H Revista Integración

Escuela de Matemáticas
Universidad Industrial de Santander
Vol. 41, N◦ 1, 2023, pág. 1–13

An Introduction to Spinor Differential and Integral

Calculus from q - Lorentzian Algebra.
Julio Cesar Jaramillo Quiceno a .
a
Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
Departamento de Física y Facultad de Matemáticas, Edificio Yu - Takeuchi.

Abstract. In this paper we introduce the differential and integral calculus from q -
Lorentzian algebra. We establish the q - spinorial variables , the q - differential calculus
and the q - complex spinorial integrals. We also define the q - spinor differential
equation and the q - Lorentzian spinor differential equation. Some comments are
presented at the end of the paper.

Keywords: q - Lorentzian algebra, q - spinor derivative and integral, differential spinor

equation.

MSC2020: 81Q99, 46E99, 35A24, 15A66 , 16T99 . 17B37.

Una Introducción al Cálculo Diferencial e Integral Espinorial a

partir de la q - Álgebra Lorentziana.

Resumen. En este artículo introducimos el cálculo diferencial e integral a partir de

la q - álgebra lorentziana. Establecemos las q - variables espinoriales , el q - cálculo
diferencial y las q - integrales espinoriales complejas. También definimos la q - ecuación
diferencial espinorial y la q - ecuación diferencial espinorial lorentziana. En el final del
artículo se presentan algunos comentarios.

Palabras clave: q - álgebra Lorentziana, q - derivada e integral espinorial. ecuación

diferencial espinorial.

1. Introduction.
Based on the work of Beretetskii et al., Lachieze-Rey, Gori et al.,  and Cartan, the spinor ψ is
α

ψ1
defined as a magnitude components α = 1, 2 expressed as ψ α = and its complex conjugate
ψ2
ϕ̇ in terms of the rotation matrices (see [2],[3],[5],[4] for more details). Based on the work of the
previously mentioned authors, there are two types of operations on spinors, which are reflections
and rotations. In group theory, the set of rotations described by the matrices with complex entries
is group SU (2), whose generators are the Pauli matrices, described in the work of Zettili [7].
0 E-mail: a [email protected], .
Received: XX September 202X, Accepted: XX December 202X.
To cite this article: Jaramillo Quiceno, J. C., An Introduction to Spinor Differential and Integral Calculus
from q− Lorentzian Algebra., Rev. Integr. Temas Mat., 41 (2023), 45 – 60 , doi: 10.18273-2023003.

1
2 Julio Cesar Jaramillo Quiceno.

With respect to rotation matrices, Gori et al. mention, in their work, the rotation matrices that
originated the Pauli matrices in the form:

     iθ/2 
cos(θ/2) i sin(θ/2) cos(θ/2) sin(θ/2) e 0
Rx (θ) = , Ry (θ) = , Rz (θ) = , (1)
i sin(θ/2) cos(θ/2) sin(θ/2) cos(θ/2) 0 e−iθ/2

being θ the angle of rotation [4]. Beretetskii et al. define the covariance and contravariance
 
0 1
over the spinors by the relation ψ 01 = ψ2 , ψ 02 = −ψ1 from the matrix gαβ = and,
−1 0
similarly, for pointed spinors, ψ1̇ = ψ 2̇ , ψ2̇ = −ψ 1̇ [3]. The same author defines bispinors as
the pair (ψ α , ϕα̇ ), which form a broader group of Lorentz, and, with them, the scalar product
is formulated as (ψ α , ϕα̇ ) · (f α , hα̇ ). The author of the reference [5] mentions algebra Cl(3) as
a space-time formulation generated by vectors eµ , which form a basis for R1,3 that satisfies the
relation eµ · eν = gµν , inducing a 16 -membered basis, as described below:

⢠1 scalar,

⢠(e0 , e1 , e2 , e3 ) 4-vector,

⢠(e0 e1 , e0 e2 , e0 e3 , e1 e2 , e2 e3 , e3 e1 ) 6- bivectors,

⢠(e1 e2 e3 , e0 e2 e3 , e0 e1 e3 , e0 e1 e2 ) 4-trivectors,

⢠e5 ≡ e0 e1 e2 e3 pseudoescalar.

In accordance with the above, the same author describes the Weyl spinors as
 1  α
ψ ψ
and the Dirac spinor , as defined in the work of Beretetskii et al [3].
ψ2 ϕα̇
The q - Lorentzian algebra was defined in the reference [1]. The quantum complex spinors have
components ψ1 and ψ 2 and conjugates ϕ1̇ and ϕ2̇ . They satisfy the following q - relations.

ψ1 ψ 2 = qψ 2 ψ1 , ψ 2 ϕ1̇ = qϕ1̇ ψ 2 , (2)

1̇ 1̇
ψ1 ϕ = ϕ ψ1 − q(q + q −1 1/2
) ϕ2̇ ϕ , 1̇
ψ 2 ϕ1̇ = ϕ1̇ ψ 2 , (3)
ψ1 ϕ2̇ = qϕ2̇ ψ1 , ϕ ϕ2̇ = q ϕ2̇ ϕ . 1̇
(4)
−1 1̇


Definition 1.1. Considering spinors ψ α , ϕα̇ and τ 1 , T 2 , S 1 , σ 2 as the generators of the q -
Lorentzian algebra for the group Uq (su(2)) [6], we have:

1. For ψ α , α = 1, 2

τ 1 ψ1 = ψ1 τ 1 , (5)
1 2 2 1
τ ψ = ψ τ − q(q + q −1 2 2
) ψ1 T , (6)
T 2 ψ1 = q −1 ψ1 T 2 , (7)
1
S ψ1 = qψ1 S , 1
(8)
2 2
T ψ = qψ T , 2 2
(9)
1
S ψ =q2 −1 2 1
ψ S − ψ1 σ , 2
(10)
2
σ ψ1 = ψ1 σ , 2
(11)
2 2
σ ψ =ψ σ , 2 2
(12)

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 An Introduction to Spinor Differential and Integral Calculus from q - Lorentzian Algebra. 3

2. Their complex conjugates ϕα̇ , α = 1̇, 2̇

τ 1 ϕ1̇ = q −1 ϕ1̇ τ 1 , (13)

1
τ ϕ2̇ = qϕ2̇ τ , 1
(14)
T 2 ϕ1̇ = ϕ1̇ T 2 + q −1 ϕ2̇ τ 1 , (15)
2
T ϕ2̇ = ϕ2̇ T , 2
(16)
1 1̇
S ϕ =ϕ S , 1̇ 1
(17)
σ 2 ϕ1̇ = qϕ1̇ σ 2 + (q + q −1 )2 ϕ2̇ S 1 , (18)
2
σ ϕ2̇ = qϕ2̇ σ . 2
(19)

Deformed commutation relations for q - Lorentzian algebra are defined in the next proposition, on
the quantum-symmetric plane and the quantum anti-symmetric plane.

Proposition 1.2. Consider generator T of the set τ 1 , T 2 , S 1 , σ 2 for the algebra Uq (su(2)) and
the relations 2, 3, and 4 , defined in [1] and [6] . The q - Lorentzian algebra for spinors in the
deformed space is defined through the following relations:

T (ψ1 ψ 2 − qψ 2 ψ1 ) = (ψ1 ψ 2 − qψ 2 ψ1 )T, (20)

2 2
T (ψ1 ψ − qψ ψ1 ) = (ψ1 ψ − qψ2ψ )T, 2 1
(21)
T (ϕ1̇ ϕ2̇ + q −1 ϕ2̇ ϕ1̇ ) = (ϕ1̇ ϕ2̇ + q −1 ϕ2̇ ϕ1̇ )T, (22)
1̇
T (ϕ ϕ2̇ + q −1 1̇
ϕ2̇ ϕ ) = (ϕ ϕ2̇ + q 1̇ −1 1̇
ϕ2̇ ϕ )T. (23)

Definition 1.3. The following are the bosonic q - deformed Minkowskian Pauli spin matrices defined
in the Schmidt work [6]:

   
0 0 q 0
+
(σ )αβ̇ = (σ )αβ̇ , −
= , (24)
0 q 0 0
   
0 q 1/2
0 −q −1/2
(σ 3 )αβ̇ = q(q + q −1 )−1/2 , (σ 0 )αβ̇ −1 −1/2
= (q + q ) . (25)
q −1/2 0 q 1/2 0

Likewise, the conjugated Pauli matrices are:

   −1 
0 0 q 0
(σ + )α̇β = (σ −
),α̇β = , (26)
q −1
0 0 0
   
0 q 1/2 0 q −1/2
3
(σ )α̇β = q(q + q −1 −1/2
) , (σ 0 )α̇β −1 −1/2
= (q + q ) . (27)
q −1/2 0 −q 1/2 0

The inverse Pauli matrices

   −1 
−1 0 0 −1 q 0
(σ+ )αβ̇ = , (σ ) = , (28)
0 q −1 − αβ̇ 0 0
   
0 q 1/2 0 −q −1/2
(σ3−1 )αβ̇ = q(q + q −1 −1/2
) −1
, (σ0 )αβ̇ = (q + q )−1 −1/2
. (29)
q −1/2 0 q 1/2 0

Finally

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4 Julio Cesar Jaramillo Quiceno.

   −1 
0 0 q 0
(σ −1 )
+ α̇β = , (σ −1
)
− α̇β = , (30)
0 q −1 0 0
   
0 q 1/2 0 −q −1/2
(σ −1
3 )α̇β = q(q + q
−1 −1/2
) , (σ −1 )α̇β = (q + q −1 −1/2
) . (31)
q −1/2 0 0
q 1/2 0

The purpose of this article is to define the q - Lorentzian spinor variables and q - spinor differential
and integral calculus and q - differential spinor equation, and the paper is organized as follows:
in section 2 we presents the q - spinor variables and calculus. In section 3 we present the q -
differential spinor equation, and In the final section we present a few comments.

2. q - Spinor variables and calculus.

Definition 2.1. The q - Lorentzian spinor variables or q - spinor variables are defined according to
the expressions (2), (3), and (4) as follows:

u21 ≡ ψ1 ψ 2 − qψ 2 ψ1 , (32)
v 1̇2 2 1̇
≡ ψ ϕ − qϕ ψ , 1̇ 2
(33)
x1̇12̇ ≡ ψ1 ϕ1̇ − ϕ1̇ ψ1 + q(q + 1)−1/2 ϕ2̇ ϕ1̇ , (34)
y 21̇ 2 1̇
≡ ψ ϕ −ϕ ψ , 1̇ 2
(35)
z2̇1̇ ≡ ψ1 ϕ2̇ − q −1 ϕ2̇ ϕ1̇ , (36)
t12̇ ≡ ψ1 ϕ2̇ − qϕ2̇ ψ1 . (37)
n o
Definition 2.2. We consider the set U = u21 , v 1̇2 , x1̇12̇ , z2̇1̇ , y 21̇ , t12̇ ⊂ C. A function on the q -
spinor variables is defined as f (U ) = f (u21 , v 1̇2 , x1̇12̇ , z2̇1̇ , y 21̇ , t12̇ ).

Definition 2.3. Let f, g : U −→ C be functions and uβ ∈ U . The following properties are satisfy on
the q - spinor variables, we state some clear properties of the functions on the q - spinor variables

1. (f + g)(uβ ) = f (uβ ) + g(uβ ).

2. (f · g)(uβ ) = f (uβ ) · g(uβ ).
3. (f − g)(uβ ) = f (uβ ) − g(uβ ).
 
f f (uβ )
4. (uβ ) = , g(uβ ) 6= 0.
g g(uβ )

Definition 2.4. For a function f : U −→ C and uβ ∈ C , the q - spinor derivative is defined as:

dq f f ((qu)β ) − qf (uβ )
= , (38)
dq uβ (qu)β − quβ

and its conjugate complex

dq f f ((qv)α̇ ) − qf (v α̇ )
α̇
= . (39)
dq v (qv)α̇ − qv α̇
Proposition
n 2.5. Let V ⊂ C be theo set conformed by q - spinor variables in the form V =
uβ , uα , v α̇ , vβ̇ ; α, β = 1, 2; α̇, β̇ = 1̇, 2̇ . The q - spinor functions in complex variable f : V −→ C
can be expressed as:

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 An Introduction to Spinor Differential and Integral Calculus from q - Lorentzian Algebra. 5

∞
X  n
f (uβ ) = (σ µ )α̇β f (uβ ) , (40)
n=0
X∞ h in
f (uα ) = (σµ )αβ̇ f (uα ) , (41)
n=0
X∞
 −1 m
f (v α̇ ) = (σ µ )α̇β f (uα̇ ) , (42)
m=0
X∞ h im
f (vβ̇ ) = (σµ )αβ̇ f (vβ̇ ) , (43)
m=0

(σ µ )α̇β , (σ −1
µ )α̇β , (σµ )αβ̇ , µ = {+, −, 3, 0} being the deformed spin matrices in the Minkowski space
defined in the introduction .

Theorem 2.6. Assume that f : C −→ C and g : C −→ C are spinorial differentiable functions at

uβ , v α̇ ∈ C . Then

1. the sum g + h : C −→ C is q - differentiable at uβ and

dq f dq g dq h
β
= β
+ .
dq u dq u dq uβ

2. the product gh : C −→ C is q - differentiable at uβ and

 
dq f β dq h g[(qu)β ] − g(uβ )
= g[(qu) ] +q h(uβ ).
dq uβ dq uβ (qu)β − quβ

3. (uβ )n : C −→ C is q - differentiable at uβ and

dq f q nβ (uβ )n − q(uβ )n  β β n−1 

= (q u ) + (q β uβ )n−2 quβ + · · · + (quβ )n−1 .
dq uβ (q β uβ )n − (quβ )n

Proof. 1.

dq f g[(qu)β ] + h[(qu)β ] − qg(uβ ) − qh(uβ )

β
=
dq u (qu)β − quβ
g[(qu)β ] − qg(uβ ) h[(qu)β ] − qh(uβ )
= +
(qu)β − quβ (qu)β − quβ
dq g dq h
= +
dq uβ dq uβ

2.

dq f g[(qu)β ]h[(qu)β ] − qg(uβ )h(uβ )

=
dq uβ (qu)β − quβ
g[(qu)β ]h[(qu)β ] + qg[(qu)β ]h(uβ ) − qg[(qu)β ]h(uβ ) − qg(uβ )h(uβ )
=
(qu)β − quβ
   
h[(qu)β ] − qh(uβ ) g[(qu)β ] − g(uβ )
= g[(qu)β ] + q
(qu)β − quβ (qu)β − quβ
 
dq h g[(qu)β ] − g(uβ )
= g[(qu)β ] + q
dq uβ (qu)β − quβ

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6 Julio Cesar Jaramillo Quiceno.

3.
dq f (q β uβ )n − q(uβ )n
β
= ,
dq u (qu)β − quβ
(q β uβ )n −(quβ )n
multiplying by (q β uβ )n −(quβ )n

dq f (q β uβ )n − q(uβ )n (q β uβ )n − (quβ )n
= · β β n
dq uβ (qu)β − quβ (q u ) − (quβ )n
(q β uβ )n − q(uβ )n (q β uβ )n − (quβ )n
= ·
(qu)β − (quβ )n q β uβ − quβ
(q β uβ )n − q(uβ )n  β β n−1 
= β β n
(q u ) + (q β uβ )n−2 quβ + · · · + (quβ )n−1
(qu) − (qu )

X

Remark 2.7. The proof for f (v α̇ ) is similar.

Example 2.8. 1. For f (uβ ) = uβ

f [(qu)β ] − qf (uβ ) (qu)β − quβ

=
(qu)β − quβ (qu)β − quβ
= 1.

dq (uβ )
2. If f (v α̇ ) = uα , then dq v α̇ = 0.

3. f (uβ ) = (uβ )3 + (v α̇ )uβ

dq f [(qu)β ]3 − q(uβ )3 β
α̇ (qu) − qu
β
= + (v )
dq uβ (qu)β − quβ (qu)β − quα
β β 3 β 3  
(q u ) − q(u )
= β β 3
(q β uβ )2 + q β+1 uβ+1 + (quβ )2 + v α̇ .
(qu) − (qu )

With these results, it is possible to define the q - spinor complex integral formula by the following
theorem.
Theorem 2.9. Let Γq be the closed contour of the deformed quantum complex plane, and uβ0 , v α̇ ⊂ Γq
point spinors contained in the contour. The q - spinor complex integral formulas are defined by:

I
1 X h −1 in
∞
f (uβ )dq uβ
= (σ µ )α̇β f (uβ0 ) , (44)
Γq (qu)β − quβ0 q n=0
I ∞
X
f ((qu)β )dq uβ  n
= (σ µ )α̇β f ((qu0 )β ) , (45)
Γq (qu)β − quβ0 n=0
I X∞ h im
f (v α̇ )dq v α̇ 1
α̇ α̇
= (σµ−1 )αβ̇ f (v0α̇ ) , (46)
Γq (qv) − qv0 q m=0
I X∞ h im
f ((qv)α̇ )dq v α̇
= (σ µ )α β̇ f ((qv0 )α̇
) . (47)
Γq (qv)α̇ − qv0α̇ m=0

Proof. dq f is found form (38) and is integrated over closed contour Γq

I I I
f ((qu)β )dq uβ f (uβ )dq uβ
dq f (uβ ) = −q , (48)
Γq Γq (qu)β − quβ Γq (qu)β − quβ

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 An Introduction to Spinor Differential and Integral Calculus from q - Lorentzian Algebra. 7

the left-hand side of (48) may be equalated to

∞ 
P 
β n
(σ −1
µ )α̇β f (u ) , obtaining
n=0
∞
X I I
 −1 n  
β n f ((qu)β )dq uβ f (uβ )dq uβ
(σ µ )α̇β f (u ) = −q , (49)
n=0 Γq (qu)β − quβ Γq (qu)β − quβ

 n  n h in
taking into account point spinors, then f (uβ ) = f ((qu0 )β − f (uβ0 ) is defined and, by
substituting in (49), the following is obtained:

∞
X  −1 n  ∞
n X  −1 n h in I f ((qu)β )dq uβ
I
f (uβ )dq uβ
(σ µ )α̇β f ((qu0 )β ) − (σ µ )α̇β f (uβ0 ) = −q .
n=0 n=0 Γq (qu)β − quβ Γq (qu)β − quβ

The expressions (44) and (45) are obtained by equalating terms that depend on f ((qu0 )β ) and
f (uβ0 ). The same process is applied to get (46) and (47) from (39). 
X

Example 2.10. Consider the following spinorial function f (v 1̇2 ) = (v 1̇2 )2 , and the point spinor
v01̇2 = qv 1̇2 contained in the closed contour Γq . Applying (46) we have
I ∞
(v 1̇2 )2 dq v 1̇2 1 X −1
= [(σ ) ]m (qv 1̇2 )2m ,
Γq (qv)
1̇2 − qv 1̇2 q m=0 µ 1̇β

taking in account the spinorial matrices defined in the Schmidt´s work [6] (please see introduction)
and if µ = −, then

I ∞
(v 1̇2 )2 dq v 1̇2 1 X −1
= [(σ ) ]m (qv 1̇2 )2m
Γq (qv)1̇2 − qv 1̇2 q m=0 − 1̇1
∞
1 X m 1̇2 2m
= q (qv )
q m=0
∞
X
= q 3m−1 (v 1̇2 )2m ,
m=0

and for the case µ = + the integral is zero.

3. q - Differential spinor equation.

Based on the Pauli matrices presented in the works of Gori and Zettili [4],[7], 4×4 rotation matrices
were defined in the following proposition.
Proposition 3.1. The 4×4 rotation matrices can be expressed as follows:

   
cos(θ/2) i sin(θ/2) 0 0 0 cos(θ/2) − sin(θ/2) 0
i sin(θ/2) cos(θ/2) 0 0 0 sin(θ/2) cos(θ/2) 0
R̂x (θ) = 

, R̂y (θ) =  ,
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
 
1 0 0 0
0 eiθ/2 0 0
R̂z (θ) = 
0
 . (50)
0 e−iθ/2 0
0 0 0 1

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8 Julio Cesar Jaramillo Quiceno.

With these rotation matrices, we can propose the following spinors, using as a starting point the
definitions proposed by Beretetskii et al and Lachieze [3], [5].
Proposition 3.2. The spinors ψαβ and ϕα̇
β̇
can be expressed as follows:
   
ψα ϕα̇
−ψα  −ϕα̇ 
ψαβ =  
 ψβ  , ϕα̇
β̇
= 
 ϕβ̇  , (51)
−ψ β −ϕβ̇

and, when related to (50), spinorial components ψx , ψy , ψz , ϕẋ , ϕẏ and ϕż are defined

ψx = R̂x (θ)ψαβ , ψy = R̂y (θ)ψαβ , ψz = R̂z (θ)ψαβ (52)

ϕẋ = R̂x† (θ)ϕα̇
β̇
, ϕẏ = R̂y† (θ)ϕα̇
β̇
, ϕż = R̂z† (θ)ϕα̇
β̇
, (53)

and explicitly:

     
ψα cos(θ/2) − iψα sin(α/2) −ψα cos(θ/2) − ψ β sin(θ/2) ψα
 iψα sin(θ/2) − cos(θ/2)ψα   β   iθ/2 
ψx =   , ψy = −ψα sin(θ/2) + ψ cos(θ/2) , ψz = −ψα e ,
 ψ β   ψα   β
ψ e −iθ/2 
β β β
−ψ −ψ −ψ
(54)
 α̇   α̇ 
 α̇  −ϕ cos(θ/2) − ϕβ̇ sin(θ/2) ϕ
ϕ cos(θ/2) − iϕα̇ sin(θ/2) −ϕα̇ sin(θ/2) + ϕ cos(θ/2) −ϕα̇ e−iθ/2 
ϕẋ =  ϕβ̇  , ϕẏ =  β̇  , ϕż =  
 ϕα̇   ϕβ̇ eiθ/2  .
−ϕβ̇
−ϕβ̇ −ϕβ̇
(55)

These expressions are expressed as:

ψm = R̂m (θ)ψαβ , ϕṅ = R̂n† (θ)ϕα̇

β̇
, m, n = x, y, z. (56)

Remark 3.3. Beretetskii et al., define the bispinors as the pair (ψ α , ϕα̇ ), formulating the scalar
product between bispinors [3]:

(ψ β , ϕβ̇ ) · (ψα , ϕα̇ ) = ψ β ψα + ϕβ̇ ϕα̇ . (57)

3.1. Spinorial partial differential equation.

Definition 3.4. Let ψαβ , ψx , ψy , ψz , ψ0β be functions in C, and a, b, f are also constants in C. The
partial spinor differential equation is given by:
 
∂ψx ∂ψy ∂ψz
a + + + bψ0β = f ψαβ , (58)
∂x ∂y ∂z

where ψx , ψy , ψz are defined in (54) and spinors ψ0β , ψαβ are expressed as
   
ψα ψα
−ψα  −ψα 
ψ0β =  
−ψ β  , ψαβ =  
 ψβ  , (59)
ψβ −ψ β

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and, similarly, for pointed components:

 
∂ϕẋ ∂ϕẏ ∂ϕż
a + + + bϕα̇ α̇
0 = f ϕβ̇ , (60)
∂x ∂y ∂z

and the spinors ϕẋ , ϕẏ , ϕż are given in (55) and ϕα̇
0 , ϕβ̇ are expressed as:
α̇

   
ϕα̇ ϕα̇
−ϕα̇  −ϕα̇ 
ϕα̇ 
0 = −ϕ  ,
 ϕα̇ =   (61)
β̇
β̇  ϕβ̇  .
ϕβ̇ −ϕβ̇

The following theorem shows the solutions of equations (58) and (60).
Theorem 3.5. For θ = π/2, the solutions of equations (58) and (60) are given by :

   
f +b
β αβ
ψ = u exp −αx − βy + +α+β z , (62)
a
       
f +b α 1 f +b f +b
ψα = − + +√ +α+β vαβ exp −αx − βy + +α+β z ,
aβ β 2 a a
(63)
   
f +b
ϕβ̇ = uα̇β̇ exp −α̇x − β̇y + + α̇ + β̇ z , (64)
a
       
f +b α̇ 1 f +b f +b
ϕα̇ = − +√ + α̇ + β̇ v α̇β̇ exp −α̇x − β̇y + + α̇ + β̇ z .
aα̇ β̇ 2β̇ a a
(65)

Proof. Taking θ = π/2 in (54), these spinors are obtained:

     
ψα e−iπ/4 −ψα cos(π/4) − ψ β sin(π/4) ψα
−ψα e−iπ/4  −ψα sin(π/4) + ψ β cos(π/4) −ψα eiπ/4 
ψx = 

,
 ψy = 

,
 ψz =  
 ψ β e−iπ/4 
ψβ ψα
β
−ψ β −ψ −ψ β ,

and, taking the real part, we find

 1   1   
ψα √ (−ψα − ψ β ) √ ψα
 2   2  1 
    −ψα √ 
−ψ √1  (−ψ + ψ β ) √1   2
ψx =  α , ψy =  α , ψz =  , (66)
 2  2  ψ β √1 
 ψβ   ψα   
2
−ψ β −ψ β −ψ β

and replacing (66) in (58), we obtain the following system of partial differential equations

a ∂ψα a ∂ψα a ∂ψ β ∂ψα

√ −√ −√ +a = (f − b)ψα , (67)
2 ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂y ∂z
a ∂ψα a ∂ψα a ∂ψ β a ∂ψα
−√ −√ +√ −√ = −(f − b)ψα , (68)
2 ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂y 2 ∂z
∂ψ β ∂ψα a ∂ψ β
a +a +√ = (f + b)ψ β , (69)
∂x ∂y 2 ∂z
∂ψ β ∂ψ β ∂ψ β
a +a +a = (f + b)ψ β . (70)
∂x ∂y ∂z

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10 Julio Cesar Jaramillo Quiceno.

Applying the method to solve partial differential equations by separation of variables in (70); in
other words, by defining ψ β = F (x)G(y)H(z), we obtain

1 dF (x) 1 dG(y) 1 dH(z) f +b

+ + = , (71)
F (x) dx G(y) dy H(z) dz a

equating each component to the separation constants α, β:

1 dF (x)
= −α, F (x) ' Aα e−αx , (72)
F (x) dx
1 dG(y)
= −β, G(y) ' Bβ e−βy , (73)
G(y) dy
1 dH(z) f +b
= + α + β, (74)
H(z) dz a
   
f +b
H(z) = Dαβ exp αx + βy + +α+β z . (75)
a

Therefore, the solution is given by

  
f +b
β
ψ = (Aα e −αx
) · (Bβ e −βy
) · Dαβ exp +α+β z , (76)
a
   
f +b
β αβ
ψ = u exp αx + βy + +α+β z . (77)
a

To find ψα , (77) is replaced in (69), resulting in

     
∂ψα f +b f +b
= uαβ exp αx + βy + +α+β z
∂y a a
   
f +b
+ α exp αx + βy + +α+β z
a
     
1 f +b f +b
−√ + α + β exp αx + βy + + α + β z . (78)
2 a a

On the other hand, for the pointed spinors described by eq. (60), the same angle θ = π/2 is used
in (55), resulting in the following system of differential equations:

a ∂ϕα̇ a ∂ϕα̇ a ∂ϕβ̇ ∂ϕα̇

√ −√ −√ +a = (f − b)ϕα̇ , (79)
2 ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂y ∂z
a ∂ϕα̇ a ∂ϕβ̇ a ∂ϕα̇ a ∂ϕα̇
−√ +√ −√ −√ = −(f − b)ϕα̇ , (80)
2 ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂y 2 ∂z
∂ϕβ̇ ∂ϕα̇ a ∂ϕβ̇
a +a +√ = (f + b)ϕβ̇ , (81)
∂x ∂y 2 ∂z
∂ϕβ̇ ∂ϕβ̇ ∂ϕβ̇
a +a +a = (f + b)ϕβ̇ , (82)
∂x ∂y ∂z

and, by solving equation (82) in the same way as it was done in (70) and defining ϕβ̇ as the product
of functions M (x)N (y)P (z), the following expressions analogous to (72 - 75) are obtained:

[Revista Integración
 An Introduction to Spinor Differential and Integral Calculus from q - Lorentzian Algebra. 11

1 dM (x)
= −α̇, M (x) = Kα̇ e−α̇x , (83)
M (x) dx
1 dN (y)
= −β̇, N (y) = Lβ̇ e−β̇y , (84)
N (y) dy
1 dP (z) f +b
= + α̇ + β̇, (85)
P (z) dz a
  
f +b
P (z) = Eα̇β̇ exp + α̇ + β̇ z , (86)
a

and substituting the solutions for M (x), N (y) and P (z) into the product M (x)N (y)P (z), we have

  
f +b
ϕβ̇ = (Kα̇ e−α̇x ) · (Lβ̇ e−β̇y ) · Eα̇β̇ exp + α̇ + β̇ z (87)
a
   
f +b
ϕβ̇ = uα̇β̇ exp −α̇x − β̇y + + α̇ + β̇ z , (88)
a

which corresponds to (64). Now, to obtain ϕα̇ , the previous solution is substituted in (80),
multiplied by dy and, finally, integrated both sides to obtain (65). Respect to the terms
uαβ , vαβ , uα̇β̇ , v α̇β̇ , these are the coefficients of the previously mentioned solutions. 
X

3.2. The lorentzian q - spinor differential equations.

Definition 3.6. We consider the q - Lorentzian spinor variables xβ , y α̇ ∈ C, and a function f :

C −→ C. The q - Lorentzian differential equations are defined as:

dq f (xβ ) Ψ(y α̇ )
= , (89)
dq y α̇ y α̇ − xβ
dq f (y α̇ ) Φ(xβ )
β
= β . (90)
dq x x − y α̇
Lemma 3.7. The solutions of (89) and (90) over the contour Γq can be written as
∞
1 X −1
f (xβ ) = [(σ ) Ψ(xβ )]m , (91)
q m=0 µ αβ̇
∞
1 X −1
f (y α̇ ) = [(σ )α̇β Φ(y α̇ )]m . (92)
q m=0 µ

Proof. In order to solve (89), it is sufficient to use (46), resulting:

dq f (xβ ) Ψ(y α̇ )
= ,
dq y α̇ y α̇ − xβ
integrating both sides over the contour Γq

I I
Ψ(y α̇ )dq y α̇
dq f (xβ ) = ,
Γq Γq y α̇ − xβ
I
Ψ(y α̇ )dq y α̇
f (xβ ) =
Γq y α̇ − xβ

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12 Julio Cesar Jaramillo Quiceno.

taking into account (46) finally

∞
1 X −1
f (xβ ) = [(σ ) Ψ(xβ )]m .
q m=0 µ αβ̇

The same process is applied to get (92) from (90). 

X

4. A few comments.
In section 3, a combination of the q - Lorentzian algebra formalism and the deformed complex vari-
able is proposed based on section 2, though the latter is not explicit in the literature. Nevertheless,
its development can be totally formulated from its derivatives mentioned in expressions (38) and
(39), and its spinor contour integral q - forms, described by (44) - (47). These last expressions
contain deformed spin matrices (σµ )αβ̇ ), (σµ−1 )α̇β defined in Schmidt work [6]. It should be empha-
sized, that in this case, these matrices are formulated in the Minkowski space and that they are
also spin-boson matrices. Hopefully, in future works, the spinor complex q - variable formulation
can be achieved, but for the fermionic part. In section 3, a spinor partial differential equation
(given by (58)) was proposed, and its solutions are given by theorem 4. Regarding its solution,
its solutions were obtained using angle θ = π/2. Clearly, (77) and (87) are not unique, which
means that, when the rotation angle varies, other solutions are obtained and, consequently, other
spinor deformed algebras are obtained. For future works on this matter, it is possible to propose
the formalism of a general expression of the spinor partial differential equation. Using this formal-
ism, it is possible to formulate another kind of relativistic wave equation as spinor representation
substituting a = −i~c, b = mc2 y f = E, obtaining
 
∂ψx ∂ψy ∂ψz
−i~c + + + mc2 ψ0β = Eψαβ , (93)
∂x ∂y ∂z

and its interpretation in their solutions. Itâs important to consider that this formulation was
done without deformation. Other suggestion for further work, is the problem of describing the q -
relativistic wave equation
i∂kq ψqk + mψ = Eψ0 , k = 1, 2, 3. (94)
   1/2 
0 kq λ+ ψ α
for some Minkowskian-valued spinors ψq+ = , ψq− = , ψq3 =
kq 1/2 λ+ ϕβ̇ 0
     α
kqϕβ̇ −kq −1 ϕβ̇ ψ
, ψ0 = and ψ = , and is subject to Pauli matrices in the Minkowskian
kψ α kψ α ϕβ̇
space proposed in [1].

References
[1] Schmidke, W. B., Wess, J., and Zumino, B. "A q− deformed Lorentz algebra" , preprint MPI-Ph/91-
15, to be published in Z. Phys. C Particles and Fields.

[2] Cartan. E., Theory of spinors, Dover Publications. Inc, (1966).

[3] Beretetskii, V. B., Lifshitz, E, M., and Pitaekskii, L, P., "Relativistic Quantum Theory, Volume 4 of
course of theoretical physics, part one", Pergamon press, (1971).

[4] Gori. F., Santarsiero. M., Frezza . F., Schettini. G., Vicalvi. S., Ambrosini. S., and Borghi. R. "An
elementary approach to spinors", Eur. J. Phys. (1996). doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/18/4/002.

[5] Lachieze - Rey, M., Spin and Clifford. "7th International Conference on Clifford Algebras and their
Applications", (2005), doi.org/10.1007/s00006009-0187-y. hal-00502337. algebras, an introduction.

[6] Schmidt. A., and Wachter. H. "Spinor calculus for q-deformed quantum spaces I", e-Print: 0705.1640
[hep-th], arXiv:0705.1640 [hep-th].

[Revista Integración
 An Introduction to Spinor Differential and Integral Calculus from q - Lorentzian Algebra. 13

[7] Zettili N., "Quantum Mechanics Concepts and Applications", second edition, John Willey and Sons,
(2009).

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