CHAPTER 9 Chemical Reactions

Section 1 Reactions and 6. Challenge A piece of zinc metal is added to a

solution of dihydrogen sulfate. This reaction produces
Equations a gas and a solution of zinc sulfate.
pages 282–288
Zn(s)  H2SO4(aq)  H2(g)  ZnSO4(aq)
Practice Problems
pages 284–287 Section 1 Review
page 288
Write skeleton equations for the following word
7. Explain why it is important that a chemical equation
equations.
be balanced.
1. Hydrogen and bromine gases react to yield hydrogen
bromide. Because mass is neither created nor destroyed in
chemical reactions, the numbers of atoms of all
hydrogen(g)  bromine(g)  elements must be equal on both sides of the
hydrogen bromide(g) reaction arrow.
H2(g)  Br2(g)  HBr(g) 8. List three types of physical evidence that indicate a
2. When carbon monoxide and oxygen react, carbon chemical reaction has occurred.
dioxide forms. Answers may include release or absorption of
carbon monoxide(g)  oxygen(g)  energy, change in color, change in odor, formation
of a gas, or formation of a solid.
carbon dioxide(g)
CO(g)  O2(g)  CO2(g) 9. Compare and contrast a skeleton equation and a
chemical equation.
3. Challenge Write the word equation and the skeleton The skeleton equation includes the formulas of
equation for the following reaction: when heated,
reactants and products. The chemical equation
solid potassium chlorate yields solid potassium gives the relative amounts of reactants
chloride and oxygen gas.
and products.
Potassium chlorate(s) 
10. Explain why it is important to reduce coefficients in
potassium chloride(s)  oxygen(g)
a balanced equation to the lowest possible whole-
KClO3(s)  KCl(s)  O2(g) number ratio.
Coefficients in the lowest ratio most clearly
Write chemical equations for each of the following indicate the relative amounts of substances
reactions. in a reaction.
4. In water, iron(III) chloride reacts with sodium
hydroxide, producing solid iron(III) hydroxide and 11. Analyze When balancing a chemical equation, can
sodium chloride. you adjust the subscript in a formula? Explain.
FeCl3(aq)  3NaOH(aq)  Fe(OH)3(s)  3NaCl(aq) No. Doing so changes the identity of the substance.

5. Liquid carbon disulfide reacts with oxygen gas,

producing carbon dioxide gas and sulfur dioxide gas.
CS2(l)  3O2(g)  CO2(g)  2SO2(g)

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Chapter 9 (continued)
12. Assess Is the following equation balanced? If not, 17. Challenge Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and sodium
correct the coefficients to balance the equation. hydroxide solutions react to produce aqueous sodium
sulfate and water.
2K2CrO4(aq)  Pb(NO3)2(aq) 
2KNO3(aq)  PbCrO4(s) H2SO4(aq)  2NaOH(aq)  Na2SO4(aq)  2H2O(l)
No. The correct equation is Write chemical equations for the following
K2CrO4(aq)  Pb(NO3)2(aq)  2KNO3(aq)  decomposition reactions.
PbCrO4(s)
18. Aluminum oxide(s) decomposes when
13. Evaluate Aqueous phosphoric acid and aqueous electricity is passed through it.
calcium hydroxide react to form solid calcium 2Al2O3(s)  4Al(s)  3O2(g)
phosphate and water. Write a balanced chemical
equation for this reaction. 19. Nickel(II) hydroxide(s) decomposes to produce
2H3PO4(aq)  3Ca(OH)2(aq)  nickel(II) oxide(s) and water.
Ca3(PO4)2(s)  6H2O(aq) Ni(OH)2(s)  NiO(s)  H2O(l)
20. Challenge Heating sodium hydrogen carbonate(s)
produces sodium carbonate(aq) and water. Carbon
Section 2 Classifying Chemical dioxide gas is also produced.
Reactions 2NaHCO3(s)  Na2CO3(aq)  CO2(g)  H2O(l)
pages 289–298

Practice Problems
pages 291–292

Write chemical equations for the following reactions.

Classify each reaction into as many categories as
possible.
14. The solids aluminum and sulfur react to produce
aluminum sulfide.
2Al(s)  3S(s)  Al2S3(s); synthesis
15. Water and dinitrogen pentoxide gas react to produce
aqueous hydrogen nitrate.
H2O(l)  N2O5(g)  2HNO3(aq); synthesis
16. The gases nitrogen dioxide and oxygen react to
produce dinitrogen pentoxide gas.
4NO2(g)  O2(g)  2N2O5(g); synthesis and
combustion

Chemistry: Matter and Change 142 Solutions Manual

Chapter 9 (continued)
Problem-Solving Lab
page 294

Properties of Halogens

Atomic Ionic
Radius Energy Electronegati-
Halogen (ppm) (kJ/mol) vity
Fluorine 72 1681 3.98
Chlorine 100 1251 3.16 2. Describe any periodic trends that you identify in the
data.
Bromine 114 1140 2.96
With increasing atomic number, atomic radius
Iodine 133 1008 2.66 increases, ionization energy decreases, and
electronegativity decreases.
Astatine 140 920 2.2
3. Relate any periodic trends that you identify among the
1. Make graphs Use the information in the data table halogens to the activity series of halogens shown in
to make three line graphs. Figure 13.
Student graphs should accurately reflect the data These trends correlate with the decrease in
in the table. reactivity down the period.
4. Predict the location of the element astatine in the
activity series of halogens. Explain your answer.
Astatine is a group 17 element and follows the
trends described for the halogens. Therefore, it
would be at the bottom of the activity series on the
basis of its periodic trends.

Practice Problems
pages 295–297

Predict if the following single-replacement

reactions will occur. If a reaction occurs, write a
balanced equation for the reaction.
21. K(s)  ZnCl2(aq) 
Yes. K is above Zn in the activity series.
2K(s)  ZnCl2(aq)  Zn(s)  2KCl(aq)
22. Cl2(g)  HF(aq) 
No. Cl is below F in the activity series.
23. Fe(s)  Na3PO4(aq) 
No. Fe is below Na in the activity series.

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Chapter 9 (continued)
24. Challenge Al(s)  Pb(NO3)2(aq)  An activity series of metals orders metals by their
reactivity with other metals. The most active
Yes. Al is above Pb in the activity series. metals are on the top of the list, and the least active
2Al(s)  3Pb(NO3)2(s)  3Pb(s)  2Al(NO3)o3(aq) metals are at the bottom of the list.
Write the balanced chemical equations for the 31. Compare and contrast single-replacement
following double-replacement reactions. reactions and double-replacement reactions.
In a single-replacement reaction, atoms of one
element replace atoms of another element in a
compound. In a double-replacement reaction, two
compounds dissolved in water exchange positive
ions.
32. Describe the result of a double-replacement
reaction.
25. The two substances at right react to produce solid
silver iodide and aqueous lithium nitrate. Double-replacement reactions produce two
different compounds, one being a solid precipitate,
LiI(aq)  AgNO3(aq)  AgI(s)  LiNO3(aq) water, or gas.
26. Aqueous barium chloride and aqueous potassium 33. Classify What type of reaction is most likely to
carbonate react to produce solid barium carbonate and occur when barium reacts with fluorine? Write the
aqueous potassium chloride. chemical equation for the reaction.
BaCl2(aq)  K2CO3(aq)  BaCO3(s)  2KCl(aq) A synthesis reaction will likely occur.
27. Aqueous sodium oxalate and aqueous lead(II) nitrate Ba  F2  BaF2
react to produce solid lead(II) oxalate and aqueous 34. Interpret Data Does the following reaction occur?
sodium nitrate. Explain your answer.
Na2C2O4(aq)  Pb(NO3)2(aq)  3Ni  2AuBr3  3NiBr2  2Au
PbC2O4(s)  2NaNO3(aq)
The reaction does occur because nickel is more
28. Challenge Acetic acid (CH3COOH) and potassium reactive than gold.
hydroxide react to produce potassium acetate and
water.
CH3COOH(aq)  KOH(aq)  Section 3 Reactions in Aqueous
CH3COOK(aq)  H2O(l) Solutions
pages 299–308
Section 2 Review
page 298 Practice Problems
29. Describe the four types of chemical reactions and pages 302–306
their characteristics. Write chemical, complete ionic, and net ionic equations
Synthesis: two substances react to yield a single for the following reactions that may produce
product. Combustion: a substance reacts with precipitates. Use NR to indicate if no reaction occurs.
oxygen, producing heat and light. Decomposition: 35. Aqueous solutions of potassium iodide and silver
a single compound breaks down into two or more nitrate are mixed, forming the precipitate silver
elements or new compounds. Replacement: the iodide.
atoms of one element replace the atoms of another
element in a compound (single-replacement), or
positive ions are exchanged between two
compounds (double-replacement).
30. Explain how an activity series of metals is
organized.

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Chapter 9 (continued)
chemical equation: 39. Challenge When aqueous solutions of sodium
KI(aq)  AgNO3(aq)  KNO3(aq)  AgI(s) carbonate and manganese(V) chloride are mixed, a
precipitate forms. The precipitate is a compound
complete ionic equation: K  (aq)  I  (aq)  containing manganese.
Ag (aq)  NO3 (aq)  K  (aq)  NO3 (aq)  AgI(s) chemical equation: 5Na2CO3(aq)  2MnCl5(aq) 
10NaCl(aq)  Mn2(CO3)5(s)
net ionic equation: I(aq)  Ag(aq)  AgI(s)
complete ionic equation: 10Na + (aq)  5CO32−(aq) 
36. Aqueous solutions of ammonium phosphate and
sodium sulfate are mixed. No precipitate forms and no 2Mn5(aq)  10Cl (aq)  10Na + (aq) 
gas is produced.
10Cl (aq)  Mn2(CO3)5(s)
chemical equation: 2(NH4)3PO4(aq)  3Na2SO4(aq)
 3(NH4)2SO4(aq)  2Na3PO4(aq) net ionic equation:
5CO32(aq)  2Mn5(aq)  Mn2(CO3)5(s)
complete ionic equation: 6NH+4 (aq)  2PO3
4

40. Mixing sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and aqueous potassium

(aq)  6Na + (aq)  3SO2
4
(aq)  6NH4+ (aq)  hydroxide produces water and aqueous potassium
sulfate.
3SO2
4
(aq)  6Na + (aq)  2PO3
4
(aq)
chemical equation:
No reaction occurs; therefore, there is no net ionic H2SO4(aq)  2KOH(aq)  2H2O(l)  K2SO4(aq)
equation. complete ionic equation:
37. Aqueous solutions of aluminum chloride and sodium 2H(aq)  SO2
4
(aq)  2K + (aq)  2OH(aq) 
hydroxide are mixed, forming the precipitate
aluminum hydroxide. 2H2O(l)  2K + (aq)  SO2
4
aq)
chemical equation: AlCl3(aq)  3NaOH(aq)  net ionic equation: 2H(aq)  2OH(aq)  2H2O(l)
Al(OH)3(s)  3NaCl(aq) or H(aq)  OH(aq)  H2O(l)
complete ionic equation: Al3(aq)  3Cl  (aq)  41. Mixing hydrochloric acid (HCl) and aqueous calcium
hydroxide produces water and aqueous calcium
3Na  (aq)  3OH(aq)  Al(OH)3(s)  3Na + (aq)
chloride.
 3Cl  (aq) chemical equation:
net ionic equation: 2HCl(aq)  Ca(OH)2(aq)  2H2O(l)  CaCl2(aq)
Al3(aq)  3OH(aq)  Al(OH)3(s) complete ionic equation:
38. Aqueous solutions of lithium sulfate and calcium 2H(aq)  2Cl  (aq)  Ca 2+ (aq)  2OH(aq) 
nitrate are mixed, forming the precipitate calcium 2H2O(l)  Ca 2+ (aq)  2Cl  (aq)
sulfate.
chemical equation: Li2SO4(aq)  Ca(NO3)2(aq)  net ionic equation: H(aq)  OH(aq)  H2O(l)
2LiNO3(aq)  CaSO4(s) 42. Mixing nitric acid (HNO3) and aqueous ammonium
complete ionic equation: hydroxide produces water and aqueous ammonium
 nitrate.
2Li + (aq)  SO42(aq)  Ca2(aq)  2NO3 (aq) 
chemical equation:

2Li + (aq)  2NO3 (aq)  CaSO4(s) HNO3(aq)  NH4OH(aq)  H2O(l)  NH4NO3(aq)

net ionic equation: complete ionic equation:

SO42(aq)  Ca2(aq)  CaSO4(s) H(aq)  NO3 (aq)  NH +4 (aq)  OH(aq) 

H2O(l)  NH +4 (aq)  NO3 (aq)

net ionic equation: H(aq)  OH(aq)  H2O(l)

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Chapter 9 (continued)
43. Mixing hydrosulfuric acid (H2S) and aqueous calcium 47. Hydrobromic acid (HBr) reacts with aqueous
hydroxide produces water and aqueous calcium ammonium carbonate, forming carbon dioxide gas
sulfide. and water.
chemical equation: chemical equation: 2HBr(aq) + (NH4)2CO3(aq) 
H2S(aq) + 1 Ca(OH)2(aq)  2H2O(l) + CaS(aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g) + 2NH4Br(aq)
complete ionic equation: complete ionic equation:
2H(aq) + S2 (aq) + Ca 2+ (aq) + 2OH(aq)  2H(aq) + 2Br  (aq) + 2NH+4 (aq) + CO32(aq) 
2H2O(l) + Ca 2+ (aq) + S2 (aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g) + 2NH+4 (aq) + 2Br  (aq)
net ionic equation: H(aq) + OH(aq)  H2O(l) net ionic equation:
44. Challenge When benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) and 2H(aq) + CO32(aq)  H2O(l) + CO2(g)
magnesium hydroxide are mixed, water and 48. Nitric acid (HNO3) reacts with aqueous
magnesium benzoate are produced. potassium rubidium sulfide, forming hydrogen sulfide
chemical equation: 2C6H5COOH(aq) + gas.
Mg(OH)2(aq)  Mg(C6H5COO)2(aq) + 2H2O(l) chemical equation: 2HNO3(aq) + KRbS(aq) 
 H2S(g) + KRb(NO3)2(aq)
complete ionic equation: 2C 6 H 5 COO (aq) +

2H(aq) + Mg  (aq) + 2OH(aq)

complete ionic equation: 2H(aq) + 2NO3 (aq) +
 
 2C 6 H 5 COO (aq) + Mg (aq) + 2H2O(l) K  (aq) + Rb+ (aq) + S2(aq)  H2S(g) +
K  (aq) + Rb+ (aq) + 2NO3 (aq)
net ionic equation:
2H(aq) + 2OH(aq)  2H2O(l) net ionic equation: 2H(aq) + S2(aq)  H2S(g)
45. Perchloric acid (HClO4) reacts with aqueous 49. Challenge Aqueous potassium iodide reacts with
potassium carbonate, forming carbon dioxide gas and lead nitrate in solution, forming solid lead iodide.
water.
chemical equation: 2KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) 
chemical equation: 2HClO4(aq) + K2CO3(aq)  2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)
H2O(l) + CO2(g) + 2KClO4(aq)
complete ionic equation:
complete ionic equation:

2K + (aq) + 2I(aq) + Pb2(aq) + 2NO3 (aq) 
2H(aq) + 2ClO (aq) + 2K (aq) + CO3
4
 2
(aq) 

2K + (aq) + 2NO3 (aq) + PbI2(s)

H2O(l) + CO2(g) + 2K (aq) + 2ClO (aq) 4
net ionic equation: Pb2(aq) + 2I(aq)  PbI2(s)
net ionic equation:
2H(aq) + CO32(aq)  H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Section 3 Review
46. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) reacts with aqueous sodium page 308
cyanide, forming hydrogen cyanide gas and aqueous
50. List three common types of products produced by
sodium sulfate.
reactions that occur in aqueous solutions.
chemical equation: H2SO4(aq) + 2NaCN(aq)  precipitates, water, and gases
2HCN(g) + Na2SO4(aq)
51. Describe solvents and solutes in an
complete ionic equation:
aqueous solution.
4 (aq) + 2Na (aq) + 2CN (aq) 

2H(aq) + SO2 
A solvent is the most plentiful substance in a

2HCN(g) + 2Na (aq) + SO 2
(aq) solution, and a solute is the substance dissolved in
4
the solvent.
net ionic equation: 2H(aq) + 2CN(aq) 
2HCN(g) or H(aq) + CN(aq)  HCN(g)
Chemistry: Matter and Change 146 Solutions Manual
Chapter 9 (continued)
52. Distinguish between a complete ionic equation and Chapter 9 Assessment
a net ionic equation. pages 312–315
In a complete ionic equation, all dissolved ionic
compounds and highly ionized molecular Section 1
compounds are shown as free ions. A net ionic
equation includes only the particles that take part Mastering Concepts
in the reaction. 57. Define chemical equation.
53. Write complete ionic and net ionic equations for the A chemical equation is a representation of a
reaction between sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and calcium chemical reaction using chemical symbols, arrows,
carbonate (CaCO3). and numbers to indicate the reactants and
H2SO4(aq) + CaCO3(s)  H2O(l) + CO2(g) + products.
CaSO4(aq) 58. Distinguish between a chemical reaction and a
Complete: 2H(aq) + SO4 2
+ CaCO3(s) 
(aq) chemical equation.
H2O(l) + CO2(g) + Ca (aq) + SO42(aq)
2+
A chemical reaction occurs when reactants are
Net: 2H(aq) + CaCO3(s)  H2O(l) + CO2(g) + converted into products. A chemical equation is a
representation of a chemical reaction using
Ca2+(aq)
chemical symbols. The chemical equation also
54. Analyze Complete and balance the following indicates the physical state of the reactants and
equation. products.
CO2(g) + HCl(aq)  59. Explain the difference between reactants and
products.
CO2(g) + 4HCl(aq)  CCl4(l) + 2H2O(l)
Reactants are the initial components and products
55. Predict What type of product would the following are the resultant components.
reaction be most likely to produce? Explain your
reasoning. 60. What do the arrows and coefficients in equations
communicate?
Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 
Arrows separate reactants from products and
water: The reactants would break down into these specify direction of reaction. Coefficients specify
ions in solution: Ba+  OH  H  Cl The barium the relative amount of the components.
and chloride ions are spectator ions; so the ions
that take part in the reaction are the OH and H 61. Does a conversion of a substance into a new
ions, which form water. substance always indicate that a chemical reaction has
occurred? Explain.
56. Formulate Equations A reaction occurs when
Yes. A chemical reaction is the process by which
nitric acid (HNO3) is mixed with an aqueous solution
the atoms of one or more substances are
of potassium hydrogen carbonate. Aqueous potassium
rearranged to form different substances.
nitrate is produced. Write the chemical and net ionic
equations for the reaction.
Chemical: HNO3(aq)  KHCO3(aq) 
H2O(l)  CO2(g)  KNO3(aq)
Net: H(aq)  HCO3(aq)  H2O(l)  CO2(g)

Chemistry: Matter and Change 147 Solutions Manual

Chapter 9 (continued)
62. Write formulas for the following substances and Mastering Problems
designate their physical states. 67. Hydrogen iodide gas breaks down into hydrogen gas
and iodine gas during a decomposition reaction. Write
a. nitrogen dioxide gas
a skeleton equation for this reaction.
NO2(g)
HI(g)  H2(g)  I2(g)
b. liquid gallium
68. Write skeleton equations for these reactions.
Ga(l)
a. sodium carbonate(s)  sodium oxide(s)  carbon
c. barium chloride dissolved in water dioxide(g)
BaCl2(aq) Na2CO3(s)  Na2O(s)  CO2(g)
d. solid ammonium carbonate b. aluminum(s)  iodine(s) 
(NH4)2CO3(s) aluminum iodide(s)
63. Identify the reactants in the following reaction: When Al(s)  I2(s)  AlI3(s)
potassium is dropped into aqueous zinc nitrate, zinc
c. iron(II) oxide(s)  oxygen(g) 
and aqueous potassium nitrate form.
iron(III) oxide(s)
K(s) and Zn(NO3)2(aq)
FeO(s)  O2(g)  Fe2O3(s)
64. Balance the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with
atmospheric oxygen gas. 69. Write skeleton equations for these reactions.

H2S(g) + O2(g)  SO2(g) + H2O(g) a. butane(C 4H10)(l)  oxygen(g)  carbon dioxide(g)

 water(l)
2H2S(g)  3O2(g)  2SO2(g)  2H2O(g)
C4H10(l)  O2(g)  CO2(g)  H2O(l)
65. Write word equations for the following skeleton
equations. b. aluminum carbonate(s) 
aluminum oxide(s)  carbon dioxide(g)
a. Cu(s)  O2(g)  CuO(s)
Al2(CO3)3(s)  Al2O3(s)  CO2(g)
copper(s)  oxygen(g)  copper(II) oxide(s)
c. silver nitrate(aq)  sodium sulfide(aq)  silver
b. K(s)  H2O(l)  KOH(aq)  H2(g) sulfide(s)  sodium nitrate(aq)
potassium(s)  water(l)  potassium AgNO3(aq)  Na2S(aq)  Ag2S(s)  NaNO3(aq)
hydroxide(aq) + hydrogen(g)
70. Write a skeleton equation for the reaction between
c. CaCl2(aq)  Na2SO4(aq)  lithium(s) and chlorine gas to produce lithium
CaSO4(s)  NaCl(aq) chloride(s).
calcium chloride(aq)  sodium sulfate(aq)  Li(s)  Cl2(g)  LiCl(s)
calcium sulfate(s)  sodium chloride(aq)
71. Write skeleton equations for these reactions.
66. Balance the following reactions.
a. iron(s)  fluorine(g)  iron(III) fluoride(s)
a. (NH4)2Cr2O7(s)  Cr2O3(s)  N2(g)  H2O(g)
Fe(s)  F2(g)  FeF3(s)
(NH4)2Cr2O7(s)  Cr2O3(s)  N2(g)  4H2O(g)
b. sulfur trioxide(g)  water(l) 
b. CO2(g)  H2O(l)  C6H12O6(s)  O2(g) sulfuric acid(aq)
6CO2(g)  6H2O(l)  C6H12O6(s)  6O2(g) SO3(g)  H2O(l)  H2SO4(aq)

Chemistry: Matter and Change 148 Solutions Manual

Chapter 9 (continued)
c. sodium(s)  magnesium iodide(aq)  sodium 75. Write chemical equations for these reactions.
iodide(aq)  magnesium(s)
a. When solid naphthalene (C10H8) burns in air, the
Na(s)  MgI2(aq)  NaI(aq)  Mg(s) products are gaseous carbon dioxide and liquid
water.
d. vanadium(s)  oxygen(g) 
vanadium(V) oxide(s) C10H8(s)  12O2(g)  10CO2(g)  4H2O(l)
V(s)  O2(g)  V2O5(s) b. Bubbling hydrogen sulfide gas through
manganese(II) chloride dissolved in water results
72. Write skeleton equations for these reactions. in the formation of the precipitate manganese(II)
a. lithium(s)  gold(III) chloride(aq)  sulfide and hydrochloric acid.
lithium chloride(aq)  gold(s) H2S(g)  MnCl2(aq)  MnS(s)  2HCl(aq)
Li(s)  AuCl3(aq)  LiCl(aq)  Au(s) c. Solid magnesium reacts with nitrogen gas to
b. iron(s)  tin(IV) nitrate(aq)  produce solid magnesium nitride.
iron(III) nitrate(aq)  tin(s) 3Mg(s)  N2(g)  Mg3N2(s)
Fe(s)  Sn(NO3)4(aq)  Fe(NO3)3(aq)  Sn(s) d. Heating oxygen difluoride gas yields oxygen gas
and fluorine gas.
c. nickel(II) chloride(s)  oxygen(g)  nickel(II)
oxide(s)  dichlorine pentoxide(g) 2OF2(g)  O2(g)  2F2(g)
NiCl2(s)  O2(g)  NiO(s)  Cl2O5(g)
Section 2
d. lithium chromate(aq)  barium
chloride(aq)  lithium chloride(aq)  barium Mastering Concepts
chromate(s)
76. List each of the four types of chemical reactions and
Li2CrO4(aq)  BaCl2(aq)  LiCl(aq)  give an example for each type.
BaCrO4(s)
synthesis: reaction of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas
73. Balance the skeleton equations for the reactions to produce water
described in Question 71. combustion: the combustion of methanol in oxygen
a. 2Fe(s)  3F2(g)  2FeF3(s) produces carbon dioxide, water, and heat
b. SO3(g)  H2O(l)  H2SO4(aq) decomposition: nitrogen monoxide decomposes
into oxygen gas and nitrogen gas
c. 2Na(s)  MgI2(aq)  2NaI(aq)  Mg(s)
replacement: copper replaces silver in
d. 4V(s)  5O2(g)  2V2O5(s) silver nitrate
74. Balance the skeleton equations for the reactions 77. How would you classify a chemical reaction between
described in Question 72. two reactants that produces one product?
a. 3Li(s)  AuCl3(aq)  3LiCl(aq)  Au(s) It is a synthesis reaction.
b. 4Fe(s)  3Sn(NO3) 4(aq)  4Fe(NO3)3(aq)  78. Under what conditions does a precipitate form in a
3Sn(s) chemical reaction?
c. NiCl2(s)  3O2(g)  NiO(s)  Cl2O5(g) when the reaction occurs in aqueous solution and
d. Li2CrO4(aq)  BaCl2(aq)  2LiCl(aq)  the product of the reaction is insoluble.
BaCrO4(s)

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Chapter 9 (continued)
79. Will a metal always replace another metal in a b. Classify this reaction.
compound dissolved in water? Explain. single-replacement reaction
No. The most active metal will replace the least
84. Write a balanced chemical equation for the
active metal, but the opposite will not occur.
combustion of liquid methanol (CH3OH).
80. In each of the following pairs, which element will 2CH3OH(l)  3O2(g)  2CO2(g)  4H2O(g)
replace the other in a reaction?
85. Write chemical equations for each of the following
a. tin and sodium
synthesis reactions.
Na replaces Sn
a. boron  fluorine 
b. fluorine and iodine
2B(s)  3F2(g)  2BF3(g)
F replaces I
b. germanium  sulfur 
c. lead and silver
Ge(s)  2S(s)  GeS2(s)
Pb replaces Ag
c. zirconium  nitrogen 
d. copper and nickel
3Zr(s)  2N2(g)  Zr3N4(s)
Ni replaces Cu
d. tetraphosphorus decoxide  water  phosphoric
Mastering Problems acid
81. Classify each of the reactions represented by the P4O10(s)  6H2O(l)  4H3PO4(aq)
chemical equations in Question 71.
86. Combustion Write a chemical equation for the
a. synthesis; b. synthesis; c. single replacement; d. combustion of each of the following substances. If a
synthesis and combustion compound contains carbon and hydrogen, assume that
carbon dioxide gas and liquid water are produced.
82. Classify each of the reactions represented by the
chemical equations in Question 72. a. solid barium
a. single replacement; b. single replacement; 2Ba(s)  O2(g)  2BaO(s)
c. combustion; d. double replacement
b. solid boron
83. Use Figure 22 to answer the following
questions. 4B(s)  3O2(g)  2B2O3(s)
c. liquid acetone (C3H6O)
C3H6O(l)  4O2(g)  3CO2(g)  3H2O(l)
d. liquid octane (C8H18)
2C8H18(l)  25O2(g)  16CO2(g)  18H2O(l)
87. Write chemical equations for each of the following
decomposition reactions. One or more products may
be identified.
a. Write a chemical equation for the reaction
between the two compounds shown in the figure. a. magnesium bromide 
NH3(g)  H2O(l)  NH4(aq)  OH(aq) MgBr2(s)  Mg(s)  Br2(l)

Chemistry: Matter and Change 150 Solutions Manual

Chapter 9 (continued)
b. cobalt(II) oxide  92. Compare and contrast chemical equations and ionic
equations.
2CoO(s)  2Co(s)  O2(g)
A chemical equation gives formulas and relative
c. titanium(IV) hydroxide  amounts of all substances. A complete ionic
titanium(IV) oxide  water equation shows the particles as they exist in
Ti(OH)4(s)  TiO2(s)  2H2O(l) solution. A net ionic equation shows the particles
that participate in the reaction.
d. barium carbonate  barium oxide 
carbon dioxide 93. What is a net ionic equation? How does it differ from
a complete ionic equation?
BaCO3(s)  BaO(s)  CO2(g)
A net ionic equation shows only the reactive
88. Write chemical equations for the following single- particles. A complete ionic equation also shows
replacement reactions that may occur in water. If no ions that do not react (free ions from dissolved
reaction occurs, write NR in place of the products. ionic compounds and highly ionized molecular
compounds).
a. nickel  magnesium chloride 
Ni(s)  MgCl2(aq)  NR 94. Define spectator ion.
A spectator ion is an ion that is present in solution
b. calcium  copper(II) bromide  but does not participate in the reaction.
Ca(s)  CuBr2(aq)  Cu(s)  CaBr2(aq) 95. Write the net ionic equation for a chemical reaction
c. potassium  aluminum nitrate  that occurs in an aqueous solution and produces
water.
3K(s)  Al(NO3)3(aq)  Al(s)  3KNO3(aq)
H(aq)  OH(aq)  H2O(l)
d. magnesium  silver nitrate 
Mg(s)  2AgNO3(aq)  2Ag(s)  Mg(NO3)2(aq) Mastering Problems
96. Complete the following chemical equations.
Section 3 a. Na(s)  H2O(l) 

Mastering Concepts 2Na(s)  2H2O(l)  2NaOH(aq)  H2(g)

89. Complete the following word equation. b. K(s)  H2O(l) 
Solute  Solvent  2K(s)  2H2O(l)  2KOH(aq)  H2(g)
Solute  Solvent  Solution 97. Complete the following chemical equation.
90. Define each of the following terms: solution, solvent, CuCl2(s)  Na2SO4(aq) 
and solute.
CuCl2(s)  Na2SO4(aq)  CuSO4(aq)  2NaCl(aq)
solution: a homogeneous mixture of a solute and a
solvent; solvent: a substance that is in a larger 98. Write a complete ionic and net ionic equation for the
amount in a solution; solute: a substance that is in chemical reaction in Question 97.
a smaller amount in a solution ionic equation: CuCl2(s)  2Na(aq) 
91. When reactions occur in aqueous solutions, what SO42(aq)  Cu2(aq) SO42(aq) 
common types of products are produced? 2Na(aq)  2Cl(aq)
solids, water, and gases net ionic equation: CuCl2(s)  Cu2(aq)  2Cl(aq)

Chemistry: Matter and Change 151 Solutions Manual

Chapter 9 (continued)
99. Write complete ionic and net ionic equations for each c. 2HI  (NH4)2S(aq)  H2S(g)  2NH4I(aq)
of the following reactions.
Complete: 2H (aq)  2I (aq)  2NH4 (aq) 
a. K2S(aq)  CoCl2(aq)  2KCl(aq)  CoS(s) S2 (aq) H2S(g)  2NH4 (aq)  2I (aq)
Complete: 2K(aq)  S2−(aq)  Co2(aq)  Net: 2H (aq)  S2 (aq)  H2S(g)
2Cl−(aq)  2K(aq)  2Cl(aq)  CoS(s)
d. HNO3(aq)  KCN(aq) 
Net: S2(aq)  Co2(aq)  CoS(s) HCN(g)  KNO3(aq)
b. H2SO4(aq)  CaCO3(s)  Complete: H (aq)  NO3(aq)  K+(aq) 
H2O(l)  CO2(g)  CaSO4(s) CN(aq)  HCN(g)  K (aq)  NO3(aq)
Complete: 2H(aq)  SO42(aq)  CaCO3(s)  Net: H (aq)  CN(aq)  HCN(g)
H2O(l)  CO2(g)  CaSO4(s)
102. Paper A reaction occurs when sulfurous acid
Net: 2H(aq)  SO42(aq)  CaCO3(s)  (H2SO3) is mixed with an aqueous solution of
H2O(l)  CO2(g)  CaSO4(s) sodium hydroxide. The reaction produces aqueous
sodium sulfite, a chemical used in manufacturing
c. 2HClO(aq)  Ca(OH)2(aq) 
paper. Write the chemical and net ionic equations for
2H2O(l)  Ca(ClO)2(aq)
the reaction.
Complete: 2H(aq)  2ClO(aq)  Ca2+(aq) 
Chemical: H2SO3(aq)  2NaOH(aq) 
2OH(aq)  2H2O(l)  Ca2(aq)  2ClO(aq) 2H2O(l)  Na2SO3(aq)
Net: H(aq)  OH(aq)  H2O(l) Net: H (aq)  OH (aq)  H2O(l)
100. A reaction occurs when hydrosulfuric acid
(H2S) is mixed with an aqueous solution of iron(III) Mixed Review
bromide. The reaction produces solid iron(III) 103. Photosynthesis Identify the products in the
sulfide and aqueous hydrogen bromide. Write the following reaction that occurs in plants: Carbon
chemical and net ionic equations for the reaction. dioxide and water react to produce glucose and
Chemical: 3H2S(aq)  2FeBr3(aq)  oxygen.
6HBr(aq)  Fe2S3(s) glucose and oxygen
Net: 3S2(aq)  2Fe3(aq)  Fe2S3(s) 104. How will aqueous solutions of sucrose and hydrogen
101. Write complete ionic and net ionic equations for chloride differ?
each of the following reactions. An aqueous sucrose solution contains water
molecules and sucrose molecules. An aqueous
a. H3PO4(aq)  3RbOH(aq) 
hydrogen chloride solution contains water
3H2O(I)  Rb3PO4(aq)
molecules, hydrogen ions, and chloride ions.
Complete: 3H(aq)  PO43(aq)  3Rb(aq) 
3OH(aq)  3H2O(I) 3Rb(aq)  PO43(aq) 105. Write the word equation for each of these skeleton
equations. C6H6 is the formula for benzene.
Net: H(aq)  OH(aq)  H2O(l)
a. C6H6(l)  O2(g)  CO2(g)  H2O(l)
b. HCl(aq)  NH4OH(aq) 
H2O(I)  NH4Cl(aq) benzene(l)  oxygen(g) 
carbon dioxide(g)  water (l)
Complete: H(aq)  Cl(aq)  NH4(aq) 
OH(aq)  H2O(I)  NH4(aq)  Cl(aq) b. CO(g)  O2(g)  CO2(g)
Net: H(aq)  OH(aq)  H2O(l) carbon monoxide(g)  oxygen(g) 
carbon dioxide(g)

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Chapter 9 (continued)
c. Cl2(g)  NaBr(s)  NaCl(s)  Br2(g) 110. Predict whether each of the following reactions will
chlorine(g)  sodium bromide(s)  occur in aqueous solutions. If you predict that a
sodium chloride(s)  bromine(g) reaction will not occur, explain your reasoning.
Note: Barium sulfate and silver bromide precipitate
d. CaCO3(s)  CaO(s)  CO2(g) in aqueous solutions.
calcium carbonate(s)  a. sodium hydroxide  ammonium sulfate 
calcium oxide(s)  carbon dioxide(g)
No reaction; products are soluble and no
106. Classify each of the reactions represented by the water or gas is formed.
chemical equations in Question 105.
b. niobium(V) sulfate  barium nitrate 
a. combustion; b. synthesis or combustion;
reaction occurs
c. single-replacement; d. decomposition
c. strontium bromide  silver nitrate 
107. Write skeleton equations for the following reactions.
reaction occurs
a. ammonium phosphate(aq)  chromium(III)
bromide(aq)  ammonium bromide(aq)  111. Complete the missing information in the following
chromium(III) phosphate(s) skeleton equation and balance the chemical
equation:
(NH4)3PO4(aq)  CrBr3(aq) 
NH4Br(aq)  CrPO4(s) NaOH(aq)  ___  3NaCl(aq) 
Al(OH)3(aq)
b. chromium(VI) hydroxide(s)  chromium(VI)
oxide(s)  water(l) 3NaOH(aq)  AlCl3(s)  3NaCl(aq) 
Al(OH)3(aq)
Cr(OH)6(s)  CrO3(s)  H2O(l)
112. Precipitate Formation The addition of
c. aluminum(s)  copper(I) chloride(aq) 
hydrochloric acid to beakers containing solutions of
aluminum chloride(aq)  copper(s)
either sodium chloride (NaCl) or silver nitrate
Al(s)  CuCl(aq)  AlCl3(aq)  Cu(s) (AgNO3) causes a white precipitate in one of the
beakers.
d. potassium iodide(aq)  mercury(I) nitrate(aq) 
potassium nitrate(aq)  mercury(I) iodide(s) a. Which beaker contains a precipitate?
KI(aq)  HgNO3(aq)  KNO3(aq)  HgI(s) the beaker with silver nitrate
108. Balance the skeleton equations for the reactions b. What is the precipitate?
described in Question 107. silver chloride
a. (NH4)3PO4(aq)  CrBr3(aq)  3NH4Br(aq)  c. Write a chemical equation showing the reaction.
CrPO4(s)
HCl(aq)  AgNO3(aq)  AgCl(s)  HNO3(aq)
b. Cr(OH)6(s)  CrO3(s)  3H2O(l)
d. Classify the reaction.
c. Al(s)  3CuCl(aq)  AlCl3(aq)  3Cu(s)
double-replacement reaction
d. KI(aq)  HgNO3(aq)  KNO3(aq)  HgI(s)
109. Classify each of the reactions represented by the
chemical equations in Question 108.
a. double-replacement; b. decomposition;
c. single-replacement; d. double-replacement

Chemistry: Matter and Change 153 Solutions Manual

Chapter 9 (continued)
113. Write the skeleton equation and the balanced 118. Apply Describe the reaction of aqueous solutions
chemical equation for the reaction between iron and of sodium sulfide and copper(II) sulfate, producing
chlorine. the precipitate copper(II) sulfide.
Skeleton equation: Fe(s)  Cl2(g)  FeCl3(s) Sodium sulfide and copper(II) sulfate dissociate
in water to form sodium ions, sulfide ions,
Balanced chemical equation: 2Fe(s)  3Cl2(g) 
copper(II) ions, and sulfate ions. The copper(II)
2FeCl3(s)
ions and sulfide ions form the precipitate copper
114. Write a chemical equation representing the sulfide. Sodium ions and sulfate ions are
decomposition of water into two gaseous spectator ions that remain dissolved in the
products. What are the products? solution.
2H2O(l)  2H2(g)  O2(g); Hydrogen gas and 119. Predict A piece of aluminum metal is placed in an
oxygen gas aqueous KCl solution. Another piece of aluminum is
placed in an aqueous AgNO3 solution. Explain why a
115. Distinguish between an ionic compound and a chemical reaction does or does not occur in each
molecular compound dissolved in water. Do all instance.
molecular compounds ionize when dissolved in
water? Explain. No reaction occurs when Al is placed in aqueous
KCl because Al, being lower in the activity series,
When an ionic compound dissolves in water, it does not replace K. However, Al reacts with an
dissociates into ions and each ion is hydrated (or aqueous AgNO3 because Al is above Ag in the
surrounded) by water molecules. A molecular activity series.
compound dissolved in water might not dissociate
into ions; it might remain molecular. 120. Design an Experiment You suspect that the
water in a lake close to your school might contain
116. Classify the type of reactions that occur in aqueous lead in the form of Pb2(aq) ions. Formulate your
solutions, and give an example to support your suspicion as a hypothesis and design an experiment
answer. to test your theory. Write the net ionic equations for
Reactions that occur in aqueous solutions can the reactions of your experiment. (Hint: In aqueous
either form heterogeneous mixtures (precipitates) solution, Pb2 forms compounds that are solids with
or homogeneous mixtures. Example of a Cl, Br, I, and SO42 ions.)
heterogeneous mixture:
Hypothesis: If lead is present, a reaction can be
AgNO3(aq)  HCl(aq)  AgCl(s)  HNO3(aq);
performed to precipitate a solid so it can be
example of a homogeneous mixture: HBr(aq)  analyzed and confirmed as lead. Experiment:
NaOH(aq)  H2O(l)  NaBr(aq) Allow a water sample to react with an excess
amount of solution containing aqueous chloride,
Think Critically bromide, iodide, or sulfate ions. If the lead
117. Explain how an equation can be balanced even if concentration is high, a lead-containing
the number of reactant particles differs from the precipitate will form. Absence of precipitate leads
to the conclusion that there is no lead in the
number of product particles.
sample. The presence of a precipitate requires
The number of atoms of each element can be further analysis to confirm that it is a lead
balanced while numbers of reactant and product precipitate.
molecules or other particles are different. For
example, 2C6H6  15O2  12CO2  6H2O is
balanced, but 17 molecules react and 18
molecules are produced.

Chemistry: Matter and Change 154 Solutions Manual

Chapter 9 (continued)
121. Predict When sodium metal reacts with water, it Iron atoms do not react with nitrogen gas.
produces sodium hydroxide, hydrogen gas, and heat.
Write balanced chemical equations for Li, Na, and K 124. Evaluate Write a balanced chemical equation for
reacting with water. Use Figure 13 to predict the the reaction of aluminum and oxygen to produce
order of the amount of heat released from least to aluminum oxide.
most amount of heat released. 4Al(s)  3O2(g)  2Al2O3(s)
2Li(s)  2H2O(l)  2LiOH(aq)  H2(g)
Challenge Problem
2Na(s)  2H2O(l)  2NaOH(aq)  H2(g)
125. A single-replacement reaction occurs between
2K(s)  2H2O(l)  2KOH(aq)  H2(g) copper and silver nitrate. When 63.5 g of copper
Sodium would release the least amount of heat, reacts with 339.8 g of silver nitrate, 215.8 g of silver
followed by potassium, then lithium. is produced. Write a balanced chemical equation for
this reaction. What other product formed? What is
122. Apply Write the chemical equations and net ionic the mass of the second product?
equations for each of the following reactions that
might occur in aqueous solutions. If a reaction does 2AgNO3  Cu  Cu(NO3)2  2Ag; 187.5 g of
not occur, write NR in place of the products. Cu(NO3)2
Magnesium phosphate precipitates in an aqueous
solution. Cumulative Review
a. KNO3  CsCl  126. Complete the following problems in scientific
notation. Round off to the correct number of
KNO3(aq)  CsCl(aq)  KCl(aq)  CsNO3(aq) significant figures. (Chapter 2)
K(aq)  NO3(aq)  Cs(aq)  Cl(aq) 
a. (5.31102 cm)  (2.46105 cm)
K(aq)  Cl(aq)  Cs(aq)  NO3(aq)
Ions remain in solution. No reaction occurs. 1.31104 cm2

b. Ca(OH)2  KCN  b. (6.4210−2 g)  (3.2110−3 g)

Ca(OH)2(aq)  2KCN(aq)  2.00101

Ca(CN)2(aq)  2KOH(aq) c. (9.87104 g)  (6.2103 g)
Ca2(aq)  2OH(aq)  2K(aq)  2CN(aq)  9.2104 g
Ca2(aq)  2CN(aq)  2K(aq)  2OH(aq)
Ions remain in solution. No reaction occurs.
c. Li3PO4  MgSO4 
Chemical: 2Li3PO4(aq)  3MgSO4(aq) 
3Li2SO4(aq)  Mg3(PO4)2(s)
Net ionic: 2PO43(aq)  3Mg2(aq) 
Mg3(PO4)2(s)
d. HBrO  NaOH 
Chemical: HBrO(aq)  NaOH(aq) 
H2O(I)  NaBrO(aq)
Net ionic: H(aq)  OH(aq)  H2O(l)
123. Analyze Explain why a nail exposed to air forms
rust, whereas the same nail exposed to a pure
nitrogen environment does not form rust.
A nail is composed of iron, Fe. Iron atoms react
with oxygen gas to form rust, iron (III) oxide.
Chemistry: Matter and Change 155 Solutions Manual
Chapter 9 (continued)
127. Distinguish between a mixture, a solution, and a c. [Xe]6s2
compound. (Chapter 3)
Ba
A mixture is a physical blend of two or more pure
substances in any proportion in which each 131. Write the electron configuration for the element
substance retains its individual properties. A fitting each description. (Chapter 6)
solution is a uniform mixture that may contain a. metalloid in group 13
solids, liquids, or gases. A compound is a chemical
combination of two or more different elements to B: [He]2s22p1
form a substance with new properties. The b. nonmetal in group 15, period 3
components of mixtures and solutions can be
separated by physical means. A compound can be P: [Ne]3s23p3
broken down only by chemical means. 132. Describe the formation of positive and
128. Data from chromium’s four naturally occurring negative ions. (Chapter 7)
isotopes is provided in Table 5. Calculate Positive ions form when atoms lose valence
chromium’s atomic mass. (Chapter 4) electrons. Negative ions form when valence
electrons are added to an atom.
Chromium Isotope Data
133. Write the formula for the compounds made from
Percent Mass each of the following pairs of ions. (Chapter 7)
Isotope Abundance (amu)
a. copper(I) and sulfite
Cr-50 4.35% 49.946
Cu2SO3
Cr-52 83.79% 51.941
b. tin(IV) and fluoride
Cr-53 9.50% 52.941
SnF4
Cr-54 2.36% 53.939
c. gold(III) and cyanide
Mavg = 0.0435M50 + 0.8379M52 + 0.0950M53 Au(CN)3
+ 0.0236M54
d. lead(II) and sulfide
Mavg = (0.0435  49.946) + (0.8379
PbS
 51.941)  (0.0950  52.941)
+ (0.0236  53.939) amu
Mavg = 51.99 amu Additional Assessment
129. Differentiate between electron configuration and
Writing in Chemistry
electron-dot structure. (Chapter 5)
134. Kitchen Chemistry Make a poster describing
Electron configuration is the arrangement of types of chemical reactions that occur in the kitchen.
electrons in an atom. Electron-dot structure
consist of the element’s symbol and valence Answers will vary.
electrons. 135. Mathematical Equations Write a report
130. Identify the elements by their electron configuration. comparing and contrasting chemical equations and
(Chapter 5) mathematical equations.

a. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p5 Student answers may include the following:

chemical equations contain reaction arrows,
Br while mathematical equations contain equal
b. [Ne]3s23p4 signs; chemical equations contain formulas for
substances, while mathematical equations contain
S variables; because chemical equations contain
formulas that represent kinds and numbers of
atoms, they must be balanced; chemical
Chemistry: Matter and Change 156 Solutions Manual
Chapter 9 (continued)
equations may contain energy terms as well as Using the solubility rules provided in the table above
formulas. complete the following chemical equations. Indicate
whether a precipitate forms or not. Identify the precipitate.
136. Balance Equations Create a flowchart describing
If no reaction occurs, write NR.
how to balance a chemical equation.
Student flowcharts should be similar to 137. Ca(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) 
Figure 6. Ca(NO3)2(aq)  Na2CO3(aq) 
CaCO3(s)  2NaNO3(aq)
Document-Based Questions CaCO3(s) is the precipitate that forms.
Solubility Scientists, in determining whether a precipitate 138. Mg(s) + NaOH(aq) 
will occur in a chemical reaction, will use a solubility rules
chart. Table 6 lists the solubility rules for ionic compounds Mg(s)  NaOH(aq)  NR
in water. 139. PbS(s) + LiNO3(aq) 
Data obtained from: Van Der Sluys, W.G. 2001, PbS(s)  2LiNO3(aq)  Li2S(aq)  Pb(NO)2(aq)
J. Chem. Ed. 78:111–115
No precipitate forms.
Solubility Rules for Ionic Compound in Water

Ionic Compound Rule

Standardized Test Practice
Chapter 9
Group 1 cations and NH4 ions pages 316–317
form soluble salts. 1. What type of reaction is described by the following
All nitrates are soluble. equation?
Cs(s) + H2O(l)  CsOH(aq) + H2(g)
Most halides are soluble, a. synthesis
Soluble Salts except those of Pb2, Hg22, b. combustion
Ag, and Cu. c. decomposition
d. single-replacement
Most sulfates are soluble, with
the exception of those of Ba2; Use the figure below to answer Question 2.
Sr2, Pb2, Ag, Ca2, and Hg22
form slightly soluble sulfates.

Hydroxides, oxides, and

sulfides are usually insoluble,
except that those of group 1 ions
and NH4 are soluble and those
of group 2 ions are slightly 2. Which reaction between halogens and halide salts will
soluble. occur?
Insoluble Salts
Chromates, phosphates, and a. F2(g)  FeI2(aq)  FeF2(aq)  I2(l)
carbonates are usually b. I2(s)  MnBr2(aq)  MnI2(aq)  Br2(g)
insoluble, except that those of c. Cl2(s)  SrF2(aq)  SrCl2(aq)  F2(g)
group 1 ions and NH4 are d. Br2(l)  CoCl2(aq)  CoBr2(aq)  Cl2(g)
soluble.

Chemistry: Matter and Change 157 Solutions Manual

Chapter 9 (continued)
3. Which is the electron configuration for iron? 6. An aqueous solution of nickel(II) sulfate is mixed
with aqueous sodium hydroxide. Will a visible
a. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6 reaction occur?
b. [Ar]3d6
c. 1s22p63p63d6 a. No, solid nickel(II) hydroxide is soluble in water.
d. [Ar]4s24d6 b. No, solid sodium sulfate is soluble in water.
c. Yes, solid sodium sulfate will precipitate out of
4. Which is a description of a pattern displayed by
the solution.
elements in the periodic table?
d. Yes, solid nickel(II) hydroxide will precipitate out
a. repetition of their physical properties when of the solution.
arranged by increasing atomic radius
7. What happens when AgClO3(aq) and NaNO3(aq) are
b. repetition of their chemical properties when
mixed?
arranged by increasing atomic mass
c. periodic repetition of their properties when a. No visible reaction occurs.
arranged by increasing atomic number b. Solid NaClO3 precipitates out of the solution.
d. periodic repetition of their properties when c. NO2 gas is released during the reaction.
arranged by increasing atomic mass d. Solid Ag metal is produced.
5. When moving down a group on the periodic table, 8. Finely ground nickel(II) hydroxide is placed in a
which two atomic properties follow the same trend? beaker of water. It sinks to the bottom of the beaker
and remains unchanged. An aqueous solution of
a. atomic radius and ionization energy hydrochloric acid (HCl) is then added to the beaker,
b. ionic radius and atomic radius and the Ni(OH)2 disappears. Which equation best
c. ionization energy and ionic radius describes what occurred in the beaker?
d. ionic radius and electronegativity
a. Ni(OH)2(s)  HCl(aq) 
Use the table below to answer Questions 6 to 8. NiO(aq)  H2(g)  HCl(aq)
b. Ni(OH)2(s)  2HCl(aq) 
Physical Properties of Select Ionic Compounds NiCl2(aq)  2H2O(l)
c. Ni(OH)2(s)  2H2O(l) 
Compound Name State Soluble Meltin NiCl2(aq)  2H2O(l)
at in g Point d. Ni(OH)2(s)  2H2O(l) 
25°C Water (ºC) NiCl2(aq)  3H2O(l)  O2(g)
?

NaClO3 sodium solid yes 248

chlorate

Na2SO4 sodium solid yes 884

sulfate

NiCl2 nickel(II) solid yes 1031

chloride

Ni(OH)2 nickel(II) solid no 230

hydroxid
e

AgNO3 silver solid yes 210

nitrate

Chemistry: Matter and Change 158 Solutions Manual

Chapter 9 (continued)
Use the diagram below to answer Questions 13. Predict what the products of this reaction will be. Use
9 and 10. evidence from the reaction to support your answer.
The products will be FeCl3 and Al2O3. In a double-
replacement reaction, the positive and negative
ions exchange places, so that each positive ion
forms a compound with a new negative ion.
14. What is the electron configuration for the ion P 3?
Explain how this configuration is different from the
configuration for the neutral atom of phosphorus.
1s22s22p63s23p6; This differs from the
configuration of the neutral phosphorus atom
because it has three extra valence electrons,
9. What is the name for the multiple Lewis completing its valence shell and making it
structures shown in the diagram? resemble a noble gas in its configuration. A neutral
atom of P has the configuration of 1s22s22p63s23p3.
resonance structures
15. Chloroform (CHCl3) was one of the first anesthetics
10. Why do these structures form? used in medicine. The chloroform molecule contains
A pair of electrons can form a double bond in 26 valence electrons total. How many of these valence
several different positions. This means that there electrons are part of covalent bonds?
are several equivalent Lewis structures for the a. 26
same molecule. b. 13
11. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction c. 8
of solid calcium with water to form calcium d. 4
hydroxide in solution and hydrogen gas. e. 2
Ca(s)  2H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2(aq)  H2(g) 16. Which is NOT true of an atom obeying the octet rule?
a. obtains a full set of eight valence electrons
Use the partial chemical equation below to answer
b. acquires the valence configuration of a
Questions 12 and 13.
noble gas
AlCl3(aq)  Fe2O3(aq)  c. electron configuration is unusually stable
12. What type of reaction will this be? Explain how you d. has an s2p6 valence configuration
can tell from the reactants. e. will lose electrons
This will be a double-replacement reaction. There
are two compounds reacting together. In the other
types of reactions, a single element participates as
one of the reactants.

Chemistry: Matter and Change 159 Solutions Manual

Chapter 9 (continued)
Use the figure below to answer Question 17. 18. The combustion of ethanol (C2H6O) produces carbon
dioxide and water vapor. What equation best
describes this process?
a. C2H6O(l) O2(g)  CO2(g)  H2O(l)
b. C2H6O(l)  2CO2(g)  3H2O(l)
17. Which statement does NOT correctly describe the c. C2H6O(l)  3O2(g)  2CO2(g)  3H2O(g)
model of HCl shown above? d. C2H6O(l)  3O2(l)  2CO2(g)  3H2O(l)
a. A nonpolar bond exists between these atoms. e. C2H6O(l)  2CO2(g)  3H2O(g)
b. Chlorine has a stronger attraction for electrons
than does hydrogen.
c. The electrons in the bond are shared unequally.
d. This compound dissolves in a polar substance.
e. Chlorine is the more electronegative atom.

Chemistry: Matter and Change 160 Solutions Manual