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Lecture 3

This document summarizes key concepts from Lecture 3 of a Circuits and Electronics course. It defines nodes, paths, loops, and branches in electrical circuits. It introduces Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL). KCL states that the algebraic sum of currents entering any node is zero. KVL states that the algebraic sum of voltages around any closed path is zero. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying KCL and KVL to solve for unknown currents and voltages in circuits. Students are assigned practice problems and reading from the textbook chapter covering nodes, loops, KCL, and KVL.

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Kanwar Hamza
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52 views10 pages

Lecture 3

This document summarizes key concepts from Lecture 3 of a Circuits and Electronics course. It defines nodes, paths, loops, and branches in electrical circuits. It introduces Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL). KCL states that the algebraic sum of currents entering any node is zero. KVL states that the algebraic sum of voltages around any closed path is zero. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying KCL and KVL to solve for unknown currents and voltages in circuits. Students are assigned practice problems and reading from the textbook chapter covering nodes, loops, KCL, and KVL.

Uploaded by

Kanwar Hamza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Circuits and Electronics

Lecture 3
Instructor: Sajid Hussain
Node/Path/Loop/Branch
• A point at which two or more elements have a common
connection is called a node.
• If we move along the circuit elements through nodes and
no node was encountered more than once, then the set of
nodes and elements that we have passed through is
defined as a path.
• If the node at which we started is the same as the node on
which we ended, then the path is, by definition, a closed
path or a loop.
• We define a branch as a single path in a network,
composed of one simple element and the node at each
end of that element.
• Thus, a path is a particular collection of branches.
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
• The algebraic sum of currents entering any node is zero.
• The sum of currents entering a node is equal to the sum of
currents leaving a node.

• 𝑖𝐴 + 𝑖𝐵 + −𝑖𝐶 + −𝑖𝐷 = 0
• 𝑖𝐴 + 𝑖𝐵 = 𝑖𝐶 + 𝑖𝐷
Example
• For the given circuit, compute the current
through resistor 𝑹𝟑 if the voltage source
supplies a current of 3 A.
• KCL at the top node of resistors 𝑅2 and 𝑅3 .
𝑖𝑅1 − 2 − 𝑖 + 5 = 0
• From statement: 𝑖𝑅1 = 3 𝐴
• So, we have:
3−2−𝑖+5=0
• And the value of current is 𝑖 = 6 𝐴(↓).
Example
• If 𝒊𝒙 = 𝟑 𝑨 and 18V source delivers 8A of
current, what is the value of 𝑹𝑨 ?
• KCL at top node of resistor 𝑅𝐴 .
8 − 𝑖𝑅𝐴 − 𝑖𝑥 + 13 = 0
• Solving the equation: 𝑖𝑅𝐴 = 18 𝐴
• Now using Ohm’s Law:
𝑉𝑅𝐴 18
𝑅𝐴 = = =1Ω
𝑖𝑅𝐴 18
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
• The algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed path is zero.

• 𝑣1 = 𝑣2 + 𝑣3

• 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + ⋯ + 𝑣3 + 𝑣𝑛 = 0

• σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑣𝑖 = 0

• −𝑣1 + 𝑣2 − 𝑣3 = 0
Example
• Find 𝒗𝒙 and 𝒊𝒙 in the given circuit.
• Applying KVL around the loop.
−5 − 7 + 𝑣𝑥 = 0
• So, we have: 𝑣𝑥 = 12 𝑉
• Now using Ohm’s Law:
𝑣𝑥 12
𝑖𝑥 = = = 120 𝑚𝐴
100 100
Example
• Determine 𝒗𝒙 in the given circuit.
• The KVL Equations are:
−60 + 𝑣8 + 𝑣10 = 0 ⋯ (1)
−𝑣10 + 𝑣4 + 𝑣𝑥 = 0 ⋯ (2)
• Now using Ohm’s Law: 𝑣8 = 40 V
• Putting this in eq. 1: 𝑣10 = 20 V
• Now, eq. 2 reduces to: 𝑣𝑥 = 20 − 𝑣4
• KCL @ node above 10Ω resistor:
𝑖4 = 5 − 𝑖10
𝑣10 20
𝑖4 = 5 − =5− =3A
10 10
• Now 𝑣4 = 4 × 3 = 12 V and hence
𝑣𝑥 = 20 − 12 = 8 V
Practice
• Exercise Chapter 3: Problem 1 – 23.

Reading Assignment.
• Chapter 3.
• Topic 3.1: NODES, PATHS, LOOPS, AND BRANCHES
• Topic 3.2: KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW
• Topic 3.3: KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW
Thank You.

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