ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING

CONTROL STREAM

SEMISTER PROJECT

AUTOMATIC DOOR OPENING SYSTEM

PREPARED BY

Name ID.NO
1. ASHENAFI BIRHANU…………R/0238/06
2. ASMELASH HAILE…...………R/0244/06
3. MENTESNOT TESFAYE…….…R/1208/06

4. MINYAMER GELAWE…………R/1298/06
5. REDIET GENETU….….…...........R/1476/06
 Automatic door opening system ASTU June - 2017

Acknowledgment

We are grateful thanks Dr. Santosh for their helpful material. Also we could not have
done this project without Mr. Hinsermu Alemayehu(HOD) and Mr. Wondeson belaygebaw
patience and support. We would like to thanks to our ad-visor Dr. Santosh for suggestions, his
repeatedly advice, comment, and feedback for us. His constructive support and guidelines the
completion of the project works.

Finally, we would like to thank the anonymous reviewers who provided excellent
suggestions for improving the project and we express our heartfelt thanks to all our friends who
stands by our side from 4thyear Electrical and computer engineering department students, who
have been giving a constant source of encouragement for a successful completion of this
project.

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Abstract

In this project paper we try to investigate the automatic door opening system using PIR
sensor. Opening and closing of doors is always a tedious job, especially in places like shopping
malls, hotels and theaters where a person is always required to force the door and also It may
impossible or hard to open the conventional door while seated in a wheelchair or navigating
with crutches and people with disabilities in their hands and arms, conventional doors can
present a real obstacle for thus persons. We design it to make life to be easy and smart.it can
completely avoid the person to force the door manually instead he/she simply go near to door
then the door will open by itself it is not a magic but it all about new technology invention.
Simply by combining a DC motor with a micro controller(Arduino-Uno) we make it possible.

This project contains different components like Arduino-Uno, DC motor and PIR sensor.
The objective of this paper is to control the DC motor by using micro controller(Arduino-Uno)
So that first anybody movement near the door will be detected this is achieved with help of a
PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor from a considerable distance and the signal fed to Arduino-Uno
by this means Arduino-Uno operate a DC motor through motor driver IC and according to the
code which loaded on it, it sends a logical command to open the door and adjust the opening
time duration and also automatically closes the door with a fixed time delay after someone enter
through the door. However, if the person stays or fail in the middle of the door the PIR sensor
continuously detect and an interrupt signals will give to the Arduino-Uno then again according
to the code it provides the DC motor to stay open and give some alert to avoid injury. The
power supply consists of a step down transformer 230/12V. This is converted to DC using a
Bridge rectifier and it is then regulated to +5V by voltage regulator 7805.

Key words

Arduino-Uno, DC motor, PIR (Passive Infrared sensor) and motor driver IC (integral circuit)

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Contents Pages
Acknowledgment......................................................................................................................................................................i
Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................................................ii
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................................................... 2
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................................................... 2
LIST OF ABBRIVATION............................................................................................................................................................. 2
CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................................................................................... 3
1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................................................................4
1.2 Statement of problem...................................................................................................................................................4
1.3 Objective of the project ...............................................................................................................................................4
1.4 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................................5
1.5 Block diagram...............................................................................................................................................................7
1.6 Significance of the Project ............................................................................................................................................7
1.7 Limitation of the project ..............................................................................................................................................9
CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................................................................................................... 10
2 LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
2.1 Review of components used in the project ................................................................................................................10
CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................................................................... 21
3. SYSTEM DESIGN AND DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................. 21
3.1 Components of Automatic door opening system........................................................................................................21
3.2 Overall operation of the project ..................................................................................................................................22
CHAPTER FOUR ..................................................................................................................................................................... 29
4. RESULT AND ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................................. 29
4.1 Result .........................................................................................................................................................................29
CHAPTER FIVE ....................................................................................................................................................................... 30
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ...................................................................................................................... 30
5.1 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................................30
5.2 Recommendation ........................................................................................................................................................30
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................................................... 31
APPENDEX ............................................................................................................................................................................ 32

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Components required and specification in the Project……...………………….…....32

Table 2. Pin Description of Voltage Regulator ………………………………………………32
Table 3. Pin Description of L293D ….……………………………………………………….33
Table 4. Pin Description of PIR sensor…………………………………………………….…34
LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1.1 Block diagram representation project…………………………………………………7

Fig.2.1 Arduino Uno………………………………………………………………………….11
Fig 2.2PIR sensor……………………………………………………………………………..15
Fig 2.3 DC Motor…………………………………………………………..............................17
Fig 2.4 LCD…………………………………………………………………………………..18
Fig 2.5LEDs (Light emitting diode) …………………………………………………………19
Fig.2.6 Resistors ……………………………………………………………………………..19
Fig.2.7 L293D Driver………………………………………………………………………...20
Fig 3.1 ridge rectifier ………………………………………………………………………...23
Fig 3.2 filtering circuit ……………………………………………………………………….24
Fig.3.3 pin connection of L293D driver ……………………………………………………..27
Fig 3.4 LCD as automatic door………………………………………………………………28
Fig 4.1 result when no movement detected ……………………………………………….....29
Fig 4.2result when movement detected ……………………………………………………...29
LIST OF ABBRIVATION

PIR passive infrared sensor

LCD liquid crystal display
LED light emitting diode
DC direct current

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CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION

Automatic doors are doors which open automatically without no one push or pull it.it
simply open when approached by someone rather than needing to be opened manually with a
door handle or bar.

A door fitted with a spring to close it is not an automatic door. Automatic door is one of
the applications of advanced sensor technology and computer programmable controller
(Arduino-Uno micro controller). The electromechanical actuators to open and close a door will
be controlled through motor drive IC which adjusted by Arduino-Uno signal output.

Designs for automatic doors are vary. Some slide open, while others consist of panels
which fold when people enter or exit, and others swing in or out like conventional doors.
However, the doors are equipped with a motion sensor which can detect a motion when they
approach, and the sensitivity of the sensor can be adjusted as needed for people in wheelchairs
and other disabled individuals.

Automatic doors are an immense boon since conventional doors being very hard to work
with, in most case It may be impossible or hard to open the conventional door while seated in a
wheelchair or navigating with crutches and people with disabilities in their hands and arms,
conventional doors can present a real obstacle for thus persons, so to avoid this kind of
difficulty an automatic door opening system will be required mostly because it is free from any
manual operation.

Automatic door opening system is one of the applications of embedded system. it work
with the collaboration of micro controller (Arduino-Uno) and DC motor through PIR sensor.
Alive body generally emits infrared energy which is sensed by the PIR sensor from a
consideration distance. This sensing signal is fed to microcontroller to operate door through
motor driver IC. first the motion near the door detected by the PIR sensor and the signal send to

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the Arduino-Uno bored according to the code loaded on the Arduino-Uno bored it give the
corresponding controlling action to the DC motor through the motor drive IC.

1.1 Background

An automatic door is an automated movable barrier installed at the entrance of a room,

building or space to control and restrict access or provide privacy. Also an automatic door
indicates a door that opens on its own as a moving object approaches it. It is an electro-
mechanical door that has undergone the process of automation. The reason for making the
sliding door automatic is to allow pedestrians to gain easy entrance in and out without having
anyone to keep opening and closing the sliding door. (Gilbarco, 1999(a & b))

1.2 Statement of problem

Most of the time people in wheelchairs and other disabled individuals are challenged to
open the door so automatic doors are an immense boon for thus person since conventional doors
can be very hard to work with. It may be impossible to open conventional door while seated in a
wheelchair or navigating with crutches and for people with disabilities in their hands and arms,
conventional doors can present a real obstacle. Due to this problem we try to investigate a
solution.

In places like shopping malls, hotels, Airport and theaters the door frequently open and
cloth if it is manually the reliability of the door will be fail because of unnecessary force applied
on the door however by using automatic door opening system we can operate the door by a Dc
motor by this means we can improve the life time of the door.

1.3 Objective of the project

1.3.1 General objective

 To allow pedestrians to gain easy entrance in and out without having anyone to keep opening and
closing the sliding door. Especially for disable persons.

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1.3.2 Specific objectives

 To make the door open automatically when by approached someone.

 To protect the mechanical door from damage.
 To reduce human labor and to prevent the situation of inconvenience.
 In hospitals and scientific lab, automatic doors can be used to secure an area by ensuring
that the doors are shut at all times by reducing the risk of cross contamination.

1.4 Methodology

In the first stage of conducting the project we are going to search for reading materials.
Since we are going to use digital devices, we are expected to refer points on the working
principles, logical characteristics and general operation principle of those components. And we
may use any related materials and/or their electronic equivalents that can provide us any help
throughout the design process.

And we determine the appropriate power supply for the components. As well as we check
our preceding work and the connections before our next step. And we will draw the right circuit
making it ready for simulation.

We have following the following steps as a methodology:

 Literature review to understand the concept and functional of the project

 Understand the whole system of hardware
 Design and analyzed the circuit.

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1.4.1 Hardware used in the project

Hardware used in the project is listed below:

 Motor driver circuit

 Power supply
 Arduino board
 DC motor
 PIR sensor
 Bread board
 LCD
 LEDs
 Speaker
 Push button
 Connecting Wires
 Resistor
 Diodes

1.4.2 Software Used in the project

 PROTEUS is software for microprocessor simulation. Schematic capture and printed

circuit board (PCB). It is best simulation software for various designs with
microcontroller. It is mainly popular because of availability of almost all microcontrollers
in it.
 The microcontroller must have programmed by an Arduino programming code.

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1.5 Block diagram

LCD display Speaker Push button

LEDs

PIR Arduino UNO Motor Door

SENSOR Driver

AC - DC

Fig 1.1 Block diagram representation of the automatic door opening system

1.6 Significance of the Project

Advantages

 It’s Accessibility

Automatic sliding doors are user-friendly and virtually self-sufficient. It provides disabled and
aged people easy access, since they are not obliged to open or close the door by themselves.

 Provides Controlling mechanism

Security personnel can remotely control automatic doors. They can grant access to selective
traffic or deactivate it, had there been children trying to access the premises.

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 Security and Transparency

Although glass is regarded fragile and brittle, the automatic sliding glass doors are made of
toughened material which is almost five times stronger than normal safety glass doors.
Automatic sliding doors are not just transparent but secure as well.

 Convenient for Larger Merchandize

An automatic sliding door does away with the aggravation and struggle associated with opening
a heavy, manual door and instantly demonstrates to users the house/establishment they are
entering cares about their convenience. Automatic sliding doors are quite large, generally twice
as large as the standard entry doors. but also enable users to take out big size purchases such as
hutches, huts, Christmas trees, furniture items such as couches, beds and many other similar
sized things.

 Easy to Own, Use and Maintain

Automatic sliding doors are manufactured according to the highest standards for quality and
safety, ensuring minimal maintenance requirements and making them incredibly easy to own,
use and maintain.

 Safety

Automatic doors hold an exceptional safety record, consistently providing safe, convenient
access for everyone.

 The ability to save energy

Given that they open only when passing-by traffic is near, and close spontaneously, automatic
doors will easily conserve temperature inside your premises. Thus, effectively reduces wasted
energy in multiple ways and may significantly lessen annual heating and cooling costs, saving-
up on electricity costs.

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Disadvantages

 Current technology is unable to automate all the desired tasks.

 It is expensive.
 Initial costs are relatively high.

1.7 Limitation of the project

 Since the door is slide we may not get the mechanical door easily.
 Due to market shortage we may not get all the necessary hardware component

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CHAPTER TWO
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Review of components used in the project

 Arduino Uno

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has
14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with
a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs
from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it
features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

 Technical specification
 Microcontroller ATmega328
 Operating Voltage 5V
 Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
 Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
 Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins 6
 DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
 Flash Memory 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by boot loader
 SRAM 2 KB
 EEPROM 1 KB
 Clock Speed 16 MHz
 Physical characteristics

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The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively, with
the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Three screw holes
allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7
and 8 is160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.

Fig.2.1 Arduino Uno

Power

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power
supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come either
from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a
2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in
the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.

The power pins are as follows:

 VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as
opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can
supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through
this pin.

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 5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on
the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB
or another regulated 5V supply.
 3.3V. A 3.3-volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Max current draw is 50 mA.
 GND. Ground pins.

In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These
pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low
value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach Interrupt () function for
details.
 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analog write () function.
 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication,
which, although provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the
Arduino language.
 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value,
the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

How to use Arduino

Arduino can sense the environment by receiving input from a variety of sensors and can
affect its surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and other actuators. The microcontroller on
the board is programmed using the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring) and the
Arduino development environment (based on Processing). Arduino projects can be stand-alone
or they can communicate with software on running on a computer (e.g. Flash, Processing,
MaxMSP).

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Features of Arduino-Uno
 An open source design. The advantage of it being open source is that it has a large
community of people using and troubleshooting it. This makes it easy to find someone to
help you debug your projects.
 An easy USB interface. The chip on the board plugs straight into your USB port and
registers on your computer as a virtual serial port. This allows you to interface with it as
through it were a serial device. The benefit of this setup is that serial communication is an
extremely easy (and time-tested) protocol, and USB makes connecting it to modern
computers really convenient.
 Very convenient power management and built-in voltage regulation. You can connect an
external power source of up to 12v and it will regulate it to both 5v and 3.3v. It also can be
powered directly off of a USB port without any external power
 A 16 MHz clock. This makes it not the speediest microcontroller around, but fast enough for
most applications.
 32 KB of flash memory for storing your code.
 13 digital pins and 6 analog pins. These pins allow you to connect external hardware to your
Arduino. These pins are keys for extending the computing capability of the Arduino into the
real world. Simply plug your devices and sensors into the sockets that correspond to each of
these pins and you are good to go.
 An ICSP connector for bypassing the USB port and interfacing the Arduino directly as a
serial device. This port is necessary to re-boot load your chip if it corrupts and can no longer
talk to your computer.
 An on-board LED attached to digital pin 13 for fast an easy debugging of code.

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 PIR Sensor

A passive infrared sensor (PIR) is an electronic sensor that measures infrared (IR) light
radiating from objects in its field of view. They are most often used in PIR based motion
detectors.PIR sensor allow us to sense motion,almost always used to detect whether a huwan
has moved in or out of the sensor range. They are small, inexpensive, low-power and easy to
use and don’t wear out. PIRs are basically made of piezoelectric sensor which can detect levels
of infrared radiation. Everything emits some low-level radiation, and the hotter something is,
the more radiation is emitted.

Operating principles

All objects with a temperature above absolute zero emit heat energy in the form of
radiation. Usually this radiation isn't visible to the human eye because it radiates at infrared
wavelengths, but it can be detected by electronic devices designed for such a purpose. The
term passive in this instance refers to the fact that PIR devices do not generate or radiate any
energy for detection purposes. They work entirely by detecting the energy given off by other
objects.PIR sensors don't detect or measure "heat"; instead they detect the infrared radiation
emitted or reflected from an object

An individual PIR sensor detects changes in the amount of infrared radiation impinging
upon it, which varies depending on the temperature and surface characteristics of the objects in
front of the sensor. When an object, such as a human, passes in front of the background, such as
a wall, the temperature at that point in the sensor's field of view will rise from room
temperature to body temperature, and then back again. The sensor converts the resulting change
in the incoming infrared radiation into a change in the output voltage, and this triggers the
detection. Objects of similar temperature but different surface characteristics may also have a
different infrared emission pattern, and thus moving them with respect to the background may
trigger the detector as well.

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PIRs come in many configurations for a wide variety of applications. The most common
models have numerous Fresnel lenses or mirror segments, an effective range of about ten meters
(thirty feet), and a field of view less than 180 degrees. Models with wider fields of view,
including 360 degrees, are available—typically designed to mount on a ceiling. Some larger
PIRs are made with single segment mirrors and can sense changes in infrared energy over thirty
meters (one hundred feet) away from the PIR. There are also PIRs designed with reversible
orientation mirrors which allow either broad coverage (110° wide) or very narrow "curtain"
coverage or with individually selectable segments to "shape" the coverage.

Features

 Dual Element Sensor with Low Noise and High Sensitivity.

 Supply Voltage – 5V.
 Delay Time Adjustable.
 Standard TTL Output.
 PIR sensor IC consists of 3 pins-Vcc, Ground and Output.

Most PIR modules have a 3-pin connection at the side or bottom. One pin will be ground,
another will be signal and the final one will be power. Power is usually 3-5v DC input but may
be as high as 12v.The PIR has two knobs on the back for adjusting sensitivity and for changing
the pulse time.

Fig 2.2PIR sensor

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Application areas of PIR sensor

 All outdoor Lights

 Lift Lobby
 Multi Apartment Complexes
 Common staircases
 For Basement or Covered Parking Area
 Shopping Malls
 For garden lights

Application using PIR Sensor Automatic Door Opening System Opening and closing of
doors is always a tedious job, especially in places like shopping malls, hotels and theatres where
a person is always required to open the door for visitors. An automatic door opening system
consists of a PIR sensor which senses the presence of human being and sends pulses to the
microcontroller which controls the motor driver by sending appropriate pulses to its input pins
and enable pin. Generally, human body emits infrared energy which is sensed by the PIR sensor
from a considerable distance.

The output from the PIR sensor i.e., passive infrared detector is amplified to a transistor
BC547, the output of which at the collector is connected to pin 1 of the microcontroller. While
any moving object is sensed by the PIR it develops logic high at its output which gets inverted
by the transistor used to develop a logic low at pin 1 of microcontroller. Thus the
microcontroller receives a logic low signal from the PR sensor through the transistor and
through proper programming, sends a logic low to pin 2 and logic high to pin 7, making the
motor run in forward direction and the door connected to the shaft of the motor opens. The
program is so written that it delivers appropriate input to the motor driver IC L293D as
explained above, to run the motor in one direction, so as to enable a door open situation. This
low inverter output is connected to the microcontroller. Based on the input received by the
microcontroller, it controls the motor driver, which in turn controls the motion of the motor.

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 Simple DC motor

A dc motor is a mechanically commutated electric motor powered from direct current.

The stator is stationary in space by definition and therefore the current in the rotor is switched
by the commutator to also be stationary in space. This is how the relative angle between the
stator and rotor magnetic flux is maintained near 90 degrees which generates the maximum
torque.Dc motors have a rotating armature winding (winding in which a voltage is induced) but
non-rotating armature magnetic field and a static field (winding that produce the main magnetic
flux) or permanent magnet.

Fig 2.3 DC Motor

 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) screen is an electronic display module. An LCD has a
wide range of applications in electronics. The most basic and commonly used LCD in circuits is
the 16x2 display. LCDs are commonly preferred in display because they are cheap, easy to
program and can display a wide range of characters and animations. A 16x2 LCD have two
display lines each capable of displaying 16 characters.

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This LCD has Command and Data registers. The command register stores command
instructions given to the LCD while the Data register stores the data to be displayed by the
LCD. The voltage needed is preferable 2-20 V A.C. The voltage threshold for watch type LCD
display is 1to 2V. It is a16 pin device with 16*2 displays. LCD used to display the state of the
motor and the value of relative humidity.

Fig 2.4 LCD

Features:

 5*8 dots with cursor

 16 characteristics*2lines display
 4 bit or 8 bit MPU interfaces
 Build in controller Display mode and Backlight variations
 ROHS complaints

 LED (light emitting diode)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits visible light when an
electric current passes through it.

The light is not particularly bright. But in most LEDs it is monochromatic, occurring at a
single wavelength. The output from an LED can range from Red (at wavelength of
approximately 700 nanometers) to blue-violet (about 400 nanometers

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Fig 2.5LEDs (Light emitting diode)

 Resistor

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. Resistor is a component that resists the flow of direct or
alternating electric circuit. Resistors can limit or divide the current, reduce the voltage, protect
an electric circuit, or provide large amounts of heat or light. They are often color coded by three
or four color bands that indicate the specific value of resistance. The current through a resistor
is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. This relationship is
represented by Ohm's law.

Fig.2.6 Resistors

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 L293D MOTOR DRIVER

The L293D is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 600-mA• High-

Noise-Immunity Inputs at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. Both devices are • Output Current per
Channel (600 mA for designed to drive inductive loads such as relays, L293D) solenoids, DC
and bipolar stepping motors, as well as Peak Output Current 2 A Per Channel (1.2 A for other
high-current/high-voltage loads in positiveL293D) supply application Pin Configuration and
Functions.

The L293D receives signals from the microprocessor and transmits the relative signal to
the motors. It has two voltage pins, one of which is used to draw current for the working of the
L293D and the other is used to apply voltage to the motor. The L293D switches its output
signal according to the input received from microprocessor.

The L293D is a 16 pin, with eight pins, on each side, dedicated to the controlling of a
motor. There are 2 input pins, 2 output pins and 1 enable pin for each motor. L293D consists of
two H-bridge-bridge is the simplest circuit for controlling a low current rated motor.

Fig.2.7 L293D Driver

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CHAPTER THREE
2. SYSTEM DESIGN AND DESCRIPTION
3.1 Components of Automatic door opening system

 220v,50 Hz ac source supply

 12v rechargeable battery
 Step down transformer TRAN 2P2S
 Bridge rectifier circuit
 Filtering circuit
 Voltage regulator 7805
 Passive infrared sensor (PIR)
 ARDUINO UNO microcontroller
 Light Emitting Diode (LED)
 Liquid Crystal Display (16_x_2_LCD)
 Push button
 Switch
 Motor driver L293D
 Dc Motor
 Speaker

Flow diagram

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3.2 Overall operation of the project

The project is designed for automatic door opening system using PIR sensor. Opening and
closing of doors is always a tedious job, especially in places like shopping malls, hotels and
theatres where a person is always required to open the door for visitors.

This project proposes a system of automatic opening and closing of door by sensing any
body movement near the door. This is achieved with help of a PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor. A
live body generally emits infrared energy which is sensed by the PIR sensor from a
considerable distance. This sensing signal is fed to a microcontroller to operate a door motor
through motor driver IC. When a body approaches within the operating range of the sensor, it
sends a logical command to open the door. The door automatically closes with a fixed time
delay. If there is no further movement within the PIR operating range. The door stays in closed
condition.

Even though the system is automatically to open and close the door, it is also works
manually by push button during emergency case like PIR sensor fails to work by high current
incoming through it or ageing whatever the problem occurred. But during normal case the push
button must be locked.

The speaker function for this project is mainly focus for blind persons. Because when blind
person near to the door and sensed by the sensor then the door is opened but this person didn’t
know whether the door is opened or not opened. At this time speaker is very important role to
him if the door is opened the speaker tone is activated and the person knowing that the door is
opened by hearing the tone sound.

3.2.1 Power Supply

In our project we used single phase 220v, 50Hz supply and a 12v rechargeable battery. this
battery used for when there is no power from the ac supply.

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3.2.1.1 Step down Transformer

The transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical
circuit to another electrical circuit through the medium of magnetic field and without a change
in the frequency. If the secondary winding has more turns than the primary winding, then the
secondary voltage is higher than the primary voltage and the transformer is called a step-up
transformer.

When the secondary winding has less turns than the primary windings then the secondary
voltage is lower than the primary voltage and the transformer is called step-down transformer.

The most important tasks performed by transformers are

 Changing voltage and current levels in electrical power systems

 Matching source and load impedances for maximum power transfer in electronic and
control circuit and
 Electrical isolation (isolating one circuit from another) Transformers are used extensively
in ac power systems. It protects the device from high current entering in to the circuit.

3.2.1.2 Bridge Rectifier

Fig 3.1 ridge rectifier

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Principles of Operation

The voltages at points A and B on the transformer are changing in opposite directions.
When A is increasing in a positive direction, B is increasing negatively. It is like the opposite
ends of a seesaw. During the first half cycle, A is positive and B is negative. D1 has positive on
its anode, D2 has negative on its cathode. Both are forward biased. Current flows around the
circuit formed by these diodes, the load and the transformer winding, as shown in the second
diagram. The current flowing up through the load produces a pulse of voltage across the load as
shown in the right hand waveform. During the next half cycle, A is negative and B is positive.
D4 has positive on its anode, D3 has negative on its cathode. Both are forward biased. Current
flows around the circuit as shown in the bottom diagram, again flowing in the same direction
through the load and producing another pulse of voltage. Since the full cycle is used, this circuit
is called a Full wave rectifier.

Diodes D1 through D4 in bridge rectifier circuit shown are used to rectify

the 0-9v AC voltage to DC. And their forward voltages are 0.7v of each as a silicon diode.
7.32DC Voltage is obtained from 9vAC.This output from the transformer and rectifiers is a DC
voltage; but it contains a large unwanted AC component. This component is reduced by adding
capacitor parallel to the bridge.

3.2.1.3 Smoothing

Fig 3.2 filtering circuit

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We can reduce the bridge rectifier output voltage AC component by adding a Smoothing
capacitor. The capacitor is the right component needed in order to smooth out the fluctuating
signal.

During the positive half cycle, the capacitor charges up to the peak value of the
transformer secondary voltage, Vim and will try to maintain this value as the full wave input
drops to zero. Capacitor will discharge slowly until the transformer secondary voltage again
increases to a value greater than the capacitor voltage.

3.2.1.4 The Voltage Regulator

Sometimes a circuit that produces constant output voltage while operating from a variable
supply voltage is needed. Circuits which perform such operation are called voltage regulators.
All the components except speaker is used 5v rang. as a result, IC 7805 is used to power the
components.

 IC7805 function.
 Provides 5v regulated power supply.
 Maintaining this output voltage constant.
 Removing the fluctuations. i.e. removing ac components.
 From pin-3 5V DC is given to the circuit.

3.2.2 Control unit

As a controlling element we have used a microcontroller called Arduino Uno it receives

the output of a PIR sensor digital value. i.e. zero or one when there is a movement it receives a
value of one else zero according to the input it will give a controlling action. If the
microcontroller receives a value of one, it sends a control signal for the motor driver to rotate
the motor in the specific direction.

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Else if it accepts a zero signal no controlling action performs the door remains in closed
state. In order to this our microcontroller gives a control signal to activate the LED, speaker and
LCD when movement is detected otherwise it sends a control signal only for the LCD.

3.2.3 Sensing Unit

In this section we used PIR passive sensor as a sensing element and the operation is
described below when someone approaches the sensor the sensor it receives the infrared ray that
was emitted by the human body because of body heat. We know that the main component of a
PIR sensor is piezoelectric sensor. Piezoelectric sensor divided in two halves, when there is no
motion, both halves remain in the same state means both sensors the same level of infrared. as
soon as somebody enters in first half the infrared level of one half becomes greater than the
other and this causes PIRs to react and makes the out pin high. For simulation case we used
logic state to activate the PIR sensor module.

3.2.4 Light Emitting Diode (LED)

For simulation purpose we have used two LEDs identified by color. i.e. red and green
LEDs The green LED will be on when the door is on opening state. The red LED will be on
when the door is back from the opening state to closing state. i.e. when the door is closed the
red LED becomes turn off.

3.2.5 Driver

L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver so with one IC we can interface two DC motors
which can be controlled in both clockwise and counter clockwise direction if you have motor
with fix direction of motion. You can make use of all the four I/Os to connect up to four DC
motors. L293D has output current of 600mA and peak output current of 1.2A per channel
moreover for the protection from back Emf output diodes are including within the IC the output

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supply Vcc2 has a wide range from 4.5 to 36v which has made L293D a best choice for DC
motor driver.

Fig.3.3 pin connection of L293D driver

As you can see from the circuit three pins are needed for interfacing a Dc motor if you
want the output to be enabled completely then you can connect Enable to Vcc and only 2 pins
needed from the controller to make the motor work.

As per the truth mentioned in the image above its fairly simple to program the
microcontroller it’s also clear from the truth table of BJT circuit and L293D the programming
will be the same for both of them just keeping in mind the allowed combination of A and B.

3.2.6 Speaker

In this project the main advantage of the speaker is to help blind peoples. When
approaches to the door it will be on and make some sound to indicate the door is in opening
state and ready to enter. The speaker activates when input for the microcontroller becomes one
unless it remains in off state by adjusting the resistor value we can control the volume.

3.2.7 Emergency push button

Suppose that suddenly the sensor probes not work properly or fully damaged in this case
the door must be work manually for that purpose we had better to use a switching device. In our
case we can use push button to perform the above activity.

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3.2.8 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

LCD: 16×2 Liquid Crystal Display which will display the 32 characters at a time in two

rows (16 characters in one row). Each character in the display of size 5×7-pixel matrix,
although this matrix differs for different 16×2 LCD modules if you take JHD162A this matrix
goes to 5×8. This matrix will not be same for all the 16×2 LCD modules. We can follow these
simple steps for displaying a character or data.

Fig 3.4 LCD as automatic door

 E=1; enable pin should be high

 RS=1; Register select should be high
 R/W=0; Read/Write pin should be low.

To send a command to the LCD just We can follow these steps:

 E=1; enable pin should be high

 RS=0; Register select should be low
 R/W=1; Read/Write pin should be high.

In our case if the sensor detects any motion or movement the LCD will display
“movement detected “and “door opening” else the LCD will display “no movement” and “door
is closed”. The main merit of LCD in our project is to visualize the door condition for the
person who has a problem of hearing and to make the operation of the system easier (user
interface able).

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CHAPTER FOUR
4. RESULT AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Result

Result 1: when PIR sensor is not detected movement

Fig 4.1 result when no movement detected

Result 2: when PIR sensor is detected some movement

Fig 4.2 result when movement detected

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CHAPTER FIVE
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion

When we conclude our project, Automatic door opening system is a simple yet powerful
concept, which uses PIR sensor as a sensing element. By using this system manual works are
almost removed. It automatically opens the door when the sensor detects some movement. This
is done by a sensor called PIR which senses the movement. It automatically closes the door
after waiting some minutes for the person to enter or to leave the building. When there is no
movement it stays closed. The main idea of this project is to avoiding of manual control.
Because of to avoid any physical contact among the user and the door by itself it gives easy life
style to allow pedestrians. In addition to this we had also consider the door to be operate in
manual for emergency case. And also in our project we have added additional future of the
system for blind and deafness persons.

5.2 Recommendation

The recommendation that we need to inform one who want to improve our project

 There can be a Display unit for showing number of persons entered in a particular room.
 Upgrading the system using higher bit microprocessors for speed optimization.
 Along with this system we can use face-detection through camera for Automated Attendance
System.
 A better sensor is recommended to achieve new functionality. For instance, a suitable sensor
such as radar sensor can be used if a Government intended to use the system for checking
contraband goods in any vehicle around the boundary.

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REFERENCES

[1.] 30 Arduino Projects for the Evil Genius by Simon Monk.

[2.] Learn Electronics with Arduino by Don Wilcher.

[3.] Getting Started with Arduino Massimo Banzi Second Edition.

[4.] Arduino Cookbook Michael Margolis Second Edition.

[5.] Google Search Engine; http:www.google.com

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APPENDEX

Table 1. Components required and specification in the Project

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY

1 IC IC 7805,L293D 1,1
2 PIR - 1
3 Diode IN4007,IN4001 4,2
4 Resistor 1K,10K 2,2
5 Capacitor 0.01µF 1
6 LEDs Green and Red 1,1
7 Transformer 220/9V 1
8 Power supply 220V ac,50Hz 1
9 Battery 9V 1
10 speaker - 1
11 switch - 1
12 Push button - 1

Table 2. Pin Description of Voltage Regulator

So. NO PIN Number Name

1 Pin 1 Input voltage
2 Pin 2 Ground
3 Pin 3 Output Voltage(6V)

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Table 3. Pin Description of L293D

NAME NUMBER DESCRIPTION

1,2EN 1 Enable driver channels 1 and 2 (active high input)

<1:4>A 2, 7, 10, 15 Driver inputs, no inverting

<1:4>Y 3, 6, 11, 14 Driver outputs

3,4EN 9 Enable driver channels 3 and 4 (active high input)

Ground 4,5,12,13 Device ground and heat sink pin. Connect to printed-circuit-board ground plane
with multiple solid vias

VCC1 16 5-V supply for internal logic translation

VCC2 8 Power VCC for drivers 4.5 V to 36 V

Table 4. Pin description for PIR sensor

So.NO PIN Number Name

1 Pin 1 Input voltage Vcc

2 Pin 2 Output

3 Pin 3 Ground

Code:
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);
int waiting;
int speakerPin = 5;
int pushButton=2;
int ledPinG=6;
int ledPinR=7;
int PIR=A0;
int mdoPin=3; //motor driver open pin
int mdcPin=4; //motor driver close pin
void setup()

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{
lcd.begin(16, 2);
pinMode(pushButton, INPUT);
pinMode(speakerPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(mdoPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(mdcPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ledPinG, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ledPinR, OUTPUT);
pinMode(PIR, INPUT);
lcd.print(" AUTOMATIC ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" DOOR OPENER ");
delay(200);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("CIRCUIT DEGEST ");
delay(100);
}
void loop() {
if((digitalRead(PIR)==HIGH)||(digitalRead(pushButton)==HIGH)) {
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("MOVMENT DETECTED");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" GATE OPENING ");
digitalWrite(mdoPin, HIGH);
digitalWrite(mdcPin, LOW);
digitalWrite(speakerPin, HIGH);
digitalWrite(ledPinG, HIGH);
digitalWrite(ledPinR, LOW);
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print(" GATE OPENED ");
digitalWrite(speakerPin, LOW);
digitalWrite(mdoPin, LOW);
digitalWrite(mdcPin, LOW);
digitalWrite(ledPinG,LOW);
delay(2000);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" LEAVE THE DOOR");
while((digitalRead(PIR)==HIGH)||(digitalRead(pushButton)==HIGH)){
digitalWrite(mdoPin, LOW);
digitalWrite(mdcPin, LOW);}
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(" NO MOVMENT ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" GATE CLOSING ");
digitalWrite(mdoPin, LOW);
digitalWrite(mdcPin, HIGH);
digitalWrite(ledPinR,HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(ledPinR,LOW) }
if((digitalRead(PIR)==LOW)&&(digitalRead(pushButton)==LOW)) {
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(" NO MOVMENT ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" GATE CLOSED ");
while((digitalRead(PIR)==LOW)&&(digitalRead(pushButton)==LOW)) {
digitalWrite(mdoPin, LOW);
digitalWrite(mdcPin, LOW);
} }}

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