UNIT 8:

HIDDEN DRAWING

I. INTRODUCTION
This unit is an extension of Multiview Projections and Isometric Drawing topics. In this section the
following are observed: views that are missing, different views with missing objects such as lines,
or curves, and sectional views of objects with planes passing through it.

II. INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this unit, the students should be able to:

1. Generate a sectional view of a solid from the cutting planes running through it.
2. Examine a given multiview projections of a solid to identify missing lines and the
create an isometric drawing of the same solid.
3. Examine given incomplete multiview projections of a solid to develop the
additional view and then create an isometric drawing of the same solid.

Furthermore, the following essential questions are explored: if a plane is cut through a solid, wat
does it look like? How can we complete an orthographic projection if one of the views is missing,
or one of the views is missing?

III. THEORY AND CONCEPTS

MISSING VIEW: Projecting A Third View

If the missing view to be drawn is either the Top View (with the Front and Side
views given), or the side view (with the Front and Top views given), the techniques
applicable to the construction of Auxiliary views are fully applicable. In the construction of
either of these Missing Views, the line-of-sight (LOS) is fixed at right angle (perpendicular)
to the projection lines between the two given views. Therefore, the projection lines from
the central (nearer) view of the missing view will also be perpendicular to these projection
lines. As in the construction of an auxiliary view, measurement of distances from a
common reference plane will be taken from the adjacent given view and transferred to
the missing view.
If the Missing view to be drawn is the Front View (with Top and Side views given),
the procedure necessary is much simpler and will only require that projection lines from
the top view and from the side view be drawn perpendicular to each other. The
intersection of these projection lines, for each point in the object, determines the location
and position of a particular point in the missing front view.
MISSING LINES
 When three incomplete views of an object are given and missing lines are to be
found in one view only, the technique applicable in the construction of missing views (i.e.,
a principal view is to be constructed from two given principal views) can be used to supply
the missing lines. The missing lines can be located by making projection lines from the
nearest (or central) view and taking measurements of the end-points of these lines of
these lines from the other (or adjacent) view, reckoning such measurements from a
common reference plane.
When three views are given, and missing lines are to be established in more than
one view; then the Rule of Parallelism of Lines must be resorted to; otherwise, a coherent
visualization and methodical analysis of the planes and lines defining the object must be
resorted to. Each plane or surface constituting the object must be meticulously examined
to determine that all sides of each surface are completely defined or are in place. The
orientation of each plane surface is completely defined or are in place. The orientation of
each plane surface shall be determined and visualized, using two adjacent views at a
time. Points, lines, and planes have definite roles in defining an object in space. These
roles conform to the following relationships:
• A plane surface cannot exist by itself; it must be supported by, at least, three other
plane surfaces to form a solid (a tetrahedron).
• A line cannot exist by itself; it must be connected to, at least, two other lines form
the sides of a plane surface. On the other hand, the boundary of two plane surfaces
always forms a straight line (an edge).
• A point cannot exist by itself; it must be connected to, at least, one other point to
form a line in space. Points represent intersection of two or more lines, a corner of
an object, or the point view of a line/edge.
• The sides of a surface always form a closed polygon. A surface bounded by curved
lines may be enclosed by only one line (circle or ellipse). A curved surface may
appear as a flat surface with curved sides in one view, or as a curved surface with
straight sides. In any way, it must show a curved side in, at least, one view given
two or three principal views.
• A plane surface will retain the same general shape (same number of sides) in all
views drawn or will become a straight line (if shown on edge); however, the length
of their sides may become disproportionately foreshortened. A circle may become
an ellipse, or an edge (straight line).
• A surface can either bend nor warp; therefore, all sides of a plane surface will
remain straight lines; and the sides of a curved surface will maintain a continuous
curve with NO breaks nor kinks. A plane surface, therefore, cannot have a line (or
edge) within its normal boundary.
• A line in one view may become a point (in an end view); on the other hand, it may
represent a surface in edge.
• A point may be an intersection of, at least, three plane surfaces; or, it may
represent the point view of an edge. A point in one view may also represent two or
more points that are aligned in that view.
DRAWING SECTIONAL VIEWS:
• Determine line of sight (LOS); and identify all lines and surfaces CUT by the
cutting plane (always shown in EDGE view as a cutting plane line).
• Completely ignore (or forget) all lines and surfaces of the object behind the
cutting plane (everything to the near of the arrows showing LOS).
• Establish a reference plane (RP) line between the two given views, if these
views are adjacent to each other (Top and Front Views, or Front and Side
Views).
• Draw the same reference plane line in the space between the desired location
of the Sectional View and the given Central View *view from which the sectional
will be projected directly).
• Draw projection lines between identical points in the given views, making sure
that all lines are parallel in the given views, making sure that all lines are parallel
to each other are not connecting the same points in the two views. The
reference plane (RP) must always be perpendicular to these projection lines,
wherever it is drawn.
• From all points in the Central View forward of the cutting plane arrows, draw
another set of projection lines parallel to, but opposite in direction of, the line-
of-sight and towards the area where the Sectional View is to be constructed.
These lines shall also be parallel to each other; and the second reference plane
line must be perpendicular to this set of lines.
• Using distances of points from the RP in the Adjacent View, measure along
their respective projection lines, transfer these points (by following their
corresponding projection lines from Adjacent View to Central View, and hence
to Sectional View), one at a time.
• Build the sectional view surface by surface.
• Hidden lines are NOT needed in Sectional Views.
 • Surfaces in contact with the cutting plane are normally section-lined.

SECTIONAL VIEWS:
If a cutting plane is assured to cut through that part of the object that needs to be
analyzed or examined; then, the two parts or halves of the object are imagined to be
drawn apart, exposing the interior construction of the object, a sectional view of that
interior can be drawn. Depending on the line-of-sight (LOS) desired, the imaginary half of
the object which is obstructing the view of the interior is discarded, ignored, or mentally
removed.
The cutting plane is always drawn in the view adjacent to the sectional view (the
central view in this case); and it is shown edge-wise as a line called the “cutting-plane”
line. It is NOT shown in the sectional view itself, although it may be shown as a line in the
other given view. Arrows at the ends of the cutting-plane line indicate the desired direction
of the line-of-sight (LOS).

In visualizing a section, the following guidelines will be useful.

• The sectional view will show, in addition to the cut surfaces, all visible parts behind
the cutting plane. All areas touching the cutting plane shall be section-lined;
except, as cited in Paragraph 11 below.
 • When a surface of the object appears as a line, and is intersected by the cutting
plane, a new edge will appear as a point in that view.
In general, all visible edges and contours behind the cutting plane should be
shown. Sections are used mainly to eliminate hidden-line representations; hence. Hidden
lines are omitted in sectional views, EXCEPT, when their use will save an additional
section view.
A section-lined area is bounded by visible lines only; and a visible line can NOT
cut across a section-lined area.
In a sectional view of a part, the section-lines in all sectioned area must be parallel.
The use of section-lining in opposite directions is an indication of different parts, or
different materials used.

A FULL SECTION is made by passing the cutting plane all-the-way through the
object. The arrows at both ends of the cutting-plane line indicate the direction for the
sectional view. The half of the object *behind* the arrows is only imagined to be removed;
but not actually shown removed, except in the sectional view itself. Those areas that are
directly in contact with the cutting plane are section-lined with thin parallel lines equally
spaced by eye. The visible parts behind the cutting plane are not section-lined.
If the cutting-plane passes only halfway through the object, a Half Section is
created whereby the interior of one-half of the object and the exterior of the other half are
shown. It is used normally for symmetrical objects.
A removed section is NOT positioned in the standard location in the arrangement
of views. HOWEVER, the section retains its normal orientation. It is often made as a
Partial Section and often drawn to an enlarged scale.
When irregular objects are sectioned, it is often necessary to show several features
that do NOT lie in a straight line; thus, a normal straight cutting-plane line is not usable.
However, if the cutting-plane is *offset* or bent, in one or more places, the desired result
can be obtained. The offsets and bends in the cutting-plane are all 90 degrees, but, in the
sectional view, it is imagined to be straight plane.
 Thin objects such as ribs, gear teeth, and other flat objects, are NOT normally
section-lined even if the cutting plane passes right through the object. They can be
section-lined only by using double-spaced section-lines to clarify the section view.

• Aligned Section. If elements which we angled from each other need to be

included, the cutting-plane may be bent to pass through those elements. The plane
and the elements are then imagined to be straightened out into the original straight
plane. The resulting sectional view is therefore without any bend in the cutting-
plane (see below).
• Revolved Section. This sectional view shows the shape of the cross-section of a
bar, an arm, a spoke, or other elongated objects placed across the longitudinal
view of the object. This is made by turning the projection plane of the section
through 90 degrees and making it part of the frontal plane.

If it is necessary to save drafting time and/or drafting paper space, Partial Views may be
made instead of complete views.
IV. ASSESSMENT
Corresponding activities for this section are entitled as:

Plate 8: Hidden Drawings

• Pre-Course Plate
• Course Plate
V. REFERENCES

1. Giesecke, F. E., Mitchell, A., Spencer, H. C., Hill, I. L., Dygdon, J. T., & Novak, J. E. (2003).
Technical Drawing (12th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, pp. 199-
214
2. Barangan, R. S., & Barangan, R. M. (1996). Descriptive Geometry and Technical
Drawing for Engineering Students. Unpublished, pp. 39-42, 47-51.
3. Mehta, J. R. (2009). Engineering Drawing – A Practice Book. New Delhi, India: University
Science Press, pp. 51-53, 55-73.