ANDHRA PRADESH STATE COUNCIL OF HIGHER EDUCATION

MINOR
Subject: Statistics
w.e.f. AY 2023-24
COURSE STRUCTURE

No. of Hrs No. of

Year Semester Course Title of the Course
/Week Credits
II Descriptive Statistics 3 3
I 1
Descriptive Statistics Practical Course 2 1
Statistical Methods 3 3
III 2
Statistical Methods Practical Course 2 1
Design and Analysis of Experiments 3 3
II 3 Design and Analysis of Experiments Practical
2 1
IV Course
Numerical Analysis 3 3
4
Numerical Analysis Practical Course 2 1
Applied Statistics 3 3
5
Applied Statistics Practical Course 2 1
III V Computational Statistics and R Programming 3 3
6 Computational Statistics and R Programming
2 1
Practical Course
 SEMESTER-II
COURSE 1: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Theory Credits: 3 3 hrs/week

I. Learning Outcomes
After successful completion of the course students will be able to:
1. To acquaint with the role of statistics in different fields with special reference to business and
economics.
2. To review good practice in presentation and the format most applicableto their own data.
 To learn the measures of central tendency or averages reduce the data to a single value which is
highly useful for making comparative studies.
4. To familiar with the measures of dispersion throw light on reliability of average and control of
variability.
5. To deal with the situation where there is uncertainty and to measure that uncertainty by using the
probability, which is essential in all research areas.

II. Syllabus

Unit – 1: Statistical Description of Data

Origin, history and definitions of Statistics. Importance, Scope and limitations Statistics. Function of
Statistics – Collection, Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation. Collection of data - primary and
secondary data and its methods. Classification of data – Quantitative, Qualitative, Temporal, Spatial.
Presentation of data – Textual, Tabular – essential parts.

Unit – 2:
Measurement Scales – Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio and Interval. Frequency distribution and types of
frequency distributions, forming a frequency distribution. Diagrammatic representation of data –
Historiagram, Bar, Multiple bar and Pie with simple problems. Graphical representation of data:
Histogram, frequencypolygon and Ogives with simple problems.

Unit – 3: Measures of Central Tendency (MCT)

Arithmetic Mean – properties, methods. Median, Mode, Geometric Mean (GM), Harmonic Mean (HM).
Calculation of mean, median, mode, GM and HM for grouped and ungrouped data. Median and Mode
through graph. Empirical relation between mean, media and mode. Features of good average.

Unit – 4: Measures of Dispersion

Concept and problems – Range, Quartile Deviation, Mean Deviation and Standard Deviation, Variance.
Central and Non – Central moments and their interrelationship. Sheppard's correction for moments.
Skewness and its methods, kurtosis.

Unit – 5: Elementary Probability

Basic Concepts of Probability, random experiments, trial, outcome, sample space, event, mutually
exclusive and exhaustive events, equally likely and favourable outcomes. Mathematical, Statistical,
axiomatic definitions of probability. Conditional Probability and independence of events, Addition and
multiplication theorems of probability for 2 and for n events and simple problems. Boole's inequality,
Bayes theorem and its applications in real life problems.
 SEMESTER-II
COURSE 1: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Practical Credits: 1 2 hrs/week

Syllabus

1. Writing a Questionnaire in different situations.

2. Forming a grouped and ungrouped frequency distribution table.
3. Diagrammatic presentation of data – Bar, multiple Bar and Pie.
4. Graphical presentation of data – Histogram, frequency polygon, Ogives.
5. Computation of measures of central tendency – Mean, Median and Mode.
6. Computation of measures of dispersion – Q.D., M.D and S.D.
7. Computation of non-central, central moments, 𝛽1 and 𝛽2 for ungrouped data.
8. Computation of non-central, central moments, 𝛽1 and 𝛽2 and Sheppard’s corrections for grouped
data.
9. Computation of Karl Pearson’s and Bowley’s Coefficients of Skewness.

Note: Training shall be on establishing formulae in Excel cells and derive the results. The excel output shall
be exported to MS word for writing inference.

III. References
1. S. C. Gupta & V. K. Kapoor: Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics, Sultan Chand & Sons,
New Delhi.
2. O. P. Gupta: Mathematical Statistics, Kedar nath Ram nath & Co.
3. P. N. Arora & S. Arora: Quantitative Aptitude Statistics – Vol II, S. Chand & Company Ltd.
4. K. Rohatgi & Ehsanes Saleh: An Introduction to Probability and Statistics, John Wiley & Sons.

IV. Suggested Co-curricular Activities:

1. Training of students by related industrial experts
2. Assignments including technical assignments if any.
3. Seminars, Group Discussions, Quiz, Debates etc. on related topics.
4. Preparation of audio and videos on tools of diagrammatic and graphical representations.
5. Collection of material/figures/photos/author photoes of related topics.
6. Invited lectures and presentations of stalwarts to those topics.
7. Visits/field trips of firms, research organizations etc.
 SEMESTER-III
COURSE 2: STATISTICAL METHODS
Theory Credits: 3 3 hrs/week

I. Learning Outcomes
After successful completion of the course students will be able to:
1. To get the knowledge of estimating future values by using curve fitting.
2. To calculate the relationship between bivariate data.
 To find the relationship about the multivariate data.
4. To acquaint about the forecasting of the data by using regression techniques.
5. To find the association of the categorical data by using attributes.

II. Syllabus

Unit – 1: Curve fitting

Bivariate data, Principle of least squares, fitting of kth degree polynomial. Fitting of straight line, Fitting
of Second degree polynomial or parabola, fitting of family of exponential curves and power curve.

Unit – 2: Correlation
Meaning, Types of Correlation, Measures of Correlation – Scatter diagram, Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of
Correlation, Rank Correlation Coefficient (with and without ties), Properties. Bivariate frequency
distribution, correlation coefficient for bivariate data and problems. Lag and Lead in correlation.

Unit – 3:
Coefficient of concurrent deviation, probable error and its properties, coefficient of determination,
Concept of multiple and partial correlation coefficients (three variables only), properties and problems,
intra-class correlation and correlation ratio.

Unit – 4: Regression
Concept of Regression, Linear and Non Linear regression. Linear Regression – Regression lines,
Regression coefficients and it properties, Angle between two lines of regression. Regressions lines for
bivariate data and simple problems. Correlation vs regression. Explained and Unexplained variations.

Unit – 5: Attributes
Notations, Class, Order of class frequencies, Ultimate class frequencies, Consistency of data, Conditions
for consistency of data for 2 and 3 attributes only , Independence of attributes , Association of attributes
and its measures, Relationship between association and colligation of attributes, Contingency table:
Square contingency, Mean square contingency, Coefficient of mean square contingency, Tschuprow’s
coefficient of contingency.
 SEMESTER-III
COURSE 2: STATISTICAL METHODS
Practical Credits: 1 2 hrs/week

Practical Syllabus
1. Fitting of straight line by the method of least squares
2. Fitting of parabola by the method of least squares
3. Fitting of exponential curve of two types by the method of least squares.
4. Fitting of power curve of the type by the method of least squares.
5. Computation of correlation coefficient and regression lines for ungrouped data.
6. Computation of correlation coefficient for bivariate frequency distribution.
7. Computation of correlation coefficient, forming regression lines for grouped data.
8. Computation of partial and multiple correlation coefficients.
9. Computation of Yule's coefficient of association and colligation.
10. Computation of Pearson's, Tschuprow’s coefficient of contingency.

Note: Training shall be on establishing formulae in Excel cells and derive the results. The excel output shall be
exported to MS word for writing inference.

III. References
1. S. C. Gupta & V. K. Kapoor: Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics, Sultan Chand & Sons,
New Delhi.
2. O. P. Gupta: Mathematical Statistics, Kedar nath Ram nath & Co.
3. P. N. Arora & S. Arora: Quantitative Aptitude Statistics – Vol II, S. Chand & Company Ltd.
4. K. Rohatgi & Ehsanes Saleh: An Introduction to Probability and Statistics, John Wiley & Sons.

IV. Suggested Co-curricular Activities:

1. Training of students by related industrial experts
2. Assignments including technical assignments if any.
3. Seminars, Group Discussions, Quiz, Debates etc on related topics.
4. Preparation of audio and videos on tools of diagrammatic and graphical representations.
5. Collection of material/figures/photos/author photoes of related topics.
6. Invited lectures and presentations of stalwarts to those topics.
7. Visits/field trips of firms, research organizations etc.
 SEMESTER-IV
COURSE 3: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS
Theory Credits: 3 3 hrs/week

I. Learning Outcomes
After successful completion of the course students will be able to:
1. To acquaint with the role of statistics in different fields with special reference to agriculture.
2. Learn to apply the one of the design of experiment to agricultural fields.
 Learn to apply the randomization to the blocks of various fields in agriculture.
4. To get the familiarity about applications of three principles.
5. Learn to deal the agricultural fields with different factors and levels.
6. To use appropriate experimental designs to analyze the experimental data.

II. Syllabus

Unit – 1: Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Concept, Definition and assumptions. ANOVA one way classification – mathematical model, analysis
– with equal and unequal classification. ANOVA two way classification – mathematical model, analysis
and problems.

Unit – 2: Completely Randomised Design (CRD)

Definition, terminology, Principles of design of experiments, CRD – Concept, advantages and
disadvantages, applications, Layout, Statistical analysis. Critical Differences when hypothesis is
significant.

Unit – 3: Randomised Block Design (RBD)

Concept, advantages and disadvantages, applications, Layout, Statistical analysis and Critical
Differences. Efficiency of RBD relative to CRD. RBD with one missing value and its analysis,
problems.

Unit – 4: Latin Square Design

Concept, advantages and disadvantages, applications, Layout, Statistical analysis and Critical
Differences. Efficiency of LSD over RBD and CRD. Estimation of one missing value in LSD and its
analysis, problems.

Unit – 5: Factorial experiments

Main effects and interaction effects of 22 and 23 factorial experiments and their Statistical analysis.
Yates procedure to find factorial effect totals.
 SEMESTER-IV
COURSE 3: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS
Practical Credits: 1 2 hrs/week

Practical Syllabus

1. ANOVA - one - way classification with equal number of observations.

2. ANOVA - one - way classification with unequal number of observations.
3. ANOVA Two-way classification.
4. Analysis of CRD and critical differences.
5. Analysis of RBD and critical differences. Relative efficiency of CRD with RBD.
6. Estimation of single missing observation in RBD and its analysis.
7. Analysis of LSD and efficiency of LSD over CRD and RBD.
8. Estimation of single missing observation in LSD and its analysis.
9. Analysis of 22 with RBD layout.
10. Analysis of 23 with RBD layout.

Note: Training shall be on establishing formulae in Excel cells and derive the results. The excel output shall be
exported to MS word for writing inference.

I. References
1. S. C. Gupta & V. K. Kapoor: Fundamentals of Applied Statistics, Sultan Chand&Sons, New Delhi.
2. K.V.S. Sarma: Statistics Made Simple: Do it yourself on PC. PHI.
3. M. R. Saluja: Indian Official Statistics. ISI publications.

II. Suggested Co-curricular Activities:

1. Training of students by related industrial experts
2. Assignments including technical assignments if any.
3. Seminars, Group Discussions, Quiz, Debates etc on related topics.
4. Preparation of audio and videos on tools of diagrammatic and graphical representations.
5. Collection of material/figures/photos/author photoes of related topics.
6. Invited lectures and presentations of stalwarts to those topics.
7. Visits/field trips of firms, research organizations etc.
 SEMESTER-IV
COURSE 4: NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Theory Credits: 3 3 hrs/week

I. Learning Outcomes
After learning this course the student will be able
1. Learn the different difference operators and applications.
2. Accustom with the interpolation techniques with equal and unequal intervals.
3. Able to use numerical differentiation tools.
4. Familiar to use numerical integration methods.

II. Syllabus

Unit 1
Definitions of Forward difference operator (∆), Backward difference operator, Shift or Extension
(displacement) operator (E), Central Differences operator(µ), Differentiation operator(D), Mean value
operator Symbolic relations between operators, properties of difference and shift operators, fundamental
theorem on finite differences and simple problems.

Unit 2
Interpolation with equal intervals: Concept of interpolation and extrapolation, assumptions and uses of
interpolation, difference tables, methods of interpolation with equal intervals - Newton’s formula for
forward and backward interpolation, Central differences, Gauss forward and backward, Sterling, Bessel’s
and Laplace - Everett’s Formulae.

Unit 3
Interpolation with unequal intervals: Divided differences and their properties. Methods of
interpolation with unequal intervals – Newton’s Divided difference formula and Lagrange’s formula.
Inverse interpolation - Lagrange’s formula.

Unit 4
Numerical Differentiation: Introduction to Numerical differentiation. Determination of First and
Second order derivatives for the given data using Newton’s forward and backward, Gauss forward and
backward, Sterling, Bessel’s and Newton’s Divided difference formula.

Unit 5
Numerical Integration: Introduction to numerical integration, General Quadrature formula for
equidistant ordinates, Trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s 1/3rd, Simpson’s 3/8th rule and Weddle’s rule.
 SEMESTER-IV
COURSE 4: NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Practical Credits: 1 2 hrs/week

Practical Syllabus

1. Interpolation by using Newton-Gregory forward and backward difference formulae.

2. Interpolation by using Gauss forward and backward difference formulae.
3. Interpolation by using Sterling and Bessel’s formulae.
4. Interpolation by using Laplace-Everett’s Formula.
5. Interpolation by using Newton’s divided difference and Lagrange’s formulae.
6. Inverse interpolation by using Lagrange’s formula.
7. Determination of first and second order derivatives by using Newton-Gregory forward and
backward difference formulae.
8. Determination of first and second order derivatives by using Gauss forward and backward
difference formulae.
9. Determination of first and second order derivatives by using Newton’s divided difference formula.
10. Numerical Integration by using Trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s 1/3rd, Simpson’s 3/8th rule and
Weddle’s rule.

III. References
1. H. C. Saxena: Finite Differences and Numerical Analysis, S. Chand and Company, New Delhi.
2. P. P. Gupta, G. S. Malik & Sanjay Gupta: Calculus of Finite Differences and Numerical Analysis,
Krishna Prakashan Media(P) Ltd., Meerut(UP), India.
3. S. S. Sastry: Introductory Methods Numerical Analysis, Prentice- Hall of India.
4. C. F. Gerald and P. O. Wheatley: Applied Numerical Analysis, Addison- Wesley, 1998.

IV. Suggested Co-curricular Activities:

1. Training of students by related industrial experts
2. Assignments including technical assignments if any.
3. Seminars, Group Discussions, Quiz, Debates etc on related topics.
4. Preparation of audio and videos on tools of diagrammatic and graphical representations.
5. Collection of material/figures/photos/author photoes of related topics.
6. Invited lectures and presentations of stalwarts to those topics.
7. Visits/field trips of firms, research organizations etc.
 SEMESTER-V
COURSE 5: APPLIED STATISTICS
Theory Credits: 3 3 hrs/week

I. Learning Outcomes
After learning this course, the student will be able to know about
1. Forecasting Techniques and its applications.
2. Interpret and use a range of index numbers commonly used in the business sector.
3. Perform calculations involving simple and weighted index numbers.
4. Understand the basic structure of the Consumer price index and perform calculations involving its
use.
5. Various data collection methods enabling to have a better insight in policy making, planning
andsystematic implementation,
6. Construction and implementation of life tables.
7. Population growth curves, population estimates and projections,
8. Real data implementation of various demographic concepts as outlined above through practical
assignments.

II. Syllabus

Unit – 1: Time Series

Time Series and its components with illustrations, additive, multiplicative and mixed models. Trend –
Estimation of trend by free hand curve method, method of Semi Averages. Determination of trend by
Least squares (Linear trend, parabolic trend only), Moving averages method.

Unit – 2: Seasonal Component

Determination of seasonal indices by Simple Averages method, Ratio to Moving Average, Ratio to
Trend and Link Relative methods, Deseasonalization.

Unit – 3: Index numbers

Concept, construction, problems involved in the construction of index numbers, uses and limitations.
Simple and Weighted index numbers – Various Weighted Aggregate Index numbers, Criterion of a good
index number, Fisher’s ideal index number. Cost of living index number and Wholesale price index
number.

Unit – 4: Vital Statistics

Introduction, definition, and uses of vital statistics, sources of vital statistics. Measures of Mortality
Rates – Crude Death Rate, Specific Death Rate, Standardised Death Rate with different populations and
problems.

Unit – 5:
Life table – Columns, Construction and Uses of Life table, Proofs of life table functions. Measures of
Fertility Rates – Crude Birth Rate, General Fertility Rate, Specific Fertility Rate, Total Fertility Rate.
Measures of population growth – Pearls, Gross Reproduction Rate, Net Reproduction Rate and its
problems.
 SEMESTER-V
COURSE 5: APPLIED STATISTICS
Practical Credits: 1 2 hrs/week

Practical Syllabus

1. Measurement of trend by method of moving averages (odd and even period)

2. Measurement of trend by method of Least squares (linear and parabola)
3. Determination of seasonal indices by method simple averages
4. Determination of seasonal indices by method of Ratio to Moving Averages
5. Determination of seasonal indices by method of Ratio to Trend
6. Determination of seasonal indices by method of Link relatives
7. Computation of simple index numbers.
8. Computation of all weighted index numbers.
9. Computation of reversal tests.
10. Computation of various Mortality rates
11. Computation of various Fertility rates
12. Computation of various Reproduction rates.
13. Construction of Life Table.

III. References
1. Fundamentals of Applied Statistics: V. K. Kapoor & S. C. Gupta.
2. Mukopadhyay, P (2011): Applied Statistics, 2nd ed. Revised reprint, Books and Allied Pvt. Ltd.
3. Brockwell, P.J. and Devis, R.A. (2003): Introduction to Time Series Analysis. Springer.
4. Chatfield, C. (2001): Time Series Forecasting., Chapman & Hall.
5. Srinivasan, K. (1998): Demographic Techniques and Applications. Sage Publications
6. Srivastava O.S. (1983): A Text Book of Demography. Vikas Publishing House.

IV. Suggested Co-curricular Activities:

1. Training of students by related industrial experts
2. Assignments including technical assignments if any.
3. Seminars, Group Discussions, Quiz, Debates etc on related topics.
4. Preparation of audio and videos on tools of diagrammatic and graphical representations.
5. Collection of material/figures/photos/author photoes of related topics.
6. Invited lectures and presentations of stalwarts to those topics.
7. Visits/field trips of firms, research organizations etc.
 SEMESTER-V
COURSE 6: COMPUTATIONAL STATISTICS AND R PROGRAMMING
Theory Credits: 3 3 hrs/week

I. Learning Outcomes
After learning this course the student will be able
1. Be comfortable using commercial and open source tools such as the R language and its associated libraries for
data analytics and visualization.
2. Learn skills to analyze real time problems using R
3. Able to use basic R data structures in loading, cleaning the data and preprocessing the data.
4. Able to do the exploratory data analysis on real time datasets
5. Able to understand and implement Linear Regression
6. Able to understand and use - lists, vectors, matrices, data frames, etc

II. Syllabus

Unit – 1: Computer basics

Basic applications of computer, components of computer system, Central Processing Unit (CPU), input
and output units, computer memory and mass storage devices. Programming languages and their
applications. Concept of files and folders. Software and types of software. Operating System like
Windows and Linux.

Unit – 2: Data processing

Data processing using spreadsheets – Data entry and editing features in Excel, copy, paste, paste special
options, sort and filter options, auto sum, steps of finding average and standard deviation of data using
statistical functions. Matrix operations like transpose, multiply and inverse using Excel functions.
Simple graphs like bar chart, line chart and pie chart in Excel. Exporting Excel output to word processers
like MS-Word and slide presentations like Power Point.

Unit – 3:
Scatter diagram, fitting of straight line, polynomial and power curves using Excel – Reading R-square
value and equation from the graph. Predicting future values using ‘forecast’ and ‘trend’ functions. Data
Analysis Pak and its features. Performing Student’s t-test and one- way Analysis of Variance using Data
Analysis Pak. P-value and its interpretation.

Unit – 4: R Programming
Introduction to R, Features of R – Environment – R Studio. Basics of R-Assignment - Modes - Operators
- special numbers - Logical values - Basic Functions - R help functions - R Data Structures - Control
Structures. Vectors: Definition- Declaration - Generating - Indexing - Naming - Adding & Removing
elements - Operations on Vectors - Recycling - Special Operators - Vectorized if- then else-Vector
Equality – Functions for vectors - Missing values - NULL values - Filtering & Subsetting.

Unit – 5:
Matrices - Creating Matrices, Adding or Removing rows/columns, Operations. Creating Data Frames,
Naming, Accessing, Adding, and Removing, Applying Special functions to Data Frames, Merging Data
Frames Factors and Tables.
Exploratory Data Analysis – Descriptive Statistics – Central Tendency - Variability - Mean - Median -
Range - Variance - Summary - Handling Missing values and Outliers - Normalization Data Visualization
in R : Types of visualizations - packages for visualizations - Basic Visualizations, Advanced
Visualizations and Creating 3D plots.
 SEMESTER-V
COURSE 6: COMPUTATIONAL STATISTICS AND R PROGRAMMING
Practical Credits: 1 2 hrs/week

Practical Syllabus

1. Installing R and R studio

2. Create a folder DS_R and make it a working directory. Display the current working directory
3. installing the "ggplot2", "caTools", "CART" packages
4. load the packages "ggplot2", "caTools".
5. Basic operations in r
6. Working with Vectors:
a) Create a vector v1 with elements 1 to 20.
b) Add 2 to every element of the vector v1.
c) Divide every element in v1 by 5.
d) Create a vector v2 with elements from 21 to 30. Now add v1 to v2.
7. Using the data present in the table given below, create a Matrix "M"
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
C1 0 12 13 8 20
C2 12 0 15 28 88
C3 13 15 0 6 9
C4 8 28 6 0 33
C5 20 88 9 33 0
Find the pairs of cities with shortest distance.
8. Consider the following marks scored by the 6 students
Section Student M1 M2 M3
A 1 46 54 45
A 2 34 55 55
A 3 56 66 64
B 1 43 44 45
B 2 67 76 78
B 3 76 68 37
a) create a data structure for the above data and store in proper positions with proper names
b) display the marks and totals for all students
c) Display the highest total marks in each section.
d) Add a new subject and fill it with marks for 2 sections.
9. Three people denoted by P1, P2, P3 intend to buy some rolls, buns, cakes and bread. Each of
them needs these commodities in differing amounts and can buy them in two shops S1, S2.
The individual prices and desired quantities of the commodities are given in the following
table

Price
S1 S2 Demand.quantity
Roll 1.5 1 Roll Bun Cake Bread
Bun 2 2.5 P1 6 5 3 1
Cake 5 4.5 P2 3 6 3 2
Bread 16 17 P3 3 4 3 1

a) Create matrices for above information with row names and col names.
b) Display the demand. quantity and price matrices
c) Find the total amount to be spent by each person for their requirements in each shop
d) Suggest a shop for each person to buy the products which is minimal.
 10. Applying summary() to find the mean, median, standard deviation, etc
11. Implementation of Visualizations - Bar, Histogram, Box, Line, scatter plot, etc.

III. References

1. Chambers, J. (2008). Software for Data Analysis: Programming with R, Springer.

2. Crawley, M.J. (2017). The R Book, John Wiley & Sons.
3. Matloff, N. (2011). The Art of R Programming, No Starch Press, Inc.
4. Dr. Mark Gardener(2012): Beginning R The statistical Programming Languages, John Wiley &
Sons.
5. Sudha G. Purohit, SharadD.Gore, and ShailajaR.Deshmukh (2008), Statistics Using R, Narosa
Publishing House, India.
6. Mark Gardener, “Beginning R - The Statistical Programming Language”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
2012.
7. W. N. Venables, D. M. Smith and the R Core Team, “An Introduction to R”, 2013.
8. Nathan Yau, “Visualize This: The Flowing Data Guide to Design, Visualization, and Statistics”,
Wiley, 2011.
9. Nina Zumel, John Mount, “Practical Data Science with R”, Manning Publications, 2014.

IV. Suggested Co-curricular Activities:

1. Training of students by related industrial experts

2. Assignments including technical assignments if any.
3. Seminars, Group Discussions, Quiz, Debates etc on related topics.
4. Preparation of audio and videos on tools of diagrammatic and graphical representations.
5. Collection of material/figures/photos/author photoes of related topics.
6. Invited lectures and presentations of stalwarts to those topics.
7. Visits/field trips of firms, research organizations etc.