Doors and

Windows
BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES 1
Review

Site Works Wood

Preparing a site for construction Establishing the building envelope

Concrete Masonry
Erecting structural elements using concrete Building the walls through stacking of individual blocks

Metal Doors and Windows

Adding framework for the walls, slabs, and roof

Doors and Windows Building Technologies 1 – Building Materials

Overview

• In t r o d u ct i on

• Glass

• Glazing

• Wi n d o w s

• Doors

• Ma t e ri a l s u s e d fo r D o o r s

• H a r d ware u s e d fo r D o o r s a n d
Wi n d o w s
 Introduction
This presentation will introduce the different elements
found in wall openings, namely doors and windows.
Different types of doors serve different functions, and the
same goes with windows. The discussion will also cover the
methods by which these elements are installed, as well as
the materials and tools used in the process. By the end of
the lesson, the students are expected to know and identify
which appropriate door or window should be used for
different circumstances.

Doors and Windows Building Technologies 1 – Building Materials

Glass
 Sheet Glass
Sheet glass is manufactured by having molten glass pass
through rollers to produce a nearly flat finish. However, the
action of the rollers does leave the resulting sheets with some
degree of distortion.
 Float Glass
Made from sodium silicate and calcium silicate, float glass is
also known as soda-lime glass. The “float” name refers to the
method used to produce it, where the molten glass is floated
onto a bed of molten tin. This gives us a flat, clear, distortion-
free glass.
 Laminated Glass
As the name suggests, laminated glass consists of layers of
ordinary glass bonded by a transparent, flexible material.
Laminated glass is also UV and soundproof, which explains its
use in the construction of bridges and aquariums. It’s even the
best choice for making glass canopies as it can reduce harmful
rays.
 Shatterproof Glass
Shatterproof glass is just what it sounds like, a type of glass
that’s resistant to shattering. In other words, it doesn’t break
into sharp pieces in the event of destruction.
Manufacturing shatterproof glass involves the addition of a
plastic polyvinyl butyral resin to prevent it from forming sharp
pieces. It’s commonly used in windows, floors, and skylights.
 Energy-efficient Glass
This type of glass is produced by glazing float glass with a
special thin coating on one side. This coating allows solar
energy to pass through in one direction while minimizing the
transfer of thermal energy in the other direction.
 Self-cleaning Glass
Used in ICUs and meeting rooms, chromatic glass can control
the transparent efficiency to protect the interior from daylight.
This type of glass may be:
➢ electrochromic (has electric lamination);
➢ thermos-chromatic (has heat-sensitive lamination); or
➢ photochromic (has light-sensitive lamination).
 Patterned Glass
Patterned glass is flat glass that’s been rolled onto one side
during production. It’s available in many colored tints and
patterns, each with a distortion number from 1 to 5 (1 is very
little distortion and 5 is a high degree of diffusion).
Patterned glass is used for decoration purposes, with or
without added privacy.
 Tinted Glass
Tinted glass is simply colored glass. A certain type of ion is
added to the normal glass mix to produce colored glass, where
the color doesn’t affect other properties of the glass. For
example, Iron Oxide gives green, and Sulphur gives blue.
 Toughened Glass
Toughened glass, also called safety or tempered glass, is used
extensively throughout the industry for its ability to resist
breaking. If it does break, it does so into many small ‘safer’
pieces as opposed to large shards (like float glass).
Toughened glass is typically used in home interiors such as
kitchen splashback (for its heat resistance), and shower
screens, glass balustrade and swimming pool fencing.
 Glass Blocks
Otherwise called glass bricks, glass blocks are made from two
halves pressed and annealed during the melting process of
glass. The applications for glass blocks include walls and
skylights, providing a pleasant aesthetic appearance when
light passes through.
 Mirrors
These are typically made from float glass of 4mm to 6mm
thickness with one side silvered.
Glazing
 Dry Glazed
In this approach, compression stresses are applied to fix metal
panels or glass units into the glazing pocket of the frames. The
necessary compression force can be obtained using rubber
gaskets. The rubber gaskets are placed on either side of the
glazed element, and panels may be glazed from the exterior or
interior.
 Wet Glazed
Wet glazing is the term used for applying a silicone sealant
around commercial windows once their seals or rubber
gaskets shrink and deteriorate due to age and weathering.
Windows

20XX
 Fixed Window
Glass panel is permanently fixed in the opening of the wall
It is stationary and cannot open (non-operational). Fixed
windows often look like picture windows except that they have
larger and thicker frames.
 Casement Window
A casement window is a window that is attached to its frame by
one or more hinges at the side. They are used singly or in pairs
within a common frame, in which case they are hinged on the
outside. Casement windows are often held open using a
casement stay.
 Louver Window
A jalousie window or louvered window is a window composed
of parallel glass, acrylic, or wooden louvres set in a frame. The
louvres are joined onto a track so that they may be tilted open
and shut in unison to control airflow, usually by turning a
crank.
 Awning Window
An awning window has hinges at the top of the frame, and
swings outward from the bottom. They can open with the
simple crank of a handle or with the basic glide of the Easy-
Slide Operator hardware. Awning windows are great in places
that could use extra ventilation and light.
 Hopper Window
Hopper windows are typically a small, narrow window that
opens from the top. This type of window opens downward and
inward and is commonly installed as a bathroom or basement
window. They are usually found in pairs on either side of a door
or along the bottom of casement windows.
 Single-Hung Window
A single-hung window, also known as a single-sash window, is
a type of window with a lower, operable sash and an upper,
fixed sash. This means that the bottom part of the window
slides up and down, while the top part remains stationary.
 Double-Hung Window
Double-Hung windows have two operating sash that move up
and down allowing for ventilation on the top, bottom or both.
 Sliding Window
Horizontal Sliding Sash windows are similar to their more
common Vertical Sliding Sash windows, but the sashes slide
side-to-side, rather than up-and-down.
 Clerestory
Any fenestrated wall of a room that is carried higher than the
surrounding roofs to light the interior space. In a large
building, where interior walls are far from the structure's
exterior walls, this method of lighting otherwise enclosed,
windowless spaces became a necessity.
 Transom Window
Transom windows are named as such because they are
located over top of a window or door’s transom– this is the
beam that separates the top of the window or door from the
rest of the wall.
Consequently, transom windows can come in many different
shapes, styles and designs, but retain the name due to their
location.
 Bay Window
Bay window is a generic term for all protruding window
constructions, regardless of whether they are curved or
angular, or run over one or multiple storeys.
Also called an oriel (or oriel window, when it projects from
an upper storey), the bay window is a protruding window
structure that extends from the wall of a building.
 Skylight
Skylights and roof windows are glazed openings on a
pitched or flat roof designed to provide more light to the
home. As well as allowing natural light into your home, they
can also allow fresh air to enter if they are openable or
vented.
Doors
 Single-Hinged Door
A door provided with hinges or pivots which permit it to swing
90° in one direction only.
Also known as single swing door.
 Double-Hinged Door
Double action hinges allow doors to swing in both directions
and automatically return the doors to the resting position.
 Double Doors
Side by side doors, also known as double doors, are two door
configurations where both doors are next to one another.
Another name for this type of doors is a French door.
 Pivot Door
The pivot doors are simply designed to rotate about their
vertical axis. These doors are available with or without a
stopper. This door can effortlessly rotate 360 degrees on its
own axis thus achieving an elegant swing in the space.
 Dutch Doors
A Dutch type of door also known as double-hung door or half
door sometimes is a door that’s split in half horizontally,
allowing the top half to open while the bottom half stays shut.
A secure tight bolt holds the two halves together and it
operates as a normal door.
 Sliding Door
Sliding doors are also known as bypass doors and are
generally used for locations including large openings as that
discovered in a bedroom or closets.
Sliding doors do not swing open; rather, you have to move
them on the track and that’s why they do not disrupt other
components of the space. Therefore, just a part of the opening
is accessible at a time.
 Pocket Door
The special feature of pocket doors is that they “disappear”
into a special cavity inside the wall when opened. These doors
generally have top–hung and slide along a track mounted on
the ceiling.
 Bifold Door
A bifold door is a type of door that has multiple sections, which
fold into one side of the frame and do not swing in or out to
open and close. These types of door opening options make
bifold door designs appealing for room configurations where
there is a large window space but less room for a door to open,
such as on a balcony or in patio doors.
 Accordion Door
Accordion doors feature multiple beams and glass panels that
fold to one side or open in the middle and fold out to each
side. These style doors can be used to merge indoor and
outdoor living spaces to reveal one large living space.
 Revolving Doors
This door has a central shaft with four Wings that hang on it,
The Shaft Rotates around the vertical axis within a round
enclosure. The doors’ central shaft is fitted with a ball bearing
arrangement at the bottom, which allows the shutters to move
without any jerk and making noise.
Materials
U SE D FOR D OOR S
 Wood or Timber
Wooden or Timber door is primarily used for interior door
applications. These doors provide soundproofing, insulation or
security. They are easy to install and clean.
 Glass
Glass doors add richness, beauty and light to any doorway in
your home. Cut glass panel fit into the wooden frames are a
beautiful option for front doors.
 Steel
Steel door is used in both interior and exterior application.
They are very strong as compared to other doors.
 Fiberglass
Fiberglass door is most commonly used for exterior
application. This door has many design options and can be
easily molded into most of shapes and style. These doors are
durable and hard.
 Polyvinyl Chloride
PVC door is light in weight and easy to use. They come in
variety of designs and colors and look beautiful. These doors
do not corrode and do not need much maintenance but are not
scratch proof.
Hardware
U SE D FOR D OOR S A ND WI ND OWS
 Lever and Knob
Used to turn the door handle to open the door. Levers come in
many shapes and are pushed downwards to open a door, while
knobs are generally round and require turning clockwise to
unlatch a door.
 Door Stopper
Door stoppers are incredibly useful hardware elements that
protect walls from damage caused by doors and doorknobs.
They are excellent at keeping paint or wallpaper looking great
for longer and will help you evade having to repair or re-plaster
your walls often – especially in high-traffic areas of your home.
 Door Damper
Door dampers reliably prevent doors from slamming shut
loudly. They close doors gently and quietly, while ensuring that
they close completely and remain closed.
 Peephole
A peephole, peek hole, spyhole, door hole, magic eye, magic
mirror or door viewer, is a small, round opening through a door
from which a viewer on the inside of a dwelling may "peek" to
see directly outside the door.
The lenses are made and arranged in such a way that viewing
is only possible in one direction.
 Door Hinge
Door hinges are the hardware material used to fix the door to
its frame. The Hinges are the pivot point for door opening and
closing in the house. Whether you are installing a new door or
replacing an old one, hinges plays important role in keeping
your door in its right position.
 Door Hinge
Butt hinge – the most common door hinges found on doors
and cabinets is butt hinges, which consist of two rectangular
leaves with knuckles in the middle, joined by a pin.
 Door Hinge
Ball-bearing hinge – the ball bearing hinge is a type of butt
door hinge, with hidden bearings between the knuckles, which
reduce friction and enable doors to move more smoothly.
 Door Hinge
Barrel hinge – the barrel hinge is used for a special type of
wood–related projects such as a box-like cabinet or small in
size and it is perfect for various ideal projects. Also, it is
perfect for those kinds of projects in which you want to hide
the door hinges.
 Door Hinge
Concealed hinge – are also called invisible hinges, hidden
hinges, Hidden hinges, and European hinges. The smooth,
uninterrupted appearance makes this hinge aesthetically
pleasing, and the fact that they can’t be tampered with from
the outside makes them secure
 Door Hinge
Heavy duty hinge – these hinges are designed to provide
stability and support for heavy doors (such as entry doors,
gates, or furniture lids, like trunks and benches) and heavily
used doors
 Door Hinge
Piano hinge – a piano hinge, made in continuous 2meter
lengths, is used where an especially suitable for bifold or
concertina doors. It can also be used for hanging normal
insets or lay on doors.
 Door Hinge
Overlay hinge – this type of door hinges folds back and will not
add thickness to the cabinetry. Some hinges can add
thickness to the cabinetry. If you want to reduce the thickness,
then you should consider the installation of overlays.
 Window Latch
A window latch is a standard lock found on double and single
hung windows. This simple mechanism connects the two
sashes of the window and prevents either from moving.
 Folding Lock
Folding locks are found embedded in casement window
frames. When turned down, folding locks keep the sashes
locked, and when turned up, the lock is released.
 Pin Lock
Window pin locks are like chain locks for doors. One part of the
lock attaches to the sash, the other to the frame. The parts are
connected by a cable or a chain that prevents the window from
opening very wide.
 Window Wedge
Window wedges come in a variety of different forms. Some
window wedges slide up and down, others are attached to the
window with Velcro and can be adjusted as needed. Window
wedges are put into place to stop the window from opening
more than the homeowner desires.
 Window Hinge
Friction stay hinge –a variable window hinge which enables the
secure opening and closing of windows. As the name suggests,
an adjustable friction slide helps to hold the window in an
open position.
 Window Hinge
Butt hinge – these are very common hinges. They’re commonly
used for everything from cabinets to doors, windows and many
different kinds of furniture.
 Window Hinge
Pivot hinge – pivot hinges allow windows to pivot up to 360
degrees depending on how they are installed.
 Fasteners
Nails – used to fasten pieces of wood together, but they are
also used with plastic, drywall, masonry, and concrete.
Rivet – this type of nail is used for permanent connections and
for fastening iron plates by means of rivets. Its permanent
nature makes the connection that uses nails cannot be
removed again
Screws – a short, slender, sharp-pointed metal pin with a
raised helical thread running around it and a slotted head,
used to join things together by being rotated so that it pierces
wood or other material and is held tightly in place.
 Putty Knife
Putty knives are used to apply and spread materials. Different
widths have different uses; for example, a narrow blade may
work for filling small nail holes in walls or wood. A wide blade
is more appropriate for larger surfaces and is commonly used
for drywall application and related services.
 Rubber Gasket
A window gasket, also known as a window seal or seal gasket,
is something that is fitted to your window frame to prevent the
entrance of draughts and water to your home.
 Glazing Sealant
The material used to adhere windowpanes into a window
frame. This can also be called a glazing putty. Silicone
sealants are commercially available and can be used to seal
other things aside from windows.
References

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windows /12776/?amp=1

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Doors and Windows Building Technologies 1 – Building Materials