1.

1 CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF SIWES

INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF SIWES

The Students Industrial Working Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a skill training,

program designed to expose and prepare students of universities, polytechnics and colleges of

education etc. for industrial work experience application they are likely to meet after

graduation. The scheme also affords students the opportunity of familiarizing and exposing

themselves to requisite experience in handling equipment and machines that may not be

available in their institutions.

Before the establishment of the scheme, there was a growing concern among our

industrialists that graduate from higher institutions of learning in Nigeria lacked adequate

practical background studies preparing for employment in industries. Thus, the employers of

labor were not responsive enough to the needs of the employees of labor. It is against this

background that ITF was formed in the year 1973/74 so as to acquaint students with the skills

of handling machines.

The ITF, solely funded in its formative years, but as the financial involvement became

unbearable to the fund, it withdraws from the scheme in 1978. The federal government

handed over the scheme in 1979 to both the National Universities Commission (NUC) and

the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE). Later the Federal Government in

November 1984 revert the management and implementations of SIWES program to ITF and

it was effectively taken over by the Industrial Training Fund in July 1985 with the funding

being solely borne by the Federal Government.

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1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE SIWES

The aim of SIWES programme is all about strengthening future employees. Such

program is successful attempt to help students to understand the underlying principles of

their future work. After passing the programs, the student can concentrate on the really

necessary factors of his or her work.

Specifically, the objectives of the Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme

(SIWES) are to:

I. To provide students with industrial skills and needed experience.

II. To create conditions and circumstances, which can be as close as possible to

the actual workflow?

III. To prepare specialist who will be ready for any working situations

immediately after graduation.

IV. To teach students the techniques and methods of working with facilities and

equipment that may not be available within the walls of an educational

institution.

V. To give students the ability to try and apply the given knowledge.

VI. To help students appreciate the role their profession play in the society.

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2.0 CHAPTER TWO

BACKGROUND OF FEMITECH ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Femitech Electrical Engineering is a private owner organization owned and operate by Mr.

Abiodun Femi, who is C.E.O of the Organization. The organization is situated at Rokysan

Hostel, Ikare-Akoko, Ondo state. They are started operating for past 5 years in the field of

Electricity Engineerimg.

2.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE ORGANIZATION

The basic functions of the Organization are as follow;

I. Wiring of Building

II. Repairing of Television and other home appliance

III. Electrical installation

IV. Solar installation

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3.0 CHAPTER THREE

EXPERIENCES ACQUIRED

I carried out my four (4) month Industrial training program at Famitech Electrical

Engineering, during my training, I was able to acquire the following experience; `

3.1 Introduction to Electrical Hazard

INTRODUCTION

Electrical hazards refer to potential dangers or risks associated with the use, maintenance, or

proximity to electrical systems and equipment. These hazards can pose serious threats to

individuals' safety, property, and the environment. Understanding and mitigating electrical

hazards are essential for preventing accidents, injuries, fires, and fatalities. Examples of

Electrical Hazard:

I. Electric Shock: Electric shock occurs when the human body becomes part of an

electric circuit, resulting in the flow of electrical current through the body. This can

cause burns, tissue damage, cardiac arrest, and even death. Factors contributing to

electric shock include exposed electrical conductors, faulty equipment, and

inadequate insulation.

II. Arc Flash and Arc Blast: An arc flash is the release of energy caused by an electrical

arc between two conductors or between a conductor and ground. This phenomenon

produces intense heat, blinding light, and a powerful pressure wave known as an arc

blast. Arc flashes can cause severe burns, hearing loss, and shrapnel injuries, while

arc blasts can damage equipment and injure nearby personnel.

III. Electrical Fires: Electrical malfunctions, overloads, short circuits, and arcing can lead

to electrical fires. These fires can spread rapidly and pose significant risks to life and

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 property. Common causes of electrical fires include faulty wiring, overloaded circuits,

and electrical equipment failures.

IV. Contact with Energized Parts: Direct contact with energized electrical parts, such as

exposed wires, terminals, or components, can result in electric shock and burns.

Accidental contact with energized equipment, especially in confined spaces or tight

quarters, increases the risk of injury.

V. High Voltage Systems: High voltage systems, typically operating at voltages above

1000 volts, pose greater risks of electric shock, burns, and arc flash incidents. Special

precautions and safety measures are required when working with or near high voltage

equipment to prevent accidents and injuries.

VI. Improper Equipment Use and Maintenance: Incorrect installation, maintenance, or

operation of electrical equipment can create hazardous conditions. This includes using

damaged or defective equipment, bypassing safety features, and neglecting to follow

proper procedures for testing and inspection

3.2 Safety precautions of Electric Hazard

There are various ways of protecting people from the hazards caused by electricity, including

insulation, guarding, grounding, and electrical protective devices

 Inspect wiring of equipment before each use. Replace damaged or frayed electrical

cords immediately.

 Use safe work practices every time electrical equipment is used.

 Know the location and how to operate shut-off switches and/or circuit breaker panels.

Use these devices to shut off equipment in the event of a fire or electrocution.

 Limit the use of extension cords. Use only for temporary operations and then only for

short periods of time. In all other cases, request installation of a new electrical outlet.

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  Multi-plug adapters must have circuit breakers or fuses.

 Place exposed electrical conductors (such as those sometimes used with

electrophoresis devices) behind shields.

 Minimize the potential for water or chemical spills on or near electrical equipment

3.3 DISTRIBUTION BOARD OF ELECTRICITY

Distribution board is also called a panel board, breaker panel, electric panel or DB box. Its

main function is to divide the electrical power evenly among all the electrical devices. The

primary functions also include power generation, transmission and distribution. A distribution

board (also known as panelboard, breaker panel, or electric panel) is a component of an

electricity supply system that divides an electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits while

providing a protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit in a common enclosure

Diagram of Distribution Board

3.4 Automatic Transfer Switch

An automatic transfer switch (ATS) is a self-acting, intelligent power switching device

governed by dedicated control logic. The principal purpose of an ATS is to ensure the

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continuous delivery of electrical power from one of two power sources to a connected load

circuit (electrical equipment – lights, motors, computers, etc)

3.4.1 Types of Automatic Transfer Switch

There are four types of ATS systems that can be installed depending on the needs of the

building(s): Open Transition ATS, Closed Transition ATS, Soft Loading Transfer Switch,

and Bypass Isolation ATS.

1. Open Transition ATS – The open transition switch or break before make switch is

used in systems that can handle the brief interruption in power when switching

between utility and local backup power. This delay is typically less than a second long

but allows for a safe transfer ensuring that no utility or local employees or people

around the devices are at risk. A variation of this type of ATS is called a Programmed

Transition switch which pauses between utility power and generator power. This

allows residual voltage in circuits to decay prior to restoring power.

2. Closed Transition ATS – The closed transition system is used in spaces where even

a brief interruption in power cannot be tolerated. This ATS has internal systems that

allow for both power sources to be on simultaneously and to allow a seamless

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 switchover that maintains safety standards. These systems are more complicated and

more expensive than open transition systems.

3. Soft Loading Transfer Switch – This switch is similar to the closed transition ATS

but has the ability to adjust the amount of load it handles from situation to situation.

This dynamic capability comes at an extra cost but allows businesses to have greater

flexibility against more situations that may require backup power.

4. Bypass Isolation ATS – This is the most complicated but highest capability ATS

system. It is composed of two systems typically running in parallel allowing for

inspection, maintenance and testing to be performed while in use. Setups involving

Bypass Isolation ATS systems are typically used in the most sensitive business spaces

such as critical life support systems, telecommunications, air traffic control stations

and other similar priority 1 setups

3.5 SOCKET AND SWITCH WIRING CABLE

 TWO- WAY SWITCH: A ‘2 way’ switch means there is another switch controlling

the same light. These are often used on a stair case, large room with switches by each

door

The simplest way is where the Live wire goes from the consumer unit to the Common

terminal of switch A, and the Neutral wire goes to the Common terminal of switch B, then to

the bulb and on to the consumer unit. Then, two wires (assumed to be live) run (i) from L1 on

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switch A to L1 B, and (ii) from L2 on A to L2 on B. Now, if both switches are connected to

L1 or both to L2, the light will be on, but if one is on L1 and the other is on L2 (it doesn’t

matter which is which), it will be off. The lamp cannot be connected to either of the L→L

terminals

 One-way switch

A one-way switch, also known as a single-pole switch, is a simple electrical switch

commonly used in residential, commercial, and industrial applications to control the flow

of electricity to a single lighting fixture, appliance, or electrical outlet.

In a one-way switch installation, you simply connect the incoming permanent live

conductor into the common terminal and the switched live conductor (going to the light

fitting) to the L1 terminal.

Diagram of one-way switch

3.6 IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFERENT SIZES OF WIRE AND THE USES

Wire sizes are typically identified by their gauge or thickness, which is measured in

American Wire Gauge (AWG) or millimeters squared (mm²). Different wire sizes are used

for various electrical applications based on factors such as current capacity, voltage rating,

and environmental conditions. Here's a general overview of wire sizes and their common

uses:

1. Large Wire Sizes (Low AWG Numbers):

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  Wire Gauges: 2 AWG and larger

Uses:

 Main electrical feeders in buildings and industrial facilities.

 Heavy-duty electrical equipment and machinery.

 High-current applications such as industrial motors and large appliances like electric

stoves and water heaters.

2. Medium Wire Sizes:

 Wire Gauges: 10 AWG to 1 AWG

Uses:

 Branch circuits in residential and commercial buildings, such as lighting circuits and

general-purpose outlets.

 Wiring for smaller appliances like refrigerators, air conditioners, and washing

machines.

 Some automotive wiring applications for powering accessories and electrical systems.

3. Small Wire Sizes (High AWG Numbers)

 Wire Gauges: 2 AWG and higher

Uses:

 Low-voltage applications such as doorbell wiring, thermostat wiring, and security

system wiring.

 Control circuits for HVAC systems, lighting controls, and motor starters.

 Speaker wire for home audio systems and telecommunications wiring.

4. Very Small Wire Sizes:

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  Wire Gauges: Typically, higher than 10 AWG

Uses:

 Electronics and small appliances, including circuit board wiring and internal

connections in devices like computers, televisions, and smartphones.

 Low-power applications such as sensors, actuators, and microcontrollers.

 Precision instrumentation and medical equipment.

3.7 EQUIPMENT USED FOR WIRING PROCESSING

SCREWDRIVER WIRE STRIPPER

Circuit Analyzer Electrical Tape

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Nose Plier Electric Drill

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 GENERAL ACQUIRED EXPERIENCE GAINED AT PRIMESKY INVERTER

AND SOLAR CO.

 I learnt how to connect two-way switch

 I learnt how to connect one way switch

 I was engaged in House Electrical wiring

 I was familiar with the tools used during training

4.1 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

During my industrial training attachment in Primesky Inverter and Solar Co, I encountered

some problems which include;

o Insufficient Fund for Transport.

o Insufficient staffs within the planning department.

o Inadequate design materials/instruments.

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CHAPTER FIVE

This chapter contains the summary of my four (4) month I.T experience, the problems I

encountered during the process, recommendations and lastly, my conclusion.

5.1 SUMMARY

During my industrial training in the Primesky Inverter and Solar Co, I have acquired a lot

of knowledge and skills concerning the activities of the organization which include:

House wiring, Repairing of Socket Switch, and Installation of distribution board.

5.2 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, The Industrial training program was a wonderful experience that provided me

with the opportunity to know what it feels like to be in the working environment and how to

meet and cope with office works and challenges and how to tackle matters arising from place

of work, it also advances my thought about planning and survey profession in general and

the type of challenge encounter when I was in such field as officer.

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

o The government of Ondo state should try to provide more organization within the

state, so that the I.T student would have more access to site work.

o The government of Ondo state should also try to employ more experienced workers to

the Organization (graduates in geography, urban and regional planning).

o Provision of more design materials/instrument should be made by the government to

the State

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REFERENCES

http://www.studymode.com/essays/History of SIWES-1118345.html

Siwes logbook

History of Industrial establishment

www.google.com

Textbook

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