Chaptes — 2 Ac Fundamentals & J An Electsic Current is Flow of Free electrons In a wire ov Conducting material, Basically these are “boo bypes of Current 2-' DAC. CAltesnating Current) 2) Dic. CDirect Cuyrenk ) i _ i Define Ac. Quantity — 2 Mark ——_ DNefination i- lee An_ Alternating quantity is an Electrical quantity “that Changes ibs magnitucee as well as olivrection with comes pect to time. AC Guantity - : jf Voltage or 4 Current © a 360" 7é Came y le— One Cycle? —s} i £igay AC quantidy waveform . As shown jn above #99:C4), AC quantity that iS -AC Voltage of AC Cuswent Changes it Magnitucle as well as direction AC quantity has posite half portion From 0’ + lac and negative half powtion frm 8 '€o' to 360° with wespect -to +4 Mack “et —s Pawamebarce | AC Supply or quankity] DC Supely ov Juantity >» Waveresn Mirage DC ve ltage. lav ._} ee wot . : tage. A 3 Eb ~ RR CF _ _ CAltexnating Curemb)| CDPrect Curent) - — DDefinkbien| Tt Ss electyica) Db is electotcaf quanti by that Changes quantity that has magnitude as well as constant magnitude oo its clfwrection with P82 Changing Magnitude _ wetpect to time. but Its livection olees Mot Changes. ? Vse of _ Possible Not Posssble. ransformks ‘ “ \Genevation | Easy to gener Diffeult +o genevrate. F supply : Design dF | Easy to Design A-C- | Difficule bo Design yachines Machines DC Machines - Aer licadions| AC Motows fluorescent |DC Mmetors , LED Lights FSupphtin | Tube, Refvigerator uxe| Electronic equipments. ) Sour ce AC Genesatov Solqx PV Cell, E supply lead acid Battery, Dry Cl etc.(roel Ss) Waite Advantages of AC Supply ovew DC! What ave the advantages of AC over Dc. AC Voltage can be Incweased ot clecreased easily by using boransformes Generation of AC Supply *S easy using AC Genesator, BD Lawge Capacity here (High Wattage) | AC generates Can pe used: 4) Design of AC machines fs easy 7 5) Cost of AC Meters, generatows and 4— appliances are low . Swrtch gear and protection of AC suppy §S@asy. and jts eguipments Fre less Costly - i : IN | @. | Define +- IS Waveform 2) cycle > 47 3) Trme fesiod 4) Frequenty ach» |S) Angulae velocity. 6) Amplitude | — >| D form factor 7 ® Peak face. y Waveform 28> — a A waveform iS a geaphica) representatior 4 || of -a signal With wespect to time. AN | ae @ [. (hime) 0 £ Fiala) AC waveform 1 9CD) DC wavefoon ,arr a DI Cy cre s- Dn Ac Waveform, One cycle Consists of half postive portion and halk negative powtion a One Cycle = 27 = 360° cuvy > One cyder — fe-TS Fmepenjod 7 of TD DB Time fexiod: - CT) 3 Yo Timé -baken by an ahernating quantity ‘e te one Ci $8 Called aS Ty period. = ae fe Zt is denoted by T and itis measysed jn Second. — Unit is Second: 45 Frequenup Mal - 7 J Frequency is ole Erne al as fe the, Number of Cycles Completed by an alternating guaqntity in One second”? Number of cycles : ila second | arte CHe?) =Unit oF Frequency 7~ FF ;[Ss ) ew = Relation between Freguenyy &/ time pers oo , Frequency : - “Cycles “Second, 7 t = (seconds) . 7 —eyele —~ Tp od i T = S| Ampirtuck 8- (Vm) i> he Maximum Value ow Peak Value of an AC quantity fs called |_as amplitude. t Fumpli tude 4 A | PR ee VE ; |S - 4 j Angular Velocity 27 CW) 7. The Angular velocity is the wate of Change of angle wt with wespect _ to “bime. w= 2ICF +t Unit of Wis t wad /Se€c(Peconel 6) (Date RMS Value oa “RMS Value = (0:F0F)xC Peak Value) 1) RMS Voltage 1 - News = 0+F0% X Vn OT Vig Meewas = _ rary DH) RMS Cavrent :- ie = OFFOF Ly SNS OK Lr { Z — —Loms—= Average Val ue in _ Average Value = (0637) Cheak Value) n Average y valeage = 0:63% X Vm Vavgy | i) Avewage, Current ft avg = 0-637 X Vm(revel) (Dats Form factes 1- CK) E+ js watio of «ms value the avevage Value PF gn ac quantity. Fosm factos = 7Ms Value : Average Value I) form factor oF Cuvsent :- Ke — TMs Cuvrent Average Current Ti) Ferm Factos of Veltage 2 = kk _ wTms Voltage F Prevage vottage - Nesmally the value of forimtfactex fo AC Sinewave SS [+I | Peak feictor or (Ores factes 3- 7 Le is tatio of Peak value +2 the wms value of an AC quantity- Peak fa cto Ke = (rex: ca omg te = ke _ Max Valve TF ems value _ a Kp COVED XCM Value) Cums value) Ke aJSo _ —*| Representation of AC Juantity 1 > Graphical sepvesentation 2) Mathematical wepresentation. B) Phasor wepres entation +$ Greaphi cat wepresentation of AC Veltage qnod AC Current 2 ae 9 ED [ C a * [+ TZ ale wv A — - Frgcg) AC voltage Arg (b) AC Cutrent ee |_ Mathematt cal Representation of AC Snstantqneous Voltage ond. Arexnt?-| so} D_ Voltage = —~ | AC Instantaneous voltage js given by NG = Vm: Sin lot HY AC instantaneous cusrent is given by DCE = Typ Sinwt Where, vo = 27CF — 4Phasoy wepresentation sof AC Vottag @. &turrent i- DB” Phosoe representation Gs useof When there are two os Move cCe quantities are te be weevesented. Fos exqmyle, Phason wepresente Li on phasor cliagram for Voltage e4uations Y= Vint Sin Wt he = Venn sin (we =P ) fs given b - F aceference) __Numer cals ce a bee] TT 3 4P\ oF GN) Ce S| An Altewnating Meltagee 5 5S given by Vi= loo sin Bet £¥no * D_RMS voltage, 1) Max Voltage. ~) i) Fre quency iv) form factory. —~>| Given data + Ve vex Sinwb- Stendard 47+ Joy = 100 volt, | WO = B14 — 4 J ‘) Rms Veltege *- | (itt roratinn WT Nas = 0: F°FX Vm Voms = O-FOF Xloo Verne = FO'F_V 17 Mart: Voltage Vn = 100 Vo --- Bven , Lit) Frequency (F) j= ot r —| Te calculate Frequency We Should know eithex Time pewed CT) or Angular Velocity lw) We ha ve, w= 3)¢ — a FVEN dota ,(Peone] 41) (Osta J f We know Shot “We 2IcFf : | . fee W _ on Zot a reas: ~ | : BIT > 4 fs So Hz _ 7 IV) form Factor 2- L Ts Voltege” T PS Average Vorrage” 7 kk OF - ii €0-63%)X100 he FO-F 7 aa 63°F kp —= 1058S J Ke & bl) - | éM pws - @, An Altesneting cussent is given by, _€guation = 142-14 sin6zet J || Find." D rraximym Value: i) Time pest od - i RMS Value jv) Average value vy) form 'Fattor_' _ _ 4 vi) Peake factor. — > Given dobas- ae b= 42le Sin6zgb(Peceno] J2— cm [= 142-19 Sin€ze€ Com paring with Standava Cava fin b= Ty son we Macimum Value i- Ty = 14214 A Time period Tel F- Weknow that W=62e _-- given. w= PTF 628 =anFf ~ p= 628 fae pes ea ae + Time period =] ze) __ 100 i THD oy Sec _ SSS TL RMS Valae t= a VE, Tame = 0° FOF X Im _ Terps = OF OFEXIFANG aei w') Dems = /90°4¢9 A = : as T WD Avresage Value = : t+ a Lary = 0-63FX Im Taivg = 0637 X 142-15 Tayg = 90°54 A = a ; - 1 “RMS Valve ND Feem Facto! — ke = s (00°49 __ Fe 30-5 ¢ : hep = M1) a as — Moximum value : 4 i) Peab. factor page ae ann 21 4 a 100-43 = kp = P41 4 hepa(Peoena] 17 (oate] J Sis [em a @& | An Attemating voltage ts zeprésented z by V= 50-5 sin(3/¢¢ +30") | Calculate 2- 3) Frequency’ +t.) Amplitude _ tit) Rms = We Sud Phase difference. _| —_—> Given deta, Ve 50-8 sin CBle¢ +30") Comparing With Standard equation Ve Vm: Sin (we +o ) Vasa 50-5 vole Wi= BI4 wad /sec. DD Prequenty 24 Ve tenow phot Wa 200 f W= Bly +. ar, 3 Aven cate F 2 1% = 290 ‘fo = Bly =f a f= 50 Hz 1) Amplitude = Amp! j-tudle. = Peak Value = = Vy yp 5975 Volt(Peona] 15) (7) Rms value s- Vrms = 0°: FOF X Vn v. = O-F OFX 50-5 Fy Ve Se- = S5-FO Volé ee om: _ jv) Phase drflewence ~, Z= 90° Cleacling) tt GG Find: D rms voltage. ‘17D Average voltage a ur) form facto iV) Frequency of of tne waveform shown below *- t oo |Z \ 7. > 4 4 = Yen o-02-—>} sec, Si Given datg t- from above given waveform Vin = 20 Volt Time. perso CT) = 0-02 Sec. Ves = Bo-FoF X20 fos = 14°14 Volt al D RMS voltage Voerms = O-FO# Vin iny Average Value ~~ Vag = 0-637 XK Vm Vovg = O'63F X20 Vavg = 122% 4 Veit ——— == lit) form factor '- kb = RMS voltage. A rrerage: ve ge — 1414 ae Ere 74 Ff ; : — kee = [-}e9g iv) frequency ties f= ! oa ! t Oo. — H f =50Hz Types of AC Load :- There are three tyes of AC: load. 1) Resistive (RD 2) Gey Tnductve CL). 3) Capacitive CC) ‘Land combination of @bove. |Circuit diageam., Waveform , voltage and fod Current gua ti Phasox diagram 75 Shewn below 2- Zi : L y Pure Resistive AC ciecuft !$- FR 7TH VR - = Ae Finwe @D) S t tJ 5 $= Ve Ee Veltage & Crsrent equation 2— For “Pure Resistive AC Circuit 5 voltage, | ama Current both are in phase. VA = Va SIPWE Tr = Im'sinwt Phasos liageam 2 - Fe Va Pure Inductive Circuit J ieee tL : . 4 = Eo Tr Ty au jo 7 AWrssi oe CBE 7 yee L ar) Wh pase" Fos Pure inductive AC CPreupe 5 Cusrent Lags Voltage by 30°(Pore 8) (om) TT U Voltage, KK current 9 yoko ae VS eae Tes ty sinCwt-J0°) fhoasox diagram ae Ve T (" = [_ Te ca T —| Enductive Reactence - % = 270FL Cuwrent. Ty = VM Xe _ Dl Pure Capacitive Ac Ciwecuit 2- . = iG in ZA eT i ae VeVip'Sinwt 1 Cc Ve a Fp NG L [wv tL " oat c — Usitage & Current Speakon te Vez We ‘Sin wt Te =Dy sinCwt+g9e’ ) 2s (Pegeno] 15) Phases ofiagram 7 “Fe a 90° L/ > Ve Capacitive Reactane :— Ne __/ — 27efe __ Current op | = Vo. a Xe : Empecdance Triangle i= DFow serves R-L Crrcurk 3- ‘ = oarFh o ZE x,. L = OF. sb Foemdhis triangie. R by Pythagoras Fhesvem, Ze REF RE z= SREP cosp= A _ 7 Current LT =— Powes +75 angle, * Active fowes R= VIE Cose Reactive Powers R= Virsing Pppasant fPowes S= Vit Ss.» era! 5 o Sa{P=ge > =(ow[ TT J == HR Sesies R-L civeurt. 2- _ _ x [ z i mK z ji . _ VeMadinw & @3 3 . ae Wo [ . | 3 yt a Ld Current Legs by angle ge _ | * | Phasow diagear 2. Foo Resistance %— wer ‘| = > vp Vee ER 2 For Snduetance t= ANVE Ve= DE Xe bee SFR Za Rerye Ime olan ce 5 4 at x — | oe. Cusrent | where, Vz eye(apm ZT) Numer caf [to AQ) Calculate 5) 2 NL mn) Va P iv) Vi y) Phase angle and draw ve tage “triangle foe athe ciscusyt Shawn below: + nde tL . REP = se | =f L 3 | 100V , 50Hz SP Given olate!- Surpdly Voltage = [00 Volt Ff=5oHz Resistance R= e-~ Mnduchve Reactance % = 6 ij) Em pedance CZ) 3- Za Roe Za Serpee — Z= foo Z= 10. i) Current) t- _ r= NV a = joo as a= Lo 7 2 ———= Hoy yy jy(Festa 27 i). C Ve lbage, acress inductance ) t- | Vee = Xe y ; 7 | Wir loxé = q eset VI G0 Volt | aan it) Veltage across Resjstince (Ve) Vea = TR Ne-= 10% @ & Ve_= 80 Voit IV) Phoge angle # Zz re Cosg= R ae = RK ts P= CoslR) Z a, _ PB = Cos! (_&° t 16 ) = J (0-8 $ cos ( D) G = 3BF-8F"Chaptes Ne. > Polyphase AC Circuits feel 22 Trvodu Chien 1 Fer Domestic lead and home appliances we use Single phase AC Supply ef 230V.- It has one phase wire ancl one neutra) wire ‘ % But This supply is not Sufficient for Tnductwies Commescial building and big |_-farsms Where there js lead is of High Wattage and number of lights fans anol appliances axe large. _Tyn such a case we use three phase ALC supply In Three phase AC Supply “there are “three live wites , that is phases therefore ft is Called! as 3-phase AC Supply. ~ Three Phace AC waveform v To generate S-phase AC Supply B-phase Ac genevatoy is used: Three .asmatu re windings placeel ak 120° electwical each are Used te generate @-phase AC Supply Voltage. . Zt 7 The voltage induced Cgenerated) jn each phase wineling are of Same Frequently and _ Same maximum Value lout they are elisplaced by d20° away. Feom each othe, Lie| the “Three phases Are Colde-b 08 serially Called, , as: R-phase’, Y-phase and B- phase Rephase yornase ~B- Phase - i fs Shown In above waveform 5 Ro phase Stents Frm 0° Y- phase _staxts from 120° | B- phase stacts from 240° But, the maximum value Vm ind Freq uenty | of ear each phase {5 seme always Same= Macthemati cally we Con write as Vp = Vy Sin WE we Vm sin (wt—120") Ve Vy = Vm: Sin Cwt 240°) oT VB = Vm Sin CWE +120") B-phase Phasos diagram for all B-proltages Vare. gr clraw2n AS shown fn ig Cb)es 1 4”) —|lw-ie Q. || state fur advantages of Polyphase crrcure Oves Single. Phase Civcurt Do { Q&-|| state advantages of S-phase Gorn ove. a Single. phase Sueely. — >| _ ali ! More. “Output Powes 2 Fow the same __ __||_ wating of machine , the qutpult of polyphase le ox B-phase is always higher “than single am phase machine. ae 1 | 2y| sizeof machines 1- For producing: the Same output powet, i the size of 3-phase machines js always Smaliex than that of single phase Machines: _ 3 Constant Power Output ei The powee delivered by a S~phase supply js constant and that of 4-phase Supply iS oscillating. » Smalles Conductos ceoss Section 27 Fow given J powes, the cress section area of conductor i s c te Coppers is qlways smalier as compared 4- phase. magnetic frejd 2- B-phase supply produces rotating maqnetic fiefd but 1~ phase Suppiy preducese ¢ pulsating magnetic field:(roel ZS) (oxte] J J 8) Powers handling ~ ‘Capacity 3 Powers handing | _ Capacity of 3- phase Sy, tem is 3 times _ oF: cower handling Capacity of A-~phase system. | =| 4- phase power P= “Vp, C089 te || 3 phase Powes P= S-Vph Ten: cosp. | : : = 4 a: Compare A-~Phase and B-phase_ FC Supply . a a: compare 1-phase and 3-phase System . D e Single. Phase Three phase Voltage Lew C230 V) High C4Isv ov 44ov) y Powe P= Vpn TpniCose P= SB: Ven’ Tey: Cosg C Low powesd) CHigh power) : - + 5)| Condietow Mave Laxgee smallew COs seo OT v apea | T DF ie Lawrqe Smal) Ee palace, Samed] powes ie _ — | S| PowerdFactes | Low High - ; | 5) cosd Lew Somewhat high. ae a Aero Domest?c 5 Low B-phase Induction motor, | _| usa e wattage applignces Tndust Bal, commercial a t 5 ~ appli cationsfeel 2 Types of B-phase Connection =~ Depending upon type of usre connection Che way of connection) » there ave. Three types af connection . Stare connection Star Connection with neutkraS connection De lta Connection. Stax comnection i- 4 [® - — ee 6 “\Y : Cs | DI stav connection with neutral Connection i- tRO a j 3 - ee IN neutral wive _| wal Py ns TB Delta Comection = ge -— t ee Be aae {oe] Sousce: and lowe connection 7- 4 \ || 1+phase Supply source and_Load 7 230V Load BOY 6 a: ; }— ae fig-(a)_Arphase Supply Source and Load S phase Supply Source “and. 3 -phase Load 1 | _ Je le | @ - £4 CED 415 N N_ Star-connection Bore wth neuteas PR Os | __J jl By B= prase supply source & S-phase Load %- Delta “Connection _ EDKeels Relation between Phase voltage Line voltage and Phase cusentEu Line current A} tar Connection Tph= I, ak x Veh N a NOV, __€& Cy — _ Veh —> Phase Voltage, Mi Line voltage Veh -Phase Voltage TS measured between one phase and ‘neutral 2". Np = Vey = Veypy = Vent _ Phase voltage is Novwematy Neh = 230 Volk , Vi Line voltage: is measured between Ewo phases. J Ms Vey = We = Vea ¢. Line vettage 5S V3 times of Phase Ve eget. - V= N3 ‘Vpn. Newialig VS tS votes -—| Tn Ster Comecti.on phase. Cums ent ano Line current both: are Same. é : = De = Ten = Tp = Ty=Te = : ~ “Dera Connection iL q om? 4 1 | Oe £ L a Ind Veh > phase Veo ltage Via Line _valtge | En clelta connection phase voltage qnd Line Voltage both are Same . ph = Vi = Vey = VWya= Vas - = Current > The current going in_one phase iS Known as phase turrent. _ Tpp= Te = ty = Te =| Line cymsent Flows between 00 preset | t= Tey = yp =—tre =| Line curren’ Ts _given by E_=V3 Ten,PageNo.| SI Smpare Stov-clelta cannie eho R Q “Siew Connectien Delta eaoneeaes N\ [why of BR rT. Cobnection Sg NN a > ‘ | 2S Wreltege Wea VS Vpn. Viz Ven Relation 7 > [Curent | Ty = Ten ZL= VS Toh Relation | | 2 AY |Na@ubvol | Can be Connected Can not be connected, fre : a(Peoene] 32) Nure vicals ty (Dato | S18, 6M Qi A Balanced B-phase stax Connected Load _Consists of three wesistances of fout ohm _ each. Connected fo 400V, e-phase, Sohe ACS Find: 5) Ph Phage voltage DY Phase Current iN Line Cuswent iv) Power consumed, —. Given data! VL= FOO Volt Stav Connection f = 50Hz Re 4h ] ve a a | 2 “a = 4Go0V 1) Phase voltage 1 - - |__ Vey = Ve ' v3 Vpn 400 oo V3 _ Ven = 230-54 Velb | | aS Phase Curent !- | To, = Vth [ / Ron ph = 2 2°°5FPageNo.) 33 [oate a + in) Line dureenk i- s - Tn sStae. Connection Line cursenk | and, phase current both aoe 2aual J “y= Teh | «Tp =, 573K | : [| Lv) Power consumeel !- PES Un Tp corp Where Cospd = KR aoe a | Fee circuit having only Resistonce Xi=0 oe ZR cosh ae = _ t _ J P= BRK230:9% X SF-FAX J ZZ | P= 39556-4959 Wat Ee : ah a _bm \I- 18 Ql Three fmpedances each of lo Resistance | and SB 5-2 Fnductive reactance. in series, ave Connected $n stay across | a S-Phase ,400v, SoWz . AC-Supply _ _ Detenmine 3) Phase current i) Cine Current rr) Powers Factor TW) Toted Power Th Given olata 1 _ Re lo Xe = 5% - im NL= foovV f= S0Hza _ R E | pee p a ~ _ gor V, = 400V a 5a to =F cae Tmpecance Can be Calenlabed a5, Ze [pele Phase vVelkage Veh = VE J3 _ a (RAFX2 ze fptpet 2= 125 Ven = te Von =230-94V 7 1) Phase Curent Ipn = VehPageNo.| 35 (Date J - tT. 230-94 z = pn Ae on e — i, A _ Ter = 20057 t Dae eae Ty Stave Connection Line current and + Phase current both awe equal . ae Tph 7 tp = 205% A = ‘th Power factor :- ~ CesG= R Za CosG = 10 | Wee 4 —— Cosg = 0:9835 Lag. a sv) Tote) Powes |: (PEE Veh ‘Ton,' cose 4 P= BX23094X20-5FX 0-9939 4 gs 1402 1-86 Watts ——Ree] 22 a> Three -wesistances of €ach 20-2 are = _ ennected in delta across 9 B-phase, | HOV, Bore AC Supply . 7 [_ Etnd :- i) phase Current 11) Line Grovent iY Powev Consumed , — >| Given dada '- R= 20-2 Ves 440 f= 5eHz } [acca A ec t same Qo “3 ViFam Qo ANA a B Fox odlelta Connection Line Vo ltaae, and Phase voltage beth are €qual VL= Veh May = #70 V i) Phase cuvrent Tph= Ven . : Ten = 476 : 2o. Tp = 22 A iD) Line auerent me Z= VS'Den Te fe X22 Dy = S815 A ——__.Page Nol + SF (Date: fi Powes Consumed |- P= B Won Tgp Cos o_ — Fee circuit having Resssiqnce only Power factss =Cosp = | P= BSXFFOXZEX) P_= 25040 Watts Pitts |Chapvev No Magnetic Circurts ~ ee — * || Thtroduction +- _ 7 Magnetic Crrcujes ts the study oF magnetism, _{ The Magnetic efhect pf Electric Grwent | Qnd fts applications are Studied jn ‘the | magnetic Cireurts. = here are _alifferent effects of flow of Carrrent_| Such as heating effect, Chemica) effect y Wghting effect 5 electastatic effect and _|| magnetic effect ete, Ouk_of “this effects , magnetic effect of _ Electyfe_cutrent iS mast et jmpostant 'n evolution of electrical fietd- This magnetic effect jc used 7M electaicod seransfFosmexc and motos etc. Generate __ ¥ | Magnet t _ _ Magnet ts _a_plece of Solid substance ty of attracting _ that exhibits a propert Smallt_pieces of jon 5 Steef and seselt. ut * I Tyres. of Magnets :- L Permanent or Natural Magnet \ B Electrom aqnet _ 7 NL Permanent ov Natural Magnet > — | “This type oF, magnets iS naturally ~found. 1Electromagnet - Thy Electwmagnet is mace by consi ing the. _ maqnetic effect of electric cutrent. AS Shown in FrqCa) below , Electromaqnet 1S -foomediby wounding Coppes wire 60 A precerof iron os magnetic material. Copper coil | { | [ZL — Magnetic material \, C jron Cove) “DC Supply figCa) Electoomaqnet. As Shewn in n £y9(a). Above When cumrent is fessecl_ though Coi/ » then magnetic Feld gets developed and -he coi! Stark geting as. electromagnet A Deine t— 1 Magnetic rel Dmagnetic Flux(p) 3) magnetic Eticc Dene $ Magnetic fi'elel strength cH) femerrak: A Pesrm eabili byMagnetic field =: The maqnetic fred \i sgledined as as the, wegion Near a magnet Within) which the effect ox influence of magnet fs felt. ions ' 1 The presence of magnetic Eididbean be tested by using a simple compasmneedle Or by using anothers magnet. = Magnelt Flax lines =) Magnetic ele) ( aren. CSS Magnetic field area Magnetic Flux C¥) 2 “The Magnetic flue is defined as the totas number of lines oF force in A_ magnetic field Et is measured in. Weber & derioted by 6 Magnetic Flux clensity CB) ?- : CAL). The watia of Magnetic flux lens ty (2) ina pevticulay medium Cothey -than Vaccum oF ait) to the magetrc Freld -Strengt>CH) | | is defined as the Absolute pewmeab) ITt,(U) + Absolute Permeab) iby yo 8 = {| al Unib BF L js Henry per meter. Permegbi lity of (pmeeeare tore Vaccum (Ly) ZF the ‘medium: in which magnet is kept JS aie ow Vactum then the watio of £lux density @) -t6 >the Freld strength CH) 5s calleo as the permeability of Pree spade ree vec. fae DE ts denoted by U, Se Dts ung, is Henvy/meter _ | The value of Yo TS, oe = = 4mRxio?® H/yy _ ur bose ay is Co. _ alanRelative Pesmeabsirty (Hr) + The relative pesmeability is defined as ‘the ratio of flux dlensity jn a pesiculat meclium producecl by a magnet te the flux density In_aisy ov vaccum by “the Same magnet under -the identical __epewating Cond ions : = 6 - comae ramen Where, 6 = Flux clensity Ina medium Bo= Flux density in air — He has Ne Unftt — Expression fos -L CAbsolute Pesmenby lity’) ‘- B : AB aL ae Tar 7 ee SE ; ; Absolute Rewmest bil 7 Sie YM = Ae’ Me 7 ; _ oy Ths ts required expression Far the. eecmea bility of a_meclrum jn bewms of relative, persmeahiliby and pesmeabilit of the free Spack as vacum oo ale,(Peoena] 4 (oato] oe EF lun: denss-by CB) Can be writen at B= un B=LkobMeH Magneto Motive Farce (MME) i Lt is defined as the force 4 | 1 | | | a + wesponsible for the ‘flow of flux ot generation of flux. Unit of MmF_is AT. (Ampere Turn ) Mathematically MME TS gren_b Pak = NXE Ampere Suen. ae Where, N= Numbes of tysns of coil T= Current thrugh Coil Reluctence $= CS) t- -to the flew of. Flux tn a matesfal, Reluctance is cleftned as the epposi ton Relu. is Ss “TA TS Similar to” the. .wesistynce te the Llour of Clecty ic Cusrent- Reluctance S:= KL _ A Where, k= Grstont of proportionality Km eh a Length, of Magrotic Preust im mi Az grea of CKESS” vechion fr me(Dete J —|_ Unie of Reluctance is Ampere /webex oF + Syvemens. a Reluetance Can also be olefined. as | the ratio of Maqnetome tive Force Come) to the flux (8) - og MMF a Flu | Relueteune ES eee 2. = - mM Permeance 4- E iL : T+ is wecipvoca) of weluctance. S Pewmean ce = 1 _ .* Reluctance. It is propesty! of magqnebic Material 2 fe’ allow “the Flour rof Flux.* || Magnetic circuit 2- J A_magnetic circuit is defined a the path felleweol by the magnedrc diner of -force je. Flux: | St Magnetic circuit 3s ap closed pot, al in which Flyz [ines Flo OWS os passes ee c s— |. he Cot} " IE FY Cove / | i nee 1 ums FPP ap wears tenets orf, | supply T _ so CET LY Cross Section area CX) Fig Ca) Magnetic circuit Flux B oa | AC LL geet) \\\e— FrOn ag oe eae Ny : f - je Pitan Length of ean Supply ring C4) #4 (b) Pagnebic circudt =| As shown jn above yC4) & AigCb) , When a Col) with N number ee tums | | and 4 current with & Ampexe flows, then A magnetic flux of @ fs Produced in the Fron core os jxon reing “that Competes jis pecth and Flows 8’ Foreuyn' he. Fron Cove & % ny,eens (Date J = = = 7 4 Com parison of Magnetic and_elechsc - 4 Crreuft '- : 1 a fluc gp, Current FT + : SE Z + = > 7 —_ _ are , | + Ly \ 7 Resistane@ [To pramr | + et NE r + + toot = . Reluctance _| Fred) Magnetic Clreuit Fy Cb) Blecte cimcult Flux <—> Cuvrent MMF — = EMF Reluctance ——> Resistance 1 ae sen Electric civeuit Magnetic ciecutt _ NN |Current - Flew of Flux- Flax is lines of aL Electrons through conductes| Fosce through a medium is Current. Bt is measured from N pole +0, -S pole. in Ampere Tt is mecsured fn’Weber- [soa Emes- pt is desving | PIMPS De ts ofeiving 4 og { |-force fos Cuerent « fosce for flux Pe js measured in Volts measured in Amp. tuens Ta ® Resistene(R).~ Reluctance 3+ Lt fs opposition te the TL _fS_epposi-on ato + tthe Flow oF Current Flow oF Flux, ofFertol by in _Q Conductot, Magnetic Path . é DE TS Measured in Measure ct 7p Om CL) IPage to. Det 4B Electc civeuit Magnetic circuit > AY| Resistance js diwectly |[pReluctateantgoalatecty! prepertiona) te length of | ppppartiondli to He Aength | se Conductor bof magnetic path | Resistance is fnversly | Reluctance is jnversedly | - Prepottional be the Cyress— P22portional to »the Sectional area at Conduct Cress Sectional area of Magnetic path, Rao = A | Rapsdom Oe | VI Resistence g = ¢ 4 Reluctance’S = 4 a ded & DI Electoc Current Flux | _ at = EMF Pe as Resistance. Reluctance P| -Cenductonce = ! Pewmeance = ! 2 Resisian ce Reluctance 7 oe 3) [Current density | Flux density, : C pat Amelie B= Feo yab/me oF a e| Oud nd ™ Electric circuit is Magnetic circurt +S closed Closed path of Cucront path of magnetic Flux. Ru and ker are. The _kinch offs Flux and Ble i “the eClectwical circuits ‘TAME laws gve applicable + to the magnetic cirveult, _| iePermeabi liby of AIS He = GICX aT Henry meter a 5 Foromulae I~ penal 1D) magnetic. Held Strengt, CH) 56 al Magnetic Bete Tabens by CH) ~ + a : : 4 so Ao TA Flux Density 8) | B= Ube Hand _ p= # | eee s ‘ aA Al__Reluctonce CS) a Abe Mes a . a Nx gz AL__Flax B_ _ 1: J‘ Biz Bra whet f= ME - joj yt q |“Ie Numers caf ™- An jven ing 18cm in diameter and lO em? jn Cross Schone area | ics wound with 200 tums, fee Fly | entity “21 whim and’ pewmeabi hi by : 2f S00 Find. F LL » Reluctance of the fron ing i Fluc in -+he rng : ; > MMF equirred foc the Sven tng zi 4) Exciting! Cuerenh. = : Given _olata_!- : A= 15¢m a a = (ES, QO = }ocm™ = joxI1e 7 mr N=200 tums B= 4 wWh/m> 7H = 500 eee » Reluctance of iron wg ! - - Mole A- Where = Length of moynefic path i-€. fron ving. ee i Length of ron ng ta | A=27r = Id ( | v= Tadjus oF wing : ~ A= diqgmeker oF WG : —_— A= wd = IOXISXI* FE XIS X10 4X10 F R500 Kpomk)04ewer sr 15 X107?- FKIOFX SOKO KIO F =: 750/000: AT/wb. [Ss =_7-5x1lo% AT/wb.] A Elwes core _ _ 4 {ttt $f i= Pee Ss a g=BxXO | ZG =/X10K 107 .. as OD PIMF_ f= MME Reluctance MMP = 6 K Reluctance MmFs= BRS. MME = 1X1 S XFS x 10> PME _ = FS. R107 TW) Exciting Uravent NXEU= POMF - eo PIM Fe TSo0 ~~ 290 [H= 8-F5:- Amp | an ON— + fh Coil sf S00 stwenss Wound uni foomally On 9 ie “AVing “ef mean civcumfesence Seem and cress sectional ava of 4p Cn Cosvieg a Current oF AA. fied’ Smmr 2) Field strength 6) Reluctance ww) Fle. take Uy =foo0 Given data! > - _ N=S500 turns Circumference of ming = 4 = Soom je: length of Magnetic circuit += 50x10 *>mM A= Femres 4 yio4 me aa aU 7 ‘LT = | Amp. eral ee Henny [meter DS MMF 2 mMe = Nxt _ MMP =: 00x) Lome = 500, AT) S Field sergth CH) - H= Nxxr * ; _ LT ‘H = 800%): — 50 Kio’ _ ae