!

A-4 APPENDIX A Statistical Tables and Charts

TABLE I Summary of Common Probability Distributions

Probability Section
Name Distribution Mean Variance in Book
Discrete

,a ≤ b
1 (b + a) (b − a + 1)2 − 1
Uniform 3-5
n 2 12
⎛n⎞
Binomial ⎜ ⎟ px (1 − p)n−x np np(1 − p) 3-6
⎜x⎟
⎝ ⎠
x = 0, 1, … , n, 0 ≤ p ≤ 1

(1 − p)x−1 p
x = 1, 2, … , 0 ≤ p ≤ 1
Geometric 1∕p (1 − p)∕p2 3-7

⎛x − 1⎞
⎜ ⎟ (1 − p)x−r pr
Negative binomial ⎜r − 1⎟ r∕p r(1 − p)∕p2 3-7
⎝ ⎠
x = r, r + 1, r + 2, … , 0 ≤ p ≤ 1
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜K ⎟ ⎜N − K ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜x ⎟ ⎜n − x ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞ np ( )
⎜N ⎟ N−n
Hypergeometric ⎜ ⎟ K np(1 − p) 3-8
⎜n ⎟ where p = N−1
⎝ ⎠
N
x = max(0, n − N + K), 1, …
min(K, n), K ≤ N, n ≤ N
e−λ λx
Poisson , x = 0, 1, 2, …, 0 < λ λ λ 3-9
x!
Continuous

,a ≤ x ≤ b
1 (b + a) (b − a)2
Uniform 4-5
b−a 2 12
( )
1 −1∕2 σ
x−μ 2 μ σ2 4-6
√ e
Normal σ 2π

−∞ < x < ∞, −∞ < μ < ∞, 0 < σ

Exponential λe−λx , 0 ≤ x, 0 < λ 1∕λ 1∕λ2 4-8
r r−1 −λx
λx e
Erlang , 0 < x, r = 1, 2, … r∕λ r∕λ2 4-9.1
(r − 1)!
λxr−1 e−λx
Gamma , 0 < x, 0 < r, 0 < λ r∕λ r∕λ2 4-9.2
Γ(r)
β ( x )β−1 −(x∕δ)β ( ) ( ) [ ( )]2
e 1 2 1
Weibull δ δ δΓ 1 + δ2 Γ 1 + −δ2 Γ 1 + 4-10
0 < x, 0 < β, 0 < δ β β β
( )
1 −[ln(x) − θ]2 2 ∕2 2 2
Lognormal √ exp eθ+ω e2θ+ω (eω − 1) 4-11
xω 2π 2ω2
Γ(α + β) α−1
x (1 − x)β−1 α αβ
Beta Γ(α)Γ(β) 4-12
0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 < α, 0 < β
α+β (α + β)2 (α + β + 1)

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APPENDIX A Statistical Tables and Charts A-5

T A B L E II Cumulative Binomial Probabilities P(X ≤ x)

P
n x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.95 0.99
1 0 0.9000 0.8000 0.7000 0.6000 0.5000 0.4000 0.3000 0.2000 0.1000 0.0500 0.0100
2 0 0.8100 0.6400 0.4900 0.3600 0.2500 0.1600 0.0900 0.0400 0.0100 0.0025 0.0001
1 0.9900 0.9600 0.9100 0.8400 0.7500 0.6400 0.5100 0.3600 0.1900 0.0975 0.0199
3 0 0.7290 0.5120 0.3430 0.2160 0.1250 0.0640 0.0270 0.0080 0.0010 0.0001 0.0000
1 0.9720 0.8960 0.7840 0.6480 0.5000 0.3520 0.2160 0.1040 0.0280 0.0073 0.0003
2 0.9990 0.9920 0.9730 0.9360 0.8750 0.7840 0.6570 0.4880 0.2710 0.1426 0.0297
4 0 0.6561 0.4096 0.2401 0.1296 0.0625 0.0256 0.0081 0.0016 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.9477 0.8192 0.6517 0.4752 0.3125 0.1792 0.0837 0.0272 0.0037 0.0005 0.0000
2 0.9963 0.9728 0.9163 0.8208 0.6875 0.5248 0.3483 0.1808 0.0523 0.0140 0.0006
3 0.9999 0.9984 0.9919 0.9744 0.9375 0.8704 0.7599 0.5904 0.3439 0.1855 0.0394
5 0 0.5905 0.3277 0.1681 0.0778 0.0313 0.0102 0.0024 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.9185 0.7373 0.5282 0.3370 0.1875 0.0870 0.0308 0.0067 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9914 0.9421 0.8369 0.6826 0.5000 0.3174 0.1631 0.0579 0.0086 0.0012 0.0000
3 0.9995 0.9933 0.9692 0.9130 0.8125 0.6630 0.4718 0.2627 0.0815 0.0226 0.0010
4 1.0000 0.9997 0.9976 0.9898 0.6988 0.9222 0.8319 0.6723 0.4095 0.2262 0.0490
6 0 0.5314 0.2621 0.1176 0.0467 0.0156 0.0041 0.0007 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.8857 0.6554 0.4202 0.2333 0.1094 0.0410 0.0109 0.0016 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9842 0.9011 0.7443 0.5443 0.3438 0.1792 0.0705 0.0170 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000
3 0.9987 0.9830 0.9295 0.8208 0.6563 0.4557 0.2557 0.0989 0.0159 0.0022 0.0000
4 0.9999 0.9984 0.9891 0.9590 0.9806 0.7667 0.5798 0.3446 0.1143 0.0328 0.0015
5 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 0.9959 0.9844 0.9533 0.8824 0.7379 0.4686 0.2649 0.0585
7 0 0.4783 0.2097 0.0824 0.0280 0.0078 0.0016 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.8503 0.5767 0.3294 0.1586 0.0625 0.0188 0.0038 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9743 0.8520 0.6471 0.4199 0.2266 0.0963 0.0288 0.0047 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9973 0.9667 0.8740 0.7102 0.5000 0.2898 0.1260 0.0333 0.0027 0.0002 0.0000
4 0.9998 0.9953 0.9712 0.9037 0.7734 0.5801 0.3529 0.1480 0.0257 0.0038 0.0000
5 1.0000 0.9996 0.9962 0.9812 0.9375 0.8414 0.6706 0.4233 0.1497 0.0444 0.0020
6 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9984 0.9922 0.9720 0.9176 0.7903 0.5217 0.3017 0.0679
8 0 0.4305 0.1678 0.0576 0.0168 0.0039 0.0007 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.8131 0.5033 0.2553 0.1064 0.0352 0.0085 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9619 0.7969 0.5518 0.3154 0.1445 0.0498 0.0113 0.0012 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9950 0.9437 0.8059 0.5941 0.3633 0.1737 0.0580 0.0104 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9996 0.9896 0.9420 0.8263 0.6367 0.4059 0.1941 0.0563 0.0050 0.0004 0.0000
5 1.0000 0.9988 0.9887 0.9502 0.8555 0.6846 0.4482 0.2031 0.0381 0.0058 0.0001
6 1.0000 0.9999 0.9987 0.9915 0.9648 0.8936 0.7447 0.4967 0.1869 0.0572 0.0027
7 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 0.9961 0.9832 0.9424 0.8322 0.5695 0.3366 0.0773
9 0 0.3874 0.1342 0.0404 0.0101 0.0020 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.7748 0.4362 0.1960 0.0705 0.0195 0.0038 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9470 0.7382 0.4628 0.2318 0.0889 0.0250 0.0043 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9917 0.9144 0.7297 0.4826 0.2539 0.0994 0.0253 0.0031 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9991 0.9804 0.9012 0.7334 0.5000 0.2666 0.0988 0.0196 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.9999 0.9969 0.9747 0.9006 0.7461 0.5174 0.2703 0.0856 0.0083 0.0006 0.0000
6 1.0000 0.9997 0.9957 0.9750 0.9102 0.7682 0.5372 0.2618 0.0530 0.0084 0.0001
7 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996 0.9962 0.9805 0.9295 0.8040 0.5638 0.2252 0.0712 0.0034
8 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9980 0.9899 0.9596 0.8658 0.6126 0.3698 0.0865

!
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A-6 APPENDIX A Statistical Tables and Charts

T A B L E II Cumulative Binomial Probabilities P(X ≤ x) (continued)

P
n x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.95 0.99
10 0 0.3487 0.1074 0.0282 0.0060 0.0010 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.7361 0.3758 0.1493 0.0464 0.0107 0.0017 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9298 0.6778 0.3828 0.1673 0.0547 0.0123 0.0016 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9872 0.8791 0.6496 0.3823 0.1719 0.0548 0.0106 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9984 0.9672 0.8497 0.6331 0.3770 0.1662 0.0473 0.0064 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.9999 0.9936 0.9527 0.8338 0.6230 0.3669 0.1503 0.0328 0.0016 0.0001 0.0000
6 1.0000 0.9991 0.9894 0.9452 0.8281 0.6177 0.3504 0.1209 0.0128 0.0010 0.0000
7 1.0000 0.9999 0.9984 0.9877 0.9453 0.8327 0.6172 0.3222 0.0702 0.0115 0.0001
8 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9983 0.9893 0.9536 0.8507 0.6242 0.2639 0.0861 0.0043
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9990 0.9940 0.9718 0.8926 0.6513 0.4013 0.0956
11 0 0.3138 0.0859 0.0198 0.0036 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.6974 0.3221 0.1130 0.0302 0.0059 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9104 0.6174 0.3127 0.1189 0.0327 0.0059 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9815 0.8389 0.5696 0.2963 0.1133 0.0293 0.0043 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9972 0.9496 0.7897 0.5328 0.2744 0.0994 0.0216 0.0020 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.9997 0.9883 0.9218 0.7535 0.5000 0.2465 0.0782 0.0117 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000
6 1.0000 0.9980 0.9784 0.9006 0.7256 0.4672 0.2103 0.0504 0.0028 0.0001 0.0000
7 1.0000 0.9998 0.9957 0.9707 0.8867 0.7037 0.4304 0.1611 0.0185 0.0016 0.0000
8 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994 0.9941 0.9673 0.8811 0.6873 0.3826 0.0896 0.0152 0.0002
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9993 0.9941 0.9698 0.8870 0.6779 0.3026 0.1019 0.0052
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9964 0.9802 0.9141 0.6862 0.4312 0.1047
12 0 0.2824 0.0687 0.0138 0.0022 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.6590 0.2749 0.0850 0.0196 0.0032 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.8891 0.5583 0.2528 0.0834 0.0193 0.0028 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9744 0.7946 0.4925 0.2253 0.0730 0.0153 0.0017 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9957 0.9274 0.7237 0.4382 0.1938 0.0573 0.0095 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.9995 0.9806 0.8822 0.6652 0.3872 0.1582 0.0386 0.0039 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
6 0.9999 0.9961 0.9614 0.8418 0.6128 0.3348 0.1178 0.0194 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000
7 1.0000 0.9994 0.9905 0.9427 0.8062 0.5618 0.2763 0.0726 0.0043 0.0002 0.0000
8 1.0000 0.9999 0.9983 0.9847 0.9270 0.7747 0.5075 0.2054 0.0256 0.0022 0.0000
9 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9972 0.9807 0.9166 0.7472 0.4417 0.1109 0.0196 0.0002
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9968 0.9804 0.9150 0.7251 0.3410 0.1184 0.0062
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9978 0.9862 0.9313 0.7176 0.4596 0.1136
13 0 0.2542 0.0550 0.0097 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.6213 0.2336 0.0637 0.0126 0.0017 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.8661 0.5017 0.2025 0.0579 0.0112 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9658 0.7473 0.4206 0.1686 0.0461 0.0078 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9935 0.9009 0.6543 0.3530 0.1334 0.0321 0.0040 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.9991 0.9700 0.8346 0.5744 0.2905 0.0977 0.0182 0.0012 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
6 0.9999 0.9930 0.9376 0.7712 0.5000 0.2288 0.0624 0.0070 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
7 1.0000 0.9988 0.9818 0.9023 0.7095 0.4256 0.1654 0.0300 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000
8 1.0000 0.9988 0.9960 0.9679 0.8666 0.6470 0.3457 0.0991 0.0065 0.0003 0.0000
9 1.0000 1.0000 0.9993 0.9922 0.9539 0.8314 0.5794 0.2527 0.0342 0.0031 0.0000
10 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9987 0.9888 0.9421 0.7975 0.4983 0.1339 0.0245 0.0003
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9983 0.9874 0.9363 0.7664 0.3787 0.1354 0.0072
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9987 0.9903 0.9450 0.7458 0.4867 0.1225

!
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APPENDIX A Statistical Tables and Charts A-7

T A B L E II Cumulative Binomial Probabilities P(X ≤ x) (continued)

P
n x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.95 0.99
14 0 0.2288 0.0440 0.0068 0.0008 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.5846 0.1979 0.0475 0.0081 0.0009 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.8416 0.4481 0.1608 0.0398 0.0065 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9559 0.6982 0.3552 0.1243 0.0287 0.0039 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9908 0.8702 0.5842 0.2793 0.0898 0.0175 0.0017 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.9985 0.9561 0.7805 0.4859 0.2120 0.0583 0.0083 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
6 0.9998 0.9884 0.9067 0.6925 0.3953 0.1501 0.0315 0.0024 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
7 1.0000 0.9976 0.9685 0.8499 0.6047 0.3075 0.0933 0.0116 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000
8 1.0000 0.9996 0.9917 0.9417 0.7880 0.5141 0.2195 0.0439 0.0015 0.0000 0.0000
9 1.0000 1.0000 0.9983 0.9825 0.9102 0.7207 0.4158 0.1298 0.0092 0.0004 0.0000
10 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9961 0.9713 0.8757 0.6448 0.3018 0.0441 0.0042 0.0000
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994 0.9935 0.9602 0.8392 0.5519 0.1584 0.0301 0.0003
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9991 0.9919 0.9525 0.8021 0.4154 0.1530 0.0084
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9992 0.9932 0.9560 0.7712 0.5123 0.1313
15 0 0.2059 0.0352 0.0047 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.5490 0.1671 0.0353 0.0052 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.8159 0.3980 0.1268 0.0271 0.0037 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9444 0.6482 0.2969 0.0905 0.0176 0.0019 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9873 0.8358 0.5155 0.2173 0.0592 0.0093 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.9978 0.9389 0.7216 0.4032 0.1509 0.0338 0.0037 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
6 0.9997 0.9819 0.8689 0.6098 0.3036 0.0950 0.0152 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
7 1.0000 0.9958 0.9500 0.7869 0.5000 0.2131 0.0500 0.0042 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
8 1.0000 0.9992 0.9848 0.9050 0.6964 0.3902 0.1311 0.0181 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000
9 1.0000 0.9999 0.9963 0.9662 0.8491 0.5968 0.2784 0.0611 0.0022 0.0001 0.0000
10 1.0000 1.0000 0.9993 0.9907 0.9408 0.7827 0.4845 0.1642 0.0127 0.0006 0.0000
11 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9981 0.9824 0.9095 0.7031 0.3518 0.0556 0.0055 0.0000
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9963 0.9729 0.8732 0.6020 01841 0.0362 0.0004
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9948 0.9647 0.8329 0.4510 0.1710 0.0096
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9953 0.9648 0.7941 0.5367 0.1399
20 0 0.1216 0.0115 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.3917 0.0692 0.0076 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.6769 0.2061 0.0355 0.0036 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.8670 0.4114 0.1071 0.0160 0.0013 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9568 0.6296 0.2375 0.0510 0.0059 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.9887 0.8042 0.4164 0.1256 0.0207 0.0016 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
6 0.9976 0.9133 0.6080 0.2500 0.0577 0.0065 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
7 0.9996 0.9679 0.7723 0.4159 0.1316 0.0210 0.0013 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
8 0.9999 0.9900 0.8867 0.5956 0.2517 0.0565 0.0051 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
9 1.0000 0.9974 0.9520 0.7553 0.4119 0.1275 0.0171 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
10 1.0000 0.9994 0.9829 0.8725 0.5881 0.2447 0.0480 0.0026 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
11 1.0000 0.9999 0.9949 0.9435 0.7483 0.4044 0.1133 0.0100 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
12 1.0000 1.0000 0.9987 0.9790 0.8684 0.5841 0.2277 0.0321 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000
13 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9935 0.9423 0.7500 0.3920 0.0867 0.0024 0.0000 0.0000
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9984 0.9793 0.8744 0.5836 0.1958 0.0113 0.0003 0.0000
15 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9941 0.9490 0.7625 0.3704 0.0432 0.0026 0.0000
16 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9987 0.9840 0.8929 0.5886 0.1330 0.0159 0.0000
17 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9964 0.9645 0.7939 0.3231 0.0755 0.0010
18 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9924 0.9308 0.6083 0.2642 0.0169
19 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9992 0.9885 0.8784 0.6415 0.1821

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A-8 APPENDIX A Statistical Tables and Charts

Φ(z) = P(Z ≤ z) =
z
1 − 1 u2
∫−∞
√ e 2 du
2π

Φ (z)

z 0

T A B L E III Cumulative Standard Normal Distribution

z – 0.09 – 0.08 – 0.07 – 0.06 – 0.05 – 0.04 – 0.03 – 0.02 – 0.01 – 0.00
−3.9 0.000033 0.000034 0.000036 0.000037 0.000039 0.000041 0.000042 0.000044 0.000046 0.000048
−3.8 0.000050 0.000052 0.000054 0.000057 0.000059 0.000062 0.000064 0.000067 0.000069 0.000072
−3.7 0.000075 0.000078 0.000082 0.000085 0.000088 0.000092 0.000096 0.000100 0.000104 0.000108
−3.6 0.000112 0.000117 0.000121 0.000126 0.000131 0.000136 0.000142 0.000147 0.000153 0.000159
−3.5 0.000165 0.000172 0.000179 0.000185 0.000193 0.000200 0.000208 0.000216 0.000224 0.000233
−3.4 0.000242 0.000251 0.000260 0.000270 0.000280 0.000291 0.000302 0.000313 0.000325 0.000337
−3.3 0.000350 0.000362 0.000376 0.000390 0.000404 0.000419 0.000434 0.000450 0.000467 0.000483
−3.2 0.000501 0.000519 0.000538 0.000557 0.000577 0.000598 0.000619 0.000641 0.000664 0.000687
−3.1 0.000711 0.000736 0.000762 0.000789 0.000816 0.000845 0.000874 0.000904 0.000935 0.000968
−3.0 0.001001 0.001035 0.001070 0.001107 0.001144 0.001183 0.001223 0.001264 0.001306 0.001350
−2.9 0.001395 0.001441 0.001489 0.001538 0.001589 0.001641 0.001695 0.001750 0.001807 0.001866
−2.8 0.001926 0.001988 0.002052 0.002118 0.002186 0.002256 0.002327 0.002401 0.002477 0.002555
−2.7 0.002635 0.002718 0.002803 0.002890 0.002980 0.003072 0.003167 0.003264 0.003364 0.003467
−2.6 0.003573 0.003681 0.003793 0.003907 0.004025 0.004145 0.004269 0.004396 0.004527 0.004661
−2.5 0.004799 0.004940 0.005085 0.005234 0.005386 0.005543 0.005703 0.005868 0.006037 0.006210
−2.4 0.006387 0.006569 0.006756 0.006947 0.007143 0.007344 0.007549 0.007760 0.007976 0.008198
−2.3 0.008424 0.008656 0.008894 0.009137 0.009387 0.009642 0.009903 0.010170 0.010444 0.010724
−2.2 0.011011 0.011304 0.011604 0.011911 0.012224 0.012545 0.012874 0.013209 0.013553 0.013903
−2.1 0.014262 0.014629 0.015003 0.015386 0.015778 0.016177 0.016586 0.017003 0.017429 0.017864
−2.0 0.018309 0.018763 0.019226 0.019699 0.020182 0.020675 0.021178 0.021692 0.022216 0.022750
−1.9 0.023295 0.023852 0.024419 0.024998 0.025588 0.026190 0.026803 0.027429 0.028067 0.028717
−1.8 0.029379 0.030054 0.030742 0.031443 0.032157 0.032884 0.033625 0.034379 0.035148 0.035930
−1.7 0.036727 0.037538 0.038364 0.039204 0.040059 0.040929 0.041815 0.042716 0.043633 0.044565
−1.6 0.045514 0.046479 0.047460 0.048457 0.049471 0.050503 0.051551 0.052616 0.053699 0.054799
−1.5 0.055917 0.057053 0.058208 0.059380 0.060571 0.061780 0.063008 0.064256 0.065522 0.066807
−1.4 0.068112 0.069437 0.070781 0.072145 0.073529 0.074934 0.076359 0.077804 0.079270 0.080757
−1.3 0.082264 0.083793 0.085343 0.086915 0.088508 0.090123 0.091759 0.093418 0.095098 0.096801
−1.2 0.098525 0.100273 0.102042 0.103835 0.105650 0.107488 0.109349 0.111233 0.113140 0.115070
−1.1 0.117023 0.119000 0.121001 0.123024 0.125072 0.127143 0.129238 0.131357 0.133500 0.135666
−1.0 0.137857 0.140071 0.142310 0.144572 0.146859 0.149170 0.151505 0.153864 0.156248 0.158655
−0.9 0.161087 0.163543 0.166023 0.168528 0.171056 0.173609 0.176185 0.178786 0.181411 0.184060
−0.8 0.186733 0.189430 0.192150 0.194894 0.197662 0.200454 0.203269 0.206108 0.208970 0.211855
−0.7 0.214764 0.217695 0.220650 0.223627 0.226627 0.229650 0.232695 0.235762 0.238852 0.241964
−0.6 0.245097 0.248252 0.251429 0.254627 0.257846 0.261086 0.264347 0.267629 0.270931 0.274253
−0.5 0.277595 0.280957 0.284339 0.287740 0.291160 0.294599 0.298056 0.301532 0.305026 0.308538
−0.4 0.312067 0.315614 0.319178 0.322758 0.326355 0.329969 0.333598 0.337243 0.340903 0.344578
−0.3 0.348268 0.351973 0.355691 0.359424 0.363169 0.366928 0.370700 0.374484 0.378281 0.382089
−0.2 0.385908 0.389739 0.393580 0.397432 0.401294 0.405165 0.409046 0.412936 0.416834 0.420740
−0.1 0.424655 0.428576 0.432505 0.436441 0.440382 0.444330 0.448283 0.452242 0.456205 0.460172
0.0 0.464144 0.468119 0.472097 0.476078 0.480061 0.484047 0.488033 0.492022 0.496011 0.500000

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APPENDIX A Statistical Tables and Charts A-9

Φ(z) = P(Z ≤ z) =
z
1 − 1 u2
∫−∞
√ e 2 du
2π

Φ (z)

0 z

T A B L E III Cumulative Standard Normal Distribution (continued)

z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.500000 0.503989 0.507978 0.511967 0.515953 0.519939 0.532922 0.527903 0.531881 0.535856
0.1 0.539828 0.543795 0.547758 0.551717 0.555760 0.559618 0.563559 0.567495 0.571424 0.575345
0.2 0.579260 0.583166 0.587064 0.590954 0.594835 0.598706 0.602568 0.606420 0.610261 0.614092
0.3 0.617911 0.621719 0.625516 0.629300 0.633072 0.636831 0.640576 0.644309 0.648027 0.651732
0.4 0.655422 0.659097 0.662757 0.666402 0.670031 0.673645 0.677242 0.680822 0.684386 0.687933
0.5 0.691462 0.694974 0.698468 0.701944 0.705401 0.708840 0.712260 0.715661 0.719043 0.722405
0.6 0.725747 0.729069 0.732371 0.735653 0.738914 0.742154 0.745373 0.748571 0.751748 0.754903
0.7 0.758036 0.761148 0.764238 0.767305 0.770350 0.773373 0.776373 0.779350 0.782305 0.785236
0.8 0.788145 0.791030 0.793892 0.796731 0.799546 0.802338 0.805106 0.807850 0.810570 0.813267
0.9 0.815940 0.818589 0.821214 0.823815 0.826391 0.828944 0.831472 0.833977 0.836457 0.838913
1.0 0.841345 0.843752 0.846136 0.848495 0.850830 0.853141 0.855428 0.857690 0.859929 0.862143
1.1 0.864334 0.866500 0.868643 0.870762 0.872857 0.874928 0.876976 0.878999 0.881000 0.882977
1.2 0.884930 0.886860 0.888767 0.890651 0.892512 0.894350 0.896165 0.897958 0.899727 0.901475
1.3 0.903199 0.904902 0.906582 0.908241 0.909877 0.911492 0.913085 0.914657 0.916207 0.917736
1.4 0.919243 0.920730 0.922196 0.923641 0.925066 0.926471 0.927855 0.929219 0.930563 0.931888
1.5 0.933193 0.934478 0.935744 0.936992 0.938220 0.939429 0.940620 0.941792 0.942947 0.944083
1.6 0.945201 0.946301 0.947384 0.948449 0.949497 0.950529 0.951543 0.952540 0.953521 0.954486
1.7 0.955435 0.956367 0.957284 0.958185 0.959071 0.959941 0.960796 0.961636 0.962462 0.963273
1.8 0.964070 0.964852 0.965621 0.966375 0.967116 0.967843 0.968557 0.969258 0.969946 0.970621
1.9 0.971283 0.971933 0.972571 0.973197 0.973810 0.974412 0.975002 0.975581 0.976148 0.976705
2.0 0.977250 0.977784 0.978308 0.978822 0.979325 0.979818 0.980301 0.980774 0.981237 0.981691
2.1 0.982136 0.982571 0.982997 0.983414 0.983823 0.984222 0.984614 0.984997 0.985371 0.985738
2.2 0.986097 0.986447 0.986791 0.987126 0.987455 0.987776 0.988089 0.988396 0.988696 0.988989
2.3 0.989276 0.989556 0.989830 0.990097 0.990358 0.990613 0.990863 0.991106 0.991344 0.991576
2.4 0.991802 0.992024 0.992240 0.992451 0.992656 0.992857 0.993053 0.993244 0.993431 0.993613
2.5 0.993790 0.993963 0.994132 0.994297 0.994457 0.994614 0.994766 0.994915 0.995060 0.995201
2.6 0.995339 0.995473 0.995604 0.995731 0.995855 0.995975 0.996093 0.996207 0.996319 0.996427
2.7 0.996533 0.996636 0.996736 0.996833 0.996928 0.997020 0.997110 0.997197 0.997282 0.997365
2.8 0.997445 0.997523 0.997599 0.997673 0.997744 0.997814 0.997882 0.997948 0.998012 0.998074
2.9 0.998134 0.998193 0.998250 0.998305 0.998359 0.998411 0.998462 0.998511 0.998559 0.998605
3.0 0.998650 0.998694 0.998736 0.998777 0.998817 0.998856 0.998893 0.998930 0.998965 0.998999
3.1 0.999032 0.999065 0.999096 0.999126 0.999155 0.999184 0.999211 0.999238 0.999264 0.999289
3.2 0.999313 0.999336 0.999359 0.999381 0.999402 0.999423 0.999443 0.999462 0.999481 0.999499
3.3 0.999517 0.999533 0.999550 0.999566 0.999581 0.999596 0.999610 0.999624 0.999638 0.999650
3.4 0.999663 0.999675 0.999687 0.999698 0.999709 0.999720 0.999730 0.999740 0.999749 0.999758
3.5 0.999767 0.999776 0.999784 0.999792 0.999800 0.999807 0.999815 0.999821 0.999828 0.999835
3.6 0.999841 0.999847 0.999853 0.999858 0.999864 0.999869 0.999874 0.999879 0.999883 0.999888
3.7 0.999892 0.999896 0.999900 0.999904 0.999908 0.999912 0.999915 0.999918 0.999922 0.999925
3.8 0.999928 0.999931 0.999933 0.999936 0.999938 0.999941 0.999943 0.999946 0.999948 0.999950
3.9 0.999952 0.999954 0.999956 0.999958 0.999959 0.999961 0.999963 0.999964 0.999966 0.999967

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A-10 APPENDIX A Statistical Tables and Charts

2
χα, ν

T A B L E IV 2 of the Chi-Squared Distribution

Percentage Points 𝛘𝛂,v

v = degrees of freedom.

!
 !

APPENDIX A Statistical Tables and Charts A-11

0 t α,ν

TABLE V Percentage Points t𝛂,v of the t Distribution

v = degrees of freedom.

!
 !

α = 0.25

f0.25, ν , ν
1 2

T A B L E VI Percentage Points f𝛂, v1 , v2 of the F Distribution

!
 !

α = 0.10

f0.10, ν , ν
1 2

T A B L E VI Percentage Points f𝛂, v1 , v2 of the F Distribution (continued)

!
 !

α = 0.05

f0.05, ν , ν
1 2

T A B L E VI Percentage Points f𝛂, v1 , v2 of the F Distribution (continued)

!
 !

α = 0.025

f0.025, ν , ν
1 2

T A B L E VI Percentage Points f𝛂, v1 , v2 of the F Distribution (continued)

!
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α = 0.01

f0.01, ν , ν
1 2

T A B L E VI Percentage Points f𝛂, v1 , v2 of the F Distribution (continued)