Computer lecture # 1

A computer is an electronic device that receives data as input, process it into

information and gives results as an output. It consists of Hardware (machine) and
software (programs).

(It is not an electrical device, but an electronic device based on micro and chips etc.)

Data: A collection of raw facts and figures is called data. It is in unprocessed form used
as an input. The word raw means unprocessed.it can be included as numbers,
alphabets or symbols etc.

Information: The processed data is called information.it is more meaningful than data
itself and used to make important decisions.

Keyboard, mouse and micro phone are used for input.

But to put graph and charts data is put through?

TYPES OF DATA

 alphabetic
 Numeric
 Alphanumeric (both 1-a etc.) Input by use of keyboard.

INPUT DEVICES: USED TO ENTER DATA OR INSTRUCTIONS

INPUT DEVICE TO ENTER

Keyboard Numeric, alphabetic,
alphanumeric data
mouse To click or drag
microphone Voice data
Scanner or barcode reader Enters graph, chart or
barcode
E-pen
Handwritten data

Touch sensitive screen

Used in cell phones
𝐛𝐮𝐭 𝐜𝐚𝐧 data and information can be used interchangeably ?

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜.

𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟'𝑠 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒. Yes

𝐸𝑥𝑝: 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑓 𝑎
𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑜𝑓 50 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡. 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠
𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑒𝑦𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑑.

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 𝑡𝑜
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑑.

𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 :

𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎. 𝐼𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠. The process
of converting data into information is called data processing

Thus, computer gives result as output.

Output devices: USED TO DIPLAY THE RESULT OF PROCESSING / USEFUL

INFORMATION

Moniter / CRT cathode ray tube To display softcopy

Printer Gives hardcopy
Speaker Sound

Plotter To plot bigger diagrams

𝐒𝐨𝐟𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐲 : 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛

𝐇𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐲 :𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟

𝐃𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐫?

𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒄 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒓 :

𝑉𝑎𝑛 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑛'𝑠 𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟
ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒.
Van Neuman scientist that first designed the architecture of computer) states that
computer has 5 main units

1. Input unit: devices used in it are called input devices

2. Memory unit: keeps data before processing
3. CPU central processing unit: divided into two units called Control unit /CU and
Arithmetic logic unit /ALU.
4. Output unit

How do these units integrate with each other?

Input does not directly get into processing until saved temporarily in memory unit then
data is processed through CU AND ALU.

TWO MAIN UNITS OF CPU

Control unit: supervise every action of computer

Arithmetic Logic unit: Instructions are executed it consists of

1. Arithmetic unit: performs tasks such as addition, subtraction etc.

2. Logic unit: performs logical operations such as < or >.

- (cu )-

' / '

( input) --(memory unit)-output

' / '

' - (ALU) - ----- '

Control unit controls everything if logical data comes from memory CU gives it to ALU
as it processes numeric values then gives it back it to memory.

(FIX LINES R DATA AND STRAIGHT LINES R COMMANDS)

 𝐦𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐲 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭: it is used to store data that is being executed. The data is lost when the
computer is turned off.

1- temporary memory

2- permanent memory or disk (𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡)

TYPES OF MEMOR

 PRIMARY OR MAIN MEMORY (RAM/ ROM)

 SECONDRY MEMORY (floppy, CD, USB)
 TERTIARY MEMORY (cache, register)

1-PRIMARY MEMORY OR MAIN MEMORY:

Process data that is being executed. It is volatile memory (lost when off)

 It includes Ram / READ ONLY MEMORY

 Rom / READ ONLY MEMORY

𝑹𝑶𝑴: when computer is turned on it runs under ROM. It is also called BIO’S

 It checks the input devices being connected. If not, then it beeps

 Searches for operating system in hard Disk
 If found, then it loads it in the Ram. It is called booting system
 If it's not found, then system becomes hard(off)

3. SECONDRY MEMORY/PERMANENT STORAGE

Secondary memory is known as a Backup memory or Additional memory. Such as

floppy H- Disc, CD, USB, Tap drive

4. TERTIARY MEMORY: It is used to speed up the computer such as cache or

register.

LECTURE :2
  Pixel stands for.

Pix stands for picture and El stands for element.

The smallest manageable dot present on the screen is called a pixel.

The screen resolution can be measured in terms of pixels.

 How to measure pixels?

No. Of pixels horizontally in a screen x No. Of pixels vertically in a screen.

 What is booting?

Loading the operating system in main memory (RAM) from hard disk is called booting.

 Types of ROM:

1.PROM (programable ROM) we can only write once on it.

2.EPROM (Erasable programable ROM)

3.EEPROM (Electronically Erasable Programable ROM)

 RAM: it is the primary memory. Data must be put into the RAM before
processing. Rams' data disappears when the computer shuts down. The smallest
data that can be saved in RAM is bit.

 Bit: it can only store single binary digit (0 or 1). 8 bits combine to make one byte.
And one byte can store one character only.

1024 bytes =1 kilo bytes

1024 kilo bytes =1 mega bytes

1024 megabytes =1 giga bytes

1024 giga bytes =1 tera bytes

CPU: the main mind of computer known as central processing unit. It controls all the
other units of the computer.

It divides into two units:

 Control unit
 Arithmetic and logic unit

 Three types of processing:

 Word processing
 Arithmetic processing
 Image

 Computer consists upon two mains components:

One is hardware and second is software

Hardware:

All the physical components of the computer which we can touch, or feel are called
hardware.

Software:

The computer programs used to run the system are called software.

There are two types of software:

 System software:

The software which must be required to run the system is called system software.

Exp. Operating system it is the manager of all the resources of the computer.

Eg DOS, Windows, LINUX, ANDROID

 Application software:
The software which meets the requirements of the user are called applications.
Application software must require the system software to run. E.g. MS Office, Adobe
illustrator, Adobe photoshop, games.

 Operating system has four managers:

The four major resource managers are: the Process Manager, the Memory Manager,
the File Manager, and the Device Manager

 Processor manager (in window

 Memory manager
 File Manager:
 Processor manager

Image file types:

 BMP file (bit map image file)

 GIF file (graphics interchange format)
 TIFF file (tang image file format)
 JPEG file (joint photographic experts' group)
 SVG file (scalable vector graphics)

Desktop:

The display screen that we see when operating system is booted is called desktop, user
interface and home screen.

That screen contains icons and taskbar in the bottom which can be used by left click of
the mouse.