CHAPTER 1 (DATABASE SYSTEM)  Secondary Data  Manage large quantity of

 Collected by someone other than information

actual user  Safety of the information stored
 DATABASE  Books, journals, newspaper  Avoid possible anomalous results
 Orgaznized collection of
information  COMPARE
 Organized into tables, rows,  DATABASE SCHEMA, MODEL
DATA INFORMATION
 columns AND INSTANCES
Relies on data Does not rely on
 Operate a large amount of  Design of a database
information
information by storing  Represents the logical view
Difficult to Easy to
 Server  Helps the database users to
understand data understand
understand the relationship
information
between data
 INFORMATION
 Data that is processed, organized Meaningless on its Always meaningful
 Helps in the decision-making own
process Unprocessed and Process and
 Data into a meaningful form unstructured structed
 EXP: Pay slip, reports, worksheets
 DATA COLLECTION
METHODS
 DATA COLLECTION  Questionnaire
METHODS  Interviews
 Primary Data  Focus Group
 Directly from first-hand source  Observation
 Qualitative & Quantitative  Experimental
 PURPOSE OF DATABASE
  DATA MODELS
 Logical design and structure
 KEY COMPONENTS OF  Stored Procedures and Functions
 How data will be stored, accessed
DATABSE SCHEMA  Predefined set of queries or a mini-
and updated
 Tables program that one can save and
 Database and consist of rows reuse
 Hierarchical Model
(records) and columns (attributes)  Security Permissions
 Data into a tree-like-structure
 Columns (Attributes)  Access control mechanisms that
 Single root, to which all other data
 Constraints of the data it can regulate user privileges and
is linked
contain (integer, string, date, permissions
Boolean)
 Constraints  DATABASE INSTANCE
 Conditions enforced on the data  Database at a particular moment
within the database to maintain of time
data integrity and consistency  Defines the attributes in tables that
 Relationship belong to a particular database
 Associations and dependencies
between tables in the database
schema
 Indexes
 By providing fast lookup and
retrieval mechanisms
 Views
 Virtual tables derived from one or
more base tables
 Network Model
 Allowed to have more than one  Relational Model  Internal Schema
parent node  Organized in two-dimensional  Describe the physical storage
 Accessing the data is also easier tables and the relationship structure of the database
and fast  Information related to a particular
type is stored in rows of that table

 Entity Relationship Model

 Dividing object of interest into
entity and its characteristics into
attributes  DATABASE 3-SCHEMA
 Entities are related using ARCHITECURE
relationships  External Schema
 View level includes a number of
external schemas or user views
 Conceptual Schema
 Describe the whole database for
community user. Concentrating on
describing entities, data types,
relationship, user operations and
constraints
 DATABASE MANAGEMENT  HARDWARE  Collection of facts stored in the
SYSTEM (DBMS)  Refers to the physical parts of the database
 DBMS computer and it also includes some  Includes structure data, non-
 System software for creating and various storage structural data, logical data
managing databases  Most visible part of any  Most important component of the
 Systematic way to create, retrieve, information system database management system
update and manage data  Actual computer system used for  EXP: what is the size of the name,
 Software keeping and accessing the is it stored as related data to some
database other data
 Run on the range of machines from
microcomputers to mainframes
 PROCEDURES
 General instructions to use a
 SOFTWARE database management system
 A collection or set of programs,  Manage databases, to take
instructions that tell a computer backups, generating reports
what to do  Used for data validation, access
 Includes the database software, control, or to reduce network
operating system, network traffic between clients
software  Help guide users to the operation
 Capable of understanding the and management of database
Database Access Language and systems
converts it into actual database
commands to execute
 EXP: MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft
Access, SQL Server, FileMaker
 DATA
 DATABASE ACCESS  Database administrator-database  DISADVANTAGES
LANGUANGE administrator is the one who 1. Complexity
 Simple language that allows users manages the complete database 2. Size
to write commands to perform the management system 3. Performance
desired operations on the data 4. Higher impact of a failure
 Used to write commands to access, 5. Cost of DBMS
upsent, and delete data stored in a  FUNCITION OF DBMS
database 1. Data Dictionary Management
 Users can create new databases, 2. Data Storage Management  BIG DATA
tables, insert data implements 3. Data Transformation and  Used for denoting a collection of
database schema at the physical, Presentation datasets that is large and complex,
logical and external level 4. Security Management making it very difficult to process
5. Multiuser Access Control  Enormous amounts and various
types of data that is collected for
 USER certain purpose
 Control and manage the databases  ADVANTAGES
and perform different types of 1. Controlling Redundancy
operations 2. Integrity can be enforced  CHARACTERISTIC
 Include database administrator, 3. Data can be shared  Variety
software developer and End user 4. Inconsistency can be avoided  Veracity
 Database administrator-database 5. Providing Backup and Recovery  Value
administrator is the one who  Volume
manages the complete database  Velocity
management system
 End users are the one who store,
retrieve, update
CHAPTER 2 (DATA MODELLING)  KEYS
 An attribute or a group of

 ENTITY RELATIONSHIP attributes that can uniquely

DIAGRAM (ERD) identify each record in a table

 a data modeling technique used in

software engineering to produce a  UESE OF DATABSE KEYS

conceptual data model.  Identify each record in the tables.

 Multivalued Attribute: Have more  Define Relations between the

 COMPONENTS OF ERD than one value. tables.

 Entities (names)  Example: One teacher can teach  Establish Relations between the
 Attributes (names) many subjects. tables.
 Relationships (verb/kata kerja)  Derived Attributes: can be derived
from other attributes.  TYPES OF KEYES
 FUNCTION AND SYMBOLS OF  Primary Key: column or group of
ERD columns in a table that uniquely
identify every row in that table.
 Example:  Rules: dua barisan tidak boleh
ada primary key yang sama
 Setiap barisan perlu ada primary
key
  Tempat primary key tidak boleh  DATABASE NORMALIZATION
dibiarkan kosong.  database design principle for
 Example: organizing data in an organized and
consistent way. (digunakan untuk
menyusun data secara teratur.)
 avoid redundancy and maintain the
integrity of the database.
 PROBLEM WHEN DON’T
 Composite Key: combination of two or
NORMALIZE
more columns
 Insertion Anomaly
 Example:
 Update Anomaly
 3 NORMAL FORMS
 First Normal Form (1NF)
 ensures there are no repeating
 Foreign Key: column that creates a
entries in a group.
relationship between two tables.
 each record must be unique.
 Purpose is maintaining data
 Second Normal Form (2NF)
integrity
 apply to all the 1NF
 Example:
requirements.
 data must have only one
primary key.
  all subsets of data that can be CHAPTER 3 STRUCTURED QUERY  are used to identify database
placed in multiple rows should be LANGUAGE (SQL) object such as table, view and
placed in separate tables.  SQL indexes names as well as columns.
 Third Normal Form (3NF)  (SQL) is a computer language for  An identifier must start with a
 comply with all the 2NF management of databases and data letter.
requirements. manipulation.  It cannot contain embedded spaces
 data in a table must only be  used to query, insert, update and (blanks).
dependent on the primary key. modify data in a database.  It cannot be more than 128
 BENEFITS OF DATA  SQL ALLOWS TO: characters.
NORMALIZATION  SQL can delete records from a
 More space: frees up much-needed database.
gigabyte and terabyte space.  SQL can create new databases.
 Faster question answering  SQL can create new tables in a
 Better segmentation: best ways to grow database.
a business is to ensure lead  SQL can create stored procedures in a  DATA TYPES
segmentation. database.  Type of data/ value an object can
 SQL can create views in a database. hold or process in known as its
Data Type.
 SQL FUNDAMENTAL  SQL DATA TYPES
 IDENTIFIER
  Exact numeric data type: integer  Commands in DDL:
value; number without a decimal  CREATE: Use to make new
 RENAME: Use to change the
point database. Use to make new table
name of a table in a database
 DECIMAL, SMALLINT, INT, BIGINT
 Approximate numeric data type:
 Data Manipulation Language
numbers with decimal point
 DROP: Use to delete a database (DML)
 FLOAT, REAL
object.  which is used to add, delete or
 Date and time data type: Store date
Note: Once something is deleted, modify data in a database.
and time
cannot be recovered  used to manage or manipulate
 DATE, TIME, DATETIME
data in a table.
 String data type: text such as a
 Commands in DML:
sentence or a word or any other
 SELECT: select a set of data
related data.
 ALTER: modify the structure of a or information from a table.
 CHAR & VARCHAR
table or database.
 Data Definition Language (DDL)
>>Syntax to add a new column in
 computer language basically a
 INSERT: Used to add new
a table:
component of SQL, which is used to
records or rows to a table
create and modify the structure of
database objects in a database.
>>Syntax to rename a column in a
 It is also known as Data Description
table:
  UPDATE: Used to change or
modify data in a table
 DELETE: Used to delete a
record or a data in a table.

 Data Query Language (DQL)

 which is used to perform queries
on the data within database
objects.
 It is used to retrieve information
stored in the tables in a database.
 SELECT command:
 Retrieve information

 Select information

 View information