SCIENCE 7

Pointers-to-Review

Topic 1: Microorganisms

ORGANISM
- An individual that represents the complete framework of organ systems, organs, and all other components that
carry out the processes of a living thing.

MICROORGANISM
- Organisms that are too tiny to be seen by the unaided eye. It covers the three-kingdom classification: Bacteria,
Archaea and Eukarya.

BIOLOGICAL KINGDOM OF ORGANISM

1. Animalia
- A huge kingdom consisting of eukaryotic, multicellular animals that are heterotrophic in nature.

2. Plantae
- It includes organisms that range in size from tiny mosses to giant trees. All plants are multicellular and
eukaryotic. Most plants, therefore, are independent in their nutritional needs (autotrophic) and store their excess
food in the form of macromolecules of starch.

3. Fungi
- A fungus is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and
molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.

4. Protist
- Simple eukaryotic organisms that are neither plants nor animals or fungi. Protists are unicellular in nature
but can also be found as a colony of cells. Most protists live in water, damp terrestrial environments or even as
parasites.

5. Monera/Bacteria
- Belongs to the prokaryote family. The organisms belonging to this kingdom do not contain a true nucleus.
These are the oldest known microorganisms on earth.

2 Type of Bacteria
1. Eubacteria
2. Archaebacteria

Comparison Between Eubacteria & Archaebacteria

1. Both do not contain true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
2. Both are unicellular and prokaryotic.
3. The cell wall of eubacteria is mainly made of peptoglycen, while the cell wall of archaebacteria is made of
different matters.
4. Eubacteria has more standard energy production, while archaebacteria has less standard energy productionl.
5. Eubacteria cannot survive in the extreme environment, while archaebacteria can survive in extreme
environments.

Classification of Microorganism
1. Protozoans
- They are animal-like protists which are mostly unicellular. They live in various environment such as bodies of
water or inside other organisms. Beneficial protozoans’ aids in the decomposition of dead organic matter. Harmful
protozoans like Entamoeba hystolica cause amoebic dysentery; Giardia which cause diarrheal disease; and
Plasmodium which causes malaria.

2. Euglenoids
- It can be either plant-like or animal-like. They are single-celled microorganisms. Some of them feed on bacteria
or algae. They can produce their own food by photosynthesis because they contain chloroplast.

3. Algae
- They are plant-like protists, photosynthetic, unicellular, or multicellular microorganisms that are capable of
producing oxygen.

4. Fungi
- Multicellular eukaryotic organisms that usually live in moist environments. Some of them are parasites. Some
get their own food from dead organisms or from decaying matter. Beneficial fungi include molds, mushrooms,
and yeasts. Some fungi are responsible for the spoilage of food.

5. Bacteria
- Unicellular organisms that can be seen almost everywhere. Bacteria can be classified base on their shape.
Beneficial bacteria include Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, and Streptococcus themmophilus. Harmful or
phatogenic bacteria can cause diseases, such as tuberculosis (myobacterium tuberculosis), pneumonia
(streptococcus pneumoniae), and leprosy (myobacterium leprae).

Shapes of Bacteria
1. Bacilli - rod-shaped
2. Cocci - spherical-shaped
3. Spirilla - spiral-shaped

6. Virus
- Acellular structures (do not contain cell). Has genetic material that incorporates itself to its host cell. Some
examples of viruses are ebola, rabies, and influenza virus.
 Topic 2: Reproduction Process

REPRODUCTION
- The process wherein organisms produce offspring of their own kind. It can be classified into SEXUAL or
ASEXUAL reproduction.

TYPES OF REPRODUCTION
1. Sexual Reproduction
- Happens when there is a union of two parents’ gametes or sex cells. The combination of the genetic material
from two parent organisms enables the offspring to become genetically different from its parent.
- The offspring from sexual reproduction can exhibit some of the characteristics of both parents. Each of the
parent organisms produces sex cells or gametes.
- Female gametes are known as egg cells, while the male gametes are known as sperm cells.
- The process of reproduction can be illustrated in this illustration: Gametes → Fertilization → Zygote → Embryo

FERTILIZATION
- The union of sperm cell and egg cell to form a zygote.

TYPES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

1. External Fertilization
- Happens when the egg cell and the sperm cell meet outside the organism’s body, usually in its environment.
Examples: Fish like salmon, cod, trout, and char

2. Internal Fertilization
- Happens when the gametes meet and unite inside the organism’s body for zygote formation, as well as growth
and development.
Examples: Spider, salamanders, molluscs

3. Pollination
- The act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma. The goal of every
living organism, including plants, is to create offspring for the next generation. One of the ways that plants can
produce offspring is by making seeds.

SELF-POLLINATION
- Occurs when the pollen from the anther is deposited on the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the
same plant.

CROSS-POLLINATION
- The transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower on a different individual of
the same species.

4. Cross-Breeding
- It is the exchange of gametes transmitted by two individuals during sexual reproduction. Occurs naturally during
sexual reproduction. It is also used to reproduce individuals (often animals or plants) that have desired hereditary
traits.
2. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
- It requires only one parent. It does not involve an exchange of genetic material but simply a duplication of the
parent organism. No genetic variation happens in this kind of reproduction.

TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

1. Binary Fission
- A parent organism splits into two daughter cells. Every organelle is copied and the organisms divide into two
daughter cells.
Examples: Bacteria, Yeast, Amoeba

2. Budding
- A new individual develops from a bud or an outgrowth of a parent, splits off, and lives independently.
Example: Hydra

3. Fragmentation
- An organism breaks apart and its fragments develop into a new individual.
Examples: Flatworms, Hydra

4. Regeneration
- It is the ability of a simple organism to grow its lost or detached body part.
Examples: Starfish, Leopard gecko, Planaria

5. Vegetative Reproduction
- Reproduction occurring in plants in which a new plant grows from a fragment of the parent plant or grows
from a specialized reproductive structure (such as a stolon, rhizome, tuber, corm, or bulb).
- The vegetative parts of a plant such as the stems, roots, and leaves can be used to reproduce the plant asexually.
 Topic 3: Reproduction of Plants and Humans

Reproduction of Plants
- Plants are able to reproduce both sexually and asexually.
- Flowering plants can reproduce sexually. These are the plants that has flowers, seeds, and fruits. All flowering
plant’s reproductive organ is their flowers.
- Other plants can reproduce asexually.

Major Parts of the Flower

1. Pistil
2. Stamen
3. Petal
4. Sepal

1. Pistil
- The female reproductive organ of a flower. It is found at the center of most flowers. It contains the stigma,
style, ovary, and ovule.

Parts of Pistil
A. Stigma
- Sticky bulb at the top of the pistil. It receives the pollen grains, which germinates in this part.
B. Style
- It is the long stalk to which the stigma is attached.

C. Ovary
- It contains the ovule.

D. Ovule
- It is the structure that produce the female reproductive cells.

2. Stamen
- The male reproductive organ of a flower. It consists of the anther and the filament.

Parts of Stamen
A. Filament
- A long, threadlike stalk that bears the anther at its top.

B. Anther
- A part of the stamen where pollen is produced.

C. Pollen
- A sticky, powdery substance comprising of pollen grains.

3. Petal
- The colorful and attractive part of the flower.

4. Sepal
- The outer, green, leaflike parts that enclose and protect a developing bud.
Receptacle
- It connects the flower to the stem of the plant.

Human Reproduction
- Humans are sexually reproducing organism, and fertilization takes place inside the female.

OVULATION
- Each month, a female releases a mature egg or ovum from the ovary into the fallopian tube in the process
called ovulation.

Fallopian Tube
- It is where fertilization takes place.
- One of a pair of narrow tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus. The mature egg can live in the fallopian
tube for 12 to 24 hours. Within this time, the ovum must encounter a sperm cell for fertilization to take place.

- During sexual intercourse, the human male releases millions of sperm cells into the female reproductive tract.
Among these sperm cells, only one will fertilize the ovum.

Testes
- The part of male reproductive system which produces the sperm cell.
 Topic 4: Biotic and Abiotic Factors

Ecosystem
- Comprises all living things in populations of specific area along with the nonliving things that they interact
with.

Major Types of Ecosystem

1. Aquatic
2. Terrestrial

1. Aquatic Ecosystem
- Water-dependent organisms interact with one another and their environment. It includes both saltwater and
freshwater environments.

2. Terrestrial Ecosystem
- Ecosystem that is located in land. It includes desserts, forests, grasslands, taigas, and tundra.

Basic Components of Ecosystem

1. Biotic
2. Abiotic

1. Biotic
- All living things that have a direct or indirect influence on other organisms in an environment. The biotic
components of an ecosystem include the producers, consumers, and decomposers.
- Examples of biotic components in an ecosystem are plants, animals, and microorganisms, along with their waste
materials.

Components of Biotic Factors

1. Producers
2. Consumers
3. Decomposers

1. Producers
- Organisms that are capable of making their own food or also known as autotrophs. They require inorganic
nutrients and energy from the sun to synthesize sugar and other organic compounds in their bodies through
photosynthesis.

2. Consumers
- Organisms that cannot make their own food and are also known as heterotrophs. They depend of food made
by other organisms for their survival. They can be classified according to the type of food they eat.

Classifications of Consumer
1. Herbivore
2. Carnivore
3. Omnivore

1. Herbivore
- Consumers who only consume plant-based materials.
2. Carnivore
- Consumers that mostly eat meat or flesh of other organisms.

3. Omnivore
- Consumers who consume both plant-based and flesh-based materials.

3. Decomposers
- Organisms that consume nonliving organic matter or also known as saprotrophs. They cause dead plants and
animals to decay and release substances that are reused by producers such as plants
- Examples of decomposers are bacteria, fungi, slugs, and worms.

FOOD CHAIN
- A linear sequence of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass as one organism eats another. In a
food chain, each organism occupies a different trophic level, defined by how many energy transfers separate it
from the basic input of the chain.

Levels in Food Chain

• Primary Consumer
• Secondary Consumer
• Tertiary Consumer
• Apex Predator
• Decomposer

FOOD WEB
- The natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical representation of what-eats-what in an ecological
community. Food web includes interconnected food chains.

2. Abiotic Components
- It includes the physical factors of the environment such as soil, light, temperature, air, and water.