Communication Principles, Processes, and situation, whether formal or

Ethics informal.
 Visuals involve the use of images,
COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES graphs, charts. logos, and maps.

 Communication is a process of exchanging  Communication can be intended or

verbal and/or non-verbal information unintended.
between two or more people who can be  Intended communication refers to
either the speaker or the receiver of planning what and how you
messages. communicate your ideas to other
people who are older than you are or
 Communication is used to meet the who occupy a higher social or
purpose of a person. The purpose could be professional position such as your
to inform, to persuade, or to entertain. parents, teachers, and supervisors,
among others.
 Communication can be in the form of
written, verbal, non-verbal, and visuals.  Unintended communication, on the
other hand, happens when you
 Written communication involves texts unintentionally send non-verbal
or words encoded and transmitted messages to people you are
through memos, letters, reports, on- communicating with, or when you
line chat, short message service or suddenly make negative remarks out
SMS, electronic mail or e-mail, of frustration or anger.
journals and other written.  Communication is a complex process that
documents. requires you to

 Verbal communication involves an  know your audience,

exchange of information through  determine your purpose,
face-to-face, audio and/or video call  identify your topic,
or conferencing, lectures, meetings,  expect objections,
radio, and television.  establish credibility with your target
 Communication can be in the form of audience,
written, verbal, non-verbal, and  present information clearly and
visuals. objectively, and
 develop a practical, useful way to
 Non-verbal communication involves seek for feedback.
the use of the following to convey or
emphasize a message of information. 2. COMMUNICATION PROCESSES
 Voice - this includes tone,  The communication process involves
speech rate, pitch, pauses and elements such as source, message,
volume. encoding, channel, decoding, receiver,
feedback, context, and barrier.
 Body language - this includes
facial expressions, gestures,  Source - the speaker or sender of a
postures, and eye contact message
 Message - the message, information, or
 Personal space or distance - this ideas from the source or speaker
refers to an area of space and  Encoding - the process of transferring the
distance that a person from a message
different culture, personality,  Channel - the means to deliver a message
age, sex, and status adopts and such as face-to-face conversations,
puts for another person. telephone calls, e-mails, and memos,
among others.
 Personal appearance - this  Decoding - the process of interpreting an
refers how a person presents encoded message
himself/herself to a particular  Receiver -the recipient of the message
  Feedback -the reactions or responses of words depending on the type of people
the receiver to the message from the you are communicating with.
sender
  Promote access to communication. Give
 Context - the situation or environment in others an opportunity to express what
which communication takes place able prix they feel and think about the message
 Barriers - the factors which may affect the being communicated.
communication process.  Be open-minded. Accept that others have
 Examples of barriers to communication: different views or opinions, which may
 Culture, Individual differences, conflict with yours. So, listen and process
Language use, Noise, Past the views of other people, and learn how
Experiences, Status to reconcile their opinions with your own.
 Develop your sense of accountability.
Communication can be a one-way or Acknowledge responsibility for all your
two-way process. Communication as a actions, good or bad.

one-way process is best illustrated in 4. GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE

the model of Shannon-Weaver (1949) COMMUNICATION
as shown in Figure 1. In this model, the  Effective communication plays a crucial
role in your personal and professional
sender is active while the receiver is success.
passive during the communication  Below are some guidelines for effective
process. communication

 Be clear with your purpose. As a sender,

you must have a specific purpose in mind.
This can help you convey your message
effectively to your target audience or
receivers in written, verbal, non-verbal, or
visual form.

 Support your message with facts. When

you provide an incomplete or vague
information, you can cause confusion or
misunderstanding in your audience. Hence,
you should be well-prepared with your
3. COMMUNICATION ETHICS supporting ideas through examples,
experiences, or observations when you
 Effective communicators observe ethics. deliver a message.
This means that they deal with values,
righteousness, and behavior appropriate  Be concise. There is always a sense to this
for human communication particularly in a cliché, "keep it short and simple." Avoid
multicultural situation. irrelevant or unnecessary details in your
message and keep it concise.
 Below are some of the ethical
considerations.  Provide specific information in your
 Uphold integrity. Be truthful with your feedback. Give feedback that is timely,
opinion and be accurate with your constructive, and specific to the topic
judgment. being discussed.

 Respect diversity of perspective and  Adjust to the needs, interests, values, and
privacy. Show compassion and beliefs of your audience. Every person has
consideration with the beliefs, status, different needs and comes from different
affiliations, and privacy of others. cultural background.

 Observe freedom of expression effectively.

Be careful of what and how you say your
 Your role as an effective communicator is  Support your message with facts.
to adjust to those needs, interests, values,  Be concise.
and beliefs of your audience.  Provide specific information in your
feedback.
 Essentially, use language or vocabulary and  Adjust to the needs, interests, values, and
in which is appropriate to your audience. beliefs of your audience.
Avoid technical terms and jargons because  Observe communication ethics.
they can be barriers to communication.  Be your natural self and appear very
confident.
 Observe communication ethics. Some
ethical practices in communication have COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION
been mentioned. Observing ethics in a  The term "globalization," on the other
communication process will help you build hand, is very complex to define because
your credibility and make you more different scholars and institutions view it
professional. differently.
 Be your natural self and appear very
confident. Have the right attitude and  Nonetheless, the basic concept of
happy disposition in life; control your globalization is the expansion and
emotions, and think well before you speak. integration of the cultural, political,
economic, and technological domains of
 WHAT ARE THE COMMUNICATION countries.
PRINCIPLES?
 This reflects that the world is borderless,
 Communication is a process of exchanging and the countries are interconnected and
verbal and/or non-verbal information interdependent.
between two or more people who can be
either the speaker or the receiver of  For example
messages.  The United States of America
(General Electric, Chevron, Starbucks,
 Communication is used to meet the and McDonalds),
purpose of a person.  Japan (Toyota and Honda) and
 Communication can be in the form of  The Philippines (Jollibee and Bench)
written, verbal, non-verbal, and visuals. have local companies that have
expanded overseas and have become
 Communication can be intended or transnational or multinational.
unintended.
 With the advent of globalization associated
 Communication is a complex process. with advanced technologies and systems
across regions, the flow of information and
 WHAT IS THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS? communication has become smoother,
 The communication process involves faster, and easier.
elements such as source, message,  Plus, business transactions and
encoding, channel, decoding, receiver, partnerships among local and international
feedback, context, and barrier. institutions have become more efficient.
 One best example is the use of electronic
 what are communication ethics? mail (e-mail) such as Gmail and Yahoo Mail,
 Uphold integrity. or social networking sites such as
 Respect diversity o perspective and privacy Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.
 Observe freedom of expression effectively
 Promote access to communication HOW TO COMMUNICATE EFFECTIVELY IN A
 Be open-minded GLOBAL SOCIETY
 Develop your sense of accountability
 Express your ideas effectively in verbal,
What are the guidelines for effective non-verbal, and written forms in either
communication? digital or non-digital environment or both.
 Use effective listening skills to evaluate
 Be clear with your purpose. arguments and rationalize judgments, and
 improve job-effectiveness and work  Ability to engage and immerse in the local
relationship. culture and language
 Communicate with purpose to a variety of  Ability to establish shared meanings with
audiences. the local people to avoid stereotyping and
 Promote collaboration and cooperation miscommunication
with others.  Ability to develop a language capacity such
 Understand the concept of diversity and as using local greetings and opportunities
promote respect all the time. to use the local language in other contexts
 Use technology and social media  Ability to empathize with how the locals
responsibly. see the world

Communication in Multicultural Context General Guidelines for Communicating in a

With the emergence of a global society, the Multicultural Context
academic and professional environments have
become multicultural. That means you coexist  Avoid asking inappropriate or personal
with people from diverse or different cultural questions.
backgrounds, beliefs, religion, gender,  Avoid stereotyping or generalizing certain
nationalities, and ethnicity. groups. Keep an open mind and be flexible.
 Avoid using jargons, clichés, highfalutin
terms, technical terms, acronyms, and
The Developmental Model of Cultural gender-biased language.
Sensitivity  Be sensitive, polite, tactful, and respectful
According to Bennett, Bennett (2004), the at all times particularly in relation to
developmental model of intercultural sensitivity cultural practices, attitudes, and beliefs.
(DMIS) has six stages which are as follows: Learn and understand the value of
diversity.
 Develop intercultural communication skills.
 Eliminate gender-biased words or sexist
language particularly in writing. Refer to
the ways on how to avoid no gender-
biased language listed in the succeeding
section.
 In case you do not get the message
conveyed by the person you are
communicating with, request him/her to
repeat the message or simplify it.
 Learn and observe physical distance or
space in dealing with other people. In
Intercultural Communication Skills
some cultures, shaking hands and hugging
may not be appropriate.
 When you interact, negotiate or convey
 Listen attentively when others are
information in a multicultural setting, you
speaking.
apply your intercultural communication
 Observe patience in listening to other
skills.
people's ideas, which may not be the same
 Simply put, intercultural communication is
as yours.
the sending and receiving of information,
 Pay attention to your non-verbal
ideas, or messages across languages and
communication. Learn non-verbal cues of
cultures.
other cultures.
 Respect a person's rights to confidentiality
According to Vulpe et al. (2001), one of the
and privacy.
major competencies of an intercultural effective
 Show consideration.
person is intercultural communication, whose
 Speak gently and politely; never shout to
core skills include the following:
be understood.
 Stay calm, cool, and composed when you
 Ability to express understandable and
make a mistake or feel embarrassed by
culturally sensitive thoughts, feelings,
others. Culturally, others do not mean to
opinions, expectations and
embarrass you.
 Make positive interpretations of the Use plural pronouns instead of singular
actions and words of or other people. pronouns.
 When you feel strange or uncomfortable  Sexist: Each employee must submit his
about something being communicated by proposal next week.
other people, request them to clarify their  Non-sexist: All employees must submit
meanings and intentions before you their proposal next week.
express to your emotions and ideas.
Use either/or pronouns (he/she, his/her,
Gender-Biased Words or Sexist Language his/hers). However, avoid putting men first all
the time.
Use words that are free from gender prejudice  Sexist: Every applicant must fill out his own
and unfair assumptions. Words must not application form.
influence the audience in any particular or  Non-sexist: Every applicant must fill out
unfair direction. his/her own application form.
Use second person pronoun (you, your) over
third person pronoun (he, she). Be careful not
Sexist Langua Neutral
to change the meaning of the statement.
ge  Sexist: The sales manager should prepare
his marketing proposal for our new
Chairman Chair/Chairperso product.
n  Non-sexist: You should prepare your
marketing proposal for our new product.
Salesman Salesperson
Use appropriate titles
 Sexist: Dear Sir (unknown addressee)
Congressman Legislator  Non-sexist: Dear Sir or Madame (unknown
addressee)
Spokesman Spokesperson  Non-sexist: Attention: HR Manager

Note: Use Ms. If you have no idea if the female

Foreman Supervisor addressee is single or married. Use Mrs.
(mistress) if you are sure that the female
Stewardess Flight Attendant addressee is married. Of course, you have to use
Ms. for an unmarried female addressee.
Waitress Server
Evaluation
Policeman Police Officer of Texts
and Images in Multicultural Context
Fireman Firefighter
Critical Reading
Businessman Business Executi  As one of the categories of reading skills
ve along with rapid reading, previewing,
literal reading and inferential reading,
Manpower Workforce critical reading involves studying and
evaluating the text closely in terms of
relevance, validity, and logic.
 The goal of critical reading is to examine
Ways to Avoid Gender-Biased Language not only what message is conveyed but
also how the message is conveyed as well
Substitute pronouns gender-biased with as its purpose, target audience, and other
determiner. ways of presenting it. Essentially, critical
 Sexist: Every employee is entitled to his reading requires you to be an investigator
13th month pay. and "break down" a text to appreciate and
 Non-sexist: Every employee is entitled to a understand it better.
13th month
  Can you determine the information which
accompanies the image?
 Does the information provide the context
of the image or where, when, why, how
and for whom the image is?

COMMUNICATION AIDS AND STRATEGIES

USING TOOLS OF TECHNOLOGY

 Microsoft PowerPoint, and other web-

based or online presentations are some of
the tools popular in today's generation.
QUALITIES OF A CRITICAL READER  These aids are valuable for speakers-
amateur or professionals-because they can
 A critical reader annotates the text by help you enthrall your audiences and make
writing or using sticky notes. them understand and appreciate more
 Determines and analyzes the your conveyed message.
organizational pattern (compare-contrast,  Indeed, they can help you build your
cause-effect, description, narration, credibility and boost your confidence.
definition, or persuasion) of the text. However, if you do not know how to use
 Asks critical questions that promote them effectively, they can ruin your
analysis, synthesis, and evaluation of text. presentation.
 Considers the cultural and historical
background of the text or image.
 Distinguishes facts from opinions.
 Evaluates the author's credibility by
checking on his/ her credentials or
academic and scholarly background.
 Evaluates the source of the text and image.
 Looks beyond the text or ideas that are not
explicitly stated.
 Makes inferences about the text or images
and the author's ideas, biases, claims,
agenda, or views.
 Assesses the usefulness and relevance of
the text by previewing or reading the titles,
table of contents, summaries and abstracts, 1. MICROSOFT POWERPOINT
introductions, conclusions, headings, and
subheadings.  (http://office.microsoft. com/en-
 Reads with specific question in mind that au/powerpoint/) has been known as the
he/she wants the text or image to answer. most popular software since its launch 25
 Reads with an open mind. years ago.
 Its popularity can be attributed to its
GENERAL GUIDE QUESTIONS IN EVALUATING A features which are very easy to use.
TEXT
Source 2. BASIC STEPS IN CREATING A POWERPOINT
PRESENTATION
 What is the source of the image? How did
you find the a. Launching the PowerPoint Program: Open
 Are there pieces of information about the Microsoft PowerPoint program > click blank
source of the image? presentation.
 How did you know the source? Is of
information is reliable? b. Choosing a Desired Design: Click "Design" tab
Context (found at the top along with other tabs such as
Home, Insert, etc.)> Select and right click a
preferred design > Click "Apply to Selected Sliderocket (http://www.sliderocket.com/).
Slide." started, go to
http://support.sliderocket.com/home To get
c. Creating a Title Page: Click box labeled as 5. Zohoshow
"Click to Add Title^ prime prime > Type the title (https://www.zoho.com/docs/faq/online
of your presentation > Click box labeled as "Click presentation-faq.html). Access the given link to
to Add Subtitle"> Type your name as a You know more about Zohoshow.
presenter or reporter > Improve the font style 6. Zentation (http://www.zentation.com/).
and size and the text alignment (preferably Frequently asked questions can be found at
center). http://www.zentation. com/support-faq.php
7. Canva
d. Adding More Slides: Click "New Slide" and (https://www.canva.com)
choose your desired theme >Type in significant
information of your presentation > Add more 4.GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR CREATING AN
slides when necessary. EFFECTIVE PRESENTATION

e. Typing the Texts in the Added Slides: Click the

box labeled "Click to add Title^ >Type in the title
for that slide > Click the box labeled "Click to
Add Text“ > Type in relevant information.

f. Adding Charts, Graphs, Pictures, and

Transitions: To add charts, graphs or pictures:
Click "Insert" tab > Select from the options >
Click "Format Tab " to edit; the other way is:
Click the box labeled "Add to Add Text“ Click
tiny boxes of different tabs known as Tool box
found in the middle of that box > Click "Format
Tab " to edit.

g. Playing the Presentation: Select "Slide show"

tab or press f5

3. WEB-BASED OR ONLINE PRESENTATIONS

 The following are some of the online

presentations as alternatives to
PowerPoint.
 What is good about these online
presentations is that they offer free access.
 There are actually more online
presentations available given the
popularity of digital media.

1. Empressr
(http://www.empressr.com/Default.aspx). To
learn more about this tool, go to this link
http://www. empressr.com/Learn.aspx.
2. Slideshare
(http://www.slideshare.net/). For support,
access this link:
http://help.slideshare.com/home
3. Prezi (http://prezi.com/). To learn more,
access the given URL.
 newspapers and academic journals, among
others.

 For Example your topic is cyberbullying in

social media.
 You can begin your speech by sharing
that you read through Twitter how
your friend was bashed by his/her
followers because of his/her use of
English language. You can describe
the situation, make your own
interpretation and/ or analysis which
can be supported by research, then
build a message that can be valuable
and relevant to your audience.

When you are developing your message, it is

very important to know the needs, beliefs, and
values of your audience so that you can engage
them easily in your speech.
Once you have connected with your audience, it
will be easy for you to convey your message
according to your goal or purpose: to inform, to
entertain, or to persuade.

Speech to inform
Principles and Types of Speeches
 seeks to provide the audience with a clear
1. Principles of Effective Public Speaking understanding of the concept or idea
presented by the speaker. The lectures of
 It can be categorize into four Ms (Material, your teachers are best examples of this
Message, Methods of Delivery and type.
Manners in Speech
Speech to entertain
Material  seeks to provide the audience with
 Material refers to your topic which can be entertainment. The humorous speeches of
about your experiences, observations, your favorite speakers are best examples
inspiration, or anything you are interested of this type.
to talk about.
 For example, if you are into social media Speech to persuade
like Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram, you
may be interested to talk about these  seeks to provide the audience with
topics: favorable or acceptable ideas that can
influence their own ideas and decisions.
 How social media helped me find my  The campaign speeches of the
one true love candidates for government posts are
best examples of this type.
 My grandmother's experience in
social media Method of Delivery

Message Methods of delivery refer to the style of

 Message refers to the content or the main delivery. These methods are manuscript,
point of your speech, which can be memorized, impromptu, and extemporaneous.
supported by personal stories or
anecdotes-humorous or inspiring and
relevant statistics or ideas from
Manuscript speech may need some notes, not for you to
 is delivered by speakers who intend to read but for you to be guided.
read aloud their speech word for word to
their audience. MANNERS IN SPEECH
 One example is writing and/or reading
a proclamation paper, public  Manners in speech refer to the ethical
announcement, or court decision. standards in delivering a speech in public.
Lucas (2011) specified some of them
 Since this is literally reading to the
audience, manuscript speakers will  Observe ethically sound goals. Avoid
have difficulty in grabbing the criticizing your teachers, family, friends,
attention of and connecting with and other people or promoting mass
their audience. destruction, for instance, hacking.

Memorized speech  Prepare all the time. You have a full

 is delivered by speakers who intend to responsibility to yourself and to your
memorize their speech word for word. audience when you are asked to deliver a
 This occurs when one delivers a speech. So, in order to fulfill it, you have to
declamation or oratorical piece for a be prepared.
contest or during a gathering.
 Also, this method is usually written by or  Tell the truth. Be accurate with your
for speakers who are inexperienced or sources and data. Acknowledge the author
uncomfortable in public speaking; thus, of your borrowed ideas including quotes,
memorizing the speech written by them or songs, phrases, and statistics, among
for them can be a good option. others. Simply observe, "honesty is the
best policy."
Impromptu speech
 Be sensible and sensitive. Your audience
 is delivered by speakers who are suddenly come from different backgrounds, so as
asked or requested by someone or a group much as possible, respect their identity,
of people to say a few words about affiliation, religion, beliefs, values,
something. preferences, and orientation through your
 As an illustration, you are asked by your language and gestures.
teacher to share with the class about your
holiday vacation, or you are unexpectedly COMPONENTS OF A SPEECH
requested by an emcee to give your
birthday wishes for your friend who is I. Introduction
celebrating his/ her birthday. Since you * Attention getter
have little time to gather your thoughts in * Initial summary
this method, you may have trouble in * Speaker's credibility (telling the audience why
organizing and finding the appropriate you are the right person to talk about the
words for your thoughts. subject)
* Relevance of the topic to the audience
Extemporaneous speech (stating what’s in it for the audience)
*Self-introduction (optional)
 is delivered by speakers who intend to *Thesis statement
present a well-crafted speech. That speech
is fully prepared and perfectly rehearsed II. Body
ahead of time. a. Main idea 1
 As an example, you accepted an * Supporting detail 1
invitation of your former school to • Supporting detail 2
give an inspirational talk to the
graduates. So, you give yourself b. Main idea 2
enough time to deliver a speech that * Supporting detail 1
can motivate and inspire your *Supporting detail 2
audience to do and think good deeds
at all times. During your delivery, you Main idea 3
 * Supporting detail 1 Provocative rhetorical question
* Supporting detail 2
 Opening: Why are some people able to
d. Conclusion achieve things that seem impossible?
* Closure (letting your audience know that you
are about to end your speech)  Closing: So, why do some people achieve
things that seem impossible? That's
* Summary because of hard work and right attitude.
*Call to action
* Powerful closing statement Quotation

 Opening: I have decided to live by age

POWER TIPS FOR BEGINNING AND ENDING A Abraham Lincoln's words: "Most people
SPEECH are about as happy as they make their
minds up to be.“
Analogy
 Closing: Lincoln's words are such an
 Opening: Think of your life as driving a car. uplifting phrase.
You must always keep your attention on
the road and focus on where you are Startling statistics
heading to. At times, you need to look
behind but you have to keep looking ahead  Opening: One out of every three children
because life it has to go on. in the Philippines suffers from human
trafficking,
 Closing: Drive your car safely, so you the
will have a happy life.  Closing: We can no longer afford to let
more children to suffer from human
Anecdote trafficking. It's about time to put a stop to
this horror.
 Opening: I was 20 years old when I
experienced depression. It was the time Non-Verbal Communication
when a series of unfortunate events  Non-verbal communication is a behavior
occurred simultaneously. I barely slept and that conveys and represents meanings. All
lost my appetite. kinds of human responses that are not
expressed in words are classified as non-
 Closing: I would not have overcome my verbal communication.
depression if not for the people who value
me. Now, I live a normal life, and it's my  Examples are your stares, smiles, tone,
chance to pay forward what those great movements, manners of walking, standing
people did to me. and sitting, appearance, style of attire,
attitude towards punctuality and space,
Humor and personality.

 The Opening: My seven-year old nephew There is a long list why the mastery of your non-
to be told me to avoid giving advice in my verbal communication is also important. Some
speech. That is because I might be like are the following:
Socrates who according to him, after
walking around and giving advice to people,  1. It enhances and emphasizes the
he died because the same people poisoned message of your speech.
him.  2. It can communicate all feelings,
attitudes, and perceptions as well as
 Closing: I'm sure after my speech you express anything without saying a word.
won't poison me because you know in  3. It can sustain the attention of listeners
your heart that you learn something and keep them engaged in the speech.
significant today  4. It reflects what type of speaker you are.
 5. It makes you more dynamic and
animated in your delivery.
 6. It serves as a channel to release tensions know and use your facial expressions
and nervousness. effectively.
 7. It helps you make your speech more
dramatic. Power Tips
 8. It can build connections with listeners.  a. Know your facial expressions well by
 9. It makes you credible as a speaker. looking at the mirror and see how you
show happiness, sadness, fear, surprise,
2. ASPECTS OF NON-VERBAL anger, and disgust.
COMMUNICATION  b. Smile. It is the best facial expression
because, generally, it conveys politeness,
1. Body language refers to your body disguises real feelings, and shows affection.
movements which include eye contact, facial  c. Seek comments from your family or
expressions, posture, and gesture. friends regarding your facial expressions.
 d. Be natural. Do not exaggerate.
Using Eye Contact Exaggerating facial expressions may be
interpreted as fake
 It is very important to use eye contact  e. Practice. Do the "a-e-i-o-u" technique
when you talk to people in small or big when you practice. It can be done by
groups. saying a-e-i-o-u with exaggeration. This
 Your listeners can easily detect how exercise can also help relax your facial
confident you are or how interested you muscles. Another technique is face
are to talk to them if you use eye contact squeezing and expanding.
effectively.
 Never look up or look down; just look Using Gestures
straight in the eyes of your listeners.
However, excessive eye contact may result  Gestures include movements of your
in communication barriers. hands, legs, and other body parts that
carry meanings. It is very important to use
Power Tips gestures properly and effectively especially
when you are in any communicative
 a. Be sure that you master your speech situation.
because it will help you establish and
maintain eye contact with your listeners.
 b. Get the attention of your listeners by
looking at him/her straight in his/her eyes.
Maintain eye contact even if you are
listening.
 c. Use your eyes in identifying your
listener's behavior. There may be some
who show acts of boredom,
inattentiveness, or confusion. If you
identify them, adjust your speech delivery
 d. When you are speaking to a big group,
glance smoothly at your left, center, and
right. Some speakers use the W-X-M shape
glance.
 e. Control movements of your eyes. Again,
do not look up or look down; eyes should
be in the audience.
Power Tips
Using Facial Expressions  b. Make natural gestures. Never
exaggerate and avoid too many gestures
 Your facial expressions are your tools to especially in professional speaking.
express or communicate your emotions  c. Identify your mannerisms and practice
through your eyes, eye brows, lips, ears, how to avoid or control them when you
tongue, and nose. It is very important to speak.
 d. Master your speech; your gestures will 3. Vocal elements include volume, rate, tone,
emerge naturally and spontaneously at and pitch. Volume is the loudness and softness
some point. of your voice; rate is the speed of delivery; tone
 e. Avoid the following gestures when is the voice quality; and pitch is highness or
speaking: arms across the chest, arms stiff; lowness of your voice.
hands inside
Power Tips
Using a Good Posture
 Posture is the position of your body either  Relax so you can modulate your voice. A
when you stand or when you sit. It is very modulated voice is pleasant to the ears.
important to have a good posture because • Develop habits of practicing proper
it shows confidence and elicits positive pronunciation and enunciation as these
impression from your audience. will help build your confidence and
credibility.
Power Tips
 Adjust your volume to the size of your
 a. Develop habits of standing and sitting audience. You can get feedback from your
correctly at all times. audience to know whether your volume is
 b. Monitor your posture in the mirror well-adjusted.
regularly. Make sure that you stand tall
with chest out and chin up.  Remember: Speaking too slowly will bore
 c. Perform exercise routines regularly that your audience; speaking too fast will
focus on improving your posture. Seek confuse them. Your audience most likely
advice from specialist for proper exercises. prefers a smooth-paced rate.
 Avoid fillers (ah, um) and audible motions
2. Clothing and appearance are considered as (coughing, clearing throat) by rehearsing
vital in creating first impressions of you as a your speech aloud more often.
speaker. In addition, the way you look and what  • Use pauses and stresses more effectively.
you wear matter as these contribute  Monitor your vocal elements by reading
significantly to the success of your speech. aloud any material; then that's the time
Observe this mantra: "Dress to succeed!" you can make improvements or
adjustments.
 Learn to take good care of your voice.

4. Proxemics is the space and distance between

the speaker and the audience. It is an invisible
wall that defines how comfortable you are at a
distance from the people you are talking to.
Space and distance can be classified into four
intimate, personal, social, and public.

Gamble and Gamble (2012) distinguish each of

Power Tips for Women. the types according to approximate
 Wear an executive attire. measurement between speaker and listener/s
 Use light, pastel colors. and types of relationship.
 Use natural shade stockings.
 Use polished, high-heeled (2-3 inches high),  a. Intimate: 0-18 inches; husband-wife,
closed shoes. parents children
 Sport a neat and clean hair style.  b. Personal: 18 inches-4 feet; friend-friend
 Wear light make-up. or group of friends
 Avoid wearing too much accessories.  c. Social: 4-12 feet; employer-employees
 Avoid wearing heavily-scented perfumes. especially during meetings
 d. Public: 12 feet to the limit of sight; you-
public
Power Tips

a. Respect the space of every person. We are all

entitled to that.

b. When you are called on stage to speak, the

space of the stage becomes yours. So, as much
as possible, you maximize it. This can be done
by graceful, precise, and natural movements.

5. Colors reflect people's personality and reveal

character. Hence, your choice of colors for your
clothes and visual maids matter to your
audience.

6. Touch is a physical contact. It can be

interpreted differently in various cultures. But,
generally, touch is used to communicate love,
care, or comfort.

Power Tips

 a. Always practice caution in touching

other persons because touching may mean
differently to them.

 b. Understand and observe cultural and

gender practices of a person before
touching him/her.

NON-VERBAL PATTERNS AND THEIR

INTERPRETATION