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A2 Physics Notes

AQA A2 Physics notes

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A2 Physics Notes

AQA A2 Physics notes

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tammk1
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C Forced vibration . (Campog te / a J Nodal, Yew Tam, free MOTION | Dafreec. Unifonin Chrewlar potion ———— Centr, me. _ SIMPLE Hinetonte Maion., rin J \ SHM ing, Forced vibrations & Resonance . StiM Primuples . sHM Applications Ewoltbum 9 \ Frpbde SG Exuahne (Mas peg Pda) —_ “Tins Fened WV HV. a) Frequency. pees Tones Ponad ehnmentc gS Equation cups. Mf Fosters Fesceck vibrations) = E ecovand, Fi Prod, We oe frond / be ae Tage \ Resonanie Fee Resonance/643- Resonance Cunes Ffetef on ae 9 TAM ye Phy Chit. Civeular motion. a Radliause> Boyrees oa 21 fod = 360° — Rad — Degrees - en cliuslor motion 7 HEA. Motion of an object at constant speed along a creulur path Tune poried (1) 1H. Tome taken 49 complete one revolutioa. (ph ft Nuwiber of complete evolutions per second. Wait: Hertz CHE) or revs! 1 __t nwo vwleay, “) Formula: wat ms” Angular Udplacement (0) ch Augie swopt out at the carte of te creular path Wit radians Cred) a cinriped 0 /Einaar tegen pre Pate of change z: ‘aplad distcrnat of an objet Us artular ular wofion wit tod s* Revolutions pur munute aaa =a ra! revs! —— > angulay spec. “em +bo xan we cman [rev mini] L ae Curtripetal acceleration, ER, wit of chenge of velocity of an object Alowg a crreuler path b suey tonacds we of Order path. av wits . A Formula, ae £ ae + Denvation= i - See extra pores to v2 Gol) Cuntvpptal force, A Neb esubtawt sforce on an abject moning im & Creular past ad constant sped. iat J Formula: Co F=ma) Applications ef etianler mation. S_(Support) Lh bridge with ounvature , ov + AL bop of Will: x ay Y= 1adhina of Cnveiure my mg me] r + Lose context 144t- ERB) Bridge: | x 6-0, | mg = BE / lh 2) Bud on flat surfare + Fiction provides cantuget force. Foo we __ 1 Prution 1 proportional to venation force (R-mg) Fo= obaffedint of fation., + Mow. se iin Wo skidhaling [amy BE] > |v = Sage | Note.* ynsot. “ee tyres on surface okie YisPby @) Bowked tak, + Safety pupae. horrontal conmponurt of raaction force prowdes cent potel fore 4 x rely ow fraction (+ Cumbnpetal force = horeortek conpount of R ; ‘ Ring = Ae Rees yg —o (+ Batanceol vertical forces: C Ress = my —O - By oinsion ) ody q oe . a) = tand aa ~ Cutie ‘vo Jtandqr Coquation for 1 Sidawau frvtion) 2. Eau angle of bawling: be) ony Sr ‘for one speed. 4 Duign of banked tracts OO radius Tonge of bomking (8) 1 speed (v) for no Siduvays friction ) Ciyeular ation tna vertical plaue. 1) Forces on cewtusinr | obj (A) Top of top. A mgt T =a] 2 Tuuion (1) at @ union, = > +B) Bottom of loop. we | > TeusiowlT) ota maximum, Tg < BE row! a LO) Bide tf Loop. @) At ayavale. T= at | gen Rotimr> otan angle > side > top. * Tension = (hy Forces “ow an ol. tly nied ey. buuket trated, ~ GO Top of Loops _ mg +R | R: ranition force of pueot onc. * When mg < wt Rr09 myer provide coipetal fra. f + phon ng = BE, BAO oy Le canted + Nin mg 7, Reo» hovig ht cumae abject 7 toleave bicket =) Fmuninusn VIS yaguivedl for obj. fo stay in bucket. "4 B) Bottom RE renction force (support force) [feng - of inoue objet: ©) Gide of loop. + Hor 2dictel forces: = Vertical forces Ry me Ry ms. fon tu horontel plane 2) Giplain motion ia towns of narton’ las. of motion. 40 Nilaa: anomie faswttint force ouding on + Constant cpoed buat salodty 15 changing “ Changi dtection, a Ball aucelerating 1e of veloc EN2 las: Fora on it mma ol /octelorate tall + Foc iv commana as ocelerelion + Fore + acceleretion js curtiipetal = towards audre of crcle. © N3 land: Ball pulls om coutral print of support with a force that 1s eqnal os oppocits bo fome pully on ball from fle entre, Explanation. in tro ‘att force) m vertical otrertion > wught of ball (ma) downwards ~ vertical np of tein pati © Ronzontel Componsicl of tension, Provides cord vipetel pou, KWTAM, & peter, -Fis%_ad a. wriain velocity, penton remina punned-to roabl R= ME] R= reaction force of rallen porson. + Fretwon Is Fo =uR| + Minmum speed for person to be pinned to woll: Fo =p A? . nig [> FF | Q) # Poriod ef votabiow of comial pendulum. i ‘trons £0 romel reaction force. (Too R) he coef fecuent of friction tan = Fsin® = mrw* 6 = mak F ces0 = mg P cal m4 BG ott GS To 20 fF BH Aivcragt tuning + RE: Levee fleghle + Hl force asting nomaly to aired 7 balances nig To tum: atveras{ 16 prankeo ~ honimmnseslewmrpenaR of Jr{t force = centipetal free. ACH rcoelerowmator * Meawuter contnpetel aualeredion of car. Ls prrutey displacedt From coute of Circular * ni “at : re 7 spring naar ATS comprestecl 5 spring near stretched 9 estoting fince 0” sprig poids cuntvipetal force Boe nk = cour fesse esilant force T A eA sbetthad. Lift Weight of aircraft centre of Pe > — Seti pomter B Ck IF Creular metren ALA, CB ABD trplavie alg of i de by ‘he contra fre or the obpecks > Roikdowe = forex distaae tralled tr the dbredtion of force. > Mm drenled mation forte 1s perpendicnter te daplaconsut RO Movewout A The dlitection of fore > 2. no Hak done, UR) A ee Ta a uy a accu path 1s axcelwaia yet maving at a consteut: : gud. talaia Hu Statumauct wl reference to tha. ylysieal props awolved . (2007 PRA TA) | co aa 3 of velocity ( + sped i6 a sealer but velocity 1s vector (hor diectin) + Force & aucleration outs towards cutie of clide ' Fate £ oucdleration alvays pevperchrutor to. veloc pseu ( + Force chauges diedtion of velutity but not rts waavitude. Bf directo contivint ' | thane) wot on | jg autleration = rate of of velocity. : a] ( 8 Circular motion and gravitation Motion in a circle ‘Two useful expressions Deriving a= y?/r Centripetal force tounding a bend Other examples of circular motion ‘Vioment of inertia Kinetic energy of a rotating body Work done by a couple Angular momentum, Kepler’s laws, Motion ina circle In everyday life, in atomic physics and in astronomy and space travel there are many examples of bodies moving in paths which if not exactly circular are nearly so, In this chapter we will see how ideas developed for dealing with straight-line motion enable us to tackle cir- cular motion. A body which travels equal distances in equal times longa circular path has constant speed but not constant velocity. This is due to the way we have defined speed and velocity; speed is a scalar quantity, veloc vector quantity. Fig. 8.1 shows a ball attached to a string being whirled round in a horizontal circle. The velocity of the ball at P is directed along the tangent at P; when it reaches Q its velocity is directed along the tangent at Q. If the speed is constant the magnitudes of the velocities at P and Q are the same but their directions are different and so the velocity of the ball has changed. A change of velocity is an acceleration and a body mov- ing uniformly in a circular path or arc is therefore accel- erating, Bal 2 J String Fig. 8.1 In everyday language acceleration usually means going faster and faster, i.e. involves a change of speed. However, in physics it means a change of velocity and since the velocity changes not only when the speed changes, but also when the direction of motion changes, Gravity and the moon Law of universal gravitation Testing gravitation Masses of the sun and planets Newton’s work Earth’s gravitational field Acceleration due to gravity Weightlessness Speed of escape then, for example, a car rounding a bend (even at con- stant speed) is accelerating. Raddans Two useful expressions We will use these from time to time when dealing with circular motion, 4 (a) Angles in radiansi82%8 Angles can be measured in radians as well as degrees. In Fig. 8.2 the angle 6, in radians, is defined by the equation Fig. 8.2 If's=r then =I radian (rad). Therefore 1 radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc equal in length to the radius. When s=2nr (the cire- umference of a circle of radius r) then @=2n radians = 360°. “Lradian = 360°/21- From the definition of a radian it follows that the length s of an arc which subtends an angle @ at the centre of radius r, is given by 7° where @is in radians. 165 166 VOLUME I Materials and Mechanics (b) Angularvelocity: v= rw. The speed of a body moving in a circle can be specified either by its speed along the tangent at any instant, i.e. by its linear speed, or by its angular velocity. This is the angle swept out in unit time by the radius joining the body to the centre of the circle. Itis measured in radians per second (rad s~"), We can derive an expression connecting angular vel- ocity and linear speed. Consider a body moving uniformly from A to B in time ¢so that radius OA rotates through an angle @, Fig. 8.2. The angular velocity w of the body about O is If arc AB has length s and if v is the constant speed of the body then = réwhere ris the radius of the circle, But from (a), ro 7 But w= 6/t, re If r= 3m and w= revolution per second = 27 rad s“! then the linear speed v = 6rms~!. To obtain an expression for the acceleration of a small body (i.e. a particle) describing circular motion, con- sider such a body moving with constant speed v in a circle of radius r, Fig. 8.3a. If it travels from A to B in a short interval of time &¢ then, since distance = speed X time, are AB = vir Also, by the definition of an angle in radians arcAB=r6@ — (86=4 AOB) ‘The vectors v4 and vp drawn tangentially at A an B represent the velocities at these points. The cha. of velocity between A and B is obtained by subtractin vq from vg. That is change of velocity = vp — va = vn + (-¥a) But ve-¥, Hence, to subtract vector v, from vector vp We 4. vectors ¥p and (—v,) by the parallelogram law. In Fig. 8.3b, XY represents vy in magnitude (v) & direction (BD); YZ represents (—v) in magnitude (1 and direction (CA). The resultant, which gives change of velocity, is then seen from the figure to be in effect, vector XZ. Since one vector (—v4) is perpendicular to OA an the other (vg) is perpendicular to OB, £XYZ ZAOB = 36. If &t is very small, 86 will also be sma and XZ in Fig. 8.3b will have almost the same len as are XZ in Fig. 8.3c which subtends angle 6 at th centre of a circle of radius v. Are XZ = v0 (from d nition of radian) and so ‘ XZ=vae ver But from (1) 59= XZ= "ar r The magnitude of the acceleration a between A 2 Bis change of velocity _XZ timeinterval —8¢ is} (c) XW Tem 7 713 Phy. Extra. off spec ky 2 OnIt. Chreutar wotton, Mowend of din Gywwbok D) Ra, Tis rluctancs of @ body its rotational mation (angular velvety), pe einen ors roe co = I= Xm Le i Epi on Eas Ex =3 Iw ~ * 8= 18 Worle dmb Gauge lone = 2 Fr = 2Fr. | Total WD = an ‘WD = 2xFs = 2FrO. Tota WD = soe x angie of rotation WD = 2FrO = TO. jwlor yom. SEAL Foran objet M chieulas motion , angular monextom= The momar! of (ts momactium about centre’ of rota bisw. ie. totatishal epavalent of mombucun uation. = MNnead momentum of A> P= my i= mr 7 angulox womsniam ofA: rx mre) = mr > ote ougular monadsturn = Zmrw = Iw. KWTAM 118 Pl “ChI8, Simple Harmonic Motion BHM defunitions Sipe bam. motion FR a + oscillation motion in-vabide tho acceleration ic: is a ® Dueclly roperttonal to the dis laceimont | Av % @ ‘Always im the opperite dive v “to the. ifn an ton REE —— a ocition That tho object osciletes about, Cesplaumaut=0) Aruplitude. Rh + Moximuon displecemsut of the oscillating objet | from oq STi posal @ eden oa nen RE + Tine taken for one conplele eycle of osallatlon, wh OO : Pas lls od wy ng object —— SHM= Privciphes bes DV, Gangs. of XV + Gradient of cispleamart graph = ve ae osx) = ~ginx = Cradtant of velocity. graph Fon Bc (- sine) =~ cos 1 phaecitfe 2 alt groph i in antipboce nth x/t graph Defining austin [aa 0 age vee v ate. or 2n=T) (aia ama Displacemet equation, v x=Acos (wot? v a ; “x = feos (20 ft) = cos ( t) Note -O at is time, net” toe period! © Phae diene = tm yadiang! — Phasediff = wot = 2efat = Eat, 4. Vetoerty equation. 7 yeawlax | Vina = 10 A= Ampl(tude of oscillation x Festonig fore in SHM. L_Sinuple penduduun - rbypuat point. (hy Towards Lowauyfrom soi (3) bosut point guild T T 1 2 masin€ i = vastori i . es | ng ‘wal Ping sine é / gos rend” ly oo $ Si “920, [1 = mgen® T-macor8 - S| Tem = cs AO Blast ido ce Dulls_obj tonsa equi spring is suka = ka, force vas pbject opproathed aqui. 8 ~ Fema, acceleration y dinctoncf 9 O° reatoring force =O, but object oveishoots equi. cel TE “Tt hoa tusrtio (constant veloaty? - mB Eats wating ore pl obit ig rng is pee kx, fu aunt ae — ma, body slows at inacaarhg rabe (daccelerationt) ( Ku TAM. SHM Appiccationdi): Simple peudolLun. YN Py Method. > Mtloek penduelune bob 40 stri 4 ae betircon oedlen b Temp. : ~ Measure length 1 pia mes< of bob tp ao point of om with a neler ® Fiducial marker ot cwrcre of oscillation, datum A - Pull bob +o side and release fo osillate Pb. = %*4 small tude (<10°) + in strought [ine Fiduciad - Time (0 oscillation Tre) + in 6 repeat measur euss (at centre of oscillation. by divide + find mean time its P ~ Determine Mod. T for 2% value of “L ~ Plot graph ye ant L. . by sh.tine through origin —7 Tx L ne ~ Gradient of graph = ee Equation Te ae SH i hae mactlort 4 “Tre 20 Fe Method. : = Set up Mp equapnaun : Mase - Fiducial marker at bottom of mais tor roprasoact contre oscilletion ~ Courter- wadighete to pravent pling - Pull mass haga vertical a afew em +> Small amplitude - Time 10 oscillations ho) 4 meas urUnentS 4y divide by 10 + fae tan te id T. coutterntight wlotat sping. (m) p ~ Determine “time period T for 2 F values of masses im) ~ Plot graph T agosnst Mm & St. line thio in origin, Tam - Grodunt h = 40 of rp TK ae factors of frgusncy (time period. O) Mass fm), =f mass > inertia. of syatem -¥ valoaty of of object. =A time period ef oxcilledion SHM* Applucchina’= Teepe dene (0) Mass. ~ Acceleration E> nagar fap, okm es ing te ri ce - resi a» . ke a= -w'e = 2m. 2) Peudutun - Acceleration <> angular ‘fnguaneg 2S y JL Fe ma = -ma sin Va = 9 sin8 vas -w'x ~ - 95in8 Wh = WA qa wre + (2) Spring Lonstaut, ~ Weaker png» sping constaut b - v westort ) aucserition (0) -v velocity = 1 tine period of oscillation, KWTAM Ye Poy Ered of SHM. G7 Stuple percalium - fa | » [ec Equstion GPE, | max 0 wax mg re | oO | max o | tw ee C) Hote ering systio A PE max. 0 ke © max Energy Asplremert gph. “bay fine gragh, . ; AN aN ations from wae>rmin | / | 4 ; MH onch paclladtion piri/i : 1 : x0 0 T Equity — Eat) Dauprd oscillettona Damping ek HOU A veuctive fore oppecer occllcti & energy ren tion Lev reduce (u amplitude. stem J ! Dissipative forces AE. ~ Forces that tans er ensray of the syctews to its suroundings 4 Camse api of oxcillatiou b darease, | Free preillations = Mudampacd ecallations - No periodic force acting en the cystemn ~ Amphinde f otcillations is constant (eg. air) detroases. erponorti Gy reducing by some fraction oad oy te.) eye e Circa damping (eq, oF, water) ( + The taken for dicplacemnuct to become 2er0 \ ( t is @ minimum. - Just snougle denying to stop the pay GB) Reavy, i ~ No oscillations occur. - en returns mora slowly to pelt postion if ovitically damped. Forced vibrations & fesovouce.. Forced vibrecions Ay VBR) vibretions (oscillations) of & system Sibfected to an oxieruol periodic force. © Fregraney Of oscillation determuicl by fraqnency of poniodic force Periodic force KE, Force that varies requlaily in negnitude with « defivile fina period Nadel egusnay ih Frequaney of “free esallclions of om oscillating syste. Whe Rosonouct frequaney EH, - Frequency of e caltading system in TeSmMAUc. Foveedt vibsation set-up. vari mars vibrator XOTAM, YE Pha Resouanee Kak, ) Forced vibrations *_ Applied tag < Wesonaurt, tng. ; mF : Phase dliffirewee betwan Weoaty ete, periodic fores e> obeplacenent. periodic-foree slower | Fess than resonance. |¥ trerease from O> F rod. ‘than cystem I Amp Tas frequaney Calmost th phase) e . Leo olisplacemaict. penedicfore system — |e Maximum aFrod. Coony towed C displacomeuct #1 beluind periodic fort) F Fregeaney(under ligict danping) “ed I eel f oF = wena: fregucsny of stcilltng Sychuua. t Enargy transfer 7 » Mie ensgy tromcfir from periodic force > oscillating system, 3) Forced vibrations: Applisst fag. > _robensvit-2 faa, Phase differonw detireoun atte pedi fce enc lacomtnt penddic force foster FLess than resoveuce. /% tnueaie from & > Wiad. ‘than Syctun A fmptituded as fiegT | Cuore ou of phare? e : Resonance one. Pipe \ uw ' | i \e@ ' : Renae fps. APS Phase aiff: 09 — EF ——S (wore out of phase) Best of danging on rescue Ddawying OT max amuptitude at resonance © ymax. aplitnde ot 7 ® resonant fieg. clover to Roonance vocal fea. © resonant fleg < vocal frog ‘iva frp. tf © Sharper rearnance poak © Broader rerenenre peck . Pesovaucs oxayples, 1) _Barton's poovdlulvvat s + Tok, effect of onclleling matin of D tronsmiftedl along “thread + Obwrvations © Shorter pondubums. CP, O> 15S Shorter L—> Shortec T Chime pevivel> Natok ‘firgnaneg > applisol freqrones (> Ly phase diff: 0 to rad. ©, Same tength pendulum Ck) bo Game h > same T Chime period) . Natuual freqrany = applied fejend = spree Seavey bs at resonance. by phase diff = 5 ® Longer penslilanea (ST). ( Longer L > Jonger T tims period) a Nattral frag xoneg < Applied fegusneg Ly phase oliff: E - 7 rad. @ ws on stretched shi a = > ob onance > stationary waves formed > amplitude of vibration “t wT, Ye chit crm, Atel "1 CBB) Explaun mq period of p wndludunn Changes whan mas Ts yemorea, ~ Couclye of mass of object is Tie tan ‘the tual of “the stvieg b Effetie vo of pendulum is to ~ heft wast object coed, ont fe {ate half tos tri ~ Period derreares. apeeng ny (BRB) explain changes im tusiod of purdadvn sti ~ Tension opera Ov wade, ecactal ~ Temston 04 ore moves downwards. ~ Tension win. ot vax. displace nut i | T= mq cesO. (mark sume & re Sr x2) ' - Tension mix. wo equilibrinn Caacp ree aa +a (BAB) Enlai se tnt al Vibraching surface 7 above 0 Covtacin Litnde constant) E . = hon Vibrating gunf cevad. dow) aan accelreion 24 , EE Niter somal stows in contest. ~ Move & particule ‘frye, oucleration ofp ote Cg “ x] & ourleretoonef plete > acceleration of sade ~ Ro Contaut force ovt sand when dovwonrds. » BRR) 1 Urn Pdulaans ( mass), sen tot be i load on imp ~ Ny renistamee result cm . ~ howded & wiloadeal eeetiy CsA rade d cwod grin ~ Tantia of Loaded cons T ~ KE PES momsiclum of loaded cone T unleaded - smabler proportlon of fumoved per orcilletion ( less Lin hun Lobe m aa " BAL) Hass spring systorn 4p heruue IsA2011() O ed wl Novae axta aw bh vat of eo (A oir rancho) @ suspand mars in water, ~ Rr set atoviboetion at fegreneg of loodepeclar. = ference when appa. freqaneg, Clovdepeatar) \ sn, | eo = natured frying of aly column 7 max ounplttnske + Na. unary traf at Wonance, ORAL) expuin why oavuty rf romd ouresses whan 2 fakes cuvtainvalis Ba butte : ( ( water ( ~ Wines feflected af Surface of water \ Wee ~ Superposition betrotenn tramanated + reflected waver. tap. ~ Stattonnny waves fomist. navies = Mx tdunsiby nha path diff. = ma : ~ marine (minima obiened when t cheuges by a ct CB AR) Revere bungee. 09 Sef mat of vider explain hew lata of suapruvion potvut has fo bo ehanged ( Fo produce game inifial aumpletudt. Phy B 201/03. ( ¥O Rect ectemsion T when violer is heavier 4+Q® - Rider horto move aan o. susinace =b orginal umphtude t ( From te now rext positron or. ( ~ lovger mass 60 more muer4y (wg? raded to reac Some Leg ® Tratial adension hos to be imuicared Light — fenwy +. PE of suspunsion hoa to be rauiseol, ( « 7 ( e Papa whet would happen if Yik of Susportacon, raused too h he L ~ Rope becones slack at top Laer gpinto ffi to ‘ ~ Rida would fall and rope nord absorb ehergy whit auinving back oct start point i PE asad ok the top of the (lint mmm = TATA enpegrecpioman the stave ‘ = woud not hit ground hard. (A lek paper | 201%) COR) Cpls 2 ance th grip for & ping ral uae ering coustant: Geel, tao Kir la wax. pla Is at jude tags, omit Wugluc spcing constant. CK) ©) Resonance. peak would be broader 2 dat to dame (3) Anplitwds [pines at alt frasprtuctes 4 kwTam. YB Phy ( Ceontld) cle sm Ribu) (ARM!) wha Ha pany ef 0 coral hing ayston Youher a cotain speed aftur bul Siitehad on, 0 sted section of e pipe. vibes strong. aa \t) Explain chy the pipe vuinaten sthronaly at a curtain ps ; ( E tee aa Fe eonantis polite pep = Pipe haa a. nae gp of Virretion. > Frgueney of penodi fou : ( = Mactan sped, fieguonsy of penodic-force /pump = wahual fieq. of vibraton of frp. ~ 6 Resounmre wore OD Stabs awd plan sus vty fp radius bration, > FY votre chewps along Hee pipe / Chauye pipe ckimensions - To m ec (wonaut fieguencion, Kio TAM. Yephy IE J = SHC ie Expaants a TheeMAL PHYstCs. a ae Swen (ated as . Sai Specifte 09 [Vapor ator Fustlonof yeh ie jt apy Tepuetion lomadipvaics wee ae ae ver \ pa “afephs Png temp graph move brown a Katie theor GASES. of que! ae Poccwen at wit oe ~ Dewsity of Capel. mage at vale (oi) tape ““ uctic thes 12g Eun % ey a | Moleditar: hae ivan) Kiwete He tage Cquation + derition, Explanation — Norkdono yj \ SPUR distttutien — Rostwcan Rule omy of Grae) Kol nave speed » as . 4 ie quations) Av a godmolcate otqen Ky Tan Ys Plog an4. Therwal p 1. Enery y transfer, ( Takes place as ay Doing ©) Heat ( > wD = Fs, GO Conduction (colds, quid ( %@ Cowvrtion. ee ses), 4® Radiation. ( objets) se # Rule: ( Heat trowl’ from hot cold. watt thermal equinus reached, po tof om oeat) / su “ee emma | i ty of lit by ( Couge. of stecte. Paitile avimrysinuct \ , (Od! Solids ©) Liquids 6) era. : Strong forces of attraution — + V Forces of attrartion «Almost no forwes of attraction botwacn atomsimolerules between ators /molecules between atoms /molecutes, C+ Vila randomly ci + Yimou fiom ous ple + Partreles are -far apart and ( feed posrécons to another Mowe revalavly od hugh speat phe p _ AKE, ; SRB Cu FFE” SRI MPE of¥-0 (Cage tn iudernal onugy. Golib LIQUID GAS. Fiat law of thanmody ramiic shag of anal entvgy, = total aurgy transfer due to ou object work dene 4 heating, au = nH + @ ( Tauperatiue scales. /- Nuskutaewn MP. ve. Kalvin (kK) oO 28 318 ( Celetis(C) ~278 0 100 a#Rbsolute zevo + A: lowest possible 4 eclure Ot which obj. has runanuo taternal sary, “a Tipe poise of waters = °C CATR) c Temp pressure a while te 6 sical states Ceolid , Wywrd, qos) of water ( Coexist th thermodynamic opatibnum Sporifiv buat spars det . Ce) Energy vit to raise Ue tuuperatire of a substance by {kK = por wit Chg) WAS of tect Substance E wrthonk of state Wut: © Ty‘ wc Equation, @ Skee E = mesT. x hastof fasion (Ler Ladaut beak of veponcetion Gls) eh ~ required to e the state 7 rogue fo 0 the stake ‘fos cal +0 igi rat gen pee > por vacat mous a the substan > pov wick: meh Substauet > without change iene ~ without change of teuperabuce ce (wit. Thy" wit. Thy" Ea ati Equation, Equations E=meaT TAA Twin tebe wgerinant Is, = . Enum change: GPE — Miternal energy. Chast enargy) mabn = meet. where L+ lngth of tube n= wo. of ihussions : Nensuemsct of SHC atu CExgesinaut) Bot. E=Pt = Vit = meaT + meat (liga) — Calorinster) © Lads reduce heat loss to sunoundings + Stinter = even distibutionof heat. YH Phy - cardboad tube Lead shot, therticncter CaN4. Toural ploy is. 4), 1 CBB) eapletn why (aud haat of vaponsadion >> fusiow (Ly >> Ly). , : Gruelecehange in PE when Lyuid gas than solid (quid, ~ Hove nergy riquie to SORPRERRIEMS (> G) +i dessins ( $->L) ( CS) Prssuumptions madle in sating CE=mceT); Ip enaporatin —(F emi) ( © No wat lost to swromnding s oO “S. © No tangy raquivd te het container © jnoseuaponationy before boiling pout © Hecter “Ooh efficient. ' “ge ( CEA) Assumptions musle im frerring (co, Olu vawains at oC 9 © Rate of heed loss is constant. ( © No heet absorbed pained. from Surroordings CBRL Doping turmal eq ulbeion, ( “ro wet flow of enscgy) betiuan(2 ov wore) bodies ; ( (HLM) A hot tub systom ruacictouns eck of wnt, Ta hula 0 puny crodates —( warty ot olaffurent sperds. re wWhon werktcg out S, the ( In Lis greater, CR2 2018 Paper 4 ou) ~ The pump is dering) work on Hee walor ( ~ Work can raise the tumptrature of a body (5 lava of “larmodynavnics) ft + Pump reared the turbulence of water moleuler p > Moan KE | monn squowe «petd “ oor ke tempore KW TAM, 3 Pg Oh 20 Gases. OC Browondan wotion 4 > Fandom € Lupredictalla motion of Crele Caused Wolouler of surroudings + Discovery provides oldu for oxuctumce of atoms. Teuperectust. scales. Abssluts. Zero, Conversion Ke °C 427315 + Zero Kelvin (K) ° 273.15 373.15 (K) + oll particles ave miaimun KE. ° m0 CC) % Ln tharal pysits, me Kuta scale! Gar Lawss s o's Law, P Fora wans of gas et constauct temperate, “ r V_= conchant Px prossute [R= pt] 5 Y= volume Te v Graph 1 temp , fort nse fon ongia T>Te IseHlarral charge BH. changes at Constant temperature Bee. (BB) + const temp Avorae KE ad cpacd of molecules consfaut. + AS voluma dy 7 gaa molecules ravel waller distances behneen Ipods ot thant * > wore collisions with wall per feed 45 change of mouanivun #9 Guenter force exerted on wall ot pressure. @) Chores’ Lavo. KR Ton fed, Maas of qe a coustassh praasuce, = constant ~~? Vet als Graph of WIT + Sf. line Hirorgh O Kelvin, Tsneric Haba = Chasey ea act Cons tawst pressure. nrearenareas Roe 5 Constouck pressuce + Astrap, cuenge KE and. spercot oslaclos re Greater, 277 Volums. increases > (travel 1 distance) vee i Al 7 second re maintain same presse ©) Prosswe land. —— JEM, For a fred mans of qo et comstast Yous, = constant opp : ra T Te ok Grraph of pt Ste Nine throngh © Kelvin. BoE BB ini + Cousteuct vung a a Ms Astomp.1, Average KE ard. sige mets decutes $+ More collisions with wall Fe Grecter change of womactum per collision =) Cucator wate o eof smwomanbana AY hance quater fore? -7 ae gpl pene 2BK Temp OS KWTAM. Y13 Mag oe Constomt (Nn) Es Nuun of atoma_fn Ig of Cacbon-12 Kobope. Veloce 6.023 x 10% Prtomic mass wil (uw) +} Rte Te of the mart of a ¢C atom. Yalu, 1. GGL XI ig, Mele : HE Buantity of a subctawce thet contaies NA particles Coomat no. 0f particles ar 2g of Corbon- 12 isotope) Uwit moh, Molar mars (IM) Be Mars of Ona molt of a substance. Wit: kg moh! Formulas, : Luce) 2) No- of molautes = _Np_x no-of mol. 09} No- of mak iudac rant | rr avo @ aay of ont wolete = ye Toleak qos eA. =qos that obeys Boyle's Lani at all tampratutes soe. VERB) for mora valid poists Ideal gas equation. : oe sconctant => “| pV ~akT| of @) py = NET. ~ Constant depends on ameunt of gas used. p> pressure n> no. of moles (moh) V = volume N= no. of molecules Le tompeceitute ; / Boltemann's conatamt’ (k) Molar gas constant CR) + Equation. © £31 Tmo Kt + value: 1.38 x10? TK + Re conshout for no.of moh ; k + constout toy no. of molecules. HF Dausity of dock ~, (Equations ae m 1p . area ww Vo BEE | pon ne paevnaied) a Note: For idacl gas, density Poe Pressule. (py SH + Equation pre > Fore per wait aya A Wit. Parcels (Pa) = Nei® How spree cused? BRE Yeplain using uatiottay of luck gan) ~ Molecules in a gaa wove wl diff. random speeds 4 Polecutes have momeiction. As Chauge of monantum whan-collide wth well. ae Rae DF change. of moma = “force on surface. A> Wall ererts! afore on molecules '4o charge its monaiduunr He Maleate certs oprah ancl opperite force on abt Semnaten proasuta. Affoutiig fates. D Volume of gen vontainer, _@) mass of ae Mcontainer, © -tanpuctue af ye Work dont <> premsuse, FesLs Technic chang). | Consider mars.of gar cuclosid imi a cylinder by o fictonless pustou. of cross sec area A force dus 0 pressure) — + Piston iy qquillloviuim undo acion of T ieesal force. } in opporite directions + Tf gas expands to move Piston outioads by 2s Canih vs 40 coral tat pressure p remains constant.) Fiicttonlens piston Fs pao 5 ND* Fs = pAas aN = Aas Pe es pal V presue ‘aS + Ava under QI aaphs = work. done in compassing ges. KS TAH ely Holecdar spend te ital ( woofcaeules Dirmbutton BE re lerotuwp ~Disibuten %s contious & Same for one lenpucte. Fege tmp + Waghec temp: AP mean speed = dishbution cue. becones broader ee) Root wean square spd Cras) Crm: whee e= sperd of thdivtdnel molecules N= member of moleculet m the gar. Kinet ucory of gare a he VN) PES Euston. [pr = + a (cms a sWe Gon) fokere N= wumber of molecules = tow, * m= Mass of each yrolecule ys nial Allott + OR A= ne.of moles of gar Ur = molar mess of i a Denuatiow. oo Comider one moleccte of mars m. Lh bx Ree dy Me With viledify components Urs Vs Wa. ~ Change of ‘momaution at mops / mu, Cmu) = 2ma, 9 + Twa. behoeen succersive mapacts + ~ total distance te ¢ fro _ ale X- Component of velocity My 5 + Fows «ele of henge of moneturs fe] ‘ = NIA pe mw . a a J Sb fa a se + Vohune of box V = Lehyhe ee — P. ~—__fere _mity* may? MAR Of Xfce” Mlle VO + Por N) moleenter in the box, total pressuce pe tn + Mu aa = tai whee . Deriving Similaaly mY and % drection, Nm _ Ami* Pe ya and aie slate pe fk Bm EF eit) i + Cims of cack molecule: Cos’ = ie + Vv + * + Thatefore pl = $Nan(com)* Kuuctie ouergy of gar wolecntes. ( > Wott Lan) Nk pV = SWowlcome)* kate Haw mod] 4) fuunge KE of enc yas woleude = lL altmdte at [KE = zan(cms)” = BF got of A 4as. EL ahamtonay™ 3 Na ie B= tN (cha SNRT. ae Toa E = 2 0k otal E = 2 NAT. KES tmp . - Since k, R, Ne ase constants > for edeak gaoes ~ KE = emlerms)~ : = Come fF) “raves Kiusine oasamptions . ( “tom ‘huey assumptions AE) Sa O) Moleculer have negluble: volume. pe Molewle are ideutical Came mars) _ at *B) No nitermolacular forces, expt ducing collisecr “>| gl! FA) Molecules move 1 Contimal random Witton. -. & | *(5) Collisions with sw fare / offer molecules are glastic : Le Wal K Co [oss of KE) *(G) Duraliow of Collisiou i¢ weglible compared wtta tho fime between collisions KOT ¥6; Phy. o's Leno Experiment: Vehwa sale one = gus tule + OU traps fixed wass of air at constant temperature. air (+ Use tyre pump fo vary the pressure on the oth. : (starting from atmosphieie pressure ond incase g ee + Measure the prorsare on the out wating boutdon epee : — + Measure. tha volume of av usuy the volune scale emp: for 7A values of pressiele. + Graph of p against W giuss straight tina theongl engine % grediewt = weT / NET. Uastird (2), yinde clip ( - Ho fubbbes Set up appuratinr a> shown i om chagram. / oy Sieg) ( + Romove plunger Ord moasure diameter Haivag wicronoter 1 culoalute tross-cectioneh aca, A n($) “syringe ( . + Drawn dem of air (fixed mars) plasger Ss Stading mith (00g wars, Ketord the volume of air - ( inthe syringe ZF values of masses. 7d : (+ Force ererted on plunger Fe mg , here wis the sna volt of the masses Cousdaye (ty preseate p=, where As evos-sectionel ea, a y Subtraut stardacd atmospheric pressiace (101 kPa) to obtaiw the pressure of air sample. C& robe: tatral volume of air ele no wasces ung is at 101 KPa) + Graph of pressure p against ¥ vives stragnt Ine through ofigin ( brgpeduenk = mera °0 (BAB Discus wheter a longer thames pings Wnuld Be an ocvaudage, CISA JuniXP) unite) © Y cross sectoral acon Qlorss sekind ana — @ V wross wctional oven. T change tw L for same volume T presswedifference T muertanby nm aseal digneter Teduce 7 uncevtaunty of (ead (yes) Weartencant ae 9 (ib) Chases Lave Bepernan we : Fand.mae cf go at constauck prossiuta eet lore , + Set wp apparatus. + Fill becker wf asec boi lng water Copllang tele Hot water chowd aover air seunple, hueber ( + Messese teap with thermowater. - + Record lengths of air at S°C intervals ao rocter cools ! Pref watil room temp cs watled, , opened + Plot a graphof leugtht agaist -tomperatina. (in Yoins . v fisaed ee sitapdatt ppl fo ani mee whic hength =O Coluwe of air~o) fol by etraeght line graph through absoliste zero OOTY ee | ald 2 K+ Precautions: Csealed nth adbesive> #@ stir wated for even cooling. ¥@ Autor time for temp-of qa’ to ranch comu-fomp ay vader ( 1 . - . Prossucd Laud Experiment * Foe mass of gas ot comstant volume sce cs Sot up apparatus as shown, ha + Use a ater bath 40 vary the temperature a + Vaasa the tonperature of water ony fhemoneter ‘ + Wansure pressule of ic usin persue gauge. ot ie tutewale of 5°C for % F values of temp. ih ee + Graph of pressuce ogaiust fam. in Kolwis ( 4s straight line graph throngh absolute zero. » Basolute zero: axtmpolste to x-axce, where = C molecules zero KE) + Precautions: Sowse ad above) | OK 2K temp. AMboucdin matlod — (6A Sin IB wut (PD) ( + Frreduass of gas al comstaic volume. + wane itech diameter 9! miccmeler | * use water bath to “J the rh 4 coladake crosc cectionel area ben nearly boda q 1, Cook tp (oom + Maasuce tip yo. thervonster ma + Record twitiol is on piston. + Foconch temp, adjust masses: wattil volume of syringe cots +0 qwotiad value. z ( + Glewlate’ fowe (F)= mq , presure pak ( + Graph of prssuse agaist temperactine KWTAM 3 Phy C20. Gant Lavos., MAAK, (CBA) attire wal ts meauct by a aah gas. © Gans obeys idrab gaa laws [Bryls's Jani ot all temperatures. avd preasutes © Molecules hare wglible volume ® Collisions of moleutes are alastic ®@ Gor camot be tiynohed © no iwhermolecuber forces except, Auvaing Collisions CEHB) Siuilantion and differences betioen wolecles of different tamperatrtan = Sinilastien = © rapid random wotion ® fange of molecular speeds + Diffeences> © mann KE of poleaules @ root mann saiore a A p ‘ a BFL) Gxplatn what lagers intr of wolecuder whan 2yanto each Hanna epilorian + Uistter gar molecules) trawsfer energy +0 Cooler gas toleuler) Wats outrage KE of tolecutes acethe Same, + Wo mort. entegy trausfer whan bode ses toad sano. temp. CEH) State: aud. explain ctference Ti Cons ees gave of coma tanp. 2 Kama tywp.—> molecutes hare samt ang. KE - kE-dm Sv? oh + Lighter molecule kane bashee Coms. CEAL equi sah Prssuse deviants hen. someoir is removed from a. bette, eo less air <> fos molecnlor + Fender collisions per second betricen walacules & nll + Change Tn momentum second 15 less. p ~ tgrttnmccnasaf iceman ene * pan sive p= CEPA) Desentbe 2 changes in the mation of woleaer during Teobarie. axpausicn. CVT, TH p constant) > owerage speed + KE T aoe jen ~ por between collisions 4 #t ~ Wins? collisions sith walls V Cine betwaen collisions) Mater CBRL). Explain wat 15 noc. by randous sion. ~ woleculer havea rangeof Speeds = wolocwles fave mo preferred direction of movement. ( CBE) Calin ny ol KEof mses « ‘eal un fo a Csiue4) Explain wh 4 Charles's 5 la cau be. applic Yo Comp Compare He wir = the 2 Flask a charaw (ir dagen, * Faskrs Immersed in A and B rospectively > Some. Coin )preisoure = Same mans of ait flak, GB Tw atio io “aug sei bomen is th rade Te chic Thaory pla hew the | vole ve te eee ce ( fe an ( oe : ee ee - sett et / - a OO ( a ——_tensut = ee ene ee ee i aes ( ees ( h20 Gas 1a) RAAB June 2017 PHYAS/1 Explain how the gas exerts a pressure and why the pressure changes as the temperature increases. Your answer should include: 1. how the pressure is related to molecular motion 2. the laws of physics that are used when relating pressure to molecular motion 3. an explanation of what happens to the pressure as the temperature increases. a) © molecules are in rapid random motion/many molecules are involved ‘© molecules change their momentum/ accelerate on collision with the walls (2) Newton's 2nd law either F = ma or F = rate of change of momentum Newton's 3rd law between molecule and wall relate pressure to force P = F/A (3) mean square speed of molecules is proportional to temperature as temperature increases so does change of momentum or change in velocity there is a shorter time between collisions as the temperature increases the pressure increases as the temperature increases Cohulahon Selig we: 2 commuting veriels nda pi fa cour wessol ake Wain prOssiurd afer vali opey nating = na mh ia ooh Tr (Extra) Detewmine expermontcel valud of absolute zero of measured p, VT: kw TAM V3 Phy net GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS. “a slapd freapatioms pycton Slo Graittatonal — Gratin “Beige of Gravitation ase ioe ie on nee tg Potusial gioco Kolper's thie lana uti) Typerot f pe Cequation) smelt os. “ 4 low orbit cane Greater Sypchaenbn dv Disady, ual, ) ao rN Gensyneluonows i vbits Shape characteristics dw Yovsady, Kyi mdz ~ | ELECTRIC HELDS: oo Becte Potoutial | =e CH + Equation. ( shuttling | if») 7 Set! cite nee \ Spe ficial ¢ Hehe ttqpton. on wee hk! Pornattave "e+ tqpotion ik a, oy flee ep aly OR E fields ffoces. ( —— Mon Fungeon Seen oe Feat. a - Dielectnte . n Copatene d near TH TE ee Capacitors At Equalion Bes Equation \ Arrongonauts. / ae charg : ee ealattue pernitl Fit Ppt Fapation. Bh isin / Tine constant RA thee, Experwenk ( ( ( ( ( ( C ( Fuersueer ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( TAM. 18 Phy. Ch21. Carevttational ftelds. =. i) ~ 24. owthe Surfaue of cauthe - eppally gored fied. Nivea — came magwitnde + ditection of 4 @ Radiak fields” ~ahinays towards oantie. of i object. ~ dicta betneen twa T, food Gungtla v » Nuatal poiwt- > point al whith -force of attmction towards beady A Us eyeal anal opp to force of attracisu * tonardls loody 8. Rugfor's Law of gravitason EA. Guten fowe betwen 2 pot objects 1s ~ Alwsey aitradive - diveclly proportional fo the pnduat of the masses ~ tavevsely poprrtioncl to the gguase of thal distance apart, V7 eum | FO] me [Fore ® G> Constamt of gromtatiar Cfor some M1, me) > b-6F x10" Bn? bye # Negative-sign tadivabes force 1s atteactive. Grqutetional. flea stieugttr (vedo?) Fore per pei placed lin the fied watlon iy Outi gets Fi | Fe Gln - L | F a= - ofl Hence | 4 «73 timate 7 tr, @) Ine cde wbyects > p> dency of opt "Om=pr= £nr'p hl a(sur) 4 Home [gor Cinecde) 3E1pG oo Aaa at of an objud due to 113 position m a gravttcdiondl fala - 20 i vet / = alwougs vogative. C. aed 4 do work +o escape the fielol) Cyan * —GMr DD r "pp ts) Fe sume Le F Yo ; t Greg were W) Dork olowe per wat mass to move it-from wfinity to that point i ro ed artive C oe 6 negedive) apa ye Be ST sence [vet petals eee surfaces (20) ov lines (20) of vl patendils arpondiciher to fi 10d [eer = he work dows along _ 0) Radial firs. ©) Wuirfoun fit tHe KTM YB Phy Potordial geile) _ (ar) oe ee) yorker VE tute poder SY 3 ‘ ee dhvodtenef F vam sia > potential Ourenus (H opp. cichion a4 Ficte fied. Rat, C1 wuseform feb 7 ~ Equipotewtials wnuly spared —> wirform poteudiel qradunt () badind fritols - ct ir > cheepey potential gpedint + : © Gir. Va o @ est pir 4) © Gow. fied shunt ( Vie aa wm vu a a gar Escape oo, (Vesc) XF5 wain nd! woe we eek wat be given to -esape frm tle plant BRIM projet from 4s Surface, Boe. “~ Lay? > Gt

Since pt, >“ ammmge fo 9 we RE = re Sakinlates eR, Value of t% (avg. radins of orbit) 76 same for abl planett . 1 T Gapried ovtt) feat ies [2 cer'] | 4 Dertvchon. ~ Fone of aittiaction = mri’ = GM fe S cope fae F vr. 0 * (By = am ; ~ + ame? (F ow ge =_Gmq* & w : Sotulte motion Bis¥, ~ Force of attiaction dacto qranity = centripetal fore. Laan woeaty (), . ot + Eaton, pom - oP (38 i - a ungy of cla. Gig) Ree 4 Pep UMEESIRNE: «| > hve) fa Esnaind F Erargy -dictence greph © Kivae eneray, a eqe> Emr = zm(at) Po "KE (postive * = Gey omer © . ig © GPE (ugative) Gong Cusrgy. (vag Wve i ~ Gora * % + r Gotaltce Wlodty Deradius Tina period.” agp, @ Total mney ¥ Radius = T vetoat ~ Mt (seer Grey) r > Vtinepered (Ta) : % Kelper's tiuiol Jaw (7,1 HAA), ten WB Phy. Tupet of etollites + orbite 2 Cirastor VS Elliptecal orbets U7 Cdlar orbits. @) Elopfiall orbits. + Spaed 4 yodius of orbtt Ronstant. + holaw radkns of orbit V, speed T + KE GPE, total E alll constant. ket edt Sybian overt Rt Oroitch period of orbit - rotational period of orbited objet. Qeostatisanry / eos eavovains ents (scelttes) + Chaactonaties, Clodlake using TRE © Tws poried of orbit » 24h. © Heigl: abovt Earth surface © Angulats speed some xs bith, = 4.2x10" - 6.4x/0° ® Wich fied. position celelive > surface of earth, = 26x10! my @ Orbits westwards duectly above agnetor Coppactoriel orbit). + hd . © Wculervupted commuiication behoein trousnitior and (ceiver © Stereble dis not ncassar : C. stable for TW and prove: signals). ee + Luatetiows O Signal would be too wak at large clistamces ~ large auricle necdecl bo dated [ramanirt aya Low-erbtt sitetttas, Chatoutevistis Fructtows © Orbit 120-2o00km above Eadh. (Vr) © Commusticotions . @ Twa peried < 213 howe. (NT) © Imag catelities. Spying. ® High orbrtel speed (tv). 6 Wokteg wader, Advantages © chacper fo lowe Clow orbit) © Require lew ponerfil trmasnitters/receners ‘Atwttac toms © Low coverage. nace] puttiple saleltetes to /mauutaln ie. © due to T ovbrted eect + low orbit) ( ( ( 7 ( ( ( ( « ( KIOTAM, ia Ph LU Grwtrawal -frtals. 2454 ‘4 CEA) Baylis ag ol tes vaio of Ep are natin. Cmph) ~ Gun. polenta 1S zoo ad infty + Bork done by Ftd to movetin’ ofjedl from intity/ energy imped waded to wove to ava (fiom fe pou” C5) Explain thy all-trralnes of Vane negetiio. Craph>. c aa ee = RD per wit maar eos it fn Infity tothe post + Guat, potenti is zero at infinity, “Wonk has bet dons by field > potnatedl at all piste chsec than 20 Fe mgohie ORE) 2 rowers ney rockek luuchid inte Fath surfice do not net eath escape telat fo mate flair ovbrt. © Wet leaving quan fret. © Buargy covtinnancly added im flight CEL Captain, nw chuage a KE plates change tn GPE rohan aolte lat nono, + Lower altttude > GPE VY, KET. my (BEL) captain, why satus Me bthg epuce vibes expriones “neglKlasiess” + Fotcesef gravy onatronaut [ inighe =H4. + Poe of qranity ponder auctpetal force» erut wuightlessnces) heute no venctron force. is maded Cheboeen space vehicle £ astionnut) CER) cade andl explain Iw te rotation of te cathe offeor reading on ceale balance, >» Scale dectases, + ‘Some of the afouit provides cuuipatadl x 4 ae mo hans docaw in aading’ ~ oe axial fore CEL) cotatutes ose pur to ofbite rote longer tis. pended Discuss hanger Hic makes $0 the orbital uchou of the satallite. (specman Arpeper£) + Radins ef orbit inucares R&T + Vulocity decleases . & ceutiprtal farce =F = MP hawe vat CEPA) Explain wut ts vptesisted by qinutatinal field. las. Ch ual pape, 201%) * Lows shoo _idghiodeefalammemommmemas (placed iu the free fied) (BIB) Suggest tog He fild Kaas Cowerge ver @ smablaver at K. + Guna Peel is Stromer (lies are oleser) 1 | 6 . Maderial forming the that K has a bnhec dansity ' sufase pd *CENR) Expin why wo ols done by the goat fre tat ats on th Ho (able ‘to Keep Ub O chraubar erent arin fis Eartle, ~ work done = force x distance mowd tn direction of fore, i > Me thrcadac mnetiont force is perperdlicular to dicplacemant: ( + Wo movemoit MH the dluection of force ><. Wo work done. (ox)+ spaad of body is constant ~ KE + GPE both constant. ( Ch21 Grastiabravad Falds 284.1) PHY UNIT 4 JUNE 2012 The amount of energy required to move a manned spacecraft from the Earth to the Moon is much greater than that required to return it to the Earth. By reference to the forces involved, to gravitational field strength and to gravitational potential, and to the point X, explain why this is so. Gravitational forces The spacecraft experiences gravitational attractions to both the Earth and the Moon during its journey. * These forces pullin opposite directions on the spacecraft Because E is much more massive than M, for most of the outward journey the force towards E is greater than that towards M. ‘Only in the later stages of the outward journey is the resultant force directed towards M. On the return journey the resultant force is predominantly towards E. Gravitational field strength © During the outward journey E's gravitational field becomes weaker and M's becomes stronger. The resultant field is the yectonsum of those due to E and M separately. * Apoint (X) is reached at which these two component fields are equal and opposite, giving zero resultant. Xis much closer to M than to E. Once X has been passed, the spacecraft will be attracted to M by M's gravitational field. © Onthe return journey the spacecraft will fal’ to E once it is beyond X. Gravitational potential © The gravitational potential due E increases (i.e. becomes less negative) as the spacecraft moves away from E. The resultant gravitational potential is the (Scalar) 'SUm of those due to E and M separately. At xX the gravitational potential reaches a maximum. value before decreasing as M is approached. © In order to reach M on the outward journey, the spacecraft has to be given at least enough energy to reach X, and vice-versa for the return. Much more work is needed to move the spacecraft from E to X than from M to X, since a larger force has to be overcome over a largendistances + Pt newtvel poink, magnitude of yosubiont f > Fal = [F + AE koutrad pont, magutty a of Te Shenglnszeo, tational potoutial is ak + At koutval poms 4 O mapewmana, (nck zero a CHU Garauttational fields MB] 0-9 PHY UNIT 4 JUNE 2013 Gravitational fields and electric fields have many features in common but also have several differences. For both radial and uniform gravitational and electric fields, compare and contrast their common features and their differences. In your answer you should consider: * the force acting between particles or charges * gravitational field strength and electric field strength * gravitational potential and electric potential Forces Similarities: © Radial field: both gravitational and electric involve an inverse square relationship. ‘* Force is proportional to a product (masses/charges). ‘* Spherical body may be considered to act as a pointimass or charge placed at the centre of Uniform field: force is constant at all points Differences: Gravitational forces are always an attraction whilst electric forces may be attraction or repulsion * Gravitational forces are usually much smaller than electric forces (unless very large masses are involved Field Strengths Similarities: * Both defined as a force per unit mass or charge © Radial field: ©. Field strength proportional to t/r 2. © Field strength proportional to the magnitude of the mass or charge Uniform field: the field has the same magnitude and same direction at all points Differences: ‘* A gravitational field is always directed towards the mass producing it whereas an electric field is directed towards a negative charge but away from a positive charge * Amass of 1 kg is small in terms of the gravitational field it produces but a charge of 1C would produce a very strong electric field Potentials Similarities: ‘Definitions of both involve work done in moving a mass or charge from infinity to a point © Definitions involve the work done per unit mass or charge « Radial field: © Potential proportional to 4/r © Potential proportional to the mass or charge producing them © Uniform field: potential variesiliN€arlyiwith distance © Work done in moving a mass or charge = change in potential x mass/chanc Differences © Gravitational potential is always a negative quantity but electric potential is negative for > Equatiin > fthact rol By (Ma. -> Hagyatude YI8 Phy, (On. Eledio Fields, how | 0) Radial fielels (9 point charqss). + Field ttasys lana thet ave feat charge lloss. ( ae allways from tye to -ve + Electrons trowel in opp. direction as Efutd, CL Feld ic shongest vile firlel fuss most concatctad. ( +N charge Ti fut tines T fold ctrength, ( Repu ston Attraction strong field, waak field, 2) aaferna Ftd ( povallel pruses) = O-= ude of field strongtn 1s vuriform. Ht ete ( “1 flutd lines are paratlet. ee ecept ak, te edge ofall! | css \ 9 Foiceon +vechacge.1: sana divackion as field (+ -) } |_____j, __ ( * Fore one chacoe is opposite, direction to field (-> +) J BRR! conductor ( Aue CFL, “Tocharge ao conductor, re must fact be totaled from Earth, f ( ~ Whey charged conductor is casthed , Earth, — alectvon Ys tramsferred betiden conductor Jearth, = conduuior is mautalised / dusdherg ed, fs — Eart] (Clute Pat experincirt: Rage hoe hak alechic cmd 15 0. fioa of change Cae ae, CB) +0) +o. (© Meth voFtage appliod auoss 2 plates. add ( @ een ee wl -ve plate ty ins ecvous. i waite © pelted by ~v0 piste, odtroctadl to 4ve. pie. “ @ Ball (u oowtaut rol Wa. plate - (> lose elutrows to plate becomes taly charyed. ©. wepulled to ve plate —> cycle repeats, A Sphere OALWCS Some potential a» plate in contact. Qunvoud eqnatian -O2.- gf Ts tine ported for J cyte. ee EL pals 2k Fone per wat change ov a positive test charge placsal a flat point ov Vet Kuo TRA. Coulomp's awd. ca Note: sapitl of Vis qpstest af sft | vat pipe stunts is . lire constond potontio (ppuralivalar to fuldl) ey 1 Warf itd, Gael Hates) vt EE o quipoteuttals. eqpally spasad aqvapotondiols tance ohuge = T olowly cpead 6 Ep = Vy,“ mowerkis done when charge is mowed along eq riponticl-

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