Types of Cell & Organism:

Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic Paramecium
bacteria

Ostrich
|Blue-green bacteria Amoeba Pine Tree
Uniccllular Multicellular
On the Basis of Number of Cells:
Characteristics Unicellular organism Multicellular organism
Cell number Single cell large number of cells
Function All functions are per Different cells perform different
formed by single cell specific functions.
Division of labour Not performed Cells specified to perform differ
Ent functions.
Reproduction Involves the same Specialised cells, germ cells take
single cell part in reproduction.
Life span Short Long
On the Basis of Type of Organization
Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
Very minute in size. Fairly large in size.
Nuclear region (nucleoid) not Nuclear material surrounded by a
surrounded by a nuclear membrane. nuclear membrane.
Single chromosome present. More than one chromosome present.
Nucleolus absent. Nucleolus present
Membrane bound cell organelles are Membrane bound cell organelles are
absent present.
Cell division by fission or budding. Cell division by mitosis or meiosis
 eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic Cells
Mitochondrion
DNA
Endoplasmic
Rasmd
reticulum
Plasma Gtoglasm Nucleoid
DNA
membrane
Ribosome
805 Riboome
(toskeleton
Pa
Nucdeus Plasma membrane
Nucdeolus al
Chromatin Cape

(DNA &Histones)
Cytoplasm
Golgi Apparatus
Fugellum
705 Ribosome
Nuclear Envelope Vacuole

Cell Shape: Cells are of variable shapes and sizes. Their shape is according
to the function. Generally, cells are spherical but they may be elongated (nerve
cell), branched (pigmented), discoidal (RBC), spindle-shaped (muscle cell) etc.

Columnur Cells
Ciliated Epithelium from the Stomach
Squamous Epithelium from the Trachea

DjDDD00||11D
Striped Muscle Fibres
Plain Muscle Fibres
from thc Intestine Muscle Fibres
from the Heart

Cartilage cells Red Blooxl White Blood

Dendrite Bone Cell Cells or Cell
Erythrocytes

Nerve Cellwith Axon and Dendrites

Sperm Ovum

Different kinds of cell found in the human body

Cell Size: Size of cell is variable depending upon the type of organism.
Some are microscopic while some are visible with naked eyes. Their size may
vary from 0.2 mm to 18 cm.
Size of a typical cell in a multicellular organism range from 20-30 mm.
 The largest cel 1S OStICh egg (15 Cm M ameter Wiii sheiI && 8 cm n
diameter without cel).
The longest cell is nerve cell (up to 1 mor more).
Smallest cells so far known are PPLOs e.g., mycoplasma (0.1 mm in
diameter).
Human egg is 0.1 mm in diameter.
Components of Cell
There is an occurrence of division of labour within a cell as they all got certain
specific components called 'Cell organelles. Each of them performs a specific
function.
The three basic components of all the cells are:
() Plasma membrane
r c
(ii) Nucleus
(iiü) Cytoplasm
cerboky
Plasma Membrane chee

lycoproten

erdernol penbrone
oce

phophopd

ytoplaor
brone

gtoskeleton
lement

The Plasma Membrane

Cell Membrane:
(a) Cell membrane is also called as plasma membrane or plasma
lemma.
(b) It is the limiting boundary of each cell which separates the
cytoplasm from its surroundings.
(c) It is found in both plant as well as animal cells.
(d) It is the outermost covering of a cell in case of animals and lies
below the cell wall in case of plants.
(e) It is made up of proteins and lipids where proteins are sandwiched
 between bilayer of lipids.
() Plasma membrane is selectively permeable in nature. It allows or
permits the entry and exit of some materials in and out of the cell.
(g) Singer and Nicholson gave the fluid mosaic model of plasma
membrane. According to them, it consists of a protein layer
sandwiched between two layers of lipids. It is in quasifluid state.
It is 75A thick.
(h) It is flexible and can be folded, broken and reunited.
Functions of Plasma Membrane:
(a) It regulates the movement of molecules inside and outside the
cell.
(b) It helps in maintaining the distinct composition of the cell.
(i) Transportation ofmolecules across the Plasma Membrane:
This can be done by following ways:
Diffusion Osmosis

Solvent and Equalizes Only solvent purticles

solute particles thc move. Solute particles
move to cqualize concentr do not Ove.
concetration ation of The Movement is
Iwo
No semiper solutions through a
meable membrane\in semiperneable
involved membrane

Diffusion: Movement of solutes or ions from higher concentration to

lower concentration is called as diffusion. It does not require energy
therefore; it is called as passive transport.
Osmosis: The movement of solvent or water from higher concentration
(solvent) to lower concentration (solvent) through a semipermeable
membrane is called as osmosis or the movement of solvent or water from
lower concentration to higher concentration of solution through a
semipermeable membrane is called as osmosis.
Osmosis can also be called as Diffusion of solvents.
Endosmosis: Movement of solvent into the cell is called as Endosmosis.
Exosmosis: Movement of solvent outside the cell is called as Exozodis.
 Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic

H,0

(a) Isotonic Solution: When the concentration of the solution

outside the cell is equal to the concentration of cytoplasm of the
cell, it is called as isotonic solution.
(b) Hypertonic Solution: When the concentration of the solution
outside the cell is more than the inside the cell. Due to this, cell
loses water and becomes plasmolysis.
(c) Hypotonic Solution: When the concentration of the solution
outside the cell is lesser than that of cytoplasm of cell. Due to
this, cell swells up and bursts.
CellWall
It is the outermost cOvering of the plant cells.
It is absent in animal cells.
Cell wall is rigid, strong, thick, porous and non-living structure. It is
made up of cellulose and hemicelluloses. Cell walls of two adjacent cells
are joined by alayer called middle lamellae.
Nucleus Nuclear Membrane
Mitochondira

Cytoplasm
Cell Wall
Cell
Membrane

Intercellular
Space
Chloroplasts Vacuole
 Functions of Cell Wall:
a) It provides definite shape to the cell.
(b) It provides strength to the cell.
It is permeable and allows entry of molecules of different sizes.
(d) It has the characteristics of repair and regeneration.
Nucleus
Euchromatin
Nuclcar pore
Ribosomes Perinuclear space

-Heterochromatin
-Perinucleolar chromatin
Intranucleolar chromatin
Nuclear envelope
Inner membrane
Endoplasmic Outer membrane
reticulum
Nucleolus
Nucleus is the most important cell organelle which directs and controls
all its cellular activities.
It is called as Headquarter of the cell'".
It was discovered by Robert Brown in 1831.
In Eukaryotes, a well-defined nucleus is present while in Prokaryotes, a
well-defined nucleus is absent.
Prokaryotes contain a primitive nucleus.
It has double layered covering called as nuclear membrane.
Nuclear membrane has pores which regulate the movement of materials
in & out of the cell.
Besides nuclear membrane, nucleus also contains nucleolus and
chromatin material and the substance filled inside the nucleus is nucleolus.
Chromosomes or chromatin material consists of DNA which stores and
transmits hereditary information for the cell to function, grow and
reproduce.
Functions of Nucleus:
(a) It controls all the metabolic activities of the cell and regulates the
cell cycle.
(b) It helps in transmission of hereditary characters from parents to
off springs.
 Cell Memtbrane

Nueleus

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm was discovered by Kolliker in 1862.

It is the site of both biosynthetic and catabolic pathways.
" It can be divided into two parts:
(i) Cytosol: Aqueous soluble part contains various fibrous proteins
forming cytoskeleton.
(ii) Cell organelles: Living part of the cells having definite shape,
structure and function bounded by plasma membrane.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
It is the network of membranes present in the cytoplasm.
It was discovered by Porter, Claude and Fullam.
These are present in all cells except prokaryotes and mammalian
erythrocytes.
Ribosomes,
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulumn

Smooth
cndoplasmic
reticulum
Endoplasmicreticulumis of two types:
Smooth ER Rough ER
" Made of tubules mainly. " Made of clstemae and vesicles.
Helps in steroid, lipids and " Helps in protein synthesis.
Polysaccharide synthesis.
" Ribosomes are absent. " Contains ribosome on its surface.
-Helps in membrane biogenesis.
Functions of ER:
(a) It is the only organelle which can move within a cell so it serves
as a channel for the transport of materials between various regions
 of cytoplasm and between cytoplasm and nucleus.
(b) It also functions as a cytoplasmic framework to provide space for
some of the biochemical activities. It forms endoskeleton of cell.
(c) It helps in synthesis of fats, steroids, cholesterol etc.
(d) SER plays a crucial role in detoxification of drugs and poisonous
by-products.
Golgi Apparatus
Golgiapparatus consists of a system of membrane bounded vesicles arranged
parallel to each other in stacks called Cisternae along with some large and spherical
vacuoles. It was discovered by Camilo Golgi. In plants Golgi membrane is
bounded. It is single membrane bounded. It is absent in prokaryotes, mammalian
RBC's & sieve cells.
GOLGI Lumen
APPARATUS
-Csternae

Cis Face Trans Face

Newty forming
vesicle

transport vesacles
Secretory
vesicle

Functions of Golgi apparatus:

(a) It helps in formation of lipids.
(b) It helps in formation of middle lamellae.
(c) It is secretary in nature.
(d) It helps in melanin synthesis.
(e) Lipids and proteins synthesized in endoplasmic reticulum are
packed at Golgi complex. They provide the site for assembly of
new membrane material.
intermembrane
Mitochondria DNA
matris spoce
O riboome
It is a rod-shaped structure found in cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells except
mammalian RBC's.
These are also absent in prokaryotes.
It was first seen by Kolliker in insect cells.
Maximum mitochondria are found in metabolically active cells.
It is also called as 'Power House of the Cell' or the Storage Battery'.
It is double membranous structure where outer membrane has specific
proteins while inner membrane is folded inside to form chambers called
Cristae.
Functions of Mitochondria:
(a) Its main function is to produce and store the energy in the form of
ATP.
(b It is the site of Kreb cycle of respiration.
Ribosomes Ribo_omes
Ribosomes

RibosomesfUW)

Lomeilac
Vesicles Tubulcs
Cisternac
Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis.
All structural and functional proteins (enzymes) coded by the nuclear DNA are
synthesized upon cytoplasmic ribosomes. The DNA codes are Tran scripted
intomessenger RNA (mRNA) molecules in the chromosomes of the nucleus.
Functions of Ribosomes:
(a) Ribosomes are the main site of protein synthesis. Synthesized
proteins are transported by endoplasmic reticulum.
Plastid Intermembrane nembrat
me rane
space Str
Outer
membrane (aquea usd)
 " It is double membranous discoidal structure, found only in plant cells.
Besides being discoidal of rhombic in plant cells, they occur in variable
shapes like in algae. They can be U'-shaped, spiral, coiled, ribbon
shaped etc.
Depending upon the type of pigment present in them, they are of following
three types:
(i) Leucoplast- White, found in underground parts
(i Chloroplast - Red, brown
(i) Chloroplast - Green in colour, found in aerial parts of plants
These are found only in plant cell. It helps in the process of photosynthesis so it
is called the Kitchen of Plants'
Chloroplast have followingtwo parts:
(i) Grana: It constitutes the lamellar system. These are found
layered on top of each other. These stacks are called Grana. Each
granum of the chloroplast is formed by superimposed closed
compartments called Thylakoids.
Function: They are the sites of light reaction of photosynthesis as they
contain photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll. In each thylakoid,
Quantasomes are present which are called as Photosynthetic units.
(i) Stroma: It is a granular transparent substance also called as
matrix. Grana is embedded in it. Besides Grana they also
contain lipid droplets, starch grains, ribosomes etc.
Function: This is the site of dark reaction of photosynthesis. Also helps
cind
proteinu
synthesis
c due?
to presence of ribosomes.
Vacuoles
Vacuole
 cells asingle large vacuole is found which occupies about 90% of the
volume of cel.
Functions:
It helps in maintaining osmotic pressure in a cell & stores toxic metabolic
products of plant cell.
Lysosome

Lysosomc

They are tiny sac-like granules containing enzymes of intracellular

digestion.
They are bounded by a single membrane.
They occur in animal cells and a few plant cells.
They do not have a definite shape or size.
Functions:
(a) Their main function is phagy =digestion.
(b) They are kind of waste disposal system.
(c) They help in digesting foreign materials &cells.
Suicidal Bag: During disturbances in cellular metabolism i.e., in case of cell
damage, Iysosomes burst and their enzymes are released into the cytoplasm and
they digest their own cell. So, they are also called 'Suicidal Bag'.
Differences between Animal cell and Plant cell
Plant Cell Animal Cell
Contain chloroplasts for No cell wall.
photosynthesis.
Have a cell wall to maintain No chloroplasts.
structure and rigidity.
Usually do not contain lysosomes and Contain cilia and/or flagella
Peroxisomes.
Cells are square and rigid or geometric Cells are fluid and flexible,