A

REPORT ON
“Apply Triggers on a Given
Database”
SUBMITTED TO THE
SHIVAJI POLYTECHNIC, ATPADI
IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
OF
DIPLOMA IN

COMPUTER TECNOLOGY

SUBMITTED BY

Name: Rushikesh Sunil Kolekar Exam seat No:-

Sandip Tukaram Babar Exam seat No:-

Tushar Sunil Gurav Exam seat No:-

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof. Mr. Landage M.N

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER
TECHNOLOGY SHIVAJI POLYTECHNIC,
ATPADI

(2023-2024)
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 SHIVAJI POLYTECHNIC, ATPADI

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Rushikesh Sunil Kolekar of class SY( Computer)
as per the curriculum laid down by the Maharashtra State Board of
Technical Education, Mumbai have successfully completed Micro project
entitled under our guidance in satisfactory manner as a part of academic
syllabus during the academic year 2023-2024.

Date:
Place : Atpadi

Prof. Mr. Landage.M.N Prof.Ms.Belsare.A.T

(Guide) (HOD)

Prof.Mr.Kulkarni.O.G
(Principal)

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 Acknowledgments

It is matter of great pleasure for me to submit this micro project report

on "Apply Triggers on a Given Database" as a part of curriculum for award
of Diploma in Computer Technology Maharashtra State Board Of
Technical Education, Mumbai.
Firstly, I would like to express my gratitude to my guide Prof. Mr.
Landage M.N sir his inspiration, adroit guidance, constant supervision,
direction and discussion in successful completion of this Micro project.
I am thankful to Head of Department Prof. Ms. Belsare A.T for guiding
and helping me right from the beginning,
I am thankful to my Principal Prof. Mr. Kulkarni O.G and to all our
staff members who encouraged me to do this micro project.
Also I extend my thanks to all my colleagues those who have helped me
directly or indirectly in completion of this micro project and last but not least,
I am thankful to my parents, who had inspired me with their blessings.

Name: Rushikesh Sunil Kolekar

Exam Seat No :

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 INDEX

SR. NO CONTENTS PAGE

NO.

1. Components of Software Characteristics 5-9

2. Characteristics of “Software” in 9
Software Engineering

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Study and analyze given software and write the characteristics and
functions of the same

Software is defined as a collection of computer programs, procedures, rules, and data.

Software Characteristics are classified into six major components. Software engineering is the
process of designing, developing, testing, and maintaining software. In this article, we will look
into the characteristics of Software in detail. We have also discussed each component of
Software characteristics in detail.

Software Engineering is the process of designing, developing, testing, and maintaining

software. It is a systematic and disciplined approach to software development that aims to
create high-quality, reliable, and maintainable software.

1. Software engineering includes a variety of techniques, tools, and methodologies, including

requirements analysis, design, testing, and maintenance.
2. It is a rapidly evolving field, and new tools and technologies are constantly being
developed to improve the software development process.
3. By following the principles of software engineering and using the appropriate tools and
methodologies, software developers can create high-quality, reliable, and maintainable
software that meets the needs of its users.
4. Software Engineering is mainly used for large projects based on software systems rather
than single programs or applications.
5. The main goal of Software Engineering is to develop software applications for improving
quality, budget, and time efficiency.
6. Software Engineering ensures that the software that has to be built should be consistent,
correct, also on budget, on time, and within the required requirements.

The characteristics of the software include:

 It is intangible, meaning it cannot be seen or touched.

 It is non-perishable, meaning it does not degrade over time.
 It is easy to replicate, meaning it can be copied and distributed easily.
 It can be complex, meaning it can have many interrelated parts and features.
 It can be difficult to understand and modify, especially for large and complex systems.
 It can be affected by changing requirements, meaning it may need to be updated or
modified as the needs of users change.
 It can be impacted by bugs and other issues, meaning it may need to be tested and
debugged to ensure it works as intended.

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 Software Characteristics

Components of Software Characteristics:

There are basically 6 components of Software Characteristics that are discussed here. We will
discuss each one of them in detail.

Functionality:

It refers to the degree of performance of the software against its intended purpose.
Functionality refers to the set of features and capabilities that a software program or system
provides to its users. It is one of the most important characteristics of software, as it determines
the usefulness of the software for the intended purpose. Examples of functionality in software
include:

 Data storage and retrieval

 Data processing and manipulation
 User interface and navigation
 Communication and networking
 Security and access control
 Reporting and visualization
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 Automation and scripting

The more functionality a software has, the more powerful and versatile it is, but also the more
complex it can be. It is important to balance the need for functionality with the need for ease of
use, maintainability, and scalability.

Required functions are:

Functionality

Reliability:

A set of attributes that bears on the capability of software to maintain its level of performance
under the given condition for a stated period of time.
Reliability is a characteristic of software that refers to its ability to perform its intended
functions correctly and consistently over time. Reliability is an important aspect of software
quality, as it helps ensure that the software will work correctly and not fail unexpectedly.

Examples of factors that can affect the reliability of software include:

1. Bugs and errors in the code

2. Lack of testing and validation
3. Poorly designed algorithms and data structures
4. Inadequate error handling and recovery
5. Incompatibilities with other software or hardware

To improve the reliability of software, various techniques, and methodologies can be used,
such as testing and validation, formal verification, and fault tolerance.

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Required functions are:

Reliability

Efficiency:

It refers to the ability of the software to use system resources in the most effective and efficient
manner. The software should make effective use of storage space and executive command as
per desired timing requirements.
Efficiency is a characteristic of software that refers to its ability to use resources such as
memory, processing power, and network bandwidth in an optimal way. High efficiency means
that a software program can perform its intended functions quickly and with minimal use of
resources, while low efficiency means that a software program may be slow or consume
excessive resources.

Examples of factors that can affect the efficiency of the software include:
1. Poorly designed algorithms and data structures
2. Inefficient use of memory and processing power
3. High network latency or bandwidth usage
4. Unnecessary processing or computation
5. Unoptimizsed code

To improve the efficiency of software, various techniques, and methodologies can be used,
such as performance analysis, optimization, and profiling.
Efficiency is important in software systems that are resource-constrained, high-performance,
and real-time systems. It is also important in systems that need to handle many users or
transactionsimultaneously.

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Required functions are:

Efficiency

Usability:

It refers to the extent to which the software can be used with ease.
The amount of effort or time required
to learn how to use the software

Required functions are:

Usability

Maintainability:
It refers to the ease with which modifications can be made in a software system to extend its

Maintainability.
Required functions are:

Maintainability

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Portability:

A set of attributes that bears on the ability of software to be transferred from one environment
to another, without minimum changes.

Required functions are:

Portability

Characteristics of “Software” in Software Engineering:

 Software is developed or engineered; it is not manufactured in the classical sense:

 Although some similarities exist between software development and hardware
manufacturing, few activities are fundamentally different.
 In both activities, high quality is achieved through good design, but the
manufacturing phase for hardware can introduce quality problems than software.

 The software doesn’t “wear out.”:

 Hardware components suffer from the growing effects of many other

environmental factors. Stated simply, the hardware begins to wear out.
 Software is not susceptible to the environmental maladies that cause hardware to
wear out.
 When a hardware component wears out, it is replaced by a spare part.
 There are no software spare parts.
 Every software failure indicates an error in design or in the process through
which the design was translated into machine-executable code. Therefore,
the software maintenance tasks that accommodate requests for change involve
considerably more complexity than hardware maintenance. However, the
implication is clear—the software doesn’t wear out. But it does deteriorate.

 The software continues to be custom-built:

 A software part should be planned and carried out with the goal that it tends to
be reused in various projects.
 Current reusable segments encapsulate the two pieces of information and the
preparation that is applied to the information, empowering the programmer to
make new applications from reusable parts.

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  Conclusion

In this free course, Approaches to software development, you have extended your knowledge of
the important ideas in software development. We investigated the characteristics of a good
software system, and considered what a development process would need to include to build such
software. You saw that there is no single development process to suit the variety of users’
requirements. However there must be a disciplined approach to software development, especially
in the case of large projects.
We introduced the notion that it is good practice to split a project into smaller, more manageable
activities. When developing good software systems, you should focus on the users’ needs and,
wherever possible, make use of replaceable and reusable modules – components. The overall
software architecture should be constructed around the users’ requirements.
We then introduced the role of modelling in the development of software. In particular, the
concepts of object orientation allow us to represent users’ requirements in a way that reflects our
natural tendency to view the world around us in terms of objects. The way we relate the various
activities of software development and associated artefacts (including models) was then
described.

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Reference:-

https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/approaches-software-
development/content-section-4

https://www.quora.com/What-should-I-write-in-the-conclusion-a-software-
research-project

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