazardous and can lead to a disaster if not resolved or given
adaptation plans.
Imagine that you are one of the Philippine Senators that is tasked to give
adaptation plans to the following issues due to the outbreak of COVID-19. Choose
at least (3) issues from the list below. For each issue, make a 3-frame comic strip
as if you are speaking in the Senate House to present your plans and strategies to
solve the chosen issues. See to it that your plans follow the S.M.A.R.T* objectives,
and be guided by the rubrics below. Keep in mind also that your plans should be
efficient so it will be approved by the government body. *(Specific, Measurable,
Attainable, Realistic, Time-bound)
List of issues related to COVID-19:
1. No available mass testing
2. No available vaccine against the virus yet
3. No public transport
4. Work from home (WFH)
5. Online classes
6. Not following social distancing
7. High unemployment rate
8. Low demand for tourism industry
9. Mental health issues
10. High utility bills (electricity, water)
RUBRICS FOR GRADING:
CRITERION 20 (EXCEEDS 15 (MEETS 10 (NEEDS 5 (NOT
EXPECTATIONS) EXPECTATIONS) IMPROVEMENT) EVIDENT)
Presented Presented 9 and Presented 6-8 Presented 3-5 Did not
practical and above practical practical and practical and presented
realistic and realistic realistic plans realistic plans practical and
plans and plans and and strategies to and strategies to realistic plans
strategies to strategies to solve solve the chosen solve the chosen and strategies
solve the the chosen issues. issues. to solve the
chosen issues. chosen issues.
issues.
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References
(1) “Emergency and Disaster Risk Management Framework.” Accessed July 15,
2020. https://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/preparedness/health-
emergency-and-disaster-risk-management-framework-eng.pdf?ua=1.
(2) “Home Hazards and Household Safety Guide & Tips.” MortgageLoan.com,
April 15, 2020. https://www.mortgageloan.com/homehazards.
(3) “Mt-Pinatubo: Global News.” Global News mtpinatubo Comments. Accessed
July 15, 2020. https://globalnation.inquirer.net/100047/filipinos-
pinatubo-photo-named-among-greatest-of-all-time/mt-pinatubo.
(4) “Q&A On Coronaviruses (COVID-19).” World Health Organization. World
Health Organization. Accessed July 15, 2020.
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-
2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses.
(5) “Safety at Home: 10 Common Safety Hazards around the House.”
StaySafe.org. Accessed July 15, 2020. https://staysafe.org/safety-at-
home-10-common-safety-hazards-around-the-house/.
(6) BusinessMirror. “Marikeños in Guarded Triumph 10 Years after Tragedy from
Ondoy.” BusinessMirror, September 26, 2019.
https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/09/26/marikenos-in-guarded-
triumph-10-years-after-tragedy-from-ondoy/.
(7) Houston, Brandon. “Recap Recap What the Following Terms Mean Natural
Hazard Disaster Risk - Ppt Video Online Download.” SlidePlayer, August
27, 2017. https://slideplayer.com/slide/10306076/.
(8) Joselito Guianan Chan, Managing Partner. COMMISSION ON POPULATION
(POPCOM), REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES - CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL
LAW LIBRARY. Accessed July 15, 2020.
https://www.chanrobles.com/legal3popcom.html.
(9) Richard CollinsConsultant & Director at SafetiHi. “What Is a Hazard?
Examples of Hazards & 10 Ways to Spot Them!” Safeti, June 23, 2020.
https://safeti.com/podcast/what-is-a-hazard-helpful-examples-hazards-
symbols/.
(10) Written by Rebecca Edwards | Updated June 18, Rebecca Edwards, and
Written by Rebecca Edwards Rebecca is the lead safety reporter and in-
house expert for SafeWise.com. She has been a journalist and blogger for
over 25 years. “9 Common Safety Hazards Around the Home & How To
Prevent Them.” SafeWise, June 23, 2020.
https://www.safewise.com/blog/safety-hazards-to-watch-out-for-
around-the-house/.
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Development Team of the Module
Writer: Maybele L. Roa (NHS)
Editors: Reynald Alfred A. Recede (MHS),
Emily G. Santos, PSDS
Jessica S. Mateo, EPS – Science
Illustrator: Stephen John P. Chua (PUP)
Layout Artists: Christine Ann G. Faraon (BNHS)
Jemwel Dela Paz (CISSL)
Management Team:
Sheryll T. Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent
Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Jessica S. Mateo
Education Program Supervisor - Science
Ivy Coney A. Gamatero
Education Program Supervisor – Learning Resource Management Section
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Schools Division Office- Marikina City
191 Shoe Ave., Sta. Elena, Marikina City, 1800, Philippines
Telefax: (02) 8682-2472 / 8682-3989
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