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Problem Solving 1

Problem solving is a type of learning and is the pinnacle of Gagne's hierarchy of learning process.

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46 views2 pages

Problem Solving 1

Problem solving is a type of learning and is the pinnacle of Gagne's hierarchy of learning process.

Uploaded by

galanlariebabes
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ProfEd 04: COMPLEX

COMPLEX COGNITIVE
ORIGINALITY
PROCESSES -It involves the production of ideas that are unique or
EDWARD PAUL TORRANCE unusual. It involves synthesis or putting information about a
topic back together in a new way.
- known as the “Father of Creativity” for his nearly 60
years of research that became the framework for the field of CREATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING (CPS)
gifted education. Creative Problem Solving (CPS) is an intentional
process for solving problems and discovering opportunities.
It espouses the use of creativity in coming up with solutions
- A Professor emeritus of educational psychology, which are not only novel but practical as well.
invented the benchmark method for quantifying creativity
and arguably created the platform for all research on the
subject. ALEX OSBORN – Created CPS

In OSBORN checklist , The Origin of Classical


Brainstorming is the root of creative problem solving
(CPS). There are a variety of general structures: ‘define
problem, generate possible solutions, select and
implement the best’ which can be found extensively, in
several different academic traditions.

In its most extended and formalized form it has a six


stages. Each with a divergent and a convergent phase. The
following, based on Van Gundy (1988’s) description, is
very brief skeleton of a very rich process, showing in its gull
stages form.

Stage 1: Mess finding: Sensitise yourself (scan, search)


for issues (concerns, challenges, opportunities, etc.) that
need to be tackled.

 *Divergent techniques include ‘would it be


TORRANCE FRAMEWORK FOR nice if…’ and ‘wouldn’t It be awful if…’
(WIBAI) – Brainstorming to identify desirable
CREATIVE THINKING outcomes and obstacles to be overcome.
FLUENCY

-Refers to the production of a great number of ideas  *Covergent techniques include the
or alternate solutions to a problem. Fluency implies identification of hotspots (Highlighting),
understanding, not just remembering information that is expressed as a list of IWWM’s (‘In What Way
learned. Might…’) and selection in terms of ownership
criteria.

FLEXIBILITY

- Refers to the production of ideas that show a STAGE 2: DATA FINDING: Gather information
variety of possibilities or realms of thought. It involves the about the problem.
ability to see things from different points of view, to use
many different approaches or strategies.
 *Divergent techniques include five Ws and
H (who, why, what, when, where, and How)
ELABORATION and listing of wants, sources and data: list of
all information as a series of question; list
- The process of enhancing ideas by providing more possible sources of answer; then follow these
details, Additional detail and clarity improves interest in, up and for each source, list what you found.
and understanding of, the topic.
ProfEd 04: COMPLEX

 *Convergent techniques include: identifying An algorithm is a step-by-step prescription for


hotspots (Highlighting); Mind-mapping to sort achieving a goal. It usually is domain specific; that is, it is
and classify the information gathered; and also tied to a particular subject area.
restating the problem in the light of your richer
HEURISTICS
understanding of it.
A heuristic is a general strategy that might lead to the
right answer.
STAGE 3: PROBLEM FINDING:
A means-end analysis is a heuristic in which
Convert a fuzzy statement of the problem into a broad one identifies the goal (end) of a problem, assesses the
statement more suitable for idea finding. current situation, and evaluates what needs to be done
(means) to decrease the difference between the two
conditions. Another name for means-end analysis is
 *Divergent techniques include asking difference reduction. Means-end analysis also can involve
the use of sub goaling, which we described earlier. Means-
“Why?” etc. – the repeatable questions and
end analysis is commonly used in solving problems.
five W’s and H.
working-backward strategy which you begin
 Convergent techniques include: Highlighting at the goal and move back to the unsolved initial problem.
again, reformulation of problem-statements to Working backward is sometimes an effective heuristic for
meet the criteria that they contain only one solving geometry proofs. It can also be a good way to set
problem and no criteria, and selection of the intermediate deadlines.
most promising statement.
Another useful heuristic is analogical thinking
STAGE 4: IDEA FINDING: Generate as many ideas which limits your search for solutions to situations that have
as possible. something in common with the one you currently face.
 Divergence using any of a very wide range of
idea-generating techniques. The general rules
of Classical Brainstorming are likely to
underpim all of these.

 Convergence can again involve hotspots or


mind-mapping, the combining of different
ideas, and the shortlisting of the most
promising handful, perhaps with some thought
for more obvious evalution criteria, but not
over-restrictively

STAGE 5: SOLUTION FINDING

: Generate and select obvious evaluation criteria


(using an expansion/ contraction cycle) and develop the
short-listed ideas from Idea finding as much as you can in
the light of these criteria. Then opt for the best of these
improved ideas.

STAGE 6: ACCEPTANCE FINDING:

How can the suggestion you have just selected be made


up to standard and put into practices? Shun negativity, and
continue to apply differed judgement- problems are exposed
to be solved, not to dishearten progress. Action plan are
better developed in small groups rather than in a large
group.

ALGORITHMS.

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