Name :

Question 1:

What are the 2 most important network-layer functions in a datagram network? What are the 3
most important network-layer functions in a VC network?

Answer 1:

In a datagram network, the two most important network-layer functions are:

1. Routing: The process of selecting the best path for data to travel from the source to the
destination. Routing algorithms determine the most efficient path based on factors such as
network topology, link cost, and congestion.

2. Fragmentation and reassembly: In a datagram network, data is divided into small packets
called datagrams. The network layer is responsible for fragmenting large datagrams into smaller
ones that can be transmitted over the network. It is also responsible for reassembling the
datagrams at the receiving end.

In a VC (Virtual Circuit) network, the three most important network-layer functions are:

1. Virtual circuit setup and teardown: In a VC network, a virtual circuit is established between
the source and destination before data transmission begins. The network layer is responsible
for setting up and tearing down these virtual circuits.

2. Connection-oriented communication: A VC network is connection-oriented, which means

that a connection must be established before data can be transmitted. The network layer is
responsible for managing and maintaining these connections.

3. Flow control and congestion control: In a VC network, the network layer is responsible for
managing the flow of data between the source and destination to prevent congestion and
ensure efficient data transmission.
Question 2:

What is the difference between routing and forwarding?

Answer 2:

Routing and forwarding are two important processes in the network layer of the OSI model. The
main difference between them is as follows:

Routing: Routing is the process of selecting the best path for data to travel from the source to
the destination. Routing algorithms determine the most efficient path based on factors such as
network topology, link cost, and congestion. The router performs routing by analyzing the
network layer header of the incoming packet and selecting the best path based on the
destination address.

Forwarding: Forwarding is the process of transmitting a packet from one network interface to
another. In other words, forwarding is the actual movement of the packet through the network.
Once a router has determined the best path for a packet, it forwards the packet to the next hop
in the path. The router performs forwarding by updating the link-layer header of the packet and
transmitting it to the next hop.
Question 3:

Consider the network setup in (the figure below). Suppose that the ISP instead assigns the
router the address 126.13.89.67 and that the network address of the home network is
192.168/16. a. Assign addresses to all interfaces in the home network. b. Suppose each host has
two ongoing TCP connections, all to port 80 at host 128.119.40.86. Provide the Three
corresponding entries in the NAT translation table.

Unfortunately, I cannot see the figure you referred to as it was not included in your question.
However, I can provide a general explanation of how to assign addresses to interfaces in a
network and set up a NAT translation table.

a. Assigning addresses to interfaces in the home network:

Assuming the network address of the home network is 192.168/16, we can assign IP addresses
to the interfaces in the home network as follows:

- Router interface connected to the home network: 192.168.1.1

- Host 1 interface: 192.168.1.2

- Host 2 interface: 192.168.1.3

- Host 3 interface: 192.168.1.4

- Host 4 interface: 192.168.1.5

- And so on for any additional hosts in the network.

b. Setting up a NAT translation table:

Assuming that each host in the home network has two ongoing TCP connections, all to port 80
at host 128.119.40.86, we can set up a NAT translation table as follows:
| Internal IP address | Internal port | External IP address | External port |

|---------------------|---------------|---------------------|---------------|

| 192.168.1.2 | Random port | 126.13.89.67 | 10000 |

| 192.168.1.2 | Random port | 126.13.89.67 | 10001 |

| 192.168.1.3 | Random port | 126.13.89.67 | 10002 |

| 192.168.1.3 | Random port | 126.13.89.67 | 10003 |

| 192.168.1.4 | Random port | 126.13.89.67 | 10004 |

| 192.168.1.4 | Random port | 126.13.89.67 | 10005 |

| 192.168.1.5 | Random port | 126.13.89.67 | 10006 |

| 192.168.1.5 | Random port | 126.13.89.67 | 10007 |

| And so on for any additional hosts and connections |

In this table, the internal IP address and port represent the IP address and port number of the
host in the home network and the external IP address and port represent the IP address and
port number of the router. The router uses this translation table to map the internal IP address
and port to a unique external IP address and port combination, allowing multiple hosts to share
a single public IP address.
Question 4:

Consider sending a 3000 byte datagram into a link that has an MTU of 500 bytes. How many
fragments are generated? What are their characteristics (i.e. what are the flags and offset
values for each).

To send a 3000 byte datagram into a link with an MTU of 500 bytes, the datagram needs to be
fragmented into smaller packets that can be transmitted over the link. Each fragment will have
a maximum payload of 500 bytes, plus the IP header, which is usually 20 bytes. Therefore, each
fragment will be 520 bytes in size.

To determine the number and characteristics of the fragments, we can use the following
formula:

Number of fragments = Ceiling (Datagram size / MTU)

where Ceiling is the function that rounds up to the nearest integer.

In this case, the datagram size is 3000 bytes and the MTU is 500 bytes, so:

Number of fragments = Ceiling (3000 / 500) = Ceiling (6) = 6

Therefore, the 3000 byte datagram will be fragmented into 6 fragments, each with a maximum
payload of 500 bytes.

To determine the characteristics of each fragment, we need to calculate the fragmentation

offset and set the appropriate flags in the IP header. The fragmentation offset is the position of
the fragment's payload relative to the start of the original datagram, measured in units of 8
bytes (i.e., each unit represents 8 bytes).

The first fragment will have the "MF" (More Fragments) flag set to 1, indicating that there are
more fragments to follow. The offset value for the first fragment will be 0.
The remaining fragments (2 to 6) will also have the "MF" flag set to 1, indicating that there are
more fragments to follow. The offset value for each of these fragments will be calculated as
follows:

- Fragment 2: Offset = 520 / 8 = 65

- Fragment 3: Offset = 1040 / 8 = 130

- Fragment 4: Offset = 1560 / 8 = 195

- Fragment 5: Offset = 2080 / 8 = 260

- Fragment 6: Offset = 2600 / 8 = 325

The last fragment (fragment 6) will have the "MF" flag set to 0, indicating that this is the last
fragment in the datagram. The offset value for the last fragment will be the same as the offset
value calculated for fragment 5 (i.e., 325).
Question 5:

If Organization is allocated the range of addresses 192.111/24 and they want to divide it into 4
equal groups of addresses, what exactly would the new ranges of addresses be?

If an organization is allocated the range of addresses 192.111/24 and they want to divide it into
4 equal groups of addresses, each group would get a /26 subnet mask, which provides 64
addresses per subnet (62 usable addresses due to network and broadcast addresses).

To calculate the new ranges of addresses, we need to divide the original range of addresses
192.111/24 into four /26 subnets. To do this, we can use the following steps:

1. Convert the network address 192.111 into binary:

11000000 01101111 00000000

2. Since we need to divide the network into four equal subnets, we need to borrow two bits
from the host portion of the address to create four subnets. This means we need to use a
subnet mask of /26 (24 + 2 = 26).

11000000 01101111 00000000.00 -> network address

 11000000 01101111 00000000.01 -> first subnet

11000000 01101111 00000000.10 -> second subnet

11000000 01101111 00000000.11 -> third subnet

11000000 01101111 01000000.00 -> fourth subnet

(remaining bits are all 0s)

3. Convert the binary addresses back to decimal notation:

First subnet: 192.111.0.1 - 192.111.0.62

Second subnet: 192.111.0.65 - 192.111.0.126

Third subnet: 192.111.0.129 - 192.111.0.190

Fourth subnet: 192.111.64.1 - 192.111.64.62

So the new ranges of addresses for the four subnets would be:

- Subnet 1: 192.111.0.1 - 192.111.0.62

- Subnet 2: 192.111.0.65 - 192.111.0.126

- Subnet 3: 192.111.0.129 - 192.111.0.190

- Subnet 4: 192.111.64.1 - 192.111.64.62

Each of these subnets has 64 addresses, with 62 usable addresses for hosts.