CHAPTER 2: ANALOG MODULATION SYSTEMS| CHAPTER 2: ANALOG MODULATION SYSTEMS MODULATION | = It isa process of impressing low-frequenc signals into a high frequenc: ignals. = Itis also defined as the process of changing one or more properties of the analog carrier in proportion with the information signal -DEMODULATION = It is the reverse process of modulatign where the received signals are transformed back to their original form. CAFR = Itisa highs it is modulated) used to carry information from source to destination. = Itis also known as intelligence, modulating signal or baseband signal, which is an understandable information (one that is modulating) such as voice, audio, video, documents, etc. ADVANTAGES OF MODULATION = Itis extremely difficult to radiate low-frequency signals from an antenna in the form of electromagnetic energy. With modulation, the size of antennas are more practical (shorter) since the wavelengths of frequencies used as carriers are shorter (high frequencies). = Information signals often occupy the same frequency band, and if signals from two or more sources are transmitted at the same EACociearnhun 05 formar fojarde ie~ Se time, they would interfere with each other. With modulation, there will be no interference with the signals, since every transmitter can use different frequencies. Notes = Low-frequency signals have longer wavelengths, thus they require longer antennas for transmission. On the other hand, high-frequency signals have shorter wavelengths, thus they require shorter antennas for transmission, ‘TVPES OF MODULATION Modulation | a Digital Amplude pois tact tton Digital Radio Olga! Tranamision Pulse Amplitude ‘Modulation (PAM) ( | Phaie Modulation (omy MODULATION "= Itisa modulation technique wherein both the carrier and information are in analog forms.EST zen zace LEE = Itis a modulation technique, invented by Reginald Fessenden, wherein the information signal is analog and the amplitude of the carrier is varied proportional to the information signal. STANDARD AM PARAMETERS "Standard AM Range - the standard AM range is 535-1605 kHz. = Standard AM Intermediate Frequency — the standard IF frequency for AM is 455 kHz. = Standard AM Equation Ve Ve v(t)an C080, — ay)t C0S(0_ + Wp )t Where: v{t)aw = AM signal Ve= carrier signal peak voltage, V w= carrier signal angular frequency, rad/s Wm = modulating signal angular frequency, rad/s t=time,s w= 2nf, rad/s f= frequency, Hz m= modulation index, unitlessEST =... "Standard AM in Frequency Domain it) CARRIER USB tl f tf, FREQUENCY ———»- = Standard AM in Time Domainhh _ v Where: m= modulation index, unitless Vm = modulating signal peak voltage, V Ve= carrier signal peak voltage, V ‘max = AM signal maximum voltage, V Vin =AM signal minimum voltage, V = AMPercent Modulation — itis the coefficient of modulation expressed as a percentage. Ym = mx 100% _ PERCoctoarnbob 09 frmanfojardera Ge Where. 9m = percent modulation, % m = modulation index, unitless = AM Current & Voltage Relationship Where: ‘otal or modulated current, A ‘arrier or unmodulated current, A V;-= total or modulated voltage, V V< = carrier or unmodulated voltage, V a m = modulation index, unitless = AM Power Relationship Where: Pr= total or modulated power, W foneifgjerde 10 PERCoc isosaa = carrier or unmodulated power, W i | | Pss = power in one sideband, W Pssr = total power in the two sidebands, W m = modulation index, unitless = AM Bandwidth Requirements Where: B= bandwidth of AM, Hz fmox = maximum modulating frequency, Hz = Modulation by Several Signals ‘SBT Where: Vr= total modulated voltage, V ty = total modulated current, A r= total modulated power, W Pser= total power of the sidebands, W ‘mey = effective total modulation index, unitless| Ga ESTs 2B Notes The envelope is the curve produced by joining the tips of the individual RF cycles of a modulated wave. The envelope contains the information The ideal value for m is 1. Typically m is less than 1. The condition where mis greater than 1 should be avoided as it introduces serious distortion of the modulating signal. This is known as overmodulation, Splatter is a colloquial term used to describe additional side frequencies produced by overmodulation or distortion in an AM system, ‘vores xo am sonra ‘The useful power in an AM signal is the sideband power, which increases with modulation, becoming one-third the total signal power for 100% modulation. The higher the percentage modulation, the greater the sideband power and the stronger and more intelligible the transmitted and received signal. Trapezoidal patterns are used for observing the modulation characteristics of AM transmitters. Eeprovides a stable carrier frequency at low power. It is an RF oscillator which can be a Hartley, Colpitts, Clapp, etc. = Buffer Amplifier — it is a class A RF amplifier that isolates the crystal oscillator to improve its stability. It is connected after the oscillator to prevent it from loading (changing value of load voltage). It has a high input impedance and low output impedance (common-collector or emitter-follower configuration) to couple the high output impedance of the oscillator and the low input impedance of the |F power amplifier. = Intermediate Power Amplifier ~ it is a class C RF amplifier that raises the output of the buffer to a level sufficient to drive the modulated RF amplifier. it amplifies the signal from the oscillator. =| Modulated Power Amplifier — it is a class C RF amplifier that supplies the energy which is required to drive the antenna system at the rated RF power for high-level modulation. \t multiplies the signals from the IF power amplifier and push-pull modulator. = speech Amplifier — it is a class A AF pre-amplifier that raises the level of the input AF after being subjected to processing and filtering, It amplifies the weak audio frequency so that it can be detected by the driver amplifier. It improves the signal-to-noise ratio before mixing. = Driver Amplifier -it is a class A/B/AB that supplies the necessary audio power to drive the class 8 modulator. It amplifies the output of the speech amplifier so that it can be detected by the push-pull modulator. = Push-Pull Modulator - it is a class B AF output amplifier that varies the plate voltage of the class C RF amplifier in accordance with the frequency and the amplitude of the AF signal it is a class A/B/AB amplifier which in of the amplitude-modulated ulated power amplifier. It is = Linear Power Amplifier — provides linear power amplificatio output signal from the class C mod used for low-level modulation. —— fornaryfojgh DEDA..,....+ n' = Low-Level Modulation — the modulation takes place prior to the output element of the final stage of the transmitter. "High-Level Modulation — the modulation takes place in the fina} element of the final stage where the carrier signal is at its maximum amplitude. Notes = The efficiency of a transmitter is an important specification, Particularly in view of the large power levels often used. Efficiency ig calculated by dividing the output power by the input power of a transmitter. " Common-base configuration is used in AM amplifiers since it can operate in high frequencies. Common-emitter configuration is not Used due to its high miller effect at high frequency of operation. "For a 100% modulation, the power of the modulating amplifier is one-half of the supply power. AMDETECTION ™ Diode Envelope Detector — it is also known as peak detector. It consists of a diode in series with an RC low pass filter. The diode acts as a rectifier that allows only one-half of the modulated AM signal to pass (the other half being clipped). The rectified signal is fed to a low pass filter, where the low-frequency signal (modulating signal) is recovered while the high-frequency carrier is filtered out. = Crystal Detector — it is the first rectifying detector. A thin, pointed wire known as cat whiskers is pressed against the surface of the crystal, when a sensitive spot is found, more current flows in one direction than in the opposite thus rectification occurs. = Power Detector — it is a type of detector using amplifying devices like transistors in place of a diode to provide rectification and amplification at the same time. = Grid Leak Detector — it consists of a tuned circuit, a rectifier and | an RC low pass filter for the recovery of the modulating signal. It has better sensitivity than diode detect: I frrmoifjarte 4 PERCocts0™%e & Autodyne Detector — it employs a tickler coil = Regenerat which generates energy from the plate circuit into the grid circuit of the triode. When the regenerative detector oscillates it becomes an autodyne detector (self-heterodyning) or product detector and can be used to detect CW, SSB, or FSK emission. Notes «Detection means the extraction of the information signal from the 'AM signal. Detection is only part of the demodulator system. Distortion is any frequency, phase, or amplitude variations that are present in the demodulated waveform that were not in the original information signal. When noise is added to the AM signal, the output at the detector is always distorted. «Fidelity is a measure of the ability of a communication system to produce, at the output of the receiver, an exact replica of the original source information AM RECEIVERS TRF (Tuned Radio Frequency) Receiver = Itis one of the earliest types of AM receivers, invented by Reginald Fessenden, and is probably the simplest designed radio receivers available today. = Its components includes: antenna, RF amplifier, detector, AF amplifier, and speaker. aed Disadvantages of TRF Its bandwidth is inconsistent and varies with center frequency when tuned over a wide range of frequencies (ie., as the frequency is increased, bandwidth also increases). PERCocLearnhub 15 [omen fgjerdebe ON [Ten SCT. It is unstable due to the large number of amplifier all tuned to the center frequency. Its gains are not uniform over a wide range of frequencies. Components of TRF RE Amplifier - it amplifies the weak RF signal. it has a variable resistor that controls the RF gain and sensitivity, It also contains the pre-selector, which is used to tune to the desired frequency. Detector ~ it makes use of regenerative detector that provides rectification and detection for modulated signals. It extracts the information. AF Amplifier — it amplifies the recovered information (weak AF signal). It is a volume controlled amplifier that raises the power level of the AF (audio) signal to a value sufficient to drive the loudspeaker of the receiver. Superheterodyne Receiver Heterodyne means to mix two frequencies together ina nonlinear device or to translate one frequency to another using nonlinear mixing. The superheterodyne receiver was invented by Edwin Armstrong, its gain, selectivity and sensitivity is far superior to the other receivers. Its components includes: antenna, RF amplifier, mixer & local (crystal) oscillator, IF section, detector (second detector), AF amplifier, and speaker, (aS eeeEST acentace oe Components of the Superhet © Local Oscillator — it is a stable crystal oscillator whose frequency beats with the incoming signal to produce the correct intermediate frequency. © Mixer — it down-converts the received RF frequencies to IFs (intermediate frequencies). It is the first detector which operates in a nonlinear fashion and provides the action which produces the desired intermediate frequency. Its output includes the original, sum and difference of the local oscillator frequency and the RF input frequency © _ IF Section ~ its primary functions are amplification and selectivity. It consists of a series of IF amplifiers and bandpass filters and is often known as IF strip. It is tuned in most cases to 455 kHz. It amplifies the 455 kHz output of the mixer and rejects the remaining output frequencies. Its selectivity characteristics determine the selectivity of the receiver. © Second Detector — it demodulates the 455 kHz IF signals and recovers the original modulating signal or audio signal LOCAL OSCULLATOR SELECTIVITY & SENSITIVITY ® Selectivity — it is a receiver parameter that is used to measure the ability of the receiver to accept a given band of frequencies and reject all others. PERCoctearnhab 1 frrnenfgjarde= Sensitivity — it is also known as receiver threshold. It is the \ minimum RF signal level that can be detected at the input to thy receiver and still produce a usable demodulated information signal. QFACTOR = Qstands for quality (merit), for which this factor measures just how close to perfect a tuner or tuner component can be, and its affects the bandwidth and the selectivity of a certain receiver. = The higher the Q the better the circuit, the lower the losses, the closer the circuit is to being perfect.Ble — Where: B = bandwidth, Hz f= resonant frequency, Hz X: = inductive reactance, 0 R= resistance, 0 inductance, H C= capacitance, F Q= Qfactor, unitless SHAPE FACTOR | [tis the ratio of the bandwidth 60 dB below maximum signal level and bandwidth 3 dB below maximum signal level. | sewn lowe ReQUENCY IDEAL RESPONSE CURVE Where: SF = shape factor, unitless 8 = bandwidth, Hz BANDWIDTH IMPROVEMEN " Itis a noise reduction ratio achieved by reducing the bandwidth. PERCocLearnnan 2B frmanfojarden& eS ESTz.., = ___ Ble. Bar Bl=—~ By Where: 81 = bandwidth improvement, unitless Bre = radio frequency (signal) bandwidth, Hz Bic = intermediate frequency bondwidth, Hz NOISE FIGURE IMPROVEMENT = Itis the corresponding reduction in the noise figure due to the reduction in bandwidth expressed mathematically in decibels, NFI = 10log(BI) Where: BI = bandwidth improvement, unitless NFI = noise figure improvement, dB HIGH & LOW SIDE INJECTION "High Side Injection - it is also known as high-beat injection, wherein the local oscillator frequency is tuned to a frequency higher than the input RF frequency. Sio = Fre + IF Low Side Injection — itis also known as low-beat injection, wherein the local oscillator frequency is tuned to a frequency lower than the input RF frequency. Sio = fre - IF Where: fio local oscillator frequency, Hz | fer = incoming RF signal frequency, He IF = intermediate frequency (455 ‘kHz for AM) | tennis tea frmeefijarde a PERCoeLoo¥| ST zene ae IMAGE FREQUENCY itis any frequency other than the selected radio frequency carrier that (if allowed to enter a receiver and mix with local oscillator) will produce a cross product frequency that is equal to intermediate frequency DESIRED SIGNAL | For High Side Injection: Fimage = Fre + 21F For Low Side Injection: Fimage = far — 21F | Where: fas = incoming RF signal frequeacy, Hz ‘fimoge = image frequency, Hz IF = intermediate frequency (455 kHz for AM)& EST .2! rr a SIGNAL OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY | IMAGE FREQUENCY REJECTION RATIO (IFRR) = Itis the numerical measure of the ability of a pre-selector to reject the image frequency; the higher the IFRR, the better. IFRR= y Qp? TFRRgg = 20log ( (1+ Gp?) _Simege Sar Fre Fimage Where: fae = incoming RF signal frequency, Hz Simoge = image frequency, Hz JFRR = image frequency rejection ratio, unitless Q= Qfactor, unitless frrnafgjerde 2 PERCoeLearnisESTzmnze & Notes = Virtually all communication equipment contains tuned circuits, circuits made up of inductors and capacitors that resonate at specific frequencies. «ifs (intermediate frequencies) refer to frequencies that are used within a transmitter or receiver that fall somewhere between the radio frequencies and the original source information frequencies. «Many RF amplifiers are designed for a narrow range of frequencies to avoid problems with noise and spurious signals. Such amplifiers are known as narrowband amplifiers. Wideband amplifiers are also used, Depending on the application, an RF amplifier may operate in Class A, B or C. Class A has the least distortion but is very inefficient. Class Cis the most efficient, but its extreme nonlinearity makes it unsuitable for many signals, = The most important specifications for a receiver are sensitivity and selectivity. The stability of a superheterodyne receiver depends directly on that of the local oscillator. Changing the local oscillator frequency tunes the receiver. Increasing the intermediate frequency or using a narrowband ‘amplifiers before the mixer can prevent image frequency problems. = Squelch circuit, also called a muting circuit, the squelch is used to keep the receiver audio turned off until an RF signal appears at the receiver input (ie. itis used to quiet a receiver in the absence of a received signal). | DIFFERENT FORMS OF AMPLITUDE MODULATIOI | ‘DOUBLE SIDEBAND SUPRESSED CARRIER (DSBSC) = tia form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier is totally suppressed.FREQUENCY —<>— "Balanced Modulator — itis a circuit that generates a DSB signal, suppressing the carrier and leaving only the sum and difference frequencies at the output. The output of a balanced modulator can be further processed by filters or phase-shifting circuitry to eliminate one of the sidebands, resulting in an SSB signal. ei ZN 8 = DSBSC Equation mV, mV, V(t)psasc = ZT 6os(we —Wm)t — yo eos(w, + Wm)t Where: V(t) = DSBSC signal V. = carrier signal peak voltage, V We = carrier signal angular frequency, rad/s es Prmanfyjarde au PERCociso| EST zeta Wm = modulating signal angular frequency, rad/s t=time,s anf, rad/s frequency, Hz fi m= modulation index, unitless 1 DSBSC Current & Voltage Relationship | i Where: Ir= total or modulated current, A 1. = carrier or unmodulated current, A Vr= total or modulated voltage, V V. = carrier or unmodulated voltage, V m = modulation index, unitless DSBSC Power Relationship Where: P;= total or modulated power, W carrier or unmodulated power, W Psa = power in one sideband, W m= modulation index, unitless Power Saving for DSBSCST. Where: PS = power saving percentage Paw = AM (DSBFC) signal total power, W Posasc = DSBSC signal total power, W Se es oe =| DSBSC Bandwidth Requirements Where: B = bandwidth, Hz fox = maximum modulating frequency, Hz SINGLE SIDEBAND SUPRESSED CARRIER (SSBSC) It is a form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier is totally suppressed and one of the sidebands removed.= SSBSC Equation mV, V(U)ssase = ~ 7 COS(We + mdE AM signal Ve= carrier signal peak voltage, V we= carrier signal angular frequency, rad/s Wm = modulating signal angular frequency, rad/s t= time, s 2nf, rad/s f= frequency, Hz m= modulation index, unitless = SSBSC Current & Voltage Relationship Where: Ir= total or modulated current, A carrier or unmodulated current, A total or modulated voltage, V carrier or unmodulated voltage, V m= modulation index, unitless = SSBSC Power Relationship PERCocLearntub aWhere: Pr = total or modulated power, W P. = carrier or unmodulated power, W Psa = power in one sideband, W m = modulation index, unitless ™ Power Saving for SSBSC Pan ~P: ‘AM S856) x 100% Pam Where: PS = power saving percentage Pam = AM (DSBFC) signal total power, W Psasc = SSBSC signal total power, W = Peak Envelope Power (PEP) - it is the RMS power developed at the crest of the modulation envelop. The power of an SSBSC signal is usually expressed in PEP. Where: PEP = peak envelope power, W Pove = average power, W Vas = RMS voltage, V R. = load resistance, 0 (opie iineaicsermmnpenepnpanassmnesysnyontnn imix qucnininninninncigeamanaigea frneifjarde 8 PERCacieo”*sSBSC Bandwidth Requirements Where: B= bondwidth, Hz fmox = maximum modulating frequency, Hz ss SSBSC Generation ©. Filter Method - it is the simplest method of generating | SSB. It uses LC, crystal, ceramic or mechanical filters to | eliminate one of the sidebands of the SSB. It is easy to construct, however, filter response are not ideal, so the sideband may be cut or there will be still a small portion of the other sideband. It consists of one balanced modulator. | | | © Phase Shift Method - it make use of two balanced modulators and two phase shifters. It reduces the bulkiness of the filters and its inherent disadvantages. Third (Weaver) Method — it retains the advantages of the phase shift method without the disadvantage of the AF phase shift method. It consists of four balanced modulators. It is a form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier is transmitted at full power but only one of the sidebands is transmitted. | SINGLE SIDEBAND FULL CARRIER (SSBFC) .‘CARRIER USB f ft, FREQUENCY > SINGLE SIDEBAND REDUCED GARRIER (SSBRC} = [tis also known as single-sideband reinserted carrier, and it isa form of amplitude modulation in which one sideband is totally removed and the carrier voltage is reduced to approximately 10% of its unmodulated amplitude = SSB transmitters usually work by filtering a DSBSC signal to remove the unwanted sideband, then using a mixer to move the signal to the operating frequency. = SSB signals, like all AM signals, require linear amplification. "SSB receivers require a beat frequency oscillator (BFO) to reinsert the carrier, and generally use product detectors. eee ns fronifjerdn cf PEREoci00#INDEPENDENT SIDEBAND (ISB) ® [tis a form of AM in which a single carrier frequency is independently modulated by two different modulating signals (ie, it contains different information for each sideband). y We We I, 1, ', qeemmmmagn ep CHANNEL ARRIER —— CuAANEL f, fl . . FREQUENCY ——> VESTIGIAL SIDEBAND (VSB, = itis a form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier and one complete sideband are transmitted, but only part of the second sideband is transmitted. "= This VSB system is used for the picture portion of a commercial television broadcasting signal. aly \, : we THAN ie 188 CARRIER USB It, het, FREQUENCY ——<—<> , PERCocLearnhun H] frmmifojerdeON ee EST... ; assy Busnes eee ABE ‘Standard AM, DSBFC Aas psBsc HE | SSBFC BE 5sBsC RE SSBRC BBE Independent Sideband CF Vestigial Sideband ADVANTAGES OF SINGLE SIDEBAND TRANSMISSIO} "= Power conservation — normally, with SSB, only one sideband is transmitted. As a result, much less total transmitted power is necessary to produce the same quality signal in the receiver as is achieved with DSBFC. "= Bandwidth conservation — SSB requires half as much bandwidth as conventional AM DSB. = Selective fading — with DSB, the two sidebands and carrier may propagate through the transmission media by different paths and, therefore, experience different transmission impairments. Noise reduction - the thermal noise power is reduced to half that of a DSB system, DISADVANTAGES OF SINGLE SIDEBAND TRANSMISSION = Complex receivers — most SSB transmissions include either a reduced or suppressed carrier, thus envelope detection cannot be used unless the carrier is regenerated. Tuning difficulties - SSB receivers require more complex and precise tuning than conventional AM receivers. formes fejece ® PERCocioo®Notes Inn AM signal, the carrier contains no information. Any transmitted information lies solely in the sideband. For that reason, the carrier may be suppressed and not transmitted. Since the same transmitted information is contained in both upper and lower sidebands, one is redundant. Full information can be transmitted using only one sideband. The efficiency of an AM signal is improved by suppressing the carrier, but this changes the envelope so that it no longer resembles the information signal, making demodulation more difficult. Te Itis a type of analog modulation in which the angle sinusoidal reference function is varied in accordance with a modulation signal. Two Types of Angle Modulation © Frequency Modulation (FM) © Phase Modulation (PM) Tet) Itis a modulation technique, invented by Edwin Armstrong, where the information signal is analog and the frequency of the carrier is varied proportional to the information signal.tt EST ‘STANDARD FM PARAMETERS = Standard FM Range - the standard FM range is 88-108 MHz. = Standard FM Intermediate Frequency ~ the standard IF frequency for FM is 10.7 MHz. = Standard FM Equation v(t)em = Vecos |ao,t + Where: (tlh = FM signal Ve= carrier signal peak voltage, V ‘arrier signal angular frequency, rad/s modulating signal angular frequency, rad/s fn = modulating signal frequency, Hz 6 = frequency deviation, Hz ime, s w= 2nf, rad/s f= frequency, Hz | = Frequency Deviation ~ it is the relative displacement of the | carrier frequency in respect to its unmodulated value. It is the | amount of change in carrier frequency produced by the | modulating signal. | | Where: 6 = frequency deviation, Hz ky= frequency deviation constant, Hz/V Vm = modulating signal peak voltage, V = FM Modulation Index - it is the ratio of deviation and the | modulating signal frequency. It determines the number of | significant pairs of sidebands in an FM signal. ace ee x a a ee eee prvfjre a PEnGaio~_—— =" SS er | | [ST zene Where: ‘modulation index, unitless equency deviation, Hz fm = modulating signal frequency, Hz ® Deviation Ratio ~ it is the worst-case modulation index and is equal to the maximum peak frequency deviation divided by the maximum modulating-signal frequency. leviation ratio, unitless aximum frequency deviation, Hz fnimox) = maximum modulating signal frequency, Hz = FM Percent Modulation — itis the ratio of the frequency deviation actually produced to the maximum frequency deviation allowed by law stated in percent form. Where: 96m = percentage modulation, % 6 = frequency deviation, He Smox= maximum frequency deviation, Hz = Carrier Swing — it is the peak-to-peak frequency deviation. Where: CS = carrier swing, Hz 5 = frequency deviation, Hz& EST. = FM Bandwidth Requirements © Carson's Rule ~it is a rule which is an approximation ang gives transmission bandwidths that are slightly narrower than the bandwidths. It defines a bandwidth that includes approximately 98% of the total power in the modulated wave. © Narrowband FM (NBFM) ~ an FM system with relatively low modulation index (m < 0.25). © Wideband FM (WBFM) - an FM system with relatively large modulation index (m > 100). Where: B = bandwidth, Hz 5 = frequency deviation, Hz Jn = modulating signal frequency, HzNotes "The power of an angle modulation signal does not change with modulation, but the bandwidth increases due to the generation of multiple sets of sidebands. = In AM, there are only two sidebands, while in FM, there are infinite ‘umber of sidebands, so the ideal bandwidth for FM is infinite However, other sidebands are insignificant so they are neglected. A side frequency is not considered significant unless it has an amplitude equal to or greater than 1% of the unmodulated carrier amplitude awe | me saeswes vere snes —_ ——— = InFM, the maximum frequency deviation allowed is 75 kHz with a maximum modulating-signal frequency of 15 kHz. FM GENERATION = Direct Method - it is an FM generation method in which the output is already an FM signal. o Reactance Modulator — it has a reactance tube that presents inductive or capacitive reactance is connected to the tank circuit of the oscillator. The variation of the reactance would cause the oscillator frequency to vary in accordance with the modulating signal thereby creating a direct generation of FM. o Varactor Diode Modulator — it is an FM generator utilizing a voltage-variable capacitor diode. A varactor diode or varicap is a specially constructed diode whose PERCoclearmhub a] fornanfojardeinternal capacitance is enhanced when reversed biased, and by varying the reverse-bias voltage, the capacitance of the diode can be adjusted. VCOs are FM circuits in which continuous variable changes in frequency are provided by the varactor diode. Capacitance of a Varactor Where: C= varactor capacitance, F Co=varactor capacitance when no bias, F V= bias voltage, V PN JUNCTION * 590 ooo] * 000 fMO6O 000 O00 ©00 fH O00 ‘SCHEMATIC SYMBOL 7 DEPLETION REGION p N ‘i Wi [REVERSE BIAS FORWARD BIAS = Indirect Method - it is an FM generation method wherein the signal is first phase-modulated before producing the FM signal. It is the most widely used method, since PM is cheaper to produce than FM. © Armstrong Modulator - it is an indirect method of generating FM using crystal oscillator for frequency stability with a phase-modulated buffer stage. a re a eS aeEST zen Ga Notes PM modulator = differentiator followed by an FM modulator PM demodulator = FM demodulator followed by an Integrator FM modulator = integrator followed by a PM modulator FM demodulator = PM demodulator followed by a differentiator FMDETECTION = Slope Detector - it is an FM detection method in which a frequency-modulated signal is fed to a circuit that is tuned to receive the signal in the slope of response curve. The FM signal converted into AM (the modulating signal is converted from its AM form from normal envelope detector). ™ Round-Travis Detector — it is an FM detector using two slope detectors. The output is taken from across the series combination of the two loads, so that it is the sum of the two inputs. = Foster-Seeley Discriminator - it is also known as the center tapped or phase discriminator. It is an FM detection method wherein changes in the magnitude of the input signal will give rise to the amplitude changes in the resulting output voltage. "= Ratio Detector — it is a variation of the Foster-Seeley discriminator which includes an amplitude limiter which improves the limiting action. Its output though, is one-half that of the Foster- Seeley Discriminator. = Quadrature Detector — it is also known as coincidence detector. It extracts the original information signal from the composite IF waveform by multiplying two quadrature signals. = Phase Locked Loop — it is the simplest and easiest to understand FM detector. It is a closed-loop feedback control system in which either the frequency or the phase of the feedback signal is the parameter of interest rather than the magnitude of the signal’s voltage or current. The PLL frequency demodulator requires no tuned circuits and automatically compensates for changes in the carrier frequency due to instability in the transmit oscillator. PERCoctearntub 99 frnenfojardero ge ON PHASE DETECTOR LOOP FILTER FMSIONAL 2 moot — RECOVERED FORMAN © Phase Detector — it is a non-linear device with two input signals; an externally generated frequency and the vco output frequency. The output of the phase comparator is the sum and difference frequencies of the input and the VCO output. © Loop Filter — it helps establish the proper transient response and the required filtering. © Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO) - it is an oscillator with a stable frequency of oscillation that depends on the external bias voltage. PLL Operation © The VCO output signal combines with the incoming signal to force the net instantaneous signal frequency at the output of the phase detector to be zero. © Ifa changing frequency at the input would be received, an error voltage would be produced at the output of the phase detector. © The detected voltage (the filtered and processed error voltage), which served as the input to the VCO would be an exact replica of the intelligence (modulating signal). PLL Loop Operation States © Free-running State — it is the PLL state when there is no external input frequency or the feedback loop is open. © Capture State — it is the state when the PLLis in the process of acquiring frequency lock.[STzenzu Lock State ~ it is the state when the VCO output frequency is locked onto (equal to) the frequency of the external input signal. =] PLL Key Parameters LOCK RANGE CAPTURE RANGE i a os A aN AOE © Lock Range — itis also known as tracking range, which is defined as the range of frequencies in the vicinity of the VCO's natural frequency over which the PLL can maintain Jock with an input signal. © Hold-in Range - it is the lock range expressed as a peak value. © Capture Range - it is also known as acquisition range, which is defined as the band of frequencies in the vi of the natural frequency where the PLL can establish or acquire lock with an input signal. ity co Pull-in Range — it is the capture range expressed as a peak value. Notes "Preset or natural free-running frequency is the VCO's output frequency when the PLL is not locked. = Acquisition time is the time required to achieve lock.ON fe EST =; EMPHASIS NETWORKS \ = Pre-Emphasis Network ~ it uses a high pass filter, wherein the high-frequency modulating signals are emphasized or boosted in amplitude in the transmitter prior to performing modulation. High frequencies are amplified further, in order to protect them. It is used in transmitter circuits. De-Emphasis Network - it uses a Jow pass filter, and it is just the reciprocal of pre-emphasis that restores the original amplitude. versus-frequency characteristics to the information signals. It is used in receiver circuits. Notes The standard cut-off frequency used for the filters in the emphasis networks is 2122 H2. GAPTURE EFFECT It is the inherent ability of and FM receiver to diminish the effects of interfering signals (i.e., it is the ability of an FM receiver to 9 differentiate between two signals received at the same frequency). THRESHOLD EFFECT It is the noise-reduction effect that occurs with strong FM signals. LIMITER It is also known as clipper, which is used to remove sporadic, high-amplitude noise transients of short duration, such as impulse noise in the audio section of a receiver. It is a special circuit that removes the unwanted amplitude variations since with FM, the information is contained in frequency variations. pore we== OO! ee ee s,s | ST Zenza ot | sess | eed \ Aung VARUTIONS ABOVE TIS LEVEL ARE CUPPED OFF FMSIBMAL AuoweD ToPASS ‘wpe VAUATONS 21.00 THISLEVEL ARE CUPPED OFF eS) = It is a modulation technique where the information signal is analog and the phase of the carrier is varied proportional to the information signal (it is similar to FM with a phase shift of 90 degrees). STANDARD PMP) = Standard PM Equation v(t)py = V.coslwet + Ocos(wyt)) Where: V(t) = FM signal Ve = carrier signal peak voltage, V i PERCoctearnhub [rnenfgjerdeWp = modulating signal angular frequency, rad/s @ = phase deviation tstime,s w = 2nf, rad/s f= frequency, Hz Phase Deviation — it is the relative angular displacement (shift) of . the carrier phase in radians in respect to the reference phase Where: @ = phase deviation, rad ky = phase deviation constant, rad/V Vm = modulating signal peak voltage, V = PM Modulation Index Where: m= modulation index @ = phase deviation, rad The modulation index for PM is defined differently from FM; in PM, the modulation index is directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal and independent of its frequency; whereas in FM, the modulation index is directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal and inversely proportional to its frequency. formed fyjarde in PERCot[ST zeenzax & \ aoe ULM. | “AY TINT woe HHH ee Fy iy Hi ka ma MT HA aa Seer ST TOU L Noise immunity - most noise results in unwanted amplitude variations in the modulated wave. FM and PM receivers include limiters that remove the most of the AM noise from the received signal before the final demodulation process occurs. Noise performance and signal-to-noise improvement — with the use of limiters, FM and PM demodulators can actually reduce the noise level and improve the SNR during the demodulation process, this is known as FM thresholding. “ PERCncLeamhub 16 frm fojarele | ae| Capture effect — with FM and PM, a phenomenon known as =. capture effect allows a receiver to differentiate between two signals received with the same frequency. = Power utilization and efficiency — with FM and PM, the total power remains constant regardless if modulation is present, US EE Bandwidth — high-quality FM and PM produces many side frequencies, thus necessitating a much wider bandwidth than is necessary for AM. Circuit complexity and cost ~ PM and FM modulators, demodulators, transmitters, and receivers are more complex to design and build than their AM counterparts. Tee Te eer eee ii The ITU designations for the different types of radio emissions follow a standard format. = Emissions shall be designated according to their necessary bandwidth and their classification using the following format: 7 BBBB 123 45 Where: 8888 are characters that define the bandwidth 123 45 are characters that define the classification Character "1" is a letter indicating the type of modulation. Character "2" is a digit that indicates the type of modulating signal. Character "3" is a letter indicating the type of information being transmitted. Character "4" is an optional letter indicating the practical details of the transmitted information. Character "5" is an optional letter indicating details about any multiplexing, if used. NECESSARY BANDWIDTH "= The width of the frequency band which is just sufficient to ensure the transmission of information at the rate and with the quality required under specified conditions for a given class of emission. frnenfgjerde 108 PERCaeimdSTlzenmz oe = Necessary bandwidths shall be designated as shown below: © 0,001 to 999 Hz shall be expressed in Hz (letter H). © 1.00 to 999 kHz shall be expressed in kHz (letter K). © 1.00 to 999 MHz shall be expressed in MHz (letter M). © 1.00 to 999 GHz shali be expressed in GHz (letter G). = The bandwidth designator has the format of three digits that express the significant figures, and a letter used for the decimal point. Examples: 200H for a 200 Hz bandwidth transmission 6KO0 for a 6 kHz bandwidth M25 for a 1.25 MHz wide transmission CHARACTERS Character 1: Type of Modulation aay DETAILS INDICATOR Double sideband, DSB, including DSB full carrier, i.e. } oa | amplitude modulation | Independent sideband, ie. two sidebands present, each | ___carrying different information 6 Vestigial sideband Combination of AM and FM or PM, either simultaneously or in a pre-established sequence Frequency modulation, FM Phas modulation, PM Single sideband full carrier Single sideband suppressed carrier, SSBSC Pulse p amplitude mod modulation, PAM. Pulse width modulation, PWM Pulse position modulation, PPM Un-modulated carrier ~____ Series of pulses without modulation Sequence of pulses, phase or frequency modulation within each pulse Single sideband with reduced or variable level carrier Combination of pulse modulation methods Combination of any of above cases not covered by the above definitions w frmeifyjerdeos Ge EST z.2., Sr, Character 2: Type of Modulating Signal ai iNeed baile 0 ‘No modulating signal One channel containing digital information without the use 1 of modulating sub-carriers (excludes time division multiplex) 2 ‘One channel containing digital information with the use of ‘a modulating sub-carrier (excludes time division multiplex) 3 ‘One channel containing analogue information z More than one channel containing digital information 8 ‘More than one channel containing analogue information s | Combination of analogue and digital channels x cases not covered by the above Character 3: Type of Transmitted Information tony INDICATOR sie iA Telegraphy for aural reception - e.g. Morse code | BL I Telegraphy for automatic reception, i.e. machine decoded c i Facsimile D Data transmission, telemetry or command y E Telephony, ie. voice or music intended for human listening fe Sates an py {including sound broadcasting) | FT ____ Video = television _w | ~_ Any combination of above x ‘None of above aay ete relis cae Two condition code - elements vary in quantity and jo duration . Two condition code - elements fixed in quantity and wf ae _____ duration - ¢_,__ Twocondition code - elements vary in quontty and } | duration - error correction included I 7 | Four-condition code in which each condition represents 0 | _signal element (or one or more bits) z ‘Multi-condition code in which each condition represents @ ___ signal element (of one or more bits) Multi condition code - one character represented by one 0 more conditions 4 tarde 108 PERCocieo™ "aaEST Zaccattade fe G Monophonic broadcast quality sound H Stereophonic or quadraphonic broadcast quality sound 7 Commercial, non-broadcast, quality sound (but excluding K L below) * K Sound of commercial quality with the use of frequency inversion and/or band-splitting employed Sound of commercial quality with independent FM signals L to control the level of the demodulated signal, e.g. pilot tones used to contro! demodulation process M Monochrome images or video i N Full color images or video w ir 2 Combination of the above Cases not covered by the above descriptions Character 5: Details of Multiplexing aay Pe eNeLs DETAILS Code division multiplex (including code expansion techniques such as direct sequence spread spectrum) - Frequency-division multiplex None used Time division multiplex | Combination of frequency division and time division Other types of multiplexing or None of above € ‘ Rese one AMM © COA! DFOHWAF O/” OVENS CFV Ft , 4 - xS4z20 “ PERCoctearnhub tog frineifojardeThe Venwelane”aan AM signa is due to: the baseband signal _ B. the carrier signal C. the amplitude signal D. none of the above Spectrum analysi A. phase B. bandwidth — C. modulating wave D. modulation envelope is used to view which of the following characteristig Amplitude modulation that vary the carrier amplitude with the ‘modulating signal by passing it through an attenuator work on the Principle of: A. rectification B. resonance D. absorption Qvermodulation causes: peesmeceumetion causes A. distortion C. bothA ands 8B. splatter D. none of the above In an AM waye, where is the audio intelli A inthe carrier frequency B. inthe spacing between the sideband frequencies the sideband frequencies The component used to produce AM at very high frequencies is a: ‘A. varactor cavity resonator B. thermistor /D. PINdiode Asingle-sideband signal contains 2 kW. How much power is contained in the carrier? A OW | Cc. 1kW 500 W D. 2kW ‘At 100% modulation, the total sideband power is: A. equalto the carrier power B. twice the carrier power C. halfthe carrier power 1.414 x carrier power[STzane~ =] In.an EM signal, (a) the rate of shift is proportional to what characteristic of the modulating signal, and (b) the amount of shift is proportional to what characteristic? A. (a) amplitude (b) amplitude 8. (a) amplitude (b) frequency D. (a) frequency (b) amplitude 10, {fan AM radio station increases its modulation index, you would ‘A. the audio to get louder at the receiver B. the received RF signal to increase : C.__ the signal-to-noise ratio to increase _D, allofthe above * 41, Frequencies that are located between adjacent channels to prevent interference are referred to as: A. sidebands ~C. guard bands ~ B. bandwidths D. blank channels 12. The modulation index can be derived from: K__ the time-domain signal B. the frequency-domain signal C bothAandB D. none of the above 413, What type of circuit is ysed to remove the AM component in the output of a semiconductor reactance modulator? A. amixer 8. afilter D. a buffer amplifier 14, The most commonly used amplitude demodulator is the: A. diode mixer B. balanced modulator D. crystal filter 15, In AM, at 100% modulation: ‘A. overmodulation will occur equal ’ C. it isthe typical value of modulation index D. all of these 16. The main problem in using quadrature AM would be: ‘A. requires too much bandwidth B. aie too much power PERCociearntub m forma fojerde| bat EST... all of the above 17. Which symbol in radio signal emission designation is referred to type gy 2 modulation of the main car C._ third A. second B. fourth , SO first 18. As compared to plain AM, SSB.AM; A. ismore efficient B. requires a more complex demodulator circuit C. requires less bandwidth -D. allofthe above: 19. As the positive potential is increased on the cathode of a varactor, (a) what happens to reverse bias and (b) how is dielectric width affected? “A. (a) increases (b) increases hi 8. (a) increases (b) decreases ) C. (a) decreases (b) decreases D. (a) decreases (b) increases 20. Awidely used balanced modulator is called the; ‘A. diode bridge circuit B. full wave bridge rectifier D. balanced bridge modulator 21. Which of the following is not true about AM? ‘A. the carrier amplitude varies the carrier frequency remains constant SoeetinanarrreSRePERIIBE, D. the information signal amplitude changes the carrier amplitude 22. fan SSB transmitter radiates 1000 watts at peak modulation, what will it radiate with no modulation? A. 1000 Watts ’ 250 Watts: 8. 500 Watts -D. OWatt 23. Ina phase modulator, the frequency during the constant-amplitude portion of the modulating wave is the: AL peak frequency » , C. deviation frequency D. modulating frequency 24, Ina diode F, the diode acts like: A. variable resistor rectifiers B. switches” D. variable capacitors ee eed ernatfojarde 7 PERCoctea™25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. Fpsenllinle in the designation of radio signals emission which refers to use of an unmadulated caves, AJ CG oH BONS wa A ° AM radio stations is "low-fidelity" because: ‘A. AMis susceptible to noise B, commercial AM stations use low power | _D,_allof the above Inphase modulation, (a) the amplitude of the modulating signal determines what characteristic of the phase shift, and (b) the frequency of the modulating signal determines what characteristic of the phase shift? A. (a)rate (b) rate , 8. (a) rate (b) amount C. (a) amount (b) amount (B_(amount b) ate oes In AM, what is mnadulation index? ‘A. the term used to describe the amount of frequency change in an am waveform ulation. C.___ itis computed as the ratio of carrier voltage and modulating \ voltage - D. all of these et ° ‘The type of information that can be sent using AM.Is: A. audio C. digital data B. video 'D. allofthe above _ The primary advantage of phase modulation over frequency modulation is that phase Ses bettercarrier: ‘A. power stability ~C. frequency stability — 8, amplitude stability directional stability The amen ects uses: LC networks ,_ mechanical resonators -C.crystal D. RC networks and op amps A thizd.symbol emission which represent data transmission including telemetry and telecommand. AB ac Belt ON a * Get PERCocLearnhub 18 frrmaroinrdebe EST =.) 33. To dem a USB SSB signal, the receiver must: A. beset to USB mode B. reinsert the carrier ©. none of the above 34. When a cartier is modulated by a square wave, what maximum numbe, of sideband pairs will be generated? A. 8B 9 35. The equivalent citcuit of a qua isa: A. series resonant circuit 8. parallel resonant circuit C. neither A nor B —D. bothAandB 36. _ Indicate which one of the following is not an advantage of FM over Aj pa aaa at aoa A hetinrnoinesinmaiies ecole C. the transmitted power is more useful D. less modulating power is required 37. The mn index: ‘A. increases with both deviation and modulation frequency “frequency, C. decreases with deviation and increases with modulation frequency D. is equal to twice the deviation * I 38, When FM reception detericeatas abruptly due to noise, itis calle: A. B. the threshold effect * C. the noise effect D. the limit effect 39, When compared to a conventional AM signal, an SSB signal provides which of the following advantages? “ | A. improved frequency stability | B. increased receiver gain . C. reduced distortion —D. reduced bandwidth — 40. If the amplitude of the modulating signal decreases, the carrier deviatio A. increases remains constant 8. decreases _ D. goes to zero Learns | | fermanfojarde i] PERG41, _ Widest bandwidth in a double-tuned circuit is obtained with: A. undercoupling ©. optimum coupling 8. critical coupling © D. overcoupling 42. Automatic gain control permits a wide range of signal amplitudes to be accommodated by controlling the gain of the: A. RF amplifier Co mixer 8. IFamplifier D. AF amplifier 43. ANAFC circuit is used to correct for: A, audio distortion B, _ strong input signals -C. instability in the IF amplifier . 44. The function of AFC is: ‘A. maintain a constant IF frequency C. lock the discriminator to the IF frequency D. none of the above 45. The main function of the AGC is to: K_ keep the gain of the receiver constant B. keep the gain of the IF amplifiers constant -C. keep the input to the detector at a constant amplitude D. all ofthe above 46. ABFOis used in the demodulation of which types of signals? BAM 8. FM D. QPsk 47. An EM receiver switching suddenly between two statior by (cequend is calle B. the threshold effect C._ the "two-station” effect D. none of the above In the phasing method of SSB generation, ane side jt due to: C. carrier suppression B. sharp selectivity D. phase inversion 49. Auginsignals are not ted directly to space because: A. to do so will entail additional costs B. the signal will be highly attenuated C. they will require antennas that are too long ERCoctearnhub 16 frnenfejerde©. the signal that will be propagated will be too weak ~N 50. Aresonant cit q » “Ka simple form of bandpass filter 8. used in narrowband RF amplifiers —C. bothAandB D. none of the above 51. What is the purpose of a buffer amalifiar? . A. to provide a direct connection between the oscillator and the load B. to amplify the output signal of the oscillator C. _toremove frequency distortion from the oscillator e Over a narrow range of frequencies, the PLLacts like a: A. low-pass filter C. tunable oscillator D. frequency modulator ad ie With a sine-wave input, how will the qutpyt compare to the input in (a) a linear circuit and (b) a nonlinear circuit? XK (a) proportionar76) proportional (b) not proportional €. (a) not proportional (b) not proportional D, (a) not proportional (b) proportional Fora "frequency multiplier" to work, it require: a crat “_ B. alinear amplifier €. a signal containing harmonics D. an input signal that is an integer multiple of the desired frequency Overall sensitivity of a receiver is limited by which of the following factors? A noise 8, bandwidth C. output power « = PERCoetearnhub " frnaifyjarde Befat 66. 67. 69. 70. nm 72. 7. ON D. frequency response a} Qn an EWM signal, maximum deviation occurs.at what point on the modulating signal? A. zero-crossing points * PM B. peak positive amplitude C. peak negative amplitude Pre-emphasis is used to: B, _ increase the signal to noise ratio for lower audio frequencies C. increase the signal to noise ratio for all audio frequencies D. allow stereo audio to be carried by FM stations ers are usually designed to drive a load impedance of; C. 300 ohms resistive B. 75 ohms resistive D. 600 ohms resistive Practical transi A modulator circuit performs what mathematical operation on its two inputs? A. addition C. division _B. multiplication” D. square rcot Why are image frequencies somewhat less of a problem in FM receivers than they are in SSB or AM receivers? ‘A, SSB uses less bandwidth than does FM C. EM mixer stages are square-law devices _ D. FM receivers do not use the superheterodyne design AClass Damplifieris: A. very efficient - 8. essentially pulse-width modulation C. essentially pulse-duration modulation aie is the qisadvantage-oF TRF? . ° the bandwidth is inconsistent and varies with center frequency when tuned over a wide range of frequencies 8. _ instability due to the large number of amplifier all tuned to the center frequency C. gains are not uniform over a wide range frequency range Togengrate a SSB signa): A. start with full-carrier AMSTzenzax & C. start with a quadrature signal D. allofthe above 74. \f mis greater than 1, what happens? A. normal operation B. carrier drops to zero C. carrier frequency shifts | _D. information signal is distorted What is the purpose of a buffer amplifier stage in a transmitter? 7. 'A._ it prevents transmitters from producing spurious frequencies in the output signals, provides power amplification with high efficiency “frequency — D. it amplifies audio frequencies before modulation occurs 76. The carrier is suppressed in: lator B. amixer C. a frequency multiplier D. none of the above - 77. For ideal AM, which of the following is true? ‘A. m=0 Camels 78. _ Image frequency problems would be reduced by: ‘A. having an IF amplifier with the proper shape factor B. having a wideband RF amplifier after the mixer “C. having a narrowban D. _ none of the above 79. Toremi band and leave the other you could use: ‘a mechanical filter B. acrystal filter D. none of the above co mel D. mei - 80, In superhet, which is considered as the first detector? A. RF amplifier ¢. IFsection D. detector GoM 81, Adirect EM modulator: B. integrates the modulating signal C. bothAandB D. none of the above 82. _Overmodulation occurs when: 'ERCoctearnhub 18 frneifgjerde nefat c. vm < Ve D. 83. An indirect FM modulator: ‘A. tequires a varactor in the carrier oscillator —B. varies the pt " Cc. bothAandB D. none of the above . 84, The new-signals praduced by modulation are called: A. spurious emissions B. harmonics C. intermodulation products 0. sidebands~ ° ’ . 7 i 85. Frequency multipliers are: ‘A. essentially balanced modulators -B. essentially Class C amplifiers 4 essentially mixers “> D. none of the above 86, Mostof the aower nan Abt signal isin the: i C. lower sideband upper sideband D. modulating signal 87. With mixing: a. a ‘A. the carrier frequency can be raised B. the carrier frequency can be lowered be changed to any required value D. the deviation is altered » — 88. _In.an AM signal, the transmitted information is contained within the: A. carrier.» "i eaairatgetiandls 8, modulating signal D.._ envelope = - 89. The two basic specifi iver are: the number of converters and the number of IFS, C. _ the spurious response and the tracking D. the signal and the noise e * 99. What isthe minimum AM signal needed to transmit information? ‘A. carrier plus sidebands . B. carrier only C.onesideband — D. both sidebands 91. The "front end” of a receiver can include: fineifijorde 20 PERGocis«Gl aenwe A. the tuner 8. the RF amplifier 92, The main advantage of SSB over standard AM or OSB is: “A. leSsspectrumspaceisused B. simpler equipment is used C. less power is consumed D._ahigher modulation percentage =. 93. _ In SSB which sideband is the best to use? ‘Kupper B. lower D. depends upon the use 94, The frequency of the local oscillator, A. is above the RF frequency B. is below the RF frequency - “C.canbe either above or below the RF frequency D. is fixed, typically at 455 kHz 95, The local oscillator and mixer are combined in one device because: “KTtgives a greater reduction of spurious responses B. it increases sensitivity C. it increases selectivity a ie} 96. Basically, sensitivity measures: Lukes ee Ponee)) B, the highest-frequency signal that can be usefully received C._ the dynamic range of the audio amplifier D. none of the above 97. The soa seals reir vs eosin is in what rangé A. kilowatts hundreds of watts B. milliwatts D. watts 98, Basically, selectivity measures: Crea’) (Shape Fader A. the range of frequencies that the receiver can select ~B. with two signals close in frequency, the ability to receive one and reject the other how well adjacent frequencies are separated by the demodulator D. how well the adjacent frequencies are separated in the mixer bt — — 99. Maximum power transfer occurs when what relationship exists between the generator impedance Zi and the load impedance ZL: ERCoctearnhub a frrmenfjerdeoe 100. 101. 102. 103. 104, 105. 106. 107. Aeris cG we iB Zip 2b D. Zi=Oohm When comparing values for shape factor: A. avalue of 1.414 dBis ideal . B. avalue of 0.707 is ideal D. there is no ideal value Impedance matching in a broadband linear RF amplifier is handled with a(n): A. Lnetwork B. parallel tuned circuit C. _pinetwork When comparing values for shape factor: falue of B. value of 4 is better than a value of 2 C, _ both values are basically equivalent D. none of the above Distortion in a receiver can occur in: C. the IF amplifiers ‘A. the mixer B. the detector D. allof the above. In a demodulator circuit, which of the following components is required for demodulation to occur?. A. alinear device C. avariable resistor _B. anonlinear device D. all of these Which of the following can be used as a mixer? A. balanced modulator 8 FET C. diode modulator _D. allofthe above The following are the advantages of angle modulation over amplitude except: r i ‘A. noise immunity C. power utilization 'B. capture effect ~D. bandwidth Which discriminator averages pulses in a low-pass filter? A. ratio detector B. PLL - Foster-Seeley discriminator _—_— _ fermen oparde we PERCocio07™Slane & 108. 109. 110. 11. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. whieh frequency demodulator is considered the best overall? ratio detector C. quadrature D. _pulse-averaging discriminator ‘One way to derive FM from ‘A. integrate the modulating signal before applying to the PM “oscillator B. integrate the signal out of the PM oscillator C. differentiate the modulating signal before applying to the PM oscillator D. differentiate the signal out of the PM oscillator ‘Amodulated signal is formed by: changing the modulating signal by the ca wave C. quantization of the source data D. sampling at the Nyquist frequency The range of frequencies over which a PLL will track input signal variations is known as the: * A. circuit bandwidth C. band of acceptance B. capture range —D. lock range — To demodulate a phase-modulated signal, which, if any, of the following types of demodulators may be used? A. peak C. series-diode —B. quadrature D. none of the above ‘The desired output from a mixer is usually selected with a: A. phase shift circuit C. resonant circuit B. crystal filter D. transformer In FM, the sideband is significant if itis at least greater than or equal to of the peak carrier voltage. c. 10% 8. 5% D. 20% ‘The bandwidth of an FM signal is considered to be limited because: ‘A. there can only be a finite number of sidebands 8. itis equal to the frequency deviation C. itis band-limited at the receiver D. the power in the outer sidebands is negligible If the amplitude of the modulating signal applied to a phase modulator is constant, the output signal will be: A. zero. PERCoctearnhubte. BB -B. the carrier frequency above the carrier frequency D. below the carrier frequency ° . 117. Power amplifiers must be linear for any signal that: A. peal. Chas variable frequency D. allof the above , » 118. What is the purpose of the squelch circuit in a receiver? ‘A. to attenuate very strong signals in order to prevent their overdriving the remaining stages in the receiver “6° suppres reaver ale outpurwhen ola re bey C. to suppress the electronic "whine" of the RF amplification stage D. to reject signals of other than the desired frequency should the receiver drift off frequency 119. The components of TRE includes the following, excepts AL RF amplifier C. detector BL mixer — D. AF amplifier 120. Class Camplifiers are not used in which type of transmitter? A AM c. Cw B. SSB D. FM 121. How does a receiver accomplish the squelch function? ‘A... by proportional blocking of the RF amplifier stage out hd dies Sean’ Sam “signal CC. _ by switching an inductive/capacitive filter into the output of the last RF amplifier > i D. by switching ina matched-frequency stage which passes matching frequencies and rejects all others 122. In high-level AM, "high-level" refers to: ° . ‘A. the power level of the carrier B. the power level of the modulation C. the power level of the final RF amplifier 123. The AM signals generated at a low level may only be amplified by what type of amplifier? ’ A. opamp class ¢ Bagel D. push-pull 124. Amplitude modulation is the same a | Lemarfopar er 2) PERCSane A. linear mixing 8. analog multiplication C._ signal summation \ D. multiplexing 125. One result of a slight mismate a ansmitter and the antenna would be: tra ‘A. smaller DC current drain B. lower modulation percentage reduced antenna radiation D, radiated key-clicks Y ~ =e 126. Which of the following is nota major benefit af EM aver AM? A. greater efficiency B. noise immunity C. capture effect ~D. lower complexity and cost 127. An RF oscillator should be electrically and mechanically stable. This is to ensure that the oscillator does not: o i) ‘A. become over modulated B, generate key-clicks C. driftin frequency — D. cause undue distortion 128, The primary disadvantage of EM isit: ‘A. higher cost and complexity B. excessive use of spectrum space « C. noise susceptibility D. lower efficiency 129, Inan FM transmitter, a varicap performs which of the following functions? ‘A. it amplifies the outgoing signal B, it varies the oscillator frequency C. _itdemodulates the outgoing signal D. it multiplies the oscillator frequency 130, The two inputs toa mixer are the signal to be translated and a signal from an: * a 4 A. modulator Cc. antenna B. filter -D. localoscillator 131, If the amplitude of the modulating signal increases, the carrier deviation: C. remains constant B. decreases D. goes to zero ERCoctearmhub 1% , Promo fejardler3B transmission, the carrier i transmitted with one sideband B. reinserted at the receiver C. inserted at the transmitter D. of no use at the receiver 133, The depletion region in a junction diode forms what part ofa capacitor) A. plates C. package B. leads ormcleciia, 134. Why is FM voice best for local ViF/UHE radio communiaton® the signal is somewhat weak B. the carrier is not detectable C. itis more resistant to distortion caused by reflected signals D. its RF carrier stays on frequency better than the am modes 135. Increasing the reverse bias on a varactor diode will cause its capacitance to: “A decrease C. remain the same increase D. drop to zero 136. What emission is produced by a reactance modulator connected to an RF power amplifier? ‘A. multiplex modulation B. amplitude modulation, C. pulse modulation _D. phase modulation — 137. Which of the following frequency demodulators requi liter? ——= 8. pulse-averaging discriminator C. quadrature detector D. PLL . 138. The bandwidth of an FM signal requires 10 times th fidth of, Seal Senet reauires 10 times the bandwidth ofthe A. carrier 8. modulating 139. _ Decreasing the input frequency to a locked PLL will cause the VCO ‘output to: A. decrease B. increase C. remain constant ‘ . formaifejarder m% PERCociee™= Mathematically, the calculation of FM bandwidth requires the use of: 140. A lary trigonometry and algebra C. Taylor series D. fractals 1 141. When an AM signal leaves the antenna of a transmitter, which of the following frequency components does the signal contain? A. the carrier the lower sideband B. the upper sideband _D. allof the above 142. The amount of frequency deviation from the carrier center frequency in an FM transmitter is proportional to what characteristic of the modulating signal? C. phase B. frequency D. shape 143, Inasingle-sideband transmitter, selection of the desired sideband and suppression of the other is done by which of the following components? A. mixer C. detector BL filter D. oscillator 144, The gain of a transistor ampli 3 ‘A. inversely proportional to collector current B. directly proportional to frequency €. directly proportional to collector current D. inversely proportional to frequency . ignals is usually limited by: 145, The response of a receiver to weak A. the AGC Cc. the anne range of the receiver D. the type of detector circuit being used 146. The simplest receiver is a(n): ‘A. RF amplifier + C. AF amplifier 8. demodulator (D. tuned circuit 147. im \cies occuy when two signals: ‘A. are transmitted on the same frequency 8, enter the mixer, with one being a reflected signal equal to the IF frequenc c B21 Do 8 prnaifejarde 28 PERCactoare¥sEST een tace & ee 158, To demodulate bo 01 ‘A, use a Foster-Seeley discriminator “B. reinject the carrier C. _ use double conversion D. use one diode for SSB and two diodes for DSBSC ° 159. Which input signal below-represents the best receiver sensi “A 05uV aw B. luv D. 2uv 160. which would be best for DSBS: » . carrier detection C. envelope detection cine D. ratio detection 161, The AGC circuits usually control the gain of the: . A. mixer C.. IF amplifiers B. detector D, audio amplifiers 162. An FM detector that is not sensitive to amplitude variations is: ‘A. Foster-Seeley detector B. a quadrature detector a a Cc. aPltdetector D. allofthe above 163. Selectivity is, obtained in most receivers from: a A. crystal filters B. mechanical filters C. double-tuned circuits D. audio filters 164. The function of alimiter iss. a B. to limit spurious responses C.__tolimit dynamic range D. to limit noise response lated carrier depends on: 165, The bandwidth required for a modul ~ ‘A. the carrier frequency. B. the signal-to-noise ratio C__ the signal-plus-noise to noise ratio D. the baseband freq 166, Which of the following circuits are not typically shared in an SSB transceiver? ‘ ‘A. crystal filter C. power supply B. mixers D. LO . ee PERCociearnhub ta frmaifojardefe 167. 168. 169. 170. im. ) 172, 173. 174, i | EST. which the carrier is modulated 70% contains 1 An AM signi the carrier frequency. Determine the power content of the carrier ahe the modulation drops to 50%. * A 750W c 1500w 8B. 1000W D. 3000w What effect, if any, does a nonlinear device have ona sine wave? A. itamplifies without distortion » 8. it attenuates without distortion C. it generates harmonic frequencies 2. none Ina diode modulator, the negative half of the AM wave is supplied by an: OA. tuned circuit C. capacitor 8. transformer D. inductor ‘Which of the following emission (AM) is used as that when the ‘modulation index is doubled, AL WBE C. ABE BBE D. C3F the antenna current is also doubled? Ina balanced mixer, the output: A. contains equal (balanced) amounts of all input frequencies B. contains the input frequencies C. does not contai D. isa linear mixture of the input signals For the heterodyning action to oc cur in a circuit, (a) what number of frequencies must be present and (b) to what type of circuit must they be applied? A. (a) two (b) linear (a) three (b) nonlinear D. (a) three (b) linear Amplitude modulation can be produced by: rier 8. having the modulating signal vary a capacitance C. varying the carrier frequency ©. varying the gain of an amplifier Asingle-sideband signal contains 1.! S KW. How much power is contained in the sidebands? A OW Cc. soow BOLSkW D. 2kW pete eee ed Pe frmoifgjorde 130 PERCoc1s0™ ag[SI zantae & If two receivers of different sensitivity are compared, the less sensitive receiver will produce: ‘A. asteady oscillator drift B, more than one signal 175. D. more signal or less noise ‘ 176. The bandwidth of a parallel LC circuit can be increased by: A. increasing XC C. decreasing coil resistance D. _aresistor connected in parallel 177. To automatically compensate for input signal strength variations within a receiver, which of the following types of circuits are added? AL AFC SACO B.NFC D. NSU a . 178. In high-level AM, the power in the sidebands comes from: At B. the RF amplifier C. the driver stage D. the carrier 179. The image frequency of a super heterodyne receiver: ‘A. iscreated within the receiver itself B. is due to insufficient adjacent channel rejection D. _isindependent of the frequency to which the receiver is tuned 180. Which of the following circuits is not typically part of every-adio ‘ansmitter? A. cartier oscillator B. driver amplifier C. mixer D. final power amplifier 181. A quartz crystal filter is used in a communications receiver to improve which of the following characteristics? a A. fidelity —C. selectivity B. sensitivity D. reproduction ~~ phase detector B. vcO D. none of the above 183. AM and FM are examples of modulation. A. digita-to-analog B. _digital-to-analog PERCoclearnhub 1 frnanfyerder=] 184. The banc juer er, will acquit OBNize ay ™ Paps ot freauensis.aver which 2 ELL will acquirer recognize 4, A. circuit bandwidth = C. band of accepts, D. lock range 185. Which of the following modes of transmission is usually product detector? A. double sideband full carrier B. frequency modulation pulse modulation -D. single sideband suppressed carrier 186. Distortion of the modulatin, increase in the signal: A. carrier power c. D. MV detected wit, # signal produces harmonics which cause ay sideband power envelope voltage 187. What kind of filter would you use to attenuate an interfering cartier Signal while receiving an SSB transmission? cama notch titer” c. + anall pass filter 8. aband pass filter D. a pi-network filter ) 288. The three main parameters against which the quality of a receiver is . measured are: A. selectivity, stability and frequency range B. sensitivity, stability and cross-modulation - C. sensitivity, selectivity and image rejection DL sensitivity, selectivity and stability . 189. Frequency modulation transmitters are more efficient because their Power is increased by what type of amplifier? A. class A SC alass cm B. class B all the above 190. "The process of heterodyning takes place in which of the following receiver circuits? AL mixer C. oscillator B. comparator D. second IF amplifier 191, Maximum frequency deviation of a PM signal occurs at: cs > C. peak negative amplitude D. peak positive or negative amplitudes proigprn = PERC!= "= ~~. neal [SI Zana =] 192. The differance-hatween the actual local oscillator frequency andthe 193. 194. 196. 197. 198, desiréd frequency is called: quantizing error -G.tracking error B. absolute error D. image frequency ‘The input power to the final stage of your transmitter is 200 watts and the output is 125 watts. What has happened to the remaining power? issipated as heat loss B. it has been used to provide greater efficiency CC. ithas been used to provide negative feedback = D. _ithhas been used to provide positive feedback ‘The difference between DC input power and RF output power of a transmitter RF amplifier: ‘A. islostin the feed line ppears as heat dissipation — C. isdue to oscillating ~~ D. radiates from the antenna ‘Brecemphasis circuits boost what modulating frequencies before modulation? “A. high frequencies B. mid-range frequencies Clow frequencies D. allof the above s a What is the term for the average power supplied to an antenna transmission line during one RF cycle, at the crest of the modulation envelope? ‘A. peak output power 8, peak envelope power average radio-frequency power D. peak transmitter power « ‘pre-emphasis circuit is a: ‘A. low-pass filter C. phase shifter B. high-pass filter” D. bandpass filter What is one advantage of carrier suppression in a double-sideband phone transmission? B. only half the bandwidth is required for the same information content C. greater modulation percentage is obtainable with lower distortion. D. simpler equipment can be used to receive a double-sideband suppressed-carrier signal Fat pela ee PERCocLearnnup 133 frei fyinerde ; iis199. _Pre-emphasis is compensated for at the receiver by a: MN A. phase inverter C. high-pass filter BL bandpass filter 200. What happens to the signal of an overmodulated single-sideband o, double-sideband phone transmitter? ‘A. Itbecomes louder with no other effects 8. Itoccupies less bandwidth with poor high-frequency response C. Ithas higher fidelity and improved signal-to-noise ratio ind occupies more bandwidth 201. The purpose of a balanced modulator in an SSB transmitter is to: ‘A. make sure that the carrier and both sidebands are 180 degrees out of phase B. ensure that the percentage of modulation is kept constant C. make sure that the carrier and both sidebands are in phase 202. The capacitance of a varactor diode is in which general range? —— Cc uF nF boF 203. The frequency change of a crystal oscillator produced by a varactor diode is: A. zero. C. medium BL small D. large 204. What causes splatter interference? A. keying a transmitter too fast B. signals from a transmitter's output circuit are being sent back to its input circuit - C. the transmitting antenna is the wrong length 205. A phase modulator, varies the phase shift of the: C. bothAandB B. modulating signal DL neither A nor B 206. What circuit blocks RF energy above and below a certain limit? ‘A. ahigh pass filter C. alow pass filter 8. an input filter 207. The widest phase variation is obtained with a(n): ‘A. RC low-pass filter CC. LRlow-pass filter B. RC high-pass filter 208. A band pass filter will: A. attenuate a ee ee es ‘ oad pono mSSSSCfst a pass frequencies each side of a band D. stop frequencies ina certain band lency change produced by a phase modulator can be 209. The small frequ increased by using a(n}: ‘A. amplifier 8. mixer D. frequency divider 210, Aband reject filter will: ‘A. allow only two frequencies through je of a band C. pass frequencies below 100 MHz D. stop frequencies each side of a band | gan. The IF frequency in a receiver is produced by which of the following methods? ‘A. modulation C. frequency synthesis a | D. frequency multiplication 212. InPM,a frequency shift occurs while what characteristic of the modulating signal is changing? ‘A. shape C. frequency B. phase 0. amplitude 213, tis the ability of the oscillator in a receiver to oscillate either above or below the selected radio frequency carrier by an amount equal to the intermediate frequency throughout the entire radio frequency band. ‘A. heterodyning C. ranging —B. tracking D. conversion 214. Apre-emphasis of 75 us refers to: ‘A. the time it takes for the circuit to work B. the "dead time" before de-emphasis occurs C._ the time delay between the L and R channels D,_ thettime-constant of the filter circuits used 215. In PM, carrier frequency deviation is not proportional to: A odulning inal aoe itude C. modulating signal frequency - D. modulator phase shift ; PERCactearmiun 185 8 meantbe ' 216. The capacitor used which prevents a portion ofthe signal from radia, , me from their leads. A. bypass mmmtcottettags B. coupling D. neutralization 217. With high-level AM: A. all RF amplifiers can be nonlinear 8. minimum modulation power is required C. minimum RF power is required , 0. allof the above 218. An FM signal has which of the following characteristics when compared toan AM signal? A. more noise 4 BL lessstatic C. higher power output D. a lower operating frequency 219. To compensate for increases in carrier frequency deviation with an increase in modulating signal frequency, what circuit is used between ‘the modulating signal and the phase modulator? A. low-pass filter C. phase shifter B. high-pass filter D. bandpass filter | 220. A circuit that compensates far miner.vertations-in the received RF signal level. A. pre-emphasis "B. _ automatic frequency control C. compander /D. automatic gain control 221. With high-level AM: | A-—The RF amplifiers are typically Class A | B, the RF amplifiers are typically Class B * C. the RF amplifiers are typically Class C D. the RFamplifiers are typically Class AB 222, SSB transmissions have which of the following characteristics when compared to AM transmissions? A wilpbenceass Srequarces “ C. less modulation D. high fidelity « 223, The FM produced by PM is called: A FM C. indirect FM PM indirect PMST eetac ee 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. ‘An intricate part of electronic communications system because of its ‘up: and dawn-eorrversiorrfunctians as they are transported through a ‘channel. A. oscillation C. modulation B. demoduiation —D. translation — With low-level AM: A7~The RF amplifiers must be Class A the RF amplifiers must be Class B C. the RF amplifiers must be linear D. the RF amplifiers must be low-power Single sideband receivers use a special oscillator. The output of that oscillator is fed directly to the detector circuit. What type of oscillator is used? A. local variable frequency B. high frequency —D. carrier reinsertion The abit to change opgzating eqwercrrapiehy whos oro Cc. VFO B. expansion D. spread-spectrum ‘Two or more circuits within a receiver are varied by a single control through the use of which of the following processes? B. frequency synthesis C. automatic gain control D. automatic frequency control Noise interferes mainly with modulating signals that are: A. sinusoidal C. low frequencies 8. non-sinusoidal -D. high frequencies1. An SSB transmitter generates UsB signal with Vpk = 10 V. Determine the peak envelope power across a 50 ohms load resistance. A IW c 3w 8B 2W dD. aw 2. Ifa voice signal extends from 300 Hz to 3 kHz the bandwidth using psp. is: . A. 12kHz B. 5.7 kHz C6 kHz D. 3kHz 3. Foran AM transmitter with an unmodulated carrier power of 100 W that is modulated that is modulated simultaneously by three modulating signals with coefficients of modulation of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.5, | What is effective modulation index? A 0S c 03 B04 0. 07 4. An AM signal has a modulation carrier power of 10 Watts. The percentage of modulation is 90%. The total sideband power is: A 45W c 81W B. 0.18 W D. 4.05w 5. Ifa voice signal extends from 300 Hz to 3 kHz the bandwidth using SSB is: A 12kHz C6 kHz B. 2.7kHz D. 3kHz 6. _ Find the modulation index if a 20 V carrier is amplitude-modulated by three different frequencies with amplitudes of 1V, 2V, and 3V, a respectively. . A. 0.356 Cc. 0.187 B. 0.536 D. 0.473 7. _ Foran AM envelope with a maximum peak voltage of 52 V anda minimum peak-to-peak voltage of 24 V, what is the percent modulation? A 42.5% C. 62.5% B. 52.5% D. 72.5% 8. An AM transmitter has an output power of 100 W at no modulation with efficiency of 60%, What will be the output power with 97% modulation? A 147W Cc. 167W B. 157W D. 177W i peeecemniannccici act eS ee frroafjnrde PERCoeieoo™| ST Aiceatace & In an AM DSBFC (double sideband full carrier) wave, at 50% modulation, the maximum power in the upper or lower sideband is equal to ‘of the power in the carrier. A 1/4 c 12 B. 1/16 Dd. 1/3 10, The current of an AM transmitter is 20 A when unmodulated but increases to 22 A when modulated. Calculate %m. A. 65% C. 46% B. 95% D. 54% 11. A300 W carrier is simultaneously modulated by 2 audio waves with modulation percentage of 55 and 65, respectively. What is the total sideband power radiated? A. 54.38. Cc. 108.75 W B. 354.38W D. 408.75 W 12. The modulation index of an AM is changed from 0 to 1. The transmitted power A. unchanged B. halved | C. doubled D. increase by 50 percent 13, An AM signal has the following characteristics: the carrier frequency is 150 MHz, the modulating signal frequency is 3 kHz, the carrier voltage is 60 volts, where the modulating signal is 20 volts. Find the peak voltage of the upper side frequency. A 15V Cc. 30V B. 10V 0. 7.5V 14, Determine the percent modulation of the modulated wave generating the trapezoidal pattern shown in the figure. el $ 3 k— co FIGURE A 45.5% C 89.2% B. 55.4% D. 92.8% 15. Calculate the modulation index for a waveform with a maximum voltage of 150 V and minimum voltage of 70 V. A. 34.6% B. 64.3% eae os eeGe 16, An AM signal has a caries frequency of 400 MH and amplitude of 17. 18, 19, 20. 21, 22, [tls modulated by a sinusoidal wave with frequency of 2 kits ang pea amplitude of 2 V,. What isthe lower sideband frequency? ‘A. 399.998 MHz ©. 400.002 mate B. 398.998 MHz D. 401.002 my ACB transmitter supplies a total power of 120 W to an aerial. su, the carrier is amplitude modulated to a depth of 80%, how TUCH Boye, Is wasted by the carrier signal? A 31W © 71w 8B. SIW Oo. 91Ww ‘ADSBSC system must suppress the carrier by 50 dB for of 10 W. To what value must the carrier be reduced? A O.1mw Cc 03mw B. 0.2mw Do. 04mw its original value ‘An AM signal has a carrier frequency of 3 MHz and amplitude OF 3 Vy, ‘What is the amplitude of the sidebands if the modulation index is 0.6) AL 0.9 Vy. c D. 0.6 Vix PPressing one of the sidebands? A 11.14 kw CG 14a. kw 8. 11.41 kw DO. 14.14kw amplitude of 2 V,. What is the u, A. 399.998 MHz C. 400,002 MHz 8. 398.998 Miz D. 401.002 MHz24. 25. 26. 27. 28, 29. 30. 31, Determine the frequency deviation of a frequency-modulated signal modulated by a 3 kHz sine wave reaching a maximum frequency of 200.02 MHz and minimum frequency of 199.98 MHz. A. 20kHz c 40 kHz 8. 100 MHz D. 200 MHz An FM communications transmitter has a maximum frequency deviation of 5 kHz and a range of modulating frequencies from 300 Hz to 3 kHz. What is the maximum phase shift that it produces? A. 17.6 rad C. 17.8rad B. 16.7 rad D. 18.7 rad ‘APM signal has a modulation index of 2, with a modulating signal that has amplitude of 100 mV and a frequency of 4 kHz. What would be the effect on the modulation index of changing the frequency to 5 kHz? Re 1 ae 8B. 20 D. 16 Calculate the amount of frequency deviation caused by a limited noise spike that still causes an undesired phase shift of 35 degrees when the input frequency is 5 kHz. A. 1.05 kHz C305 kHz B. 2.05 kHz D. 4,05 kHz Using Carson’s rule, what is the bandwidth of an FM signal with 5 kHz maximum frequency deviation and 2.5 kHz maximum modulating. frequency? AL SkHz Cc. 1SkHz B. 10 kHz D. 20kHz Determine the carrier swing of a frequency-modulated signal modulated by a 3 kHz sine wave reaching a maximum frequency of 200.02 MHz and minimum frequency of 199.98 MHz. A. 20kH2 C40 kHz B. 100MHz D. 200 MHz Calculate the deviation ratio for an FM signal where the maximum frequency deviation is 60 kHz and the maximum modulating frequency is 10 kHz. A 6 «18 B. 1/6 D. 2/3 ‘The maximum allowed deviation of the FM sound signal in TV is 25 kHz. If the actual deviation is 10 kHz, the percent modulation is: A 43% C. 96% B. 72% D. 40%32. A100 MHz carrier is deviated 50 kHz by a 5 kHz signal. The modulation index is: AOS Cc 10 B 8 do. 20 33, An FM transmission has a frequency deviation of 25 kHz. Determine the percent modulation of this signal in the FM broadcast band (88-108 Mtz band). A. 13.33% C1 33.35% B. 40.00% D. 80.00% 34. Calculate the maximum bandwidth required of a standard FM broadcast station. A. 180 kHz C. 280 kHz B. 100 kHz D. 200 kHz 35. _ Itis desired to operate a receiver with NF = 8 dB at S/N = 15 dB overa 200 kHz bandwidth at ambient temperature. Calculate the receiver's sensitivity. A -98dB Cc. -89dB B. 98. dBm D. -89d8m 36. The power amplifier of an AM transmitter has an output power of 50 W and an efficiency of 60% and is collector-modulated. How much audio power is required to be supplied to this stage for 100% modulation? A. 3159W c 52.98W 8. 41.67W Dd. 2532W 37. A filter-type SSB generator uses an ideal bandpass filter with a center frequency of 5.0 MHz and a bandwidth of 2.7 kHz. What frequency should be used for the carrier oscillator if the generator is to produce a USB signal with a baseband frequency response having a lower limit of 280 Hz? A. 4990.37 kHz C. 4998.65 kHz B. 5001.35 kHz D. 5001.63 kHz 38, A transistor has a power dissipation rating of 30 W. Assuming that the transistors is the only element that dissipates power in the circult, calculate the power an amplifier, using this transistor, could deliver to the load if it operates as class-A with an efficiency of 30% . A. 12.86W Cc. 18.26W 8B. 86.12W D. 16.82W 39. A collector-modulated class C amplifier has a carrier output power of 100 W, and with efficiency of 60%, calculate the transistor power dissipation, assuming that all the power dissipation that occurs comes from the transistor. A. 34W 8. 100W