BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY B.

TECH – EEE

POWER SYSTEM LAB

LAB MANUAL
Subject Code: EE605PC
Regulations: R18

Class : III Year B.Tech EEE II Semester

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad

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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY B.TECH – EEE

BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VISION AND MISSION OF THE INSTITUTION

VISION

To achieve the autonomous & university status and spread universal education by inculcating
discipline, character and knowledge into the young minds and mould them into enlightened citizens.

MISSION

BIET’s mission is to impart high quality education to students in the field of Engineering and
Technology and to conduct advanced research programs by fostering close partnership with R&D
institutions and Industry.

VISION AND MISSION OF EEE DEPARTMENT

VISION

To impart Engineering education of the highest order, producing technically competent and socially
responsible Engineers.

MISSION

To give advanced knowledge and training to students, enabling them to acquire the necessary technical
and soft skills that are essential for a career in electrical & electronics engineering and management.

To make the teaching-Learning process exciting and effective by creating necessary facilities for the
same.

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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY B.TECH – EEE

BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Program Educational Objectives (PEO's)

A graduate of the Electrical and Electronics Engineering Program should:

Program Educational Objective 1: (PEO1)

To prepare students with good foundation in mathematics, science and engineering
fundamentals required to comprehend, analyze, formulate solutions for real life
engineering problems and enable them to pursue higher studies and /or to find entry
level positions in industries.

Program Educational Objective 2: (PEO2)

To teach effective communication skills, leadership, team work, multidisciplinary
approach, and an ability to provide engineering solutions in a broader societal context.

Program Educational Objective 3: (PEO3)

To provide academic environment with an awareness of excellence, ethical codes and
guidelines, and the life-long learning needed for a successful professional career.

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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY B.TECH – EEE

BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Program Outcomes (POs):

PO1 Engineering knowledge: To Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering
fundamentals/principles, and Electrical & Electronics Engineering to the solution of complex engineering
problems encountered in modern Engineering practice
PO2 Problem Analysis: Ability to Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems related to Electrical and Electronics Engineering and reaching substantiated
conclusions using first principles of mathematics,natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems related to Electrical
and Electronics Engineering and design system components or processes that meet the desired needs within
realistic consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods
including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to
provide valid conclusions.
PO5 Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, skills, resources, and modern Electrical
and Electronics Engineering tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with
an understanding of the limitations.
PO6 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health,
safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the Electrical and Electronics
Engineering professional engineering practice
PO7 Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the Electrical and Electronics Engineering
professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of,
and need for sustainable development.
PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the
engineering practice.
PO9 Individual and teamwork: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse
teams, and in multidisciplinary teams.
PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and
design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
PO11 Project management and _nance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and
management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage
projects and in multidisciplinary environments
PO12 Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent
and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs):

PSO1 Talented to analyze, design, and implement electrical & electronics systems and deal with the rapid pace of
industrial innovations and developments.
PSO2 Skillful to use application and control techniques for research and advanced studies in Electrical &
Electronics Engineering domain.

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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY B.TECH – EEE

BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Laboratory Practice
Safety Rules

1. SAFETY is of paramount importance in the ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Laboratories.

2. Electricity NEVER EXCUSES careless persons. So, exercise enough care and attention in handling electrical
equipment and follow safety practices in the laboratory. (Electricity is a good servant but a bad master).
3. Avoid direct contact with any voltage source and power line voltages. (Otherwise, any such contact may subject you to
electrical shock).
4. Wear rubber-soled shoes. (To insulate you from earth so that even if you accidentally contact a live point, current will
not flow through your body to earth and hence you will be protected from electrical shock).
5. Wear laboratory-coat and avoid loose clothing. (Loose clothing may get caught on an equipment/instrument and this
may lead to an accident particularly if the equipment happens to be a rotating machine).
6. Girl students should have their hair tucked under their coat or have it in a knot.
7. Do not wear any metallic rings, bangles, bracelets, wristwatches and neck chains. (When you move your hand/body,
such conducting items may create a short circuit or may touch a live point and thereby subject you to electrical shock).
8. Be a certain that your hands are dry and that you are not standing on wet floor. (Wet parts of the body reduce the contact
resistance thereby increasing the severity of the shock).
9. Ensure that the power is OFF before you start connecting up the circuit. (Otherwise you will be touching the live parts in
the circuit).
10. Get your circuit diagram approved by the staff member and connect up the circuit strictly as per the approved circuit
diagram.
11. Check power chords for any sign of damage and be certain that the chords use safety plugs and do not defeat the safety
feature of these plugs by using ungrounded plugs.
12. When using connection leads, check for any insulation damage in the leads and avoid such defective leads.
13. Do not defeat any safety devices such as fuse or circuit breaker by shorting across it. Safety devices protect you and
your equipment.
14. Switch on the power to your circuit and equipment only after getting them checked up and approved by the staff
member.
15. Take the measurement with one hand in your pocket. (To avoid shock in case you accidentally touch two points at
different potentials with your two hands).
16. Do not make any change in the connection without the approval of the staff member.
17. In case you notice any abnormal condition in your circuit (like insulation heating up, resistor heating up etc), switch off
the power to your circuit immediately and inform the staff member.
18. Keep hot soldering iron in the holder when not in use.
19. After completing the experiment show your readings to the staff member and switch off the power to your circuit after
getting approval from the staff member.
20. Determine the correct rating of the fuse/s to be connected in the circuit after understanding correctly the type of the
experiment to be performed: no-load test or full-load test, the maximum current expected in the circuit and accordingly use
that fuse-rating. (While an over-rated fuse will damage the equipment and other instruments like ammeters and watt-meters
in case of over load, an under-rated fuse may not allow one even to start the experiment).
21. At the time of starting a motor, the ammeter connected in the armature circuit overshoots, as the starting current is
around 5 times the full load rating of the motor. Moving coil ammeters being very delicate may get damaged due to high
starting current. A switch has been provided on such meters to disconnect the moving coil of the meter during starting. This
switch should be closed after the motor attains full speed. Moving iron ammeters and current coils of watt-meters are not
so delicate and hence these can stand short time overload due to high starting current. No such switch is therefore provided
on these meters. Moving iron meters are cheaper and more rugged compared to moving coil meters. Moving iron meters
can be used for both a.c. and d.c. measurement. Moving coil instruments are however more sensitive and more accurate as

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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY B.TECH – EEE

compared to their moving iron counterparts and these can be used for d.c. measurements only. Good features of moving
coil instruments are not of much consequence for you as other sources of errors in the experiments are many times more
than those caused by these meters.

22. Some students have been found to damage meters by mishandling in the following ways: (a) Keeping unnecessary
material like books, lab records, unused meters etc. causing meters to fall down the table.(b) Putting pressure on the meter
(especially glass) while making connections or while talking or listening to somebody.

STUDENTS ARE STRICTLY WARNED THAT FULL COST OF THE METER WILL BE RE-
COVERED FROM THE INDIVIDUAL WHO HAS DAMAGED IT IN SUCH A MANNER.

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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY B.TECH – EEE

BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Guidelines for Laboratory Note Book

The laboratory notebook is a record of all work pertaining to the experiment. This record should be sufficiently
complete so that you or anyone else of similar technical background can duplicate the experiment and data by simply
following your laboratory notebook. Record everything directly into the notebook during the experiment.Do not use
scratch paper for recording data. Do not trust your memory to fill in the details at a later time. Organization in your
notebook is important. Descriptive headings should be used to separate and identify the various parts of the experiment.
Record data in chronological order. A neat, organized and complete record of an experiment is just as important as the
experimental work.

1. Heading: The experiment identification (number) should be at the top of each page. Your name and date should be at
the top of the first page of each day’s experimental work.

2. Object: A brief but complete statement of what you intend to find out or verify in the experiment should be at the
beginning of each experiment.

3. Diagram: A circuit diagram should be drawn and labeled so that the actual experiment circuitry could be easily
duplicated at any time in the future. Be especially careful to record all circuit changes made during the experiment.

4. Equipment List: List those items of equipment which have a direct effect on the accuracy of the data. It may be
necessary later to locate specific items of equipment for rechecks if discrepancies develop in the results.

5. Procedure: In general, lengthy explanations of procedures are unnecessary. Be brief. Short commentaries alongside the
corresponding data may be used. Keep in mind the fact that the experiment must be reproducible from the information
given in your notebook.

6. Data: Think carefully about what data is required and prepare suitable data tables. Record instrument readings directly.
Do not use calculated results in place of direct data; however, calculated results may be recorded in the same table with the
direct data. Data tables should be clearly identified and each data column labeled and headed by the proper units of
measure.

7. Calculations: Not always necessary but equations and sample calculations are often given to illustrate the treatment of
the experimental data in obtaining the results.

8. Graphs: Graphs are used to present large amounts of data in a concise visual form. Data to be presented in graphical
form should be plotted in the laboratory so that any questionable data points can be checked while the experiment is still
set up. The grid lines in the notebook can be used for most graphs. If special graph paper is required, affix the graph
permanently into the notebook. Give all graphs a short descriptive title. Label and scale the axes. Use units of measure.
Label each curve if more than one on a graph.

9. Results: The results should be presented in a form which makes the interpretation easy. Large amounts of numerical
results are generally presented in graphical form. Tables are generally used for small amounts of results. Theoretical and
experimental results should be on the same graph or arrange in the same table in a way for easy correlation of these results.

10. Conclusions: This is your interpretation of the results of the experiment as an engineer. Be brief and specific. Give
reasons for important discrepancies.

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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY B.TECH – EEE

BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Lab Code
1. Students should report to the concerned labs as per the time table schedule.
2. Students who turn up late to the labs will in no case be permitted to perform the experiment scheduled for the day.
3. After completion of the experiment, certification of the concerned staff in-charge in the observation book is necessary.
4. Students should bring a note book of about 100 pages and should enter the readings/observations into the note book
while performing the experiment.
5. The record of observations along with the detailed experimental procedure of the experiment performed in the
immediate last session should be submitted and certified by the staff member in-charge.
6. Not more than three students in a group are permitted to perform the experiment on a setup.
7. The group-wise division made in the beginning should be adhered to, and no mix up of student among different groups
will be permitted later.
8. The components required pertaining to the experiment should be collected from stores in-charge after duly filling in the
requisition form.
9. When the experiment is completed, students should disconnect the setup made by them, and should return all the
components/instruments taken for the purpose.
10. Any damage of the equipment or burn-out of components will be viewed seriously either by putting penalty or by
dismissing the total group of students from the lab for the semester/year.
11. Students should be present in the labs for the total scheduled duration.
12. Students are required to prepare thoroughly to perform the experiment before coming to Laboratory.
13. Procedure sheets/data sheets provided to the students’ groups should be maintained neatly and to be
returned after the experiment.

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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY B.TECH – EEE

BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

POWER SYSTEM LAB

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Compulsory Experiments

S.NO Name of the Experiment PageNo.

1 Characteristics of IDMT Over Current Relay.

2 Differential protection of 1-Φ transformer.

3 Characteristics of Micro Processor based Over Voltage/Under

Voltage relay.
4 Testing of CT, PT’s and Insulator strings.

5 Finding the sequence impedances of 3-Φ synchronous

machine.
6 Finding the sequence impedances of 3-Φ Transformer.

Additional Experiments

S.NO Name of the Experiment PageNo.

7 Formation of YBUS

8 Load Flow Analysis using Gauss Seidal (GS) Method.

9 Load Flow Analysis using Fast Decoupled (FD) Method.

10 ABCD constants and Regulation of a 3-Φ transmission line model.

11 Formation of ZBUS.

Experiments Beyond the Syllabus

S.NO Name of the Experiment PageNo.
12 Determination of Equivalent circuit of a 3-Winding Transformer.

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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY B.TECH – EEE

12 Load Flow Analysis using Newton Raphson (NR) Method

BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ATTAINMENT OF PROGRAM OUTCOMES &
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

Program Outcomes Program Specific Program

Name of the
S.NO (PO's) Attained Outcomes (PSO's) Educational
Experiment Attained Objectives (PEO’s)
1 Characteristics of IDMT PSO1 PEO1
PO1,PO2 &
Over Current Relay. & &
PO3
PSO2 PE02
2 Differential protection of PSO1 PEO1
1-Φ transformer. PO1&PO2 & &
PSO2 PE02
3 Characteristics of Micro
PSO1 PEO1
Processor based Over PO1,PO2 &
& &
Voltage/Under Voltage PO4
PSO2 PE02
relay.
4 Testing of CT, PT’s and PSO1 PEO1
Insulator strings. PO1& PO2 & &
PSO2 PE02
5 Finding the sequence PSO1 PEO1
PO1,PO2 &
impedances of 3-Φ & &
PO3
synchronous machine. PSO2 PE02
6 Finding the sequence PSO1 PEO1
PO1,PO2 &
impedances of 3-Φ & &
PO3
Transformer. PSO2 PE02
7 Formation of YBUS PSO1 PEO1
PO1,PO2 &
& &
PO5
PSO2 PE02
8 Load Flow Analysis PSO1 PEO1
PO1,PO2 &
using Gauss Seidal (GS) & &
PO5
Method. PSO2 PE02
9 Load Flow Analysis PSO1 PEO1
PO1,PO2 &
using Fast Decoupled & &
PO5
(FD) Method. PSO2 PE02
10 ABCD constants and PSO1 PEO1
PO1,PO2 &
Regulation of a 3-Φ & &
PO11
transmission line model. PSO2 PE02
11 Formation of ZBUS PO1,PO2 & PSO1 PEO1
PO5 & &

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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY B.TECH – EEE

PSO2 PE02

12 * Determination of
PSO1 PEO1
Equivalent circuit of a 3- PO1,PO2 &
& &
Winding Transformer. PO11
PSO2 PE02
13 *Load Flow Analysis PSO1 PEO1
PO1,PO2 &
using Newton Raphson & &
PO3
(NR) Method PSO2 PE02
* Represents the experiments beyond the syllabus

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 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY B.TECH – EEE

BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Course Objectives:

 To Perform testing of CT, PT's and Insulator strings

 To find sequence impedances of 3-Φ synchronous machine and Transformer
 To perform fault analysis on Transmission line models and Generators.
 To perform load flow analysis.

Course Outcomes:

CO1: Understand Different protection methods

CO2: Analyze the experimental data and draw the conclusions.
CO3: Understand the relay operation.
CO4: Analyze various load flow techniques.

Course-POs/PSO Mapping

Course PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2

EE604PC

ATTAINMENT OF PROGRAM OUTCOMES,PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES &

COURSE OUTCOMES

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO PO PO PSO1 PSO2
10 11 12
CO1 2 3 2 1 - - - - 1 - 1 1 2 2
CO2 2 2 1 2 - - - - 2 - 2 2 1 1
CO3 2 2 1 1 - - - - 1 - 2 1 2 1
CO4 3 2 2 2 - - - - 2 - 3 1 1 1

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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY B.TECH – EEE

Experimen.1

IDMT Characteristics of Over Current Relay

1. Aim: To study the Operation of an Non- Directional electromechanical type over current (I D M T
relay) and plot the inverse time current characteristics.

2. Apparatus:
Non-Directional Over current relay --1 no
Time Totalizer --1 no
Fault creation Panel --1 no
Digital Ammeter --1 no

3. Theory:

IDMT relay is inverse definite minimum time relay. It is one in which Time of operation is
inversely proportional to magnitude of fault current near pickup value and becomes substantially
constant slightly above the pickup value of the Relay. This is achieved by using a core of the Electro
Magnet which gets saturated for currents slightly greater than the pickup current. Fault current and
measure relay operation time is used to conduct the experiment. Values recorded for various TSMs and
PSMs. Characteristics studied with the help of a graph and correlated with theory.
This relay consists of Induction disc unit with an operation indicator and in some cases an
instantaneous high set unit all assembled are in standard frame. Type disc shaft carried silver rod
moving contacts which complete the auxiliary unit circuit through the fixed contract. Permanent magnet
is used to control the disc speed. The setting is adjusted by the movement of the back stop which is
controlled by the rotating a KNUR LED molded disc at the base of graduated time multiplier.
4. Circuit Diagram:

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5. Procedure:-

1. Switch ON the MCB.

2. Initially rotor switch should be in OFF position.
3. Now set the described fault current by using the current source. For that switch ON the rotor switch
and move the current till the described fault current is indicated in the ammeter.
4. Now move the rotor switch is OFF position and press the green button. Note down the time in
seconds after relay operated.
5. Repeat the same procedure for various T.S.M and P.S.M
6. Plot the graph between time take for relay to operate Vs P.S.M for various T.S.M.
Precautions:-
 Disc must be stationary before applying fault current.
 TSM setting must be changed with due care.
6. Readings and Tabular forms:-

PSM = TSM =

SNO. Fault Current Time of operation

.

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Expected graphs:

7. Result:

8 Viva questions:

1. Why CT is required in this experiment?

2. Can we design the experiment without Current Injection Unit?
3. What is TSM & PSM and why different TSM & PSM?
4. Identify different terminals of the relay and explain their use. Write them in your record.

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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY B.TECH – EEE

Experiment-2

Differential Protection on Single Phase Transformer\

Aim:
To study the differential protection scheme for a single phase transformer with unequal turn’s
ratio
Apparatus:
1) Single phase transformer,
2) Current transformer,
3) Single phase variac,
4) Suitable ammeters and
5) Over current relay.
Theory:
A Differential relay responds to vector difference between two or more similar electrical
quantities. From this definition the Differential relay has at least two actuating quantities say
1-1 and 2-1. The two or more actuating quantities should be same.
Ex: Current/Current.
The Relay responds to vector difference between 1-1 &2-1which includes magnitude and /or
phase angle difference. Differential protection is generally unit protection. The protection zone is
exactly determined by location of CTs. The vector difference is actuated by suitable connection of
CTs or PTs secondaries. Most differential relays are current differential relays in which vector
difference between current entering the winding & current leaving the winding is used for relay
operation. Differential protection is used for protection of Generators, Transformers etc. Internal
fault is created using switch and relay operation observed for various TSMs. Relay operations for
external faults can also be studied.

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Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as shown in fig.1
2. Select the transformation ratio 2:1 and the C.T. ratios of 2:1 and 4:1 Set PSM of the relay equal
to 0.5.
3. Apply rated voltage 230V to primary by varying the variac.
4. Without applying fault, note down different meter readings.
5. By applying load observe whether the relay is operating of not.
6. Now close the switch so as to create an internal fault.
7. Note the various ammeter readings when relay operates.
8. Create internal fault at different loads and note the various meter readings.
9. Now create an external fault and observe whether the relay operates or not, note the various
meter readings.

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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY B.TECH – EEE

Readings and Tabular form:

Observation:- For Internal Fault
S.No I Primary I Secondary I relay I fault Relay operates/doesn’t
operate

For External Fault

S.No I Primary I Secondary I relay I fault Relay operates/doesn’t
operate

Result:

Viva Questions:
1. Why identical CTs are required in this scheme.
2. How would you take into account CT imbalances?
3. What do you understand by internal fault?

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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY B.TECH – EEE

Experiment-3

Characteristics of Microprocessor based UV/OV

Aim: To study the operation of Microprocessor Based type under voltage/over voltage relay and
hence to obtain inverse time/voltage characteristics.
Apparatus Required:

Microprocessor Based UV/OV relay ----- 1No

Auto Transformer ----- 1No
Voltmeter (0-600V)MI ----- 1No
Timer ----- 1No
Connecting Wire
Theory:

Over Voltage/Under Voltage Relay is an electronic microcontroller based single-phase voltage

relay. It is suitable for over voltage/under voltage protection schemes in LV, MV and HV power
distribution systems. It is also suitable for over voltage protection of AC circuits, capacitors,
machines such as generators, synchronous motor and under voltage protection of AC circuits,
Induction motors, automatic change over schemes etc.
The microcontroller-based design offers a wide range of Trip-Time characteristics, under
voltage or over voltage mode and PT rating (110V, 240V, 415V), which can all be selected in the
field at the time of commissioning. It accepts very wide auxiliary supply range.
Relay is designed for flush mounting. It is very compact in size, which results in saving of
panel space. Its draw-out construction makes installation and maintenance very easy.
Circuit Diagram:

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Procedure:
(1) Switch on the MCB
(2) Initially Rotary switch should be in OFF position
(3) Now to set the desired fault voltage we will be using voltage source. For that switch ON the
Rotary switch marked as voltage set and move the voltage source till the desired fault voltage is
indicated on the voltmeter, it is quit possible that while adjusting the fault voltage the Relay might
trip for that you have to RESET the RELAY by pressing the red button provided on the relay
denoted by (RELAY RESET) for resetting the relay the Rotary switch must be brought in OFF
position.
(4) Now the desire Fault voltage is SET and Relay RESET. Now move the Toggle Switch on OFF
position and press the green push button and timer counting will start and counting will STOP
once the relay is operated. Note down the time in seconds.
(5) Now for various T.M.S (Time Multiplier Setting) and Voltage setting the time taken by the
relay to operate at various fault voltage may be note down.

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Tabular Column

S.No. T.M.S Voltage Setting Applied Voltage Operating Time

Graph
Plot the graph operating time Vs applied voltage.

Setting of Fault voltage Level:

Vs = 1-(0.05+∑a) Vn,

Where,
Vs = Pick up setting in volts
Vn = PT rating 110V
a = weight of the switch in ON position
Note: In Under voltage mode, continuing with above example, the pick up setting becomes
Vs=(1-0.30) =70% of Vn. For 110 volts Vn, the pick up voltage becomes 77 volts. If Vn=415,
then pick up voltage becomes 290.5 volts. Where voltages below this set value, relay picks up and
trips according to selected trip time characteristics.
The trip time will depend upon:
a) Trip time characteristic selected and magnitude of fault in case of Inverse Trip Time
Characteristics.
b) Define Time in case of Definite Time Characteristics.

Time Multiplier Settling:

This feature offers various operations of Trip Time for a selected Trip Time Characteristic.
The Time Multiplication Factor can be set from 0.1 to 1.6 in steps of 0.1 using the last block of

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four DIP switches shown in Diagram. This means in case of Inverse Trip Time Characteristics.
Relay offers 16 parallel curves corresponding to each Time Multiplier Setting as shown in Figure
and in case of Definite Trip Time mode, the trip time can be set 100msec to 160 secs.
The method of setting this switch is similar to one explained in previous pages.
Trip time T is given by formula
T = K (0.1+∑t) where
T = Trip time in seconds.
K = Constant depending on Trip Time Characteristic selected
Normal Inverse (3.5 secs) in OV mode when fault is 2Vs
Normal Inverse (5.7 secs) in UV mode when fault is 0.5Vs.
1.0 Definite Time (1.0 sec)
10.0 Definite Time (10 sec)
100.0 Definite Time (100 sec)

t=weight of the switches in ON position

Result:

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Experiment-5
Testing of CT, PT’s and Insulator strings
Aim:

Apparatus:

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

Tabular Form:

Result:

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Experiment-5
Determination of sequence impedances of a cylindrical rotor
Synchronous Machine

1. Aim: To determine the Positive, Negative and Zero sequence of impedances or sequence
impedances of the given three phase alternator.
2. Apparatus:-
i) Three phase alternator DC motor set
ii) Ammeter (0 –2.5 A) -----MC; (0—10 A) -----MI
iii) Wattmeter (10 A 75/150/600V)
iv) Auto - Transformer (0—230V)
3. Theory: The positive, Negative and Zero sequence impedances of rotating machines are
generally different. The +ve sequence impedance of Synchronous generator is equal to the
Synchronous impedance of the machine. Experimental set up to conduct OCC and SCC is
made available. With the help of observations Synchronous impedance can be calculated. The

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–ve sequence impedance is much less than +ve Sequence impedance. The zero sequence
impedance is a variable item and if its value is not given, it may be assumed to be equal to the
+ve sequence impedance. For Zero sequence impedance a separate model is used to conduct of
experiment.
4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

(A) POSITIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE

(B) NEGATIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE:

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DETERMINATION OF ZERO-SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE:

5. Procedure:-

I. POSITIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE

1. Obtain the O.C.C of the Alternator by connecting the Alternator as in fig .1.
2. Obtain the S.C.C of the Alternator by connecting the Alternator as in fig .2.
3. Determine the stator resistance / phase by connecting as shown in fig.3.
Zs = O.C voltage / S.C current (at a same value of field current)

II NEGATIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE

1) Connect the Circuit as shown in the fig.4.
2) Run the machine at rated speed with low excitation to the field of the Alternator.
3) The lines B and C shorted and the meters are connected as Shown
Cos Ø = W/ (VI)
Z 2 = V/ ( √(3 I)
III. ZERO SEQUENCY IMPEDANCE

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1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig. 5.

2. Three phase winding are connected in series.
3. Apply low voltage to the Armature, so that rated full load current flow in the series field
winding.
Z 0 = V ao / Iao = 3E/I

5. Readings and Tabular forms:

S.No. E I P Zo Xo

7. Result:

8. Viva Questions:

1. Define +ve, -ve, Zero sequence impedances.

2. Why are they different for Alternators?
3. Can we analyze an unbalanced system otherwise?
4. What is the effect on the value of zero sequence reactance if the synchronous machine is
rotated at synchronous speed during the above experiment?
5. Out of all the reactance of synchronous machine which one is lowest?
6. What is the typical value of zero sequence reactance in per unit per large rating salient pole
alternator?

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Experiment-6

Determination of Positive, Negative and zero sequence reactance of

3 phase Transformers.

1. Aim:
To determine the Positive, Negative and Zero sequence (sequence impedance) of the given three
phase transformer
2. Apparatus:
Ammeter -------- (0 – 5) A MI ----- 01
Voltmeter --------- (0 – 60)V MI ----- 01
3. Theory:

Since Transformers have the same impedance with reversed phase rotation, their +ve and –ve
sequence impedances are equal. This value being equal to the impedance of the Transformer.
However, Zero sequence impedance depends upon the Earth connection. If there is a through
Circuit for the earth current, zero sequence impedance will be equal to the +ve sequence

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impedance otherwise it will be infinite. Lab experiment is planned to find out sequence
impedances by creation of faults at secondary suitably and measure impedances. Proper care is
taken to ensure readings would not damage the equipment.
4. Circuit Diagram:

5. Procedure: -

 Connect the given three phase transformer as shown in the circuit

diagram 1
 After short-circuiting the low voltage side adjusts the voltage on high
voltage side with the help of the autotransformer such that the rated current flows in the windings.
 Note down the voltage and current.
 From these readings determine the transformer positive sequence
Impedance which is also equal to negative sequence impedance.
 Determine the zero sequence impedance of the transformer by making connections as shown in
the 4. Circuit Diagram 2.
 Note down the voltage and current.
V
Z1 
3I
Z 2  Z1
V
Z0 
3I

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6. Readings and Tabular form:

7. Result:

8.Viva Questions:

2. Define Sequence Impedances.

3. Explain symmetrical components method.
4. Why +ve, -ve sequence impedances same for a transformer?

Experiment-7
FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
AIM
To determine the bus admittance matrix for the given power system Network
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MAT LAB

THEORY
FORMATION OF Y BUS MATRIX
Bus admittance matrix is often used in power system studies.In most of power system studies it is
necessary to form Y-bus matrix of the system by considering certain power system parameters
depending upon the type of analysis. For example in load flow analysis it is necessary to form Y-
bus matrix without taking into account the generator impedance and load impedance. In short
circuit analysis the generator transient reactance and transformer impedance taken in account, in
addition to line data. Y-bus may be computed by inspection method only if there is no natural
coupling between the lines. Shunt admittance are added to the diagonal elements corresponding to
the buses at which these are connected. The off diagonal elements are unaffected. The equivalent
circuit of tap changing transformer may be considered in forming[y-bus] matrix.

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FORMULA USED
Yij=ΣYij for i=1 to n
Yij= -Yij= -1/Zij
Yij=Yji
Where Yii=yjj= Sum of admittance connected to bus
Yij= Negative admittance between buses

PROBLEM
Line Starting Bus Ending Bus Series Line LineChanging
number Impedance Impedance
Admittance
1 1 2 0.1+0.4j 0.15j
2 2 3 0.15+0.6j 0.02j
3 2 4 0.18+0.55j 0.018j
4 3 4 0.1+0.35j 0.012j
5 4 1 0.25+0.7j 0.03j

PROGRAM
function[Ybus] = ybus(zdata)
nl=zdata(:,1); nr=zdata(:,2); R=zdata(:,3); X=zdata(:,4); nbr=length(zdata(:,1)); nbus =
max(max(nl), max(nr)); Z = R + j*X; %branch impedance

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y= ones(nbr,1)./Z; %branch admittance Ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus); % initialize Ybus to zero for k =

1:nbr; % formation of the off diagonal elements if nl(k) > 0 & nr(k) > 0 Ybus(nl(k),nr(k)) =
Ybus(nl(k),nr(k)) - y(k); Ybus(nr(k),nl(k)) = Ybus(nl(k),nr(k));
end
end
for n = 1:nbus % formation of the diagonal elements for k = 1:nbr
if nl(k) == n | nr(k) == n Ybus(n,n) = Ybus(n,n) + y(k); else, end
end
end

RESULT: Thus the bus admittance matrix of the given power system using inspection method
was found and verified by theoretical calculation.

Y Bus:

Experiment .8
Load Flow Analysis using Gauss Seidal (GS) Method.

AIM
To To carry out load flow analysis of the given power system by Gauss-Seidal (GS)
method in polar coordinates

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MAT LAB

THEORY

Load flow analysis is the most frequently performed system study by electric utilities.
This analysis is performed on a symmetrical steady-state operating condition of a power system under
‘normal’ mode of operation and aims at obtaining bus voltages and line/transformer flows for a given
load condition. This information is essential both for long term planning and next day operational
planning. In long term planning, load flow analysis helps in investigating the effectiveness of
alternative plans and choosing the ‘best’ plan for system expansion to meet the projected operating
state. In operational planning, it helps in choosing the ‘best’ unit commitment plan and generation
schedules to run the system efficiently for them next day’s load condition without violating the bus

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voltage and line flow operating limits.The Gauss seidal method is an iterative algorithm for solving a
set of non- linear algebraic equations. The relationship between network bus voltages and currents
may be represented by either loop equations or node equations. Node equations are normally preferred
because the number of independent node equation is smaller than the number of independent
loop equations.

EXERCISE

RESULT:

Experiment.9
Load Flow Analysis using Fast Decoupled (FD) Method.

AIM
To carry out load flow analysis of the given power system by Fast Decoupled (FD)
method.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MAT LAB

THEORY

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EXERCISE:

RESULT:

Experiment.10
Determination of ABCD constants and Regulation of a 3-Φ transmission
line model
1. Aim: To determine ABCD constants of 3 phase transmission line with
a) Distributed Connection
b) Nominal – T connection

2. Apparatus:
a) For Open Circuit Test:
i) p.f. meter – 10A, 150/300/600V (0.5-1-0.5)
ii) Voltmeter - (0-300V) MI
iii) Ammeter - (0-1A) MI
b) For Short Circuit Test
i) Wattmeter - 10A, 75V, UPF
ii) Voltmeter - (0-30V) MI

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iii) Ammeter - (0-10A) MI

3. Theory: If a transmission line is erected, the constants are measured by conducting the OC & SC
tests at the two ends of the line.

Using equations
Vs = AVr + BIr
Is = CVr + DIr

Impedance measurement on the SE side: SE impedance with RE open circuit is

Vs A
Zso = — = — (Ir=0)
Is C
SE impedance with RE short circuited,
Vs B
Zss = — = — (Vr=0)
Is D
Measurement of impedance on RE side
Using equations
Vr = DVs -BIs
Ir = - CVs + AIs
While performing test, the current leaves the Network
Is -= -Is , Ir = - Ir
Vr = DVs - BIs
- Ir = -CVs - AIs
Ir = CVs + AIs
RE impedance with SE open circuited, Zro
Vr D
Zro = — = — (Is=0)
Ir C
RE impedance with SE short circuited, Zrs
Vr B
Zrs = — = — (Vs=0)
Ir A

D B 1
Zro - Zrs = — − — = —
C A AC

Zso

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----------- = A2
Zro - Zrs

Zso
A = √ ----------------
(Zro — Zrs)

B
Zrs = ----- B = Zrs . A
A

Zso
B = Zrs √ ------------
(Zro – Zrs)

A A 1 Zso
Zso = ----- C = ----- = --- √ ---------
C Zso Zso (Zro – Zrs)
D
Zro = ----
C

D = C. Zro

Zro Zso
= ----- √ ---------- (Zro = Zso)
Zso (Zro – Zrs)

D=A

4. Circuit Diagram:

10A, 150/300/600v (0-1A) MI

Is p.f A
A B

1Φ-variac
Supply Vr,(Ir=0)
V (0-300V) MI
C D

Fig-1 (OC test on SE side)

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10A, 75v. UPF (0-10A) MI

A
M L A B

1Φ-variac C V
Supply Vr=0
V (0-30v) MI
C D

Fig-2 (SC test on SE)

(0-1A) MI V (0-300v) MI
A B A pf Is
V
(0
- 1Φvariac V (0-300v) MI
3 Supply
C D 0
DDD 0
v)
Fig-3 (OC test on RE side)
M
I
( 0-10A) MI 10A, 75v.UPF
V
A L M (0
A B -
3
0
0
V C v) 1Φ-variac
Vs=0 M V (0-30v) MISupply
I

C D

Fig-4 (SC test on RE side)

1. Procedure:

O.C. & S.C. tests on SE side:

2. Connect the circuit as per fig.(1) for O.C. test on SE.
3. Set 230V on Voltmeter using variac and note Vs, Is and p.f. meter reading.
4. Connect the circuit as per fig (2) for S.C. test on SE.
5. Set 8A on Ammeter and note Vs, Is and wattmeter readings.

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O.C. & SC tests of RE side

1. Connect the circuit as per fig (3) for O.C test on RE.
2. Set 230V in Voltmeter & note Vr, Ir & p.f meter reading.
3. Connect the circuit as per fig (4) for SC test on RE.
4. Set 8A in Ammeter & note Vr, Ir & Wattmeter reading.

6. Readings and Tabular forms

O.C. & S.C. tests on SE side:

Test Vs Is p.f / Wattmeter

reading

O.C (Ir=0) 230

S.C (Vr=0) 8A

Test Vr Ir p.f / Wattmeter

reading

O.C (Is=0) 230

S.C (Vs=0) 8A

O.C. & SC tests of RE side

Calculations:
Vs
Zso = -------- (Ir = 0)
Is

Vs
Zss = --- (Vr = 0)
Is

Vr

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Zro = --- (Is= 0)

Ir

Vr
Zrs = --- (Vs= 0)
Ir
Zso
A = √ ----------
(Zro – Zrs)
Zso
B = Zrs √ ----------
(Zro – Zrs)

1 Zso
C = --- √ ----------
Zso (Zro – Zrs)

D=A

Note: Same 5. Procedure is repeated for Nominal – T Connection.

Result:

Experiment.11
Determination of Equivalent circuit of a 3‐ winding transformer

AIM: i) To find the positive, negative and zero sequence impedances of the given three phase
three winding (Star Star Delta) transformer and
ii) Obtain the equivalent circuit of the transformer.
APPARATUS:
Voltmeters: 0-300V, 0-600V
Ammeter :
Wattmeter: 0-600V, A, UPF 2Nos
Wattmeter: 0-300V, A, LPF 1No.
Note: Subscripts 1, 2 and 3 refer to primary, secondary and tertiary.
THEORY:
For a 3 phase, star-star-tertiary transformer (secondary earthed), the following impedances are
defined with reference to the primary.

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Z12 : Leakage impedance of the transformer, as measured from with the secondary(2) short
circuited and the tertiary(3) left open.
Z13: Leakage impedance of the transformer seen from the primary with the tertiary short circuited
and the secondary left open.
Z23: Leakage impedance as measured from the secondary with tertiary short circuited and primary
left open.
Now Z12 = Z1 +Z2 ---(1)
Z13 = Z1+Z3 ----(2)
Z23 =Z2+Z3 ----(3)
Where Z1 =leakage impedance per phase of the primary winding
Z2’ = (N1/N2)2 Z2 is the leakage impedance of secondary referred to the primary by the square of
the turns ratio, ie (N1/N2).
Z3’ = (N1/N2)2 Z3 leakage impedance of the tertiary winding referred to the primary by (N1/N2)2
From equations (1),(2) and (3), we obtain

Z1 = (Z12+ Z13 - Z23)/2 ----(4)

Z2’= (Z12+ Z23 - Z13)/2 ----(5)
Z3’ = (Z13+ Z23 - Z12 )/2 ---(6)

The leakage impedances, Z12, Z23 and Z13 can be obtained by short circuit test and the per phase
leakages impedances Z1 Z2’ and Z3’ are obtained from eqs. (4),(5) and (6).
The equivalent circuit of the three winding transformer is shown below.

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PROCEDURE: Positive and negative sequence impedance (ZP and ZN)

1. Connect the transformer to the variable 3 phase supply as per figure1.
2. Vary the 3 phase auto transformer tap position, so that the rated current of the transformers
flows through the winding1.
3. Note the readings on the wattmeters, voltmeter and ammeter.
4. Calculate Z12 as given in the tabular column, which is given below.

V I W1 W2 P=W1+W2 COSØ=P/ VI Z12=(V/

R12= Z12 Cos Ø

X12= Z12 Sin Ø
5. Refer the figure2 and figure3 repeat steps 1 to 4 and find Z23

Similarly R23 = Z23 Cos Ø

X23= Z23 Sin Ø
[Z12 is replaced by Z23 in the last (right most) column of the above table.
Zero sequence impedance (Z0)
6. Connect as per figure 4 and vary the output from the single phase autotransformer, so that the
rated current flows through the primary winding of the transformer, note the readings of W, Vand
I as given under steps 10 to 40 is used for calculations with the understanding that Z12 is replaced
by Z0=V/3I
R0 = Z0cosØ
X0= Z0 sinØ
For the star star delta transformer with secondary earthed, Z0 = Z23

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The positive and negative sequence impedances for a transformer are equal and
ZP =ZN =Z1+Z2 between primary and secondary and ZP =ZN =Z1+Z3 between primary and tertiary,
as seen from the equivalent circuit.

Fig.1 Circuit diagram to measure the impedances Z12,Z23 and Z13 as defined for a three
winding three phase transformer( Star star Delta)

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Fig2. Circuit Diagram to measure the impedance Z23 for star star-delta transformer

Fig3. Circuit Diagram to measure the impedance Z13 for star- delta transformer

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Fig-4 circuit diagram to find the Zero Phase Sequence impedance (Star/star/delta
transformer)

Introduction
Multi-winding power transformers and autotransformers are important components in transmission and
distribution power systems. They make possible the transfer of energy between networks operating at
various voltage levels, the interconnection of multiple shaft combined cycle generating units to a power
grid and the connection of reactive compensation resources to EHV transmission networks, just to name a
few applications. The modeling of these power system components in the steady state analysis of electrical
networks is critical since incorrect data for their positive sequence winding leakage impedance,
magnetizing admittance, off-nominal turn ratios, number of tap positions, tap range or voltage control band
may lead to erroneous results in the verification of voltage and reactive power control schemes, and in the
assessment of transmission losses and system reliability.
The main objective of this article is to assist PSS®E users with a guide for entering electrical transformer
data for the positive sequence model of the electrical network with a minimum of effort and minimizing
the potential for errors.

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Notes and suggestions for entering each of the required model variables are given below, along with an
example demonstrating the entry of the data for a three-winding voltage regulating transformer.
Model Data Requirements
The positive sequence network model used by PSS® E for three-phase three-winding transformers or
autotransformers or three-phase banks of three identical single-phase three-winding transformers is
shown in Figure 1 below. The model includes the three equivalent leakage impedances of the windings,
Z1= r1 +j x1, Z2 = r2 +j x2 and Z3 = r3 +j x3, and allows off-nominal taps to be represented on each of the
windings. This model also allows the modeling of the transformer magnetizing admittance, Ym = Gh+e -j
Bm, that is often neglected on the I-side (winding 1) of the transformer. One of the many features found in
PSS® E is that the user does not have to calculate the between-windings leakage impedances,
magnetizing admittance, effective off-nominal transformer taps, tap steps or tap limits; these calculations
are performed within PSS®E.

Experiment .12
Load Flow Analysis using Newton Raphson (NR) Method

AIM
To carry out load flow analysis of the given power system by Newton Raphson method in
polar coordinates
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB
THEORY
The Newton Raphson method of load flow analysis is an iterative method which approximates
the set of non-linear simultaneous equations to a set of linear simultaneous equations using
Taylor’s series expansion and the terms are limited to first order approximation. The load flow

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equations for Newton Raphson method are non-linear equations in terms of real and imaginary
part of bus voltages.

EXERCISE

RESULT:

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