Problem 3.1 3.1 Compressed nitrogen is stored in a spherical tank of dian eter D = 0,75 m. The gas is af an absolute pressure of 25 MPa and temperature of 25°C. What is the mass inthe tank? Ifthe maxi- ‘mun allowable wall stress iv the tank 1 210 MPa, tind the mini- swuen theoretical wall thickness of the tank Given: Data on nitrogen tank Find: ‘Mass of nitrogen; minimum sequired wall thickness Solution: Assuming ideal gas behavior ‘where, from Table A.6, for aitrogen Then the mass of nitrogen is M ke 1d m(osmP 297)" 208K "Nom 6 M = 62.akg To determine wall thickness, considera free bady diagram for one hemisphere: Then to ew ao oN 075m tom v= 2s aan et 4 ooo! 1 = 0.0223m 23mmProblem 3.2 RI 3.2 Ear “popping” is an unpleasant phenomenon sometimes experienced when a change in pressure occurs. for example it a fast-moving elevator of in an airplane. If you are in a two-seater Airplane st 3000 m and a descent of 100 m causes your ears 0 pop.” what is the pressure change that your ears “pop” at, in tnillimeters of mercury? IF the airplane now rises to SOOO a and again begins descending, how Far Will the aigplane Uexcend before {your ears “pop” again? Assume a U.S. Standard Atmosphere, Given: —_Dataoon igh of airplane Find: Pressure change in mm Hg for ears to "pop descent distance from $000 m to ease esto “pop. Solution: ‘Assume the air density is approwimately constant constant from 3004 m to 2900 m. From thle A.3 he 7 kg psi, = 1225.5 Pair = 723 pg Pair = 0909-5 We ako have fom the manometer equation, Pq. 37 Ap=-Pyie 8 Ax anda Ap = “tip #: Abjip Combining Ahgjy = —s me SGipjy = 13.55 from Table A.2 Phi SGiig Pro. _ 0.909 Abpig = ee «100: m Abyyy = 672m ie” asec 55 tg For the eur popping descending from 8000 m, again zesume the air density is approximately constant constant, this time at 80 From table AS “ = osz6Ht Pair = 04292. py var = 0526 We also have om the manometer equation Pairsua 8° 278000 = Pairsaoa & 35000 ‘shore the numerical subscripts refer to condiions at 300m and 80m, Prir3900" _Pair3000 0.900 13m + 100-9 Argoon 3000 “you Oe soy 300 Pairs000" 8 Pairs00 0526Robben 3-3 33 When yeu are on a movntsin face and boil water , you notice that the water Lemperature 19 40. What is yeor appreximake alituce * The next day you ate at a location eshete it bats at 85°C How high cid you climb between the twe days 2 § u c) Assume 4 US Sandarcl ALmosphere Given: — Posting point of ccater at different elevations Find + Change in elevation Solution : From the steam tables, we have the following dats fer the boiling point Saturation temperature) of water F t Taw (Cy | P CK fa) 30 To: l 85 518 The sea level pressure , from Table AB, is Pe = lon3 Khe Hence Tat CCC) | P/ Pst Jo 0-692 a5 From Table AB P/ Ps. [Altreude (m) ona 500 6920 | S000 o.c4qz | 3500Then, ang one of @ number of excel fonctions can be used Lo interpolate CHere we vse Facel§ Hendline analysis ) Aititucle ¢m)| ena current altitude 15 spprommately coo m 4490 The change in altsbede is then 1450 m Alternatively , we can mterpolate for each alkibude by using 2 hoear Fepression betocen adjacent data pont P/ Ps Alkakude (m) P/ Pov. Altitude Cm) For O7372 2500 0608s 4000 06920 3000 2.5100 21500 Then 0-642 Soa osm 4460 The change 9 altitude ig then (ake mAltitode Cm) sooo SS a | 3500 | 145307 Ri 0.499 S000, 2500, one 0-600 6SProblem 3.4 Gwen Ruse wsdler on a standard dou Finds Boling Aenperduse dh Gh econ , ond b) tecen , Congore LR Fea Wad Value. Scltion Ae can ddemie She dinosgheric pressure ch he ae adtudes fon Noble B.3, Appends Eleudion x Nox GY Ve (Ra) ey ° eos tN toe seco oth wh ele zen OMS TS 32 “Veg Aared fron gd of Vea xs ¥ se \pelous Va Gen Stan Tables gues Tea z Ta RY a 200 to 3.5 xo aba WARS \c0.0 1.o foo aoe \oom Desai pressure (RRe) { Thea data show Mek Tea droge cbost sn'e reson’ 2)Problem 3.5 2) 3.5 The ibe shown is filled with mercury at 20 C. Caleutate the force applied to the piston. Dame Given: Dataonsystem before and afte atid Sor Find: Appl force Solution: eu or a or, for g ,) with Basie eauaion Pee foreonsanty P= pyun =PE(S—36) Wola) = Pan For initial tate PE Pan tH sed, = pp A= meh. (Gage: Fy is hydrostatic upwards forced Forthe tit €8D Fy-W=0 W=F, =peha Fo inal sate Papa tO eH Md y= pyA = EHLA (Gages Fass hydrostatic upwards free) For the final FBD Bry =0 Fy-W= peHA-peha = peA(H-by nD 86272 Hn 10862 From Fig. A.1 SG = 13.54 F = 1000-€ 515.5400 F 5 cans.my?x (02 0.025)mx ® Bs .05.my? (0.2 0.025):m 4 kgm P= 456NProblem 3.6 2 3.6 A 12S-mL. cube of solid oak is held submerged by a tether = as show. Cafeulate the aettal force of the water on the bottom io surface of the cube andl the tension ia the tether PPnsso8 1 mflater Bm of Given: —_deiaonsystem Find: Force on bottom of cube; tension in tether Solution: Basie equation fang oxtrconsanin ap = pe where his measured downwards The absolute pressure a the interaeC iS Pinueptive = Paum * SGit EMG Then the pressure onthe lower surface iSpy, = Pinzertace* MEM, = Pam + P-E(SCait r+ hy) fea For the cube Vi= smi V = 125% 10 Then the sizeof the cube is é 4 = 005m and the depth in water tothe upper surface isfy = 0.3-m er tothe lower surface he = hye y= 035m — where, isthe depth in wi A = 0.0025" ‘The forse on the lover surface is Flere A where A= = [Pam *e (S6irbat * hy} [ Hor X4 1000 : mm 1.9. 0S. 4 035m) «S| « 0,0025-m Fy, = 270804) Note: lista decimals neoded for computing later? =9 TF -Fy-W For the tersion in the tther, an PAD BWSR, = 0, Fy W~ where Fy = Pog +08 (SGirhoit* BUY)[Note that we could instead compute Using Fy AF =F =Fu=PeSGyir(h,-hypA aml T= ar-W NS) 0.002502 m fy =| sano * (osx0sms 03.0)» m wi s Fy = 269.668 ‘Note: Extra decimals needed for computing F tater! SG, = 0.77 80 W= SG 02Y 2 W = 077% 1000-48 98-125. 10"tm SS wa ogaan mw s tem Fu-Fu- Y 0282.Problem 3.7 u 3.7 The follsring presse and tompetarure measureneais wee taken by metenrgicl Balloon rising thr the Mer Pinte? Pay Tao is 8 103 mosphere m2 108, Pore my Tomo, 966 6 tats a0 360 13 1008 it 954 nat 1002 vos m8 102 oo 7 ‘The inital values top of table) sorreypond to ground level oma 0a Using the heal gas Lie (pp = RT with R= INP ne! « ‘compute and plot the height on of se density Gin balan) with Given: Pressure and temperature data from balloon Find: Plot density change as a function of elevation ail Density Distribution Using the deal gas equation p= RT is sy x piwray | TCO) [rteom] = x y ora _[ a0 | 0] 1008 | 1 x 002| 105 x 102 * 03 Tos : — 16 toa Dose ae 22 BiProblem 3.8 Br 38 Your pressure gage indicates that the pressure in your sot tires is 0.25 MPa (gage) on a mountain at an efevation of 3500 m, What is the abvotute pressure? After you drive down to sea level, ‘your ties have warmed to 25 C. What pressure does your gage cate? Assume a U.S. Standan! Atmosphere Given: Data oa treat 3500 m and at sea level Find: Absolute pressure at 3500 m; pressure at sea level Solution: Aan elevation of 3500 m, from Table A.3: Pop, = H0kPa Patm = 96492- Psp, Pam = 65.6KPa and wehave py = 025-MPa 250 kPa P= Py+Patm P= 36KPa Asa level Piggy = 11+ kPa Meanwhile, the tre bas warmed wp, from the ambient temperature a 3500 m, 0 239. Atan levation of 3500 m, from Table AS Vyyyg = 26541-K and Thot 273K Toy = 298K enee, assuming ideal gas behavior, pi" mi. and thatthe tire is approximately a rigid container. the absolute pressure ofthe hot tire is Thot Phot = =P Phot = 354 KPa T cold Then the gage pressure is Py = Phot~ PatmProblem 3.9 al 3.9. A hollow metal cube with sles 1000 nam Mloats at the inter= face between a layer of water and a layer of SAE JOW oil such that 10% of the cube is exposed to the oil, What is the pressure difference between the upper and Josker horizontal surfaces? What is the average density of the cube? Given: Properties of acube floa ‘an interface Find: The pressures difference between the upper and lower surfaces: average cube density Solution: The pressure difference is abtained from two applications of Eg. 3.7 PU = Po* Psarioe tH ~ 01d) PL=Po* PsactoeH + PHOBOS where py and py. ae the upper and lovser pressures, po isthe oil tee surface pressure is the eabe size isthe depth ofthe interface, and d ence the pressute difference is AP = DL. ~ PU = PHO: BRIT PSazio’ 8 Old AP = py £4 (0.9+ SSsagio: Ot) FromTableA2 — SGgaqyq = 0.92 Ap = 999 0.1m (0.94 092% 0.1) Ap=972Pa em OP For the eube density, set upa ee body force balance forthe cube EF =0= Ap a-W Hence We Apa = Apa ke Peube = 991°.Problem 3-10 A cube with 150mm sides jo suspended m a flud by a cowe The top of the cube 1 horigental and 20mm below: the free suace - If the cube has a macs of 29kg and the tension th the wwe a5 Ts 226N, compute the flord cific prawty , and from nis delermne the fluid. What are the gage prescares on the upper and lower surfaces ? Given: Properties cf a cube suspended by a wre in a fluid Find + The find specific gray j the gage pressures on the uppee and lower surfaces Solution = From a free bedy analysis ef the cobe ZF sO=T+( my - Pp). d?_ Mg cahere M and dare the cube mass and size and PL and py are ihe pressures on the lower and Upper surfaces For each pressure we can use tq 37 P= Po + p.gch Hence Pi-pu = [Forks (Hr4)] - (Po +PeH) = Fed = 86° Fi,,o'8 dd where His the depth of the upper surface Hence Ihe force balance gues Selec Faye 6°4 Sq = 24K « Vel. m x N:s* — 226-N ae to Ke BEM x N st g t x (om)? kom 8q 2 TTFrom Table At , the flid is Menam blue The indwidual pressures ate computed from Eq 3.7 Pp Por Pgh or Py = Bech 54 Fiyo'h For the upper suiface = LTT «10°. Kg x FEL» Mx 0.208m » Nost m * kgm Reo = 3525 kPa For the lewer surface 203 +015) * N st 2 9x10. Ke x 2g) mx " m ge *O igen Po = 6.15 kPa Note that the 54 calculation can also be performed using a buoyancy approach ( discussed later in the chapter) + Consider a free bedy chagram of the cube Ep = 0= Tr Fame where M is the cebe mass and FR is the buoyancy force Fe = 86: Syobig Hence T+ $q Fao Veg - Mg =0 er oo ee as before 96 etProblem 3-11 BN An air bubble | &mm in chameter , i5 released from the regulator CF 3 Sevbs diver swowmmng 30m below the sea surface (The water temperature is 30’). Estimate the diameler of the bubble just before &€ teaches the euler supace Given: Data on air bubble Find + Bubble cameter as it reaches surface Solution = Basic equation SP = -p..-¢ and the ideal pas equation dy Po fers Migt v We assume the temperature is constant , ancl the density of sea cwaler 15 constant For constant sea water denaty P= Patm + $45.,° PS ho there Pas the Pressure at any depth h Then the pressure at the imal depth i fy = Patm + S@eeg° fo -h The pressive as it reaches the sufface 19 Py = Palm Fer the bubble p= MRT byt Mand Tare constant V Met 2 const = PV Hence Pevi = PM or Vay Fo or Be aeThen the sige of the bubble al the curface Des D ()" =D [snes ech) 1" From Table AZ SG seg = O25 C Ths is ke, 481 xm x 30m mm e Dp Bam a [to vost ka D, = J27 mmProblem 3.12 4 [ Gade. © esor of | a = oF srowoler Lay aoeuoning condos ak Feds GC engressrion dant q x : © REP AR G ge Saat oS cost So @ endudre RP cohat bb BY Gee cents of No chown equation for PW) @ ddaemvde rakes gre: gresae d= Sold ton: ee BA Wee ® Qe sas a U2 Galt Bore eqpation. Re CN eGation, Ey By h Whey, dts ee e, 8 ond 8 Bb a cL od se et ae ah = Re, dy] = os Ror Ss eRe “ vee es ~R a wn S- we @ Fs an fg a vs BSH e eS hos, > Rr we RSs = Ro NSH rere ‘b= SS ash Sea d= % RR (Ss = Ge ah ~(ebs Yq = Ry + (ghs te\s- Laan seraly 2\_ ol | Sees trod eddticn Ge # OV BA | Ben an agprommnds: S56 Puno | Assumphons: Ui) Stahe liquid | i Q@) Tacwmpressible gud Por the eylinder TF, _ 7% dea “ing! Wn . - . - tks ¥ brass G a H=0 Thus — p= bomasGH * Brrass tio gH From, Table 1, Bprass = $55 at 28°C, $0 es t * 2 6.39 kre. gage) m pa FSSx 1000 k$ 4.8) m , 0.0162 ™, me ce This pressure must be produced by a columa of merasry hin ia height. Thus, using Shug trom Table Ao; P> tg GlAt 2) = Sing Prog (ht 4) ~ SSorassfinog 4 Thus hex = SSbrass py = 98S y= 0.63) H a) 9 Bs But the wlume of mercury must remaun constast, Therefore mr, = THO"), +m, or x (2y*-1 +(&') = oze4 h 7 Substheting inte G.I, we Ob3I yy hex = he a2gh = L22th = 0.63) Hor hoor OSI H | 239.3 mm | eo . od) ee oarProblem 3.18 Py ALN A partitioned tank as shown contains water and mercury ‘What is the gage pressure in the air wapped in the left chamber’ What pressure would the air on the left need to be pumped 10 in oa onder to bring the water nad mercury fee surfaces level? am Data on partitioned tank Gage pressure of trapped ait: pressure to make water and mereury levels equal Solution: “The pressure diference is obtained from repeated application of Ea, 3.7. or in other words, from Eq, 3.8, Stating From the righ air chamber Page * SGrig PHI0% 8X (3m -2.9+m)~ Png Bx Lom Page = Pr120% EX (SCipyy 0-1 m= 1-m) m N = 999-E 9,81 13.55 0.1 m= LO mx eae = 348K . : a Pays the left air pressure is now increased until the water and mercury levels are now equal, Fi. 3.8 Yeads to Je = SO,4g% Phin * 2x LOM — pyygg Bx LO-m Je = PHIO* B* (SGyg 1+ m= 1.0: mm) ke m nee = 999 88 9.81 2 (13.55% 1 m= 1.0m) x 123-kPa Peage ire age gma reProblem 3.19 Pr 3.19 In the tank of Problem 3.1%, ifthe opening to atmosphere ‘nthe right chamber is first sealed. what pressuve Would the air 0 the Toft now need to be pumped to in order to bring the water sau mercury free surfaces level? (Assume the air (rapped in the right camber behaves isothormmally.» Given: ava on partitioned tank Find: Pressure of tapped air required to bring water and mercury levels equal if right air opening is sealed Solution: Fisst ne qeed to determine how far each free surface moves. Inthe tank of Problem 3.15, the ratio of cross section areas of the partitions is 0.75/3.75 or 1:5. Suppose the water surface (and therefore the mercury on the left) must move down distance x to bring the water and mercury levels equal Then by mereury volume conservation the mercury He surface (on the right) moves up(0.75/3.75)x~ WS. These 60 chan 0.9m. Hencex +05 9 m. ore 6.75 m. The mercury level thus maves up ©'5 = 0.15 m in level must caneei the original discrepancy in Fve sutlace levels, of (Im +2.9m)= 3 Assuming the aie (an ideal yas, p=R7) inthe right behaves isothermlly, the new pressure there will be Sig = Miah bats brid Pi Veghinew P2 ~ Kegs Tyighaew at where J" 4 and L- represent volume, cross-section area, and vertival length ene 3 Pright © Spgs * WOH RP Pright = 106KPa When the water and mercury levels are equal application of Eg. 3.8 gives Prt = Pright * SSpp * PHIO* BX LO m= p}y9q P1120* 8 (SGyyg* 10-m~ 10>) Nes X(13.55-.00m— 10m) x5 Pye = 229k ke Phony = 106 kPa + 990.88 9.81 Pre kee 19- KPa VOL KPa = 128kPa Peage = Plet~ Paim PeasProblem 3.20 ca Given; U-tube manometer, partially Filled with water, then ( Yojn = 3.28 Crn3 of Meriam red ots 1S aalded t the I sie. i Find: Equilibriiem height, H, When both kegs are open te atmosphere, Solubon: Apply basic Pressecre-height cesation, Basic equation: a =+¢9 gy Assumptions: (1) Incompressivie liquid Q) h measured obwa Tateg ration gives Pe-Pi = °F Cre~ hy) Thus Pe = Ba + fois g-& Po pe + floater g(L-H) Sinet Pa ~ pe = Patm, then foil 34 * Puaterg (L~H) i or Soi) 6 = L-H Thas H =L (S611) | From the volume of oir, ¥ = Wee, s0 Le #¥ 14,325 ems __ 1. lo)?mm3 _ 93 mm TD G.35hmm® Cm | Finatg , Since $6 * 0.827 (Ta.wle AI, Appendix A) ther | Ha 103 mm (I 0,827) * 12.8 mon HProblem 3.21 hee Goss: Woo - Cad monondar drown, Fads Rassuse difGrece 88, at aL Saliion: ~ Bose equdron: oe we Sy ie b Arsunpions: S St. Sd ty Then, at = BAe and bes ras Batuna A geek OQ ond suswig To gol © ve Saige noes Ro BeAlArb = Rerak = RoHS = % RE Rw a ] Raat = SGA Raa Brot j PRE Bo gk Cag - 5 Frown Velde B20, Ripped ho) 8G a SAS. FRR sees MQ AHA ater a Cosas Ast me * Wen, . Ree SAS RIAL 2-2,Foblem 3-22, 322 The manameter shown contains twe liquids. Liquid A has 5G = O88 and Iquicl Bo has $G= 2-95. Calulate the deflection, hb, when the appled presovre difference is R-p, = &60 Pa Given = Data on manometer Deptection due to pressuie difference Find = Solution = Basic equation SP 2 - 6g or, for constant Pp Ap = fig-4h a cohere hie measured downaserds where 1 i the Conknewn) distance from the level of the night interface Pre Pet Sq FB Ch) Starting at pr Next, from AteB Pa > fa~ 34p°F°8 h Finally , frem A to the lecation oF Pa B= Po- Saafgt combining the fhree equations he (Ta~ 968 Fgh) ~ SGq-P opel = [n + 5G q°P-@- Chet) ~ SGp °F 4] sep F4 Po- Py fn 968). 6 9h(ja dite eae (sap. 56a): Pg hz aco x! xt me aL (2-088) OF Re ba 4.23 £10 m h = 423 mm| Baar eo Bieserce A a { of ato x AT | Berke SS & sd d Shion: z Hyd ' pee i Basic e a mS Be gain . an « . Be ry atc Had i RET age Beak | io Problem 3.23 on Garren: Tuo Gud manonadier comads odter and Merosene wah | | Lsctin Sudses ogen No cimrosdhere | Se surkece | adenctions dier y= Zo. nN 3 Bey wen Gee- sor ue of o uhen a Sage presse Tce. NSren Be, < Erectore BR= ABC BW w apared to Re maton SSL VRE SRS ET | BRmWard “A dKane b Be Resorene | Be UA NSE | % Asad umoard Be sore Adana |. . Gndse Re caged BPAE pressure, BP, Bed oN Aierence Woe | We Woe 2k | Sew parts ATS are A Me sane dwaboy 6 Me cone | sd RR? ae _ Cea s Sntioha OWA duipson\ Pat oN ee ond Vane? eS > 8 BAND on | we Sa = Ss Frans fbb BU | SGa* O12, oe eaten Be WN en a { Under Re opged reeture SP CORN daa — | Rat Recon Qo) ys Ree eS Wey fsa Ghee RS EH GOD | Sdowg ter © % | Le SS: Kaldor 89\ . | = \ssrens “SR aah” iw SS “- orliow Nl | Le Sun | Ws Wyrak= BomnProblem 3.24 By 3.24 Determine the gage pressure infa@gat poin! @. if liquid A SG = 0.75 and liquid B has SG = 1.20. The liquid surrounding point a is water and the tank on the left is open to the almosph Liquid a oe tn 0.25 m Water ay ~N oa m — Liquid B Jen: Data on manometer Find: Gage pressure at pointa Solution: Basie equation ee pe orforconstantp Ap = p-gAh where Ob is height difference Stating ot pinta pert where = 0.125m+025m hy = 0375m Next in guid A P2 = by +SGy phy where hy = 025 Finally, in guid B pam=P2-SGyeeh; where hy 09m=O4m hy = OSm Combining the three equations Py + SGg-prerhg) - SG oe Patm 1+ SGP Bhy — SGy-p-ehy Pa = Paim + 0-8:(by ~ SGq-hy + SCyhs) or in gage pressures (1 Sgn, + Sys) 2 . Syme NS 9.375 ~ (0.95 0.25) + (1.20% 0.5) mx hem a= 100 x9 73% WP Pa Py = T7FKPA (gagedGwen: Tos- tlaid mono meters oi) 6 second fluid, Find: $8 feeded for 10 ® | amplificaten. sole Basic equation g =-63 Assumphons: (1) Stane 1guid @ Tacampressible Tren dp =¢gdh p= boregh Por lett 103, hy. = Porm? Puogha Po = te frog h ~ Patm * fino (hn ~£) For right 169, tho, = Pat + Frog hd Po = Pu Soi fro GE = Pat + Ponog (hg ~S60i 4) Combining y y Pore bung lon) = fafont tna (ne - 56 6) " by ho = hs~Sboi1£ 3 han he = hh (1-Sb0i)) Finally =/-% = 0,400 S6or = /- (0) @ |Problem 3.26 el 3.26 Consider a tank containing mereury. water, benze ait a8 shown. Find the air pressure (gage). If an opening is made {nthe top of the tank, find the equilibrium level of the mercury’ in the manometer om’ od Given: Data om suid levels in atank Find: Air pressure; new equilibrium level ifopening appears Solution: Using Bq, 3.8, starting from the open side and working in gage pressure Pair = PHIO% £*[SGypg* (0.3 ~ 0.1) -m— CE m ~SGrscpzene® Ol m] eee he heres eer we a emrin e 3 som To comput the new level of mercury inthe manometer, assume the change in level rom 03 m isan increase os. Then because the volume of mercury i constant, the tank mercury level wll fal by distance (0.025/0.25fx. Heme. the ga pressure at the bottom ofthe tank canbe computed fom the let and the righ. providing a formula fore (002s) Bug Pago Bx (Om +8) = SOyp «yg * | Om~nf SG,19* Pr2o* E* ) = SOhip* PHO E cas) laa # 0120% 201-7 SGpenzene® PHBOX EX 01m Hence feo (Omg HE = Eis Looe \ = -0.184m (The negative sign indicates the -ranometer level actualy fll) The new manometer height ish = 0.3m. b= 0.116mProblem 3.27 Given : Water floco in an inclined pipe as shown Pressure difference, Pa- Pa» measured ceth we - fluid manomeley LetSm h = 150 mm Find : Pressure difference , Pa Pe Solution = Basic cquation Abe fg coke hw measered pomtive dewon dh Assumphons - ch, Static hq 2. Incompressible >. B= Constant Then, dp = fgdh and ap = fg ah Start at py ancl progress Hireugh manometer te Pa Pat fazogh ome + fog * fiogh ~ Sig. gh - Pho so = Pe Pa Pe = Sig gh ~ Sino gh ~ Prgo gh om 30" 8g faze gh ~ Snyogh ~ Prog han 3c” Pr- Pe = Sno g [Lh C8¢pg 1) hon 30¢ From “Fable AZ, SGtig = (8-55 Then » Pan Pa = 10° ke x aa [een (13-55 1) = ¥5m singe" ] x N ime 5 Popa = WI KN oom N me omProblem 3.28 (2 Gisen, A D-Auke rononiler % comiled to | Be open tan fled Unt wider os down Croncnder uid & necdn' oe) Wt iz onn, dev oan Fad. Ke vronondler defledion |b Selden: ene wager eB For $= conde sks Rath | er, bang he Gee Sur lece and oncaatlitg, Gr anges A Fissure th eleachion | 5 Ran 2 Ran) CARS = Wen BealOowere El-p t eo | Oadrack- ae = ea | y. See CBr Webbe 8A Rependca ts, Tee $] sae \AS. Qe srodnicanProblem 3.29 . Gwent Reservar manomekt with yerhcal tubes 0= IR mm and d-brmm hemeke. Bage hguid is Meriam red ol, Find: (a) Algebraic expression tor det lechon bia small tube when gage pressure Ap is Applied t the reservoic, () Evaluat. L when Lp tS eguiva lent to 2S mm Mo (gage) Solution: Use fre agram of Example Problem 3,2, apply hydrostahes . | domputing equahens : # ~ 174 5 bp =pgAh 367 Shine Assumptons: ) Stahe higeid @) Inco mpressible guid Then Ap » fois g (x+L) uv, quid evel From conservahen of volume, TP y= Ee yw ahte Meriamredci At > fuaserg Ah pi Beers) - Auge (rey ] Loving ter b, Ap © ang litGy) 7 suésitunng bp ~*Fuaterg bh, L = Buater gah Lh Soittrsarer gl 1+@p)'] “S60i(* Coy} Evalaarirg, with S83; *0.827 (Table At), } 25.9 mm Spon : a.9e7 Hg)? ) [ities g = ZLL0M 2 1.94 for this manome te }I Problem 3.30 a | Goren: BR U-tchke monondler is conmetled Ye. 1 cloted ork filed Wi der as hoon | We mononder Aad te YQ. — Ree mat YedSn Jiveda ,dsO2m i [4s BL Me order srGer Yros dy Goh > oo fh Ye fo] eT Find: Whe monondler defledicn Ho 4 —t a & Base sqpsion | TRA ‘ss For Vs coche wee gas | foc presete Ages WR ceachion, Ros RAD + LRN = Be Ray | Ye 4 Rang LON s8s y- Rygt =a, | RR 4, HA\eash se Mabe Gah Ree g & Rang, a Then, os ng “e Re Gee surface and orowlg, \ and | ya Cea eves, + H+ A | j - ie y= os i otdwonds 2 oo, Sida “gan,” 8. whes | | Veo. 7 [LFoblem 3-31 Given: Reservar manometer eith dimensicas sheen Manemeler flad 3G = Ge27 Sn) & ¥ h Find © required dishance belecen marke on verknal od] eves F i Scale for t mm of witer AP x 4h Solution = Basic equation dbs -y a5 Assomphong © ch. Static. fluid Or. gravity 1 only body force (5 ans duacked vertically dp = - rds For constant ¥, AP = R-R > -VC aga) Under apphed pressure AP = oul Ceth) Bet conditions ef problem require AP = Thyot where b= 25mm Yat Crh) = Yok Since the volume of the ei mest vemain censtant Xen =f Atobe x = h Atete Ares and ey (HAL tH) = Thal Ay =>For = mle 25 om as gen, — oe? ( (o3)*r1 | then fh = 218 omProblem 3.32 BL 3.32 The inctined.tbe manometer shown has 2) = 7% mm and ‘mm, and is filled with Meriam ed oil. Compute the angle, 0, that will give a 15-em oil deflection along the inctined tube fer an applied pressure of 25 mur of water (gage). Determine the sen- sitivity of this marsometer. Given: Data on inclined manometer Find: Angle fr given data; find sensitivity Solution: Ap = 1000 ~€ 9.81 x 0005 mx : Atube Solving for @ sin{®) Ap a i SGyeePel \D) N sing) = 245.7 0827 6 = Idee ‘The sensitiviy is the ratio of manometer defection (oa vertical water manometer L_ 015m ho 0025-m_ Problem 3.33 ww! Given: Trdined nononder as shown | . Tye damn de ban © —t a Uede 8 A sad Ra, Ly ye = adn we hae Ue ey 7 — a SORT rs i wb Sone oppiad prestuse ditCerence | Fas ante sB ond Manondar senshi, Schchion, : a Basic eqpahon 8 = RY | Then ate gay, ond Gr cord g bee WR eS ~e ego) Ses eee Wha = rey (CUsae ee) i Stra Be dane of Ke ol mad tenon cover, | wre = YR we BEAT Toa = Egses nls pal boie +8) galore -]) | For a UO “Nuke nonencler Wane ~eglargh | { Ren Raa = parle ss) RRMA ee | For sone apgied gretture ond Lt = 5 v= Slee BY] = ss Lael} = os” [oe {Q)] - oes s = L/Ah, = Li(SG h) = 5/SG tor an wma -Problem 3.34 13} Part 1/ Given: WAttie Monomer Gy Audses of AxCGred diamdter i ardtwo Mquids, as Savon Fndid fe dled ies 250 WI : by Be sensisdy, of Me manors: We Re nan ee penta ds Sion: as a Lundrcn of ALVA, Bone sapsion : % = Besum@rene Gh dadie Vagptd Gh eomprets be SeKegedids | ~ \woste eqpdison Sow ceSerence Hak ch 3, bo ogre ASD Lg aa een 3 Bat ( : i | “eRe = - RA A Be % te Fron Be & dusaran oe \ 3) aS 9° > YeKne Sos _ el oe Begins ted os = cdode Gide eu vecqanuing Me dose a water j wee gory he G \ Sey Sang Ve \\ mods We coneered Suleddchara we Sa ae eats | Bde Se th ! SS we dened as Bae See wands \ WF O308 s ~~ a poor one | We sand g wes org og AL and AL, VE Yor Fon Sreacn SATE het Whed wu coud.Problem 3.34 [3] Part 2 \ — | Use Cakay yd Re manondier eniatiu sas ao Grdiron & diometer | Tato Alas hoon GASES | | | | Se ‘Sensitivity, S (~) | Diameter Ratlo, dy (—)Recblem 3-35 Given + Barometer wih 165 mm of waler on top of the mercury Colomn ef height 720 mm 3 Temperate T= 21% Find : ca). Barometric pressure in Ba dy. Effect of increase 19 ambient temperatore Cte 29¢) co length of mercury celima for sane barometnic pressure Solution = aru at Basic equation = dP = fg water a ah oo Tr Assumptions uh. Skakic liquid i 2). incompressible | Ji ee ge constant Then dp - fgdh and = AP > fo ah Start at the free Surpace of the mercory (p= Patm) and progiess through the baremeter be Py (vapeur plessere of the cuter ) Pam ~ figshi - fisodhs > Me Patm = Fo shy T Pasobhe w= Fyn Sirighs + fy.oshe + Po Patn = Sues [e4agh ths J + Pe Fiem Table AZ, Styg = 18:55 At T= 20C, Table AS Fao = 818° Ke/m* Fy = 234 kPa Evaluating 2 3 FEE [1355 x T20mm + 16mm] Mx NSF 4 25H KR Paum = 8 kg/m? x 48S ( Die eiree| Pam = 99-5 kB (abs)At T= 29C, the vapour pressure of water is estimated te be Ale KPaCabs) For the same barometric preesure the leqgth of the mercury cslumn would be sorter at the higher ambient temperature| | | Problem 3.36 a Gustn: Seated ton of crats-sticn & — and heighh Laon 6 Gea oF [Re OR ud toe degh YezSn. | Loder dans doy den fe | | fark GAD suthen u “tbecn a W~Acke manondler is. | | connedied Ae tor cs hound. i (monendas Gad s meron Boe $6508) Yr ASH Sprseny | de oan Fad. Re manender detledsen L, under eqyabibron condions Seluhion: . | Tort capone: He eg 9 Vener | For t= coil m= path To Addarnne Be surfore presture Be under eqialiiorwn cordon, Sed ar chose Wdler Gs on ideal gos Yoke, Wee Yoke METS ye em - ADA. EDR { wa RY wad Rstunng Taste | fen - “Under eqpillinicn condthens Ye RoQh ee NW > a Sad, TRaeQh Ta oe Ruogh’- MOA ARMeE) “DES } Car prog) J rea ght” - Saeed Fe i > FE cosa ™g “34 For water Table A4), 6 *V28miiln ard Bx 0, 50 cosh =, and Ah, = 46 64D For the D=2.crmm tube, Fm dhe = te72.5007Fu, st in “his Bar x K8-® 6 0.09 m 0 1.4 mm Rese i Thea bhp = bh ~ bhe »(50.0- 114) mm * 37.1:mm (6 0) [4% For th D= ha mm tebe, Bhe ay RB PN 2, mm i 4M nFa es a aint Ee = 0.0287 m Or 24.7, bh = bhe + bhp *(24.74 38:1) mar * 61S mm (D™)0me tube) aProblem 3.38 el 3.38 Consiler a small diameter opea-ended tube inserted at the “ute Interface between (wo immiscible fluids of different densities Derive an expression for the height difference Av between the in- Fluid t te¢face level inside and outside the lube in terms of tube diameter Dathe two uid densities, py and j>, and the surface tension & and angle forthe two Tuigs” interface. Ifthe 10 Muids are water and mercury, tind the tube dianieter stich that AN < 40 sun, Fluid2 Given: Two Mui nse and outside a tube Find: An expression fo height Find diameter lor &-< 10 mm for wstesiovercury Solution: A tree-bouy vertical force analysis forthe seston of ud height Ah in the tbe below the "eee surface” of fluid 2 leads to +m Doveos(®) where dis the pressure difference generated by Mid 2 over beight Ai, Ap = py gh Assumption: Neglect meniscus curvature for column height and volume calculations xD xD , xD Hence ap 22 py pant Oh =? . Decosid) ppb ope dhs 4o-vost®) Solving for Ahh = -¥2 80st BD (2-61) For fluids 1 and 2 being water and mercury (For mercufy 0 = 375 mN/m and 8 = 1409, from Table A.4), slving for D to make Ah~ 10 mm do-cox(t) to eAb(p2- Py) AMPH: 40375-% x cost 140-deu) m kem oon Dl we P= 898mm De hmm 9.812 0.01-m 1000: ) NsProblem 3.39 eI 3.39 You have a manometer consisting of a tube that is 1. 1-em. TD. On one side the manometer leg contains mercury, 10 ce of an oil (SG = 1.67), and 3 ce of air as a bubble in the oil, The other leg just contains mercury, Both legs are open to the atmosphere and are in a static condition, An accident occurs in Which 3 ce of the oil and the air bubble are removed from the one leg. How much do the mercury height levels chan ir Given: —_Data.on manometer before and after an “accent” Find: ‘Change in mercury level Solution: Basie equation BP ne or forconmantp Ap = edn where Ah is height difference ty For he intial state, working from right 2! Puy = Pgum + SGyag EH — SG app Sciygo1ehy = SG yg PB(0y * hg) 0 Note that the air pocket has no effect? For the final tate, working rtm igh to ell Pym = Pam + SGu4y P-8(hs ~¥)~SGyir0-Dg SGyig PBN) = SOc @ The two unknowns here are the mercury levels before and after (Le, hy and x? SGoit by hgh) Spy OHM) Combining Eqs. 1 and 2 Styig 08 = SGyip (m1 ThQ=hy) from Table A. Stiyy = 1355 is the Uifference betscen the total height of oi before und afer the aceident v fa ¥ (im OF)" "lao a) “> (iaom) ~ ete" 61 BAR * en” to fe bo BR Ras | Re gemsure cio RR. wis Kea Gor an reomeeild | RRR EN oe ORLA Se SUS] | TSrongentdecse “Ags (\- oneal 3 WS | RdclAL cox CC oxy Gast— Problem 3.45 13} Part 2r Pressure ratio vs. elevation above Denver: Elevation Pressure Pressure Elevation above Ratio. Ra 2 Denver (T=) (adiabatic) j m 2 Plas ple | } en} oy | 0 4801185120 | \ so n10 ta? 413 | 1000-610 1.070 107 = | 1500104018 tor : 200300098586 a 2500 © 890 «0.898 0.002 a0) 990i Ot 2500 1900 «07830800 doo 219007280782 \ i 4300 ©2860 «(OG 0724 1 | foul Geo oe) Oe | $000 33906172 | Pressure Ratio vs. Elevation above Denver | | | | | Incomprossbie Pressure Ratios, pips | a 1000 2000 2000 4000 | | Elevation above Denver, 2 (m)— Problem 3.46 (2) Part 1 | Garens Joor , oC iit b= S ee yk a. Long wertacak walk of wolles Nos T fe | . nage chor vous das - SS oL f doug | WE in SUP Sa 2 2 in Roreener & Gressure adic on fl ci odas “surface of oor) Com Fs PAN, | a ap ded axe aged Lover xdae No eae Kkoor a aa Edi @ Foru Flo Ree Pan ds Focu Fy CE eS ls MEL Fle, over oF Been. CRS te Sore teqpred chen Pe < _ Shen en oe . Bare eqpalicnss ART ORS Fen Geaw ZN, e Resumgucre DALE QA D pe conta D docx we WH ees ey EA gre Se equedlorn | Aaig rowel dob Qed B\yo = F- Capen = eA yea ot ee AG KR aN Weer We SW Haan a arneral ecgrestin Cor F loki Gor Be BRN oma AR Soggy Gor casts WD ana (O — fetewe te Sra oh = aah » Ben Pa-Rs ay re peas ond ane > s BOD Weconte Fa ake A Me oAdK oC HE deo Re we Be are aes wesere ; Fron Sa. \SSa, ed ee D\____s| wr Fee (Rg = Raw | Foe Paps ( LUGS | ! Bee MAAR, AWD MA NS LS 2 Ww 2 wah & BOS VE a =fProblem 3.46 2) Pana ws Yer Rye OS de Csobks | Gen ted | I ¥s eas G+ “S | we SOLAS LAME GaQhe = STARA Salers : = | * Fron Ea oa we can wrk. : | —\e SRL | j ee ess\ | Ens BR GS debe wh i %e SN - | 4 | Flee Se Qolad cc a Gadios of Pia han / | Force Ratio vs. Surface Pressure Ratio | a) | Le : —— | if | 1 2 5 | Surtace Pressure Rao, Pn (~)Probbem S.4°7 Open-Ended Problem Statement: A hydtopnevinatic levator consists oF 4 piston cylinder assembly te lft the elevator cab- Hydrautic ail, stored in an accumulator Lank pressurised by air, Is valved to the piston as needed to lift the clevator. INhen the elevator descends , ail te Yeturned to the accumulator. Te: the least expensive decemulater that can satisfy the 5 the ligt te 5 flees, Ihe mgxiowm load is (0 p Bo kPa (gage) - For column bendmg strengin , the piste dameter must be at feast 150 mm. The elevates cab and piston have 3 combined mass ef 8.000 Kg, and ae to be purchased. Reform ihe analysis needed to define , a5 a funchon of system operating presser, the piston diametey , the accomulator volume and chameter , and the eeall thickness, Discuss safety feateres thal yur company sheold specify for the complete elevator system. Would it be preferable to use a Completely preomatic design ef a cempletsly hydraulic design ° Why @ Discussion : The design requirements are specified , except that 3 Jypral Fleor height 15 about 36m , msking the fotal required iigt ebook Hm A spreadshect sods used to calcolale the system preperties for venous Pressures. Results ate presented on the next page, felloacd by o calculation Yolal cost dropped quickly as system pressere was increased A shatlow mitumum was teached in the 640-160 kis (gage) The lowest cost selubien ass obtained at 4 system pressore of about 690 kPa C page) At this pressure, the reservoir of S30 required & Im tameter pressute sphere cil 4 mm exalt thickness. The colding cost was $5Il and the matenal cost $485, for a total cosk of $744.Accumebeter wall thickness cas constaned at Gtlmm for presovres beleeo E40 KPa for higher pressures (this caused the discontinuily ia slope of the curve at 690 kPa Ceage)). The above 160 kPa ( gace) mass of steck bocame constant, No allowance cass Made for Ihe extia volome needed to presourige the accumvlator Fait sage design is essentiol for an elevator to be used by the public The — conteet citcutry should be tedundant.. Failures must be easy to spot For this. feason | bydraclic actuation 1 geod : Leaks ot be readily apparent. Tre final design must be tewewed , approved , and clamped by 2 prefescional engineer since the design invelves poblic safety + The ferminclegy used in the selotion in degined i Table 4 Table 1. Symbols , definitions and umts Symbol, Definition units P system pressure kbs ¢gage> Ap aiea of lift Fiston mm? Voit Volume of cit Lit Ds Diameter of (sphercel) in accumobator t wall thickness of an Sphencal accomolator Aw Mea of weld fmm Cw Gest of weld $ Ms mace of (steel) kp accumulator Cs Cost of tect ce total cost $Results of the system simulation and ample calculations Table 2. Resvite of system simulation Tnpot Debs Cab and piston weight Weap = 267 KN Passenger weight Whe = 67 KN Total weight Wee = 334 KN Allowable stiess = 275 Mire Mimmom coait thickne 25 be Emm Welding Cest factor Cf = 8x10" $/mm™ Stecl cont factor cp = 276 a/eg fr + T = a Kegom ccbamy | YESS (scm) | emmy | Ana | Cw C8) | make) | ce CH) [ceC8) ves [247 | ay | 178 | Ge 46d [1294 1,851 = cal se | ise 1,474 205 | 163 | ve | Bt | eH 25 | (2) fee | 138 | Ga | sas | wey | 286 | Tea | 1,225 698 | {,106 sus | We | 106 66 ee [owe | oe |Sample caleutations ( p = 135 kPa C gage?) Sint mt oy We = pAp 3 Ape BE = ss.a mio? x 10%mm® ym = 2U7 10mm’ P Tm? 85x00 Veil = Ape = 247 400mm? A Wim x motu 2 kk imo? Tm? Vot = Vig = 4eR2 2 PS 5 Ds (Guay = Ex 27 AIL HM 2 175m io € w! a lek Frem 8 force balance on the sphere pro. <8 Det om Ly issaton x 4 ETB me x (6mm 4 mF iSkin m 26MM x (O'mm = Bm 2 fam = 646 x 10mm Cu = $ ante % EFE AI mm 2 $ 559 x A6tke = 4 I2n4 and + Cwres = S97 +124 = $ Lest2,000 oe e 4 10 3 1,000 2 S00 oO Fi! 15 nae ae 555 695 Super Fresaune, 6(Lfa) 5} } * Problem 3.48 (3] Part 1: Gren Poor Vordtied sn dane werlical vol 6 wader Nor ob shew oF Man, SEL CHA Pureedieric pressure acts cnokee saefaue oC door Fa. Gs Fer 8.2 Gan, soso Gre on Bact oni Lne oC otacn of Core EY Restord Sara and nc of aAKH K Reso Ban j WX ENR. and Ghar cone HK RRL CRG ceed Seren tne P= Cn QE y cacrhinde oCcaresds | Se | Go oe | ome werdnos Sar RK Fee Gran ven Cutan Besurmgurons GQ Radice \vaprd . EV Heorrpraceble \q pid Sf} Radar We Gd dan co ganee cd cigeesnons Ge Fark Cmeeded Cor He ghd? and Ses omy Lor cases (AF Bee ARE RQ dy Ben Be Ree Ray | KA REA . Beconse WEA ae on Re oleh aC Be deer Ben fe | Be ror Gan goge pressure 7 Rega Set ee (Rane Se Roby = ( Fer BLUR a+ Baas - ey we Kote Awe te Qsat + ahaa west Se act le aw afk >[ & Far Rye od dn Cag Rn ; % Problem 3.48 (3) Part 2 Gee Sr ge bb Leas Bd) he \n[osdn Ned OSA . array Aa { ON e WAS RS Fer Wr SS a= Be (oat eR ae (rhs be wool O82 EIA eS hs | Rend a _ ata WA ash aer| och on) SN eae Ss a4 Fer Be ake aye ct Ee RA en Gene | Se fa ccQaee) ote) - Sd FEEL Bled wR FA bal RA aR Re Qos ose Deen Liha SR 4 25a) le 2S [es Boa] Wade, Re fora on Re aoe Lora eK | erence A eK Re -pereeuee Re We HK acdion of Me ees dar rn & ooo, Kacens Se corset oO Se ache 5 3 fee whe ce She ake Sg egerenSee Urha os Nhe sarkce, spree te Neveasc&sfewounee Problem 3.48 Force ratio and line of action ratio vs. surface pressure: Force Ratio, FF (1 Line of Action Ratio, yy. (+) 20 10 05. 09 09 Line of {surface FOR ae, lpeton tine ot es erad, FON) | emint et Pa (atm) 7 7 (nm) viel 0 100257 10823 1.88, o1 189 408 1.0388, 1.82 02 © 218 $80 1.0281 4.80 03 0 277 74 tanta 478 05 = 385 101 1.0188 178 40 © 689177 1.00822 178 20° 128 «= 329 100399 1.76 30187 480 40 © 245 632 50305783, Force Ratio vs. Surface Pressure Line of Action Ratio vs. Surface Pressure ee Une of action. ¥ (m) Line of action Fat, yy (=) os. 10 1 20 Surface Pressure, py (atm) 13) Pan stProblem 3.49 rR 3.49 Find the pressures al pointy A. B. and C. ay shown, and in the two air cavities. Given: Geometry of chamber system Find: Pressure at various locations Solution: op Basie equation Pape om, forconstante Ap=peah iy For paint A Pa=Pam* heh; oFingagcpmssue — py = pehy Here we have Pq = 1962Pa For the air eavity son Layee where hy = 10cm From Table A. Sy = 1355 2 N ke og ® Nes = 1962 % ~ 13.55% 1000-48 «9.813 x 0.0m Pair a : a 2 kgm [Note that p= constant thoughout the air poekt For point Pe =Patm + Sig pens where hy = 15-em soo 413 ke om Ne Py = -1300-55 + 13.55% 1000-8 981-5 x 015m m m s kgm rere newPan*SGypeehy vires tye en : ge = tn % 13554 0048 x98 025m 8 or the second air cavity where hs = [sem 15551048 9.8 x08 = 21930 i wt ¢ kgm Pair where alt is height difference Ba = 196-KPa hy = 0.1m Pair hy = 0.15 Py = 86+KPa hy = 0.25 ne = 219342 hs = 0.15m Paie= 1.9943 (eager (wage) (eaee) (gage) (zage