ELE 324

Telecommunication Theory I

Cenk Toker
Hacettepe University
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 1

Outline of the Course
▪ Introduction
▪ Continuous Wave (CW) Modulation
◦ Amplitude Modulation (AM)
◦ Angle Modulation
◦ Frequency Modulation (FM)
◦ Phase Modulation (PM)

▪ Review of Probability and Random Processes

◦ Noise

▪ Noise in CW (Amplitude + Angle Modulation) Systems

Textbook: Haykin, Communication Systems, Wiley

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 2

Telecommunications
▪ «Tele»communication: communication at a distance (Merriam-Webster)
▪ A sender sends a message to a receiver over a distance.

optical telegraph
◦ Sender: transmitter (Tx)
wikipedia
◦ Receiver (Rx)
◦ Message is unknown at the receiver
◦ Channel: Medium between Tx and Rx
◦ Electromagnetic waves (space)

Smoke signal
◦ Electrical signals (cable)
◦ Optical signals (fiberoptics)
◦ The message must be converted to a form so that it can be conveyed over the medium.
◦ When we use electromagnetic waves, the «signal» conveyed over the channel is in the
form of a sinusoidal signal, named a carrier.

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 3

 Carrier
▪ Why do we use a carrier to send messages over large distances?
▪ Due to Electromagnetic Theory (Antenna Theory), the antenna size is comparable to the wavelength,
▪ Higher frequency (𝑓𝑐 ↑) → shorter wavelength (λ ↓) → smaller antenna size (L ↓) → smaller physical dimensions
▪ More than one message can be sent simultaneously over different frequencies
▪ 𝑚1 𝑡 ~𝑓𝑐,1 , 𝑚2 𝑡 ~𝑓𝑐,2 , etc.

▪ An unmodulated carrier is in the form of a sinusoidal signal:

▪ Message «modulate»s either the amplitude, or the frequency, or the phase angle of the carrier,
(or a combination of these)

FM
AM PM
𝑚(𝑡)

▪ Note that, unless otherwise stated, m(t) represents the message, c(t) represents the carrier, s(t)
represents the modulated signal.

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 4

Modulation
(amplitude sensitivity)
▪Amplitude Modulation (AM)
◦ AM
◦ Double Sideband – Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)
◦ Vestigial Sideband (VSB)
◦ Single Sideband (SSB)
◦ (Upper Sideband (USB), Lower Sideband (LSB))

(frequency sensitivity)
▪ Frequency Modulation (FM)

▪ Phase Modulation (PM)

(phase sensitivity)

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 5

Amplitude Modulation and its variants
▪ Amplitude Modulation:
◦ AM is easy to generate and demodulate
◦ Simple mixer at the Tx, basic envelope detector at the Rx
◦ AM may suffer from overmodulation.
◦ Energy inefficient
◦ Highest efficiency 30%, most of the energy is wasted to transmit the carrier
◦ Bandwidth inefficient
◦ If the bandwidth of m(t) is W, the bandwidth of s(t) is 2W.

▪Double SideBand – Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)

◦ Carrier is not transmitted → better energy efficiency
◦ More complex demodulator
◦ Coherent receiver must be used
◦ Does not suffer from overmodulation
◦ Bandwidth inefficient
◦ Still requires 2W.

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 6

Amplitude Modulation and its variants
▪ Vestigial SideBand (VSB)
▪ Single SideBand (SSB) - (Upper Sideband (USB), Lower Sideband (LSB))

▪ We need the Hilbert Transform to study these two.

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 7

Amplitude modulation
▪ Consider a sinusoidal carrier

▪ Let us vary the amplitude of this carrier w.r.t. a message signal

▪ Ac: carrier amplitude

▪ fc: carrier frequency (can be in the order of several hundreds of kHz or more)
▪ m(t): «baseband» message signal of bandwidth W<<fc,
◦ (baseband: relatively lower frequency components close to 0 Hz, e.g. speech signal 20-20.000kHz)
◦ (passband: frequency components at higher frequencies, typically centered around fc).

▪ ka: amplitude sensitivity, typically for all t.

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 8

Amplitude Modulation

▪ Overmodulation may occur if |kam(t)|>1

◦ Phase-reversal happens when |kam(t)|>1
◦ Distorts the envelope of the modulated wave

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 9

Amplitude Modulation
▪ RF spectrum is a scarce and expensive resource. It is important to know the spectral
characteristics of a modulated wave.
▪ Spectrum of a signal can be found by employing Fourier Transform.
▪ Spectrum of an AM wave:

(baseband) (passband)

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 10

Amplitude Modulation
Bandwidth is the
support of a signal
at positive
frequencies.

▪ Two impulses at ±fc, due to the carrier component of s(t)

▪ Baseband spectrum M(f) shifts to ±fc
▪ Negative frequency components of M(f) moves to positive frequencies in S(f)
◦ Note that M(f) MUST be conjugate symmetric since m(t) is a real valued function.
▪ Frequency components for |f|>fc are called upper sideband (USB)
|f|<fc are called lower sideband (LSB)
▪ Baseband bandwidth is W Hz, passband bandwidth is 2W Hz.
▪ fc >> W must be satisfied for a narrowband modulated signal (we will come back to this def.)
◦ If fc < W overlap between sidelobes (aliasing) will occur.

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 11

Example – Single Tone Modulation
▪ Example: Single Tone Modulation
▪ Assume a single tone message signal

▪ This signal is AM modulated

▪ is the modulation index

◦ Determine how much the amplitude deviates from «1».
◦ must be satifies to avoid overmodulation.

▪ Let Amax and Amin denote the max. and min. values of the envelope of s(t)

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 12

 Example – Single Tone Modulation
▪ We can expand s(t) as

▪ Then, the F.T. of s(t) is

▪ Power content:

▪ Useful power (spend to convey message)/Total power

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 13

Exercise
▪ Calculate and plot the F.T. of the following ▪ Euler’s formula is
functions (fc >> f1)

calculate the following by using Euler’s formula

only:

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 14

Switching Modulator
▪ How to practically implement a modulator:
▪ Consider the circuit given below (switching modulator):

▪ m(t): (baseband) message signal, c(t): carrier signal, Ac >> |m(t)|

▪ and,

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 15

Switching Modulator
▪ gT0(t) is a pulse train with period T0=1/fc
▪ The Fourier series representation of gT0=(t) is

then

and

▪ Use a bandpass filter centered at fc with bandwidth 2W to remove the unwanted terms.

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 16

Envelope Detector
▪ Demodulation is the used to recover the message signal, m(t), from the modulated wave, s(t).
▪ Envelope is a simple method to demodulate AM waves. It consists of a diode and an RC filter.
▪ When
◦ s(t)>vout: diode is ON, C is charged to s(t) (Rs is small), vout follows s(t), w.r.t. τ1=RSC
◦ s(t)<vout: diode is OFF, C discharges over RL, vout decays slowly w.r.t. τ2=RLC
(assume diode is ideal.)

▪We want the output voltage to follow the envelope, i.e. (1+kam(t)):
◦ C must charge quickly to reach to the envelope quickly, when diode is ON
τ1=RSC<<(1/fc): small
◦ C must discharge so as to follow the envelope (not too slow or not too fast ???)
(1/fc)<<(τ2=RLC)<<(1/W)
(W: bandwidth of m(t)).

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 17

Virtues, Limitations and Modifications of AM
▪ Virtues:
◦ Easy to generate and demodulate
◦ Cheap to generate and demodulate

▪Limitations:
◦ Waste of power due to the unmodulated carrier, best efficiency is 33%
◦ Waste of bandwidth. A bandwidth of 2W is required for the modulated wave to transmit a message
signal of bandwidth W.

▪Modifications:
◦ DSB-SC: carrier is suppressed-> higher power efficiency
◦ QAM: less power and bandwidth
◦ SSB: less power and bandwidth
◦ VSB: more BW than SSB but less than AM. (Used in analog TV signals).

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 18

Double Sideband – Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)
▪ DSB-SC signal is

▪ The modulated signal goes under a phase reversal each time m(t)<0 !
▪ The Fourier transform of s(t) is

▪ M(f) is translated to ±fc.

▪ DSB-SC requires the same bandwidth as AM, 2W.

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 19

DSB-SC
▪ Example: Single-Tone
▪ Consider
(fm<<fc), then

▪ Fourier transform of s(t) is

No carrier!

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 20

Ring Modulator

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 21

Ring Modulator
▪ x(t) is equal to the product of the message signal, m(t), and a «square» carrier wave, c(t).
▪ The Fourier series representation of c(t) is

Then

▪ To obtain the desired modulated wave, use a BPF centered at fc with a BW of 2W.

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 22

Coherent Detector
▪ If we use the envelope detector to demodulate the DSB-SC wave, serious distortion will ocur
due to frequent phase reversals.
▪ Instead, we use a coherent detector to demodulate DSB-SC

▪ Let the locally created oscillator signal be

◦ (LO and incoming wave may not be phase synchronised, φ)

▪ Then v(t) is

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 23

Coherent Detector

▪ The first term is a modulated wave at 2fc, second terms is the baseband message signal.
▪ Use a LPF (with cut-off frequency W) to filter out the first term

▪ Then

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 24

Coherent Detector
Phase mismatch φ results in

▪Typically a phase difference of φ occurs between LO and the incoming wave s(t) due to the
communication channel, e.g. the distance between the Tx and Rx.
▪ Above analysis shows that phase synchronisation between LO and the incoming wave s(t) is
important.
▪ A phase difference of φ causes attenuation at the output signal vo(t) as cos φ.
▪ A special circuitry is used at the receiver in order the LO to follow the phase of s(t), and obtain
phase synchronism between the Rx and s(t).
▪ HW: Another mismatch is freq. mismatch. Analyse what happens if the LO signal is

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 25

Costas Receiver
▪ Phase synchronisation can be achieved by using the Costas Receiver at the Rx.
▪ A VCO, controlled by a phase discriminator, generates

▪ Assume that VCO has already been locked to fc, so minor

adjustments for phase angle φ are done now.
▪ Two coherent detectors are used in the I-Q channels
◦ Outputs:
Very low
cut-off
y(t) x(t)
LPF X
▪ Phase discriminator consist of a multiplier and a LPF Ksin(2φ)
(1/4)Ac2m2(t)sin(2φ)

▪After LPF

▪VCO adjusts its freq/phase to make φ≈0.

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 26
 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
▪ Observation: cos(2πfct) and sin(2πfct) are orthogonal signals, they do not cause interference to
each other.
▪ Two DSB-SC signals, one with cos(2πfct) and the other with sin(2πfct) carriers can exist together at
the same bandwidth 2W.
▪ This scheme is called Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), or Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing.

Two seperate Two seperate

message signals, DSB demodulators.
m1(t) and m2(t)

Two seperate carriers.

▪ Bandwidth efficiency is twice as compared to DSB-SC.

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 27

QAM – Modulator
▪ Modulated wave is

i.e. Acm1(t) is the in-phase component and -Acm2(t) is the quadrature one.
▪Fourier transform is

Superposition
of M1 and M2.

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 28

QAM – Demodulator
x1 vo,I
▪ I-Channel:

A’c

A’c
x2 vo,Q
▪ After LPF

▪ Similarly, for the Q-channel

▪After LPF

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 29

 QAM
▪ A phase error at the LO will result in interference across the quadrature components.
▪ HW: Find the outputs if LO signal is

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 30

Hilbert Transform
▪ The Hilbert transform shifts the phase angle of a signal by 90°.
▪ Consider a signal g(t) with Fourier transform G(f).
▪ The Hilbert transform of 𝑔 𝑡 is 𝑔ො 𝑡 :

and the inverse Hilbert transform is

▪ Hilbert transform can be considered as a filter whose impulse response is .

▪ Hilbert transform is a linear operation, i.e. for signals 𝑔1 𝑡 and 𝑔2 𝑡 , scalars 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 31

Hilbert Transform
▪ Consider the Fourier transform of the Hilbert transformer

where sgn(f) is the signum operator, i.e.

|H(f)| Phase of H(f)

+90o
1

f -90o f

▪ Remember, . Eventually,

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 32

Hilbert Transform
▪ Example
Consider
Then

which yields

▪ Eventually, the Hilbert transform pairs:

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 33

 Hilbert Transform
▪Example
Consider

Then,

Hence,

HW: Check the inverse Hilbert transform of .

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 34

 Properties of Hilbert Transform
▪ 1. A signal 𝑔 𝑡 and its Hilbert transform 𝑔ො 𝑡 have the same amplitude spectrum

Hence 𝑔 𝑡 and 𝑔ො 𝑡 have the same bandwidth.

▪ 2. If , then

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 35

Properties of Hilbert Transform
▪ 3. 𝑔 𝑡 and 𝑔ො 𝑡 are orthogonal
(Parseval’s theorem)

(g(t) is real -> G(f) Hermitian symmetric)

G(f) is Hermitian symm. → |G(f)| is an even function → above integral is zero. Hence,

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 36

Pre-Envelope
▪ Consider a real valued signal g(t). modulated comm. signals are
bandpass in general!
▪ Pre-envelope of g(t) is defined as

Note that 𝑔+ 𝑡 is complex valued. It can be defined for both lowpass and bandpass signals.
▪ Spectrum?

▪ 𝐺+ 𝑓 gives only the positive frequency part of 𝐺 𝑓 . (multiplied by 2)

|G(f)| |G+(f)|

2G(0)
G(0)

f f
-W W -W W

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 37

Pre-envelope
▪ To calculate the pre-envelope, either
1. Calculate the Hilbert transform of g(t) and

or, 2. first calculate G+(f), then

or, 3. use the complex envelope (we will see it in a few slides)

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 38

Pre-envelope
▪ For negative frequencies:

|G(f)| |G-(f)|

2G(0)
G(0)

f f
-W W -W W

▪ Note that

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 39

 Canonical Representation of Bandpass Signals
▪ A signal g(t) is bandpass (passband) if its Fourier transform G(f) is non-negligible only in a band
of frequencies centered around ± fc .
◦ If g(t) is an AM or DSB-SC signal the bandwidth is 2W.
|G(f)|

|G(fc)|
Signal: 𝐺 𝑓 f

- fc fc
2W 2W
|G+(f)|
2|G(fc)|

Pre-envelope: 𝐺+ 𝑓 f
fc-W fc+W
fc
~
|G(f)|
2|G(fc)|

Complex envelope: 𝐺෨ 𝑓 f
-W W

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 40

 Canonical Representation of Bandpass Signals
▪ Recall that , hence

▪𝑔෤ 𝑡 is the complex envelope (envelope of the complex sinusoid 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ).

▪ In general, 𝑔෤ 𝑡 ∈ ℂ, hence

▪𝑔𝐼 𝑡 , 𝑔𝑄 𝑡 , 𝑎 𝑡 , 𝜙 𝑡 : in-phase and quadrature components of 𝑔 𝑡 ,

▪𝑎 𝑡 , 𝜙 𝑡 : envelope (natural envelope) and phase angle components of 𝑔 𝑡 ,

▪𝑔 𝑡 , 𝑔ො 𝑡 , 𝑔𝐼 𝑡 , 𝑔𝑄 𝑡 , 𝑎 𝑡 , 𝜙 𝑡 ∈ ℝ

▪ 𝑔+ 𝑡 , 𝑔෤ 𝑡 ∈ ℂ
▪ 𝑔 𝑡 , 𝑔ො 𝑡 , 𝑔+ 𝑡 : passband signals (around fc)
▪ 𝑔෤ 𝑡 , 𝑔𝐼 𝑡 , 𝑔𝑄 𝑡 , 𝑎 𝑡 , 𝜙 𝑡 : baseband signals (around 0 Hz, -W ≤ f ≤ W)

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 41

Canonical Representation of Bandpass Signals
▪ From the previous slide:

x1(t)
gI(t) x x LPF gI(t)
cos(2πfct) cos(2πfct)
Osc. Osc.
+ +
+ g(t) g(t) +
-90° -90°
phase - - phase
shifter shifter
sin(2πfct) sin(2πfct)
x2(t)
gQ(t) x x LPF gQ(t)

Transmitter Receiver

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 42

Canonical Representation of Bandpass Signals
▪Recall that

▪1. The pre-envelope (passband, complex)

▪2. The complex envelope (baseband, complex)

▪3. The (natural) envelope (baseband, real)

▪4. The phase angle (baseband, real)

▪5. Conversely,

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 43

Canonical Representation of Bandpass Signals
▪ Example
Consider the rectangular pulse , assume that fcT>>1 so that g(t) is narrowband.

Since fcT>>1
G+(f)

Hence 𝑔(𝑡)
෤

and
and

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 44

Canonical Representation of Bandpass Signals
▪ Example
◦ AM wave

◦ Angle modulated (PM, FM wave)

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 45

 Band-Pass Systems
▪ A narrowband signal x(t), with Fourier transform X(f), can be written as (narrowband: W << fc)

where xI(t) and xQ(t) are respectively the in-phase and quadrature components of x(t).
▪ x(t) is bandlimited to the interval -fc - W ≤ f ≤ -fc + W and fc - W ≤ f ≤ fc + W.
▪ The complex envelope of x(t) is

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 46

 Band-Pass Systems
▪ Let us pass this signal through an LTI system.
▪ The systems is also bandlimited to the interval -fc - B ≤ f ≤ -fc + B and fc - B ≤ f ≤ fc + B where B ≤
W.
▪ The system is narrowband with impulse response (narrowband: B << fc)

with complex envelope

▪ Evetually, we can write x(t) h(t) y(t)

▪ℎ 𝑡 , ℎ𝐼 𝑡 , ℎ𝑄 𝑡 ∈ ℝ

▪ ℎ෨ 𝑡 ∈ ℂ

▪ ℎ 𝑡 : passband signal (around fc)

▪ ℎ෨ 𝑡 , ℎ𝐼 𝑡 , ℎ𝑄 𝑡 : baseband signals (around 0 Hz, -B ≤ f ≤ B)

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 47

Band-Pass Systems
▪ Another perspective to write the relation between ℎ 𝑡 and ℎ෨ 𝑡 ,
(Why? HW.)
Hence

▪ Note that h(t) is real, hence 𝐻 ∗ 𝑓 = 𝐻 −𝑓 must be satisfied.

◦ HW: Show that the above eqn. satisfies this property.

▪ Using the fact that ℎ෨ 𝑡 is low-pass, and the above eqn.s we can show that (HW)

෩ 𝑓 is the part of 𝐻 𝑓 corresponding to positive frequencies, shifted to the origin and

i.e. 𝐻
multiplied by 2.
Then,

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 48

Band-Pass Systems
▪ Let the output signal be y(t), and
x(t) h(t) y(t)

▪ We also know that

but

▪ Then

▪ Using the identity (HW: prove this)

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 49

Band-Pass Systems
▪ The output signal, y(t), becomes

▪Comparing with , we can write

~x(t) ~
h(t) ~
2y(t)

▪ The complex envelope of the output signal, 𝑦෤ 𝑡 , is equal to (half of) the convolution of the
complex envelopes of both the impulse response, ℎ෨ 𝑡 , and also the input signal, 𝑥෤ 𝑡 .

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 50

Band-Pass Systems
▪ Furthermore,

▪Hence,

xI(t)
hI(t) +
+ yI(t)
-
hQ(t)

hQ(t)
+
+ yQ(t)
xQ(t) +
hI(t)

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 51

Band-Pass Systems
▪ To evaluate the output signal of a band-pass system, you may follow the steps:
◦ 1. Use

◦ 2. Use

◦ 3. Calculate

◦ 4. Calculate

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 52

Band-Pass Systems
H(f) ~
H(f)
▪ Example 2

1
Consider an ideal BPF
f f
-fc fc-B fc fc+B -B B
2B
The complex impulse response is .
Assume the input signal is

with the complex envelope

Then, the complex envelope of the output signal is

and the output signal is

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 53

Filtering Sidebands
▪ To generate SSB and VSB signals, one of the sidebands must be filtered (or cancelled)
|S(f)|

USB LSB LSB USB

SSB:
f

- fc fc
2W |S(f)| 2W

VSB:
f

- fc fc
2W 2W

▪ There are two approaches

◦ 1. Using a BPF (can be applied to both SSB and VSB, filters are non-ideal)
◦ 2. Using Hilbert transform (can only be applied to SSB)

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 54

Filtering Sidebands
▪ Using a BPF: |H(f)|

▪Consider the system 1

Message f
Modulated
signal u(t) BPF -fc fc
x signal
m(t) H(f) |U(f)|
s(t)
M(f+fc) M(f-fc)
Accos(2πfct)
▪ Here, f
-fc fc
2W
|S(f)|
hence,
f
-fc fc
2W

▪ What is H(f) so that s(t) has the desired spectrum, and also m(t) can be perfectly reconstructed
from s(t)?

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 55

Filtering Sidebands
|S(f)|
▪Consider a coherent detector at the receiver
Demodulated f
s(t) v(t)
x LPF signal
-fc fc
vo(t)
2W
Ac cos(2πfct)
|Vo(f)|
LPF
where
f
-2fc -fc -W W fc 2fc
and

Substitute S(f) from the prev. slide,

Filtering the baseband part with a LPF gives:

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 56

 Filtering Sidebands
▪ Condition for perfect reconstruction of m(t) from vo(t) is

For the sake of simplicity, let

then

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 57

 Filtering Sidebands
▪ Recall S(f)

▪ Then, the quadrature components of s(t) are:

where

, that is

, and

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 58

 Filtering Sidebands
▪ Similarly,

where

, that is

▪ Let

, then

Furthermore, let

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 59

Filtering Sidebands
▪ Then, the quadrature component of s(t) is

▪ Eventually, the canonical form of s(t) is

▪ The in-phase component is m(t) itself, and the quadrature component is m’(t), i.e. m(t) filtered
by hQ(t).

▪ For perfect reconstruction of m(t), hQ(t) must satify

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 60

Filtering Sidebands
▪Generating s(t)

m(t) x1(t)
x
Accos(2πfct)
|M(f)|
Osc. |S(f)|
+ Modulated
+ wave
f -90°
- s(t) f
hQ(t) phase
-W W shifter -fc fc
Acsin(2πfct)
x

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 61

Vestigial Sideband
▪Filter used to generate VSB is H(f):

▪ Most of the upper sideband passes through H(f), but only a piece (trace, vestige) of the lower
sideband can pass through the filter. (The other way round is also possible.)
▪ fv: width of the vestigial sideband.
▪ The frequency response around the carrier frequency fc exhibits odd symmetry.
▪ In 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑣 ≤ 𝑓 ≤ 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑣 , the sum of values of 𝐻 𝑓 at any two frequencies equally displaced
above and below fc is unity (condition for perfect reconstruction.)
▪ Outside the frequency band of interest (i.e. 𝑓 ≥ 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑊), 𝐻 𝑓 may have an arbitrary characteristic
(due to filter related practical issues. Note, there is no signal beyond 𝑓 ≥ 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑊).
▪ Slower decay in the passband -> the filter can be realised with a relatively low order (low Q).

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 62

Vestigial Sideband
▪ The filter hQ(t) which generates the quadrature component sQ(t) has the frequency response

▪ For a VSB signal containing a vestige of the upper sideband use the same filters, but the sign in
s(t) is ‘+’ in this case:

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 63

Vestigial Sideband
▪ Example |H(f)|

Consider the message signal 1

0.5 f
fc-2000 fc+2000
fc
The DSB-SC signal is:

i.e. 2 sinusiods at fc + 1000 Hz and fc - 1000 Hz.

Using the filter above, the VSB signal becomes

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 64

Vestigial Sideband
▪ VSB is (was) mostly used in the analog TV signals (NTSC/PAL signals)

PAL NTSC

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 65

Single Sideband
▪ Although less than 2W, VSB still occupies a bandwidth greater than W.
▪ SSB can reduce this occupation to W
|H(f)|

f |S(f)|
-fc fc
|U(f)| f
M(f+fc) M(f-fc) -fc fc

f |Vo(f)|
-fc fc LPF
2W
|S(f)| f
USB
-2fc -fc -W W fc 2fc
f
-fc fc
W

▪ We need extremely sharp BPFs, not practical.

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 66

Single Sideband
▪ SSB is mostly used for voice communication over Amateur Radio.
▪ Here, we may use the property that speech mostly occupy [300 Hz, 3kHz] interval. This range is
enough for intelligible reconstruction of speech.
▪ First construct a DSB-SC signal, then filter it with a sharp BPF.
▪ May still need a high Q filter!. |M(f)|

f
-fb -fa fa fb

|H(f)|

f
-fc-fb -fc-fa fc+fa fc+fb
-fc fc
|S(f)| USB

f
-fc fc
W

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 67

Single Sideband

http://www.websdr.org/
http://websdr.ewi.utwente.nl:8901/
http://antrak.org.tr/images/stories/kanun/
yonetmelik.pdf

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 68

 Single Sideband
▪ Higher carrier frequency and narrower bandwidth may require a very high Q BPF, which may
not be possible in practical sense.
▪ Use a two stage modulator.
◦ First move the modulated signal to an intermediate frequency (IF) by using a low Q BPF (centre freq. is
low),
|M(f)|
◦ Then move the IF signal to RF, by using a low Q BPF (since there is a single SSB modulated signal at fc,
there is no need for a narrowband filter).
f

IF -fb -fa fa fb
Message
signal Modulated
signal BPF BPF
x x signal |SIF(f)|
m(t) H(f) H(f)
s(t) USB
fo: f1 fo: fc=f1+f2
Accos(2πf1t) Accos(2πf2t) f
-f1 f1
W
|S(f)|

-fc=-f1-f2 -f2 -f2+f1 f2-f1 f2 fc=f1+f2

W

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 69

Single Sideband
▪ Alternatively, we may use the Hilbert transformer for the filter HQ(f)

▪ Remember 1
H(f)
j
1
where f

-1

hence m’(t) is the Hilbert transform of m(t), i.e. 𝑚′ 𝑡 = 𝑚

ෝ 𝑡 , or

for USB, and

for LSB.

▪ This SSB modulator is called the Hartley Modulator. It perfectly cancels the unwanted sideband

(HW: Prove this!, recall the definition of pre-envelope.)

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 70
Single Sideband
▪ Demodulation of VSB and SSB is achieved by a coherent detector which is also used for DSB-SC,

Demodulated
s(t) v(t)
x LPF signal
vo(t)
Ac cos(2πfct)

where

(HW: Prove this!)

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 71

Single Sideband
▪ Homework
If there is a deviation of φ at the local oscillator as compared to the wave at the input of the
receiver, then the output of the coherent detector is

in other words

C. Toker ELE 324 - TELECOMMUNICATION THEORY I 72