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Smart Transportation System using IOT

Article in International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology · June 2021

DOI: 10.35940/ijeat.E2870.0610521

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 International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT)
ISSN: 2249-8958(Online), Volume-10 Issue-5, June 2021

Smart Transportation System using IOT

Deeplaxmi V. Niture, Vivekanand Dhakane, Piyush Jawalkar, Ankit Bamnote
concept of the Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) has
Abstract: In this paper a Smart Vehicle Assistance and motivated researchers to rethink and redevelop ITS [1].
Monitoring system (SVAMS) is presented. SVAMS is an The use of electronics in automobile has made many
intelligent transportation system (ITS), developed to tackle various tasks possible, which seemed mechanically impossible
traffic related issues. It is a traffic management, monitoring and
optimization solution in which all the vehicles are interconnected
earlier. For example, use of artificial intelligence, accident
through Zigbee and are monitored and assisted centrally, by a alert systems, electronic toll collection systems and location
data center. The system has two parts; one part is mounted in/on tracking systems in vehicles. Even though there are lots of
the vehicle and the other part is at the data centre. Part one components common in these systems, they are available in
collects data from various sensors and transmits it to central data market as separate systems with different protocols and they
centre. All the data will be stored on cloud for further analysis, are expensive as well. Therefore, we have designed and
processing and future use. SVAMS is relatively low-cost, compact
and has various functionalities such as emergency response,
developed a system, which has most of the key functions of
pollution level monitoring, automatic toll collection, traffic rule these systems and is compact in size and highly cost effective
violation detection, vehicle tracking, etc. The use of SVAMS will as well. This system has a capacity to replace existing
help to build up Clean, Corruption free and Crime free (C-3) systems in the market.
cities. The work carried out is presented in this paper in the
Keywords: Emergency services, message passing, vehicle following sequence: Section II explains the architecture of
safety, wireless mesh network, ZigBee.
SVAM system. Section III gives some calculations. This is
followed by section IV which discusses test and results.
I. INTRODUCTION
Finally, section V is conclusion.

T he rapid urbanization of cities in developing countries II. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

like India has resulted in a sharp rise in the number of
vehicles on roads in recent years. As a consequence of which, Fig. 1 shows block diagram of the SVAM system. It
there is an alarming raise of negative externality such as sever gives the working of the system as a whole. Every vehicle in
road congestion, air pollution, frequent road accident etc. the SVAM system has ZigBee box and GPS box. Both
which puts huge stress on the transportation system. Due to communicate with each other through i2c protocol. Vehicle
lack of adequate communication between vehicles communicates with data center using ZigBee at 900 MHz
themselves and vehicle–to–infrastructure there are lots of frequency band. ZigBee range is approximately 9 km. Data
challenges in conventional traffic management solutions. The center has datacenter box and computer for data logging.
advancements in wireless communication and Internet They are connected with Bluetooth, whereas Data center
capabilities have encouraged the development of ITS for uploads data to cloud using Wi-Fi. Toll collection box
improving traffic flow and safety. The latest developments in communicates with vehicle through IR transreciever and with
communication technology is one of the key factors for the cloud through Wi-Fi.
effectiveness of ITS. The use of effective communication can
help reduce congestion and gas emissions to a minimum level
and it can also significantly improve the safety. However, in
recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) together with the

Manuscript received on June 20, 2021.

Revised Manuscript received on June 26, 2021.
Manuscript published on June 30, 2021.
* Correspondence Author
Dr. Deeplaxmi V. Niture*, Department of Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering. College of Engineering Pune (COEP)
Pune, India. Email: [email protected]
Vivekanand Dhakane, Department of Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering. College of Engineering Pune (COEP)
Pune, India. Email: [email protected]
Piyush Jawalkar, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering. College of Engineering Pune (COEP) Pune, India. Email:
[email protected]
Ankit Bamnote, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Fig. 1. Block Diagram of the SVAM System
Engineering. College of Engineering Pune (COEP) Pune, India. Email:
[email protected]

© The Authors. Published by Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and

Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Published By:
Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijeat.E28700610521 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI:10.35940/ijeat.E2870.0610521 and Sciences Publication
Journal Website: www.ijeat.org 434 © Copyright: All rights reserved.
 Smart Transportation System using IOT

The SVAM system perform following functions: MOSFET IRF510 whose gate is controlled by digital pin of
Accident detection using Gyro meter, air pollution controller.
monitoring using MQ135, automatic toll collection using IR
transreciever, detect rule violation using IR transreciever,
location Tracking using GPS, centralized and easy accessible
vehicle database using cloud, safe distance alert using
ultrasonic distance sensor.
A. Vehicle Module
Vehicle module consists of a ZigBee box and a GPS box.
1. ZigBee Box
ZigBee box is designed to collect data from various
sensors and from GPS box through i2c and transmit it to other
vehicles or data center. Fig. 2 shows the schematic of ZigBee
Fig. 3. GPS Box
box. This box contains ZigBee, Atmega328p-pu, Antenna,
Bluetooth HC-05 and Buck convertor PTN76060WAS. B. Data Center Module
IR transreceiver is mounted on top for communication Data center module has a data center box and a
with collection box for automatic toll collection and traffic computer/laptop with a software
rule violation detection. ZigBee has 10km line of sight range
[2]. 1. Computer Software at Data Center
At data Centre, software designed in processing language
-Low level java language is monitor for vehicles in SAVM
system [4]. For designing Graphics User Interface G4P
library is used in processing [5]. This software gets data from
ZigBees as well as from firebase. It displays data about every
vehicle. Fig. 4 shows the actual GUI of the software.
Important objects, numbered from 1 to 7 are: Message
window for messaging vehicle, setting window for changing
map style, track window to get details of vehicle by its
number, no. of received and transmitted data packets, list of
vehicle connected, select serial port of computer, and
animated Logo.

Fig. 2. ZigBee Box

2. GPS box
GPS box is another circuit (box) in vehicle, which is
connected to ZigBee box through wire as both are in vehicle.
Fig. 3 shows the GPS box. This box has components like
GPS module, Serial LCD, two Atmega328 p-pu and MPU
6050.
The GPS box has two micro-controllers. First
microcontroller is for reading GPS and IMU. GPS module
must connect to at least 4 satellites around the earth without
having any obstacle in between [3]. For that it must be
mounted with patch antenna which points upward without Fig. 4. Data centre Software GUI
any metallic obstacle. When there is head on collision with 2. Data Center Box
other vehicle or any other obstacle (like tree, wall, etc), IMU
gives acceleration and angle of vehicle to controller. Then by Data center box is circuit at Data center to get data from
using the algorithm, the controller confirms the accident and vehicle via ZigBee and data from Cloud via Wi-Fi. Fig. 5
communicates with ZigBee box. And subsequently ZigBee shows diagram of data center box. Devices used in the Data
box sends message to nearby vehicles and ambulance. This center box are ZigBee, Wi-Fi module- Node MCU, Bluetooth
requires only 6-7 milliseconds. Module. Bluetooth module and the ZigBee are connected to
Second microcontroller is used for LCD, distance sensor one Node MCU via two separate UART ports.
and, Gas sensor monitoring. When there is any obstacle from Node MCU is development board of esp8266, 32-bit
backside or from front size, it will be detected by ultrasonic microcontroller insidewith160 MHz clock frequency. Node
sensors and message will appear about obstacle on LCD. Gas MCU fetches the data coordinates from the Firebase cloud
sensor MQ 135 is used for hazardous gas level detection. storage and sends to the computer via Bluetooth.
Gas sensor has heater inside to create condition in which
gas can be detected. Resistance of this heater is 27Ω so it
draws =5V/27Ω =185 𝑚𝐴 current. To avoid continuous flow
of current through heater coil, it is controlled by using

Published By:
Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijeat.E28700610521 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI:10.35940/ijeat.E2870.0610521 and Sciences Publication
Journal Website: www.ijeat.org 435 © Copyright: All rights reserved.
 International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT)
ISSN: 2249-8958(Online), Volume-10 Issue-5, June 2021

Data is received from the vehicle via ZigBee and transmitted rule. When signal is yellow or green, transmitter does not
to the computer via the Bluetooth module. Further that data is transmit signal.
processed by software in computer.
2. Cloud
ZigBee operates on line-of-sight principle i.e. the
antenna must be in sight of at least one of vehicle antennas. Firebase cloud is used for saving data online. Fig. 7
So, this box must not be in close room, it must be outside the shows a cloud database structure for our system. After
room with some height of 50-100 meter. The data center box creating new project at firebase, it gives one URL, which is
can be connected to computer in data center by with wire or address of that Database [6]. Wi-Fi modules in Data center
wirelessly with Bluetooth. Node MCU has serial port but for box and collection box use that URL to upload and download
serial communication wire length must be less than 5m so it data. Data on firebase is saved in JavaScript Object Notation
is not practical. Therefore, we use Bluetooth, wireless (JSON), a minimal, readable format for structuring data. Data
protocol which has 100m range and data transfer speed of 3-5 is saved in parent child hierarchy as show in fig.7. History of
Mbps. any vehicle can be read from the cloud using datacenter
software

Fig. 5. Data Center Box

C. Infrastructure Module
Here the infrastructure means roadside infrastructures
e.g. sensors, access points and centralized servers.
Fig. 7. Cloud database structure.
1. Collection Box
D. Networking and Protocols
Fig. 6 shows the collection box. This box is designed for
two functions, automatic toll collection and rule violation All the vehicles in SAVM system are connected with
amount collection. There is a button to switch between these each other and data center using Zigbee in mesh topology. All
functions. In toll plaza, this box is mounted at a height of ZigBees except Data center Zigbee are configured as routers,
10m. This box has IR transmitter and IR receiver (TSOP). IR so messages generated by one vehicle will pass in mesh until
transmitter transmits its ID continuously. When it is received it reaches the data centre. There are two ways to pass the data
by IR receiver of vehicle passing underneath it, IR transmitter between the vehicle and the data centre. One is through the
of vehicle sends vehicle number which is received by TSOP Firebase cloud, and the other one is through the Zigbee
of collection box. Wi-Fi module of collection box gets the network. When vehicle is in city, it will be in the range of
account details of that vehicle from cloud and collects the toll data centre directly or indirectly through mesh network. But
amount from that account. if the vehicle is not in the range of the data centre, it can still
be connected to the data centre via another vehicle which isin
the data center’s range. There is provision to integrate client’s
mobile in the system. In that case, mobile application will be
connected to ZigBee box via Bluetooth and ZigBee box will
upload vehicle data such as location co-ordinates, accident
alert, and emergency message to Firebase account of
respective vehicle.
The location coordinates can be fetched from the cloud
server in the pit using Node MCU ESP8266 Wi-Fi module
which is connected to an internet connection constantly and
then these coordinates can be sent to the computer/laptop
using the Bluetooth module.
Fig. 6. Collection Box

For rule violation amount collection this box is mounted

on traffic signal. It works in similar fashion as the box at toll
plaza only difference is that it starts sending its ID only when
the traffic signal is red to catch the vehicle, violating traffic

Published By:
Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijeat.E28700610521 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI:10.35940/ijeat.E2870.0610521 and Sciences Publication
Journal Website: www.ijeat.org 436 © Copyright: All rights reserved.
 Smart Transportation System using IOT

For communication between various nodes protocols are Data rate = 156 kbps = 19.5 kBps (1)
customized. The string format for them have been defined = 1604800 *1024 Bytes per day
like ‘STPG_MH12AB3456_18.345678,73.851234=’. In this
string ‘STP’ stands for Smart Trans-Portation, ‘G’ means this Table-IV shows the amount of data used by one vehicle in
string contains GPS data, ‘MH12AB1234’ is a vehicle one day. This is the maximum data that can be used by a
number, ‘18.345678,73.851234’ is string containing latitude vehicle in one day. Using the data rate of ZigBee and data
and longitude separated by comma. ‘=’ denotes end of string. used by one vehicle, we can calculate maximum number of
Table-I shows the string format for traffic rule violation vehicles accommodated in the data center.
communication between vehicle and collection box. Table-II
string format for toll collection communication between 1604800×1024
vehicle and collection box shows and Table-III gives the Max. no. of vehicles in a data center = (2)
51874.665
string format for communicating different messages between
vehicle and data center software. = 31,678 vehicles

TABLE-I. VEHICLE-COLLECTION BOX STRING FORMAT So, nearly 31.5k vehicles can be handled by one data
FOR TRAFFIC RULE VIOLATION center. This number is dependent on the ZigBee data rate.
Thus we can increase the capacity of data center by using a
String format Sender Message ZigBee of higher data rate.
RULE_MH12A from vehicle to send vehicle
B3456= Collection box no. TABLE-IV. Data Used By Single Vehicle Per Day
RULE_RL1245 from Collection box No. of bytes per
Send ID to car Data No. of bytes
12= to vehicle day
Location 36 bytes per 1 minute 51840
TABLE-II. VEHICLE-COLLECTION BOX STRING Pollution
19 bytes per day 19
FORMATTOLL COLLECTION COMMUNICATION level
PROTOCOLS Emergency 16 bytes per 6 month 0.0879
Accident 16 bytes per year[7] 0.04383
String format Sender Message
Message 30 bytes per 2 day 15
TOLL_TL1245 from Collection
Send ID to car Tracking 16 bytes per month 0.5333
12= box to vehicle
TOLL_MH12A from vehicle to Send vehicle no. + Total 51874.665
B3456_CAR= Collection box vehicle type
F. Maximum Speed of vehicle under collection box
TABLE-III. SOFTWARE-VEHICLE STRING FORMAT
Angle of transmission for IR LED is 10° and for TSOP
String format Sender Message angle of reception is 10°. So IR communication will be
possible till angle of vehicle is less than 20° [7]. Maximum
STPG_MH12A distance of receiver is 10 m. This is shown in fig. 8.
B3456_18.3456 from car GPS position
78,73.851234=
Max. distance of communication = 2×10 sin θ (3)
STPP_MH12A
from car pollution scale = 3.472 m
B3456_12=
STPE_MH12A Time require for communication is 85 mS, therefore
from car EMERGENCY
B3456=
Max. speed of vehicle =
STPA_MH12A
from car accident 3.473×10-3 ×3600
B3456= (4)
85×10-3
STPM_MH12A
B3456_Message from software message =147km/hr
=
STPT_MH12A Hence vehicle with speed lower than 147km/hr can be
from software track detected by collection box.
B3456=
STPR_MH12A
from firebase Rule No.
B3456_2=

III. CALCULATION
E. Maximum vehicle for one Data Center
Maximum data rate of XBEE (XBEE is ZigBee
manufactured by Digi International) is 156 kbps [2].

Published By:
Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijeat.E28700610521 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI:10.35940/ijeat.E2870.0610521 and Sciences Publication
Journal Website: www.ijeat.org 437 © Copyright: All rights reserved.
 International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT)
ISSN: 2249-8958(Online), Volume-10 Issue-5, June 2021

V. CONCLUSION
We have successfully implemented a prototype of smart
transportation system which is quite effective and efficient.
The use of this system with sufficiently large number of
vehicles can definitely reduce the traffic related issues to a
large extent.

APPENDIX
Video of working prototype:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwUbrrz81ugba3dyMWE1
Fig. 8. Geometry for maximum distance calculation SElTUVE/view?usp=sharing

IV. TEST AND RESULTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT

All the electronic circuits are designed and fabricated Authors would like to thank to Department of
in-house at FAB LAB in college of Engineering Pune. PCBs Electronics and telecommunication, College of Engineering,
are designed using EAGLE and then fabricated using Pune for funding and supporting this project work.
conventional method. Outer casing of each box is made up of
3mm acrylic sheet as acrylic has high strength to weight ratio. REFERENCES
After fabrication, the complete system is deployed and tested. 1. Maimaris, Athanasios, and George Papageorgiou. "A review of
Fig. 9 Shows the testing of the SVAM system. For Intelligent Transportation Systems from a communications technology
testing the ZigBee box is mounted on two wheeler carriage. perspective." Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), 2016 IEEE
19th International Conference on. IEEE, 2016.
Ultra sonic distance sensor mounted on backside as well as 2. sparkfun.com, “Reference for specification of XBEE.” 2016. [Online].
on front side. 3. ieee.org, “Reference for GPS module mounting.” 2016. [Online].
4. processing.org, “Reference for processing language.” 2016. [Online].
5. lagers.org.uk, “Reference for G4P GUI library.” 2014. [Online].
6. firebase.google.com, “Reference for firebase cloud programming.”
2016. [Online].
7. Wern-YarngShieh, Chen-Chien (James) Hsu, Shen-Lung Tung,
Po-Wen Lu, Ti-Ho Wang, Shyang-LihChang, “ Design of Infrared
Electronic-Toll-Collection Systems With Extended Communication
Areas and Performance of Data Transmission.” IEEE Transactions On
Intelligent Transportation Systems, Vol. 12, No. 1, March 2011.

AUTHORS PROFILE
Dr. Deeplaxmi V. Niture has received the B. Tech and
M. Tech degree in Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering from Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar
Technological University (Dr. B. A. T. U), Lonere, India
in 2003, and in 2006 respectively. She has completed her
Ph.D. in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
from the Savitribai Phule University of Pune, Maharashtra, India in 2021.
Presently she is working as assistant professor in College of Engineering
Pune (COEP). She has authored several journal and conference papers. Her
research interests include Microstrip Antennas, Reconfigurable antennas, RF
and Microwave Circuits and Internet of Things.

Vivekanand Dhakane has completed B. Tech in

Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering from
College of Engineering Pune in 2017 and currently
pursuing M. Tech in Solid State Devices at Indian Institute
of Technology, Bombay. His areas of interest are Data
Acquisition and Automotive Electronics.
Figure 9. Fabricated and implemented (a) ZigBee Box (b)
Data Center Box (c) GPS Box and (d) Collection Box Piyush Jawalkar has completed B. Tech in Electronics
and Telecommunication Engineering from College of
Table-V shows the power consumed by different Engineering Pune (COEP) in 2017 and currently working
circuits. Credit Suisse. His area of interest is Electronics Circuit
Design.
TABLE-V. POWER CONSUMED BY CIRCUITS
Ankit Bamnote has completed B. Tech in Electronics and
Current Telecommunication Engineering from College of
Circuit Voltage Power Engineering Pune (COEP) in 2017 and MBA from India
(mA)
(V) Institute of Management, Bangalore in 2021. Presently he
GPS box 100 5 0.5W is working as Product Manager at Sprinklr.

ZigBee box 120 5 0.6W

Data Center box 300 9 2.7W
Collection box 300 9 2.7W

Published By:
Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijeat.E28700610521 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI:10.35940/ijeat.E2870.0610521 and Sciences Publication
Journal Website: www.ijeat.org
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