Medical Terminology: Complete!

Fourth Edition

Chapter 9
The Respiratory System

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Learning Objectives
9.1 Define and spell the word parts used to create terms for the respiratory system.

9.2 Break down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases,
disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices associated with the respiratory system.

9.3 Build medical terms from the word parts associated with the respiratory system.

9.4 Pronounce and spell common medical terms associated with the respiratory system.

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Word Parts (1 of 4)
• alveol/o

• bronch/o, bronch/i

• hem/o, hemat/o

• laryng/o

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Word Parts (2 of 4)
• lob/o

• muc/o

• nas/o

• ox/i

• pharyng/o

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Word Parts (3 of 4)
• phragm/o, phragmat/o

• pleur/o

• pneum/o, pneumon/o

• pulmon/o

• rhin/o

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Word Parts (4 of 4)
• sept/o

• sinus/o

• thorac/o

• trache/o

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Anatomy (1 of 2)
• The respiratory system brings oxygen into the bloodstream, through which the oxygen is
transported to body cells.

• The respiratory system also removes carbon dioxide from the blood and channels it out
of the body.

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Anatomy (2 of 2)
• The respiratory system can be divided into two parts:
– The upper respiratory tract includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx.
– The lower respiratory tract consists of the trachea, bronchial tree, lungs, and
alveoli.

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Figure 9.1
The respiratory system. (a) Sagittal section of the head and neck, revealing the
organs of the upper respiratory tract: the nose, pharynx, and larynx. (b) The organs
of the lower respiratory tract, which includes the trachea, right and left primary
bronchi, bronchial tree, and lungs.

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Physiology
• Inhalation and diffusion provide oxygen to the blood.

• Diffusion and exhalation remove waste from the blood.

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Pathophysiology (1 of 3)
• Diseases of the respiratory system reduce the amount of oxygen that is normally
supplied to body cells.

• Severe respiratory disease can lead to a failure of oxygen delivery and can result in
death.

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Pathophysiology (2 of 3)
• The most common symptoms of respiratory disease are breathing problems.

• Respiratory disease may be caused by congenital conditions, infections, allergies,

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Pathophysiology (3 of 3)
• Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist
– Otolaryngologist

• Oncologist

• Pulmonologist
– pulmon/o = lung
– -logist = one who studies

• Respiratory therapist

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Symptoms and Signs: Word Parts
• Prefixes
– a-, an-
– brady-
– dys-
– epi-
– eu-

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Word Parts (1 of 4)
• Prefixes
– hyper-
– hypo-
– tachy-

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Word Parts (2 of 4)
• Combining forms
– bronch/o
– capn/o
– hem/o
– laryng/o
– orth/o
– ox/i
– rhin/o
– thorac/o

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Word Parts (3 of 4)
• Suffixes
– -algia
– -dynia
– -emia
– -oxia
– -phonia

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Word Parts (4 of 4)
• Suffixes
– -pnea
– -ptysis
– -rrhagia
– -spasm
– -staxis

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Signs and Symptoms of the Respiratory
System (1 of 7)
• Anoxia
– an- = without, absence of
– -oxia = condition of oxygen

• Aphonia

• Apnea

• Bradypnea

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Signs and Symptoms of the Respiratory
System (2 of 7)
• Bronchospasm

• Cheyne-Stokes respiration

• Dysphonia

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Signs and Symptoms of the Respiratory
System (3 of 7)
• Dyspnea
– Eupnea

• Epistaxis

• Hemoptysis
– hem/o = blood
– -ptysis = to cough up

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Signs and Symptoms of the Respiratory
System (4 of 7)
• Hemothorax

• Hypercapnia

• Hypocapnia

• Hyperpnea
– Hyperventilation

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Figure 9.2
Hemothorax. The clinical sign of hemothorax is the presence of blood in the pleural
cavity, which surrounds both lungs.

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Signs and Symptoms of the Respiratory
System (5 of 7)
• Hypopnea

• Hypoventilation

• Hypoxemia

• Hypoxia

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Signs and Symptoms of the Respiratory
System (6 of 7)
• Laryngospasm
– laryng/o = larynx
– -spasm = sudden, involuntary muscle contraction

• Orthopnea

• Paroxysm

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Signs and Symptoms of the Respiratory
System (7 of 7)
• Sputum

• Tachypnea

• Thoracalgia
– Thoracodynia

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Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts (1 of 8)
• Prefixes
– a-
– epi-

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Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts (2 of 8)
• Combining forms
– atel/o
– bronch/o, bronch/i
– carcin/o
– coccidioid/o
– coni/o

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Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts (3 of 8)
• Combining forms
– cyst/o
– embol/o
– fibr/o
– glott/o
– laryng/o

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Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts (4 of 8)
• Combining forms
– myc/o
– nas/o
– pharyng/o
– pleur/o
– pneum/o, pneumon/o

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Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts (5 of 8)
• Combining forms
– pulmon/o
– py/o
– rhin/o
– sinus/o
– sphyx/o

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Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts (6 of 8)
• Combining forms
– sten/o
– tonsill/o
– trache/o
– tubercul/o

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Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts (7 of 8)
• Suffixes
– -al
– -ary
– -ectasis
– -genic
– -ia
– -ic

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Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts (8 of 8)
• Suffixes
– -ism
– -itis
– -oma
– -osis

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Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory
System (1 of 15)
• Asphyxia

• Asthma

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Figure 9.3
Asthma. A normal bronchiole (left) compared to an asthmatic bronchiole (right).
During an asthma “attack,” the bronchioles undergo spasms that reduce the airway
diameter. In addition, the mucous membrane lining the bronchioles swells, and
thickened mucous secretions form plugs that further reduce the airway.

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Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory
System (2 of 15)
• Atelectasis

• Bronchiectasis

• Bronchitis
– bronch/o = airway, bronchus
– -itis = inflammation

• Bronchogenic carcinoma
– Lung cancer

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Figure 9.4a
Bronchogenic carcinoma (lung cancer). An illustration of a sectioned lung with
tumors that originated from the bronchial wall.

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Figure 9.4b
Bronchogenic carcinoma (lung cancer). Photograph of part of a lung removed after
death. The yellow area is a large tumor and the blackened areas suggest the patient
was a heavy smoker.

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Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory
System (3 of 15)
• Bronchopneumonia
– Lobar pneumonia

• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

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Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory
System (4 of 15)
• Coccidioidomycosis

• Coryza

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Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory
System (5 of 15)
• Croup
– Laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB)

• Cystic fibrosis (CF)

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Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory
System (6 of 15)
• Emphysema

• Epiglottitis

• Laryngitis

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Figure 9.5a
Emphysema. Illustration comparing normal lungs and emphysemic lungs. The
insets illustrate how alveolar walls deteriorate in emphysema, reducing their surface
area by convergence.

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Figure 9.5b
Emphysema. Comparison of a patient with and without emphysema. Characteristic
signs of emphysema include reduced weight, a barrel chest, and a drawn facial
appearance, all due to the need to inhale deeply and forcibly exhale with nearly
every breath.

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Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory
System (7 of 15)
• Legionellosis

• Nasopharyngitis

• Pertussis

• Pharyngitis

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Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory
System (8 of 15)
• Pleural effusion

• Pleuritis
– Pleuropneumonia

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Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory
System (9 of 15)
• Pneumoconiosis
– pneum/o = lung
– coni/o = dust
– -osis = condition of
▪ Asbestosis
▪ Silicosis

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Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory
System (10 of 15)
• Pneumonia

• Pneumonitis

• Pneumothorax

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Figure 9.6
Pneumonia. This common lung inflammation may be caused by bacteria, viruses, or
fungi and is often diagnosed with a chest x-ray. In this chest x-ray of infected lungs,
the inflammation appears as the cotton-like whitish areas, known as opacities.

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Figure 9.7
Pneumothorax. The abnormal presence of air or gas within the pleural cavity is
usually caused by a penetrating chest wound. This illustration shows a movement of
air into the pleural cavity, which has collapsed the left lung while pushing the heart
and trachea to the right side.

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Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory
System (11 of 15)
• Pulmonary edema

• Pulmonary embolism (PE)

• Pyothorax

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Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory
System (12 of 15)
• Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
– Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS)
– Adult (or acute) respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

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Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory
System (13 of 15)
• Rhinitis

• Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

• Sinusitis

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Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory
System (14 of 15)
• Tonsillitis

• Tracheitis

• Tracheostenosis
– trache/o = trachea
– sten/o = narrowing
– -osis = condition of

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Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory
System (15 of 15)
• Tuberculosis (TB)

• Upper respiratory infection (URI)

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Figure 9.8
Tuberculosis. A chest x-ray is often used to diagnose TB in a patient. The white
clusters in the lungs indicate the presence of TB colonies, called tubercles.

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Treatments, Procedures, Devices: Word
Parts (1 of 7)
• Prefixes
– anti-
– endo-

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Treatments, Procedures, Devices: Word
Parts (2 of 7)
• Combining forms
– aden/o
– angi/o
– bronch/o
– dilat/o
– laryng/o

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Treatments, Procedures, Devices: Word
Parts (3 of 7)
• Combining forms
– lob/o
– ot/o
– ox/i
– pleur/o
– pneum/o, pneumon/o

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Treatments, Procedures, Devices: Word
Parts (4 of 7)
• Combining forms
– pulmon/o
– rhin/o
– sept/o
– spir/o
– thorac/o
– trache/o

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Treatments, Procedures, Devices: Word
Parts (5 of 7)
• Suffixes
– -al
– -ary
– -centesis
– -ectomy

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Treatments, Procedures, Devices: Word
Parts (6 of 7)
• Suffixes
– -gram
– -graphy
– -ion
– -logist
– -meter
– -metry

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Treatments, Procedures, Devices: Word
Parts (7 of 7)
• Suffixes
– -oid
– -plasty
– -scope
– -scopy
– -stomy
– -tomy

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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the
Respiratory System (1 of 18)
• Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear

• Adenoidectomy

• Antihistamine

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Figure 9.9
Acid-fast bacilli smear. Photograph through a microscope of a sample taken during
an AFB procedure. The red structures are Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the cause of
TB.

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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the
Respiratory System (2 of 18)
• Arterial blood gases (ABGs)

• Aspiration

• Auscultation

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Figure 9.10
Auscultation. The stethoscope is pressed against the body wall to listen for sound
waves associated with breathing.

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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the
Respiratory System (3 of 18)
• Bronchodilation

• Bronchography
– bronch/o = bronchus
– -graphy = recording process
▪ Bronchogram

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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the
Respiratory System (4 of 18)
• Bronchoscopy
– Bronchoscope

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Figure 9.11
Bronchoscopy.

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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the
Respiratory System (5 of 18)
• Chest CT scan

• Chest x-ray (CXR)

• CPAP

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Figure 9.12
Chest CT scan. A series of CT images provides numerous layers of the chest to
reveal a diagnostic three-dimensional analysis of respiratory disease.

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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the
Respiratory System (6 of 18)
• Ears, nose, and throat specialist (ENT)
– Otolaryngologist
– Otonasolaryngologist
– Otorhinolaryngologist

• Endotracheal intubation

• Expectorant

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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the
Respiratory System (7 of 18)
• Incentive spirometry

• Inhaler

• Laryngectomy

• Laryngoscopy
– Laryngoscope

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Figure 9.15
Incentive spirometry. A portable incentive spirometer is useful for encouraging
patients to exercise their breathing function following an operation.

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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the
Respiratory System (8 of 18)
• Laryngotracheotomy
– laryng/o = larynx
– trache/o = trachea
– -tomy = incision

• Lobectomy

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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the
Respiratory System (9 of 18)
• Mechanical ventilation
– Ventilator

• Nebulizer

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Figure 9.16
Mechanical ventilation. The photograph shows a patient receiving breathing
assistance by the use of a portable mechanical ventilator.

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Figure 9.17
Nebulizer. The nebulizer converts a liquid medication to a mist that is easily inhaled.
A face mask, such as the one shown here, is often included to direct the mist.

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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the
Respiratory System (10 of 18)
• Oximetry
– Oximeter
– Pulse oximeter

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Figure 9.18
Pulse oximetry. The small device provides a digital readout of oxygen levels in the
blood.

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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the
Respiratory System (11 of 18)
• Pleurocentesis
– Thoracentesis or thoracocentesis

• Pneumonectomy

• Pulmonary angiography

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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the
Respiratory System (12 of 18)
• Pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
– Spirometer

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Figure 9.19
Pulmonary function test (PFT): spirometry. (a) Normal respiratory volumes, as
measured during spirometry. A patient’s spirometry data are compared to this chart
to identify breathing deficiencies. (b) Photograph of a patient exhaling into a
spirometer during a pulmonary function test, with the assistance of a respiratory
therapist.

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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the
Respiratory System (13 of 18)
• Pulmonologist

• Resuscitation
– Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the
Respiratory System (14 of 18)
• Rhinoplasty
– Septoplasty

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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the
Respiratory System (15 of 18)
• TB skin test
– PPD skin test
– Mantoux skin test

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Figure 9.20
The TB (PPD) skin test. It is in common use as an initial screening for tuberculosis.

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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the
Respiratory System (16 of 18)
• Thoracentesis
– Thoracocentesis
– Pleurocentesis

• Thoracostomy

• Thoracotomy

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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the
Respiratory System (17 of 18)
• Tracheoplasty

• Tracheostomy

• Tracheotomy

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Figure 9.21
Tracheostomy. A tracheotomy, or incision into the trachea, is performed to create an
opening into the trachea as shown in this series of illustrations.

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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the
Respiratory System (18 of 18)
• Ventilation-perfusion scanning

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Abbreviations (1 of 4)
• ABGs

• AFB

• ARDS

• CF

• COPD

• CPAP

• CPR

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Abbreviations (2 of 4)
• CXR

• ENT

• NRDS

• NSCLC

• PE

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Abbreviations (3 of 4)
• PPD

• PFTs

• RDS

• SARS

• SCLC

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Abbreviations (4 of 4)
• SOB

• TB

• URI

• V/Q scan

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Copyright

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