4.

5 SOURCE CONVERSION AND NODE ANALYSIS

4.5.1 Source Conversion

Voltage-Source and its equivalent Current-Source Current-Source and its equivalent Voltage-Source

R a R
a a a

E I R I R E

b b b b
I 
E EIR
R

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
(2) Given Voltage-Source and its equivalent Current-Source
(1) Given Voltage-Source and its equivalent Current-Source

3 8 a a
a a

40 V 5A 8
21 V 7A 3

b b
b b 40
21 I   5A
I   7A 8
3

(3) Given Current-Source and its equivalent Voltage-Source (4) Given Current-Source and its equivalent Voltage-Source

4 a 5 a
a a

6A 5 30V
5A 4 20V

b b
b b
E  6 5  30 V
E  5 4  20 V

5. Find the currents down through the resistors in the circuit shown in the
figure. Then convert the current source and the 2-Ohm resistor to an a
equivalent voltage source and again find the resistor current. Compare
results.
16A 2 6
Solutions:
b

By Current-Divider: Equivalent-Circuit: Voltage-Source

 6  E  16 2  32 V
I2  16    12 A
2  6 2
a 32
I2  I6 
 2  8
I6  16    4A  4 A
2  6 32V 6

b
**** The current through the 6-Ohm (load) resistor is still the same.
6. Find the currents down through the load resistor in the circuit 3.6
shown in the figure. Then convert the current source and the 2-
Ohm resistor to an equivalent voltage source and again find the 16A 2 4 RL  6
load current. Compare results. Ans. 1.6A

VOLTAGE SOURCE – RESISTIVE CIRCUIT AND ITS EQUIVALENT CURRENT SOURCE –

CONDUCTIVE CIRCUIT:

ILLUSTRATIONS:

(1)
Voltage Source - Resistive Circuit Equivalent Current Source - Conductive Circuit

2
a a

32V 6 16A 0.5S 0.167 S

b
b

(2) Convert the circuit shown to its equivalent current source - conductive circuit.

0.5  0.8 

E1 = 6 V E2 = 4 V
1
r1  0.4  r 2  0.2

Equivalent Current Source - Conductive Circuit

2S 1.25S
OR

15A 2.5S 1S 5S 20A 6.667A 1.111S 1S 1S 4A

4.5.2. NODE ANALYSIS

R1 Ec , rc R8
R3 2
1

R2 R4
Ea Ee
ra Ed re
Eb
rb rd

R5 R6 3 R7
Node Equations: R.N .

Node 1:
 1 1 1   1   1   1   1  (1)
V 1      V 2    E a    E b    Ec  
 ra  R5  R1 R2  rb R3  rc   R3  rc   ra  R5  R1   rb  R2   rc  R3 

V 1  G11   V 2 G12   I 1

Node 2:
 1   1 1 1   1 1 
 V 1    V 2      V3    
 3
R  rc   3
R  rc rd  R4 R7  re  R8   d
r  R4 R7  re  R8 

 1   1   1  (2)
 E c    E d    Ee  
 rc  R3   rd  R4   re  R7  R8 

 V 1  G21   V 2 G22   V3 G23   I 2

Node 3:
 1 1   1 1 1   1   1  (3)
 V 2     V3      E d    E e  
 R4  rd re  R7  R8   rd  R4 R6 R7  re  R8   rd  R4   re  R7  R8 

 V2  G32   V 3 G33   I3

The General Representation of Node Equations in Matrix Form:

Where:

- G11, G22, G33, ... Gnn (the elements in the principal

 G11  G12  G13   G1n  V1   I1  diagonal) are the self or node conductance
  V  I 
  G21  G23   G2 n 
G22 respectively for each node.
 2  2
  G31  G32 G33   G3n  V3    I 3 
      - Conductances other than that belongs to the
           principal diagonal are mutual conductances.
 G   Gn 3  Gnn  Vn  In 
 n1 G n2     - I1, I2, I3, ... , in are the source currents respectively
for each node.
Equivalent Current Source - Conductive Circuit

Ic

1 2
Ga 
1 ; Gb 
1
ra  R1  R5 rb  R2
Gc
Gc 
1 ; Gd 
1
Ia Ga Ib Gb Id Gd I e Ge rc  R3 rd  R4

Ge 
1 ; G6 
1
G6 re  R7  R8 R6

3
R.N .

Node Equations:

Node 1:
V1  Ga  Gb  Gc   V 2 Gc   I a  I b  I c (1)

V 1  G11   V 2 G12   I 1

Node 2:
 V 1 Gc   V 2 Gc  Gd  Ge   V3 Gd  Ge    I c  I d  I e (2)

 V 1  G21   V 2 G22   V3 G23   I 2

Node 3:  V 2 Gd  Ge   V3 Gd  G6  Ge   I d  I e (3)

 V2  G32   V 3 G33   I3

The Node Equations in matrix form:

 G11  G12 0  V1   I1 

 G G22  G23  V    I 
 21  2  2
 0  G32 G33  V3   I 3 

PROBLEMS:

1. Determine the current delivered by each source of the circuit shown using node analysis.
10

15V , 0.5 I1
I2
Ans: I1 = 2.138 A; I2 = 5.103 A; I3 = -2.965 A
1 R.N.
0.3 10V , 0.2
I3

3V , 0.1 1.4 
 Node Voltage V1:
 1 1 1   1   1   1 
V 1       15    10  0.3  0.2   3  0.1  1.4 
 10  0.5 0.3  0.2 0.1  1.4   0.5  10     

V1  7.448 V
Branch Currents:`

15  7.448
I1   2.138 A
10.5

10  7.448
I2   5.103 A
0.5

3  7.448
I3    2.965 A
1.5

2. Determine all the currents in the network shown, also the voltages between points ed and dc.

a
1 1 f

I1 I2
3 10 V
I4
1.5 0.4
12 V 2 3
0.5 Ans: I1 = -1.242 A; I2 = 3.538 A; I3 = -2.405 A
I6 6V
I5 6
I3 0.3
b h
R.N.

Node 1:
 1 1 1  1  1   1   1 
V1      V 2    V3    12    10  
 1.5 3 0.4   3  0.4   1.5   0.4 

3.5 V 1  0.3333 V 2  2.5 V3  33 (1)

Node 2:
1 1 1 1  1 
 V1    V 2      V3    0
 3  3 1.5 6   1.5 

 0.3333 V 1  1.16667 V 2  0.6667 V3  0 (2)

Node 3:
 1   1   1 1 1   1  1
 V1    V2    V3       10    6 
 0.4   1.5   0.4 0.3 1.5   0.4   3

 2.5 V 1  0.6667 V 2  6.5 V3  5 (3)

The Node Equations in matrix form:

 3.5  0.3333  2.5  V1  33 

  0.3333 1.16667  0.6667  V    0 
  2  
  2.5  0.6667 6.5  V3   5

Solving the node voltages simultaneously

 V1  13.863 V

V2  6.977 V

V3  5.278 V

Branch Currents:

12  V1 12  13.863
I1     1.242 A
1.5 1.5

10  V1  V3 10  13.863  5.278
I2    3.538 A
0.4 0.4

V3  6 5.278  6
I3     2.406 A
0.3 0.3

V1  V2 13.863  6.977
I4    2.295 A
3 3

OR : I 4  I1  I 2  2.295 A

3. In the circuit shown, convert to current-source conductive circuit and using node analysis determine (a) load
current; (b) the load voltage and power; (c) current delivered by each source, (d) circuit efficiency. Ans. IL = 25A

0.3  0.2 

E1 = 26 V E2 = 24 V
RL 0.8 
r1  0.1 r 2  0.2

4. In the circuit shown, convert to current-source conductive circuit and using node analysis determine the load
currents IA and IB.
2 5 2

RA IB RB
26 V IA 36 V
10  15 

Ans: I1 = 1.17A; I2 =-1.20A; I3 = -3.17A; IA = 2.37A; IB =1.98A

Learning Activity 4.5: Solve the following problems

1. Find the currents down through the load resistor in the circuit 3.6
shown in the figure. Then convert the current source and the 2-
Ohm resistor to an equivalent voltage source and again find the 16A 2 4 RL  6
load current. Compare results. Ans. 1.6A

2. In the circuit shown, convert to current-source conductive circuit and using node analysis determine (a) load
current; (b) the load voltage and power; (c) current delivered by each source, (d) circuit efficiency. Ans. IL = 25A
0.3  0.2 

E1 = 26 V E2 = 24 V
RL 0.8 
r1  0.1 r 2  0.2

3. In the circuit shown, convert to current-source conductive circuit and using node analysis determine the load
currents IA and IB.
2 5 2

RA IB RB
26 V IA 36 V
10  15 

Ans: I1 = 1.17A; I2 =-1.20A; I3 = -3.17A; IA = 2.37A; IB =1.98A