(RS) History by Rohan Srivastava Sir

NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022
 (RS) HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL INDIA BY ROHAN SRIVASTAVA SIR

 SOURCES :-
 Running notes
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 Very important advice= old ncert medieval India class 11 chapter on socio-economic reforms, don’t read
anything apart from that
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 Old 11 NCERT or New 12 Themes book
 Pre History  Ancient  Early Medieval (750AD/CE)  Medieval  Early Modern (1750 AD/CE)  Modern-1990
 NATURE OF THE STATE
 See the interlink age of religion and politics
 ANCIENT INDIA  EARLY MEDIEVAL

 Religion was bigger than the  Politics was bigger than religion
politics  DHARMAVIJAYA (DIGVIJAYA)
 RAJDHARMA a) Purtadharma:- king is liable to construct temples and this is
a) Rajas have to uphold dharma to the reason why most temples were built in medieval period
protect its dignity b) Here religion is used for own benefit
b) Raja has to uphold c) Upholding varnasankara (shift from varna to Jati)
“Varnasrama” d) Varna = by Birth, Jati= Occupation said
c) Varnasrama :-  EVIDENCE:-
Brahmins > Kshatriyas > Vaishya a) Puranic traditions (purans= first written = Smriti)
> Shudras b) Laws = dharmasastra (dharmashastra) (book of law)
d) Reason:- raja did this to ensure c) Puran = 18= dharmashastra is given by it for
that nobody can go against the d) People living
dharma e) Defining code of conduct for everything
 FIRST MENTIONED :- f) Also called “Vyavahara” (ethics)
a) Rigveda : Book Number 10  Not legal binding but
which has Purusha sukta a) Ethics emerged in early medieval
(purusha suktam) b) Chaturvimshatimata:- Dharmashastra = total 24 in Sanskrit
b) Raja has to follow vedic tradition collectively called Chaturvimshatimata
(vedas recited not written called  Chaturvimshati= means 24
Sruti)  Mata= perspective
c) Law :- Dharmasutra  For king
a) Dharmavijaya
b) Dharmashastra
c) Purtadharma
 CHATURVIMSHATIMATA:- DHARMASHASTRA = TOTAL 24
1) Manusmriti= By Manu
2) Yajnavalkya Smriti= By Yajnavalkya
3) Vyavaharamatrika and Dayabhaga =by Jimutavahana wrote these both books on law, Dayabhaga is on law of
inheritance popular in Bengal
4) Medhātithi = is one of the oldest and most famous commentators on the Manusmriti, more commonly known as the
Laws of Manu
5) Aparaditya I or Apararka = commentator on the Manusmriti= was a Silahara ruler of the north Konkan branch from 1170
CE – 1197 CE. He was one of the famous commentators of Yajnavalkya Smriti. The Aparārkāparā is a comprehensive
commentary on the Yajnavalkya Smriti
NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022 1
6) Kalluka= commentator on the Manusmriti
7) Govindaraja= commentator on the Manusmriti
8) Vijnaneshwara= wrote Mitākṣarā , which is a vivṛti (legal commentary) on the Yajnavalkya Smriti best known
for its theory of "inheritance by birth." It was written by Vijñāneśvara, a scholar in the Western Chalukya
court in the late eleventh and early twelfth century
9) Lakshmīdhara=Kritya-kalpataru of Lakshmīdhara is a comprehensive compendium from earlier
Dharmaśāstras. It is a voluminous book having 18 kāndas
10) Devana Bhatta = Smriti Chandrika = as authored by Devana Bhatta in Sanskrit Language and script.
 Dayabhaga + Mitaksara= both are hindu law code (Property Hindu Law) based on Manusmriti
 DAYABHAGA  MITAKSARA
 Bengal + Bihar  All over the India
 Less orthodox  Too orthodox
 Property goes to son after (only) death of the father  Don’t have to wait for death, father can
 Son’s wife also has claim after marriage hand over property to son whenever he
 Gold is totally of women feels
 Streedhan or stridhan:- claimed property belonged  Women get nothing
women only  Marriage in India
 Striswabhav
 THE POLITICAL ECONOMY IN EARLY MEDIEVAL PERIOD

1) Political decentralization
2) Emergence of landed intermediaries
3) Decline in urban centers (urban economy had no cash , the reason)
4) Revival of rural economy (barter system = jajmani or yajman system)
5) Subjugation of peasantry (one who produces gets exploited more)
6) Proliferation of cost (Jati= new created (emergence of Rajputs = case study)
7) Bhakti movement
 Note:- Point 1 to 7 are the features of the feudalism of India = samanta system
 Puran 750 AD= kali-yuga or Kal-yuga
 FIRST UNDERSTAND THE FEUDALISM IN EUROPE
 Every feudalism is based on = land giving process (reflecting the scarcity of cash , no cash)
 King= owner of the land = from his kingdom he used to take a piece of the land called fief and would give
it to vassal
 Vassal (Lord, Duke, Earl) :-
a) were given a piece of land by king in lieu of salary
b) loyal to the king
c) vassal got land just free of cost (rent free) but they pay tribute to king
d) they had to maintain law and order in the given piece of land , was not the king
e) vassal had to maintain army which they had to give to king when needed without questioning
f) land became the hereditary here
g) Vassal created cantonment areas for military and castle for themselves in small part of the fief and left land
they would give to lower peasants for cultivation
 Peasants also had their own land in the fief. They used to pay tax to vassals and vassal gave tribute to
king
 During war:- taxes went up and peasants had to pay more and they took loan on their own property
from vassal and usually they got failed to repay, in return, they became tenant from owner. Now no
more peasants were free man unless they pay back the loan amount
 SERF:- {serf in Latin is called forced labor} peasants were asked to send their wife to castle & their
children to cantonment and the peasants had to do forced labor on vassal’s property just for nothing
(free = forced labor). Note serf were not like slave
 INDIAN FEUDALISM {SAMANTA SYSTEM}
 Descending order :- King  Bhogika  Vishti
1) King:- did not own the land but he is the guardian of land , so he can do anything . king gave piece of land
called “Bhog” to a person called “Bhogika”
2) Bhogika:- {Samanta, raja, Rana, Renuka, rawat}:- exactly same features of vassals of Europe so do read there
3) VISHTI:- {like Serf but they were slaves, war captives}:-peasants were freemen ,owned piece of land . when
war happened  tax increased
 After the war, the pressure put onto the Bhogika and They put it further to Vishti Peasants
 Peasants had to pay a lot of increased taxes and they took loan and got failed to return so they became
tenant and now they became not free. They were asked to become a serf but except Brahmins because
Brahmins were considered up in society. We call these serf in India as Vishti and Brahmins debts were also
shifted to Vaishnavs
 HOW CAN A LAND QUALIFY AS A FEUDAL LAND?
 Only that land is considered as feudal land and given to Bhogika which was given with some rights. Means a
land that which you get by rights along with land like rights
a) To maintain law and order
b) To maintain/handle civil rights
nd
 First example of “Bhog” came from 2 AD by Satavahanas ruler, gautamiputra satakarni , who had given
Bhog to Buddhist monastery as a feudal land
 King always kept symbolic rights (so that the king to be remembered by the public)
a) Sub-earth right: -
 Whatever is produced under the earth’s crust belongs to king.
 Example:- mining rights (salt). Symbol like who takes salt tax is the king or ruler.
 Raghuvaṃśa (Devanagari: , lit. 'lineage of Raghu') is a Sanskrit epic poem (mahakavya) by the
celebrated Sanskrit poet Kalidasa, in which Kalidasa says that mother earth pays protective tax called
Vetana to King
b) Criminal right:-
 King maintains police & judiciary in Bhog , so that he can ensure that no Bhogika can plan to revolt
 This right was transverse to Bhogika from the King in later century
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 Evidence:- first came 5 AD Vakatakas (Dynasty) book= Pravarasena II = transferred the criminal
rights to his Bhogika
 WHERE THERE WAS NO FEUDALISM (INDIA)
 Descending order :- Desh Bhukti Visayah/vishayas /Visaya / Bhumi/ Mandal  Vetthi, Pataka  Gram
1. DESH = (NO FEUDALISM)
a) Maharaja
b) Amatya = Ministers
c) Son of Maharaja = Kumar-Amatya
2. BHUKTI= PROVINCE LEVEL

a) Governor= Uparika
3. VISAYAH /VISAYA /VISHAYAS/ BHUMI/ MANDAL= DISTRICT LEVEL
 Vishaya pati= Official DM = VISHAYA PATI= had 4 members council
1) Nagara-shreshthin:- head of merchants
2) Sarthavaha:- head of caravan traders (guild), was the head of the guild who laid down proper rules of
conduct
3) Prathama-kulika: Chief or head of artisans and craftsman
4) Prathama-kāyastha:- head accountant
4. VETTHI, PATAKA= BLOCK LEVEL

 Aukta= Adhikaran= Vithi-mahattara= BDO Officer
5. GRAM =VILLAGE
 Gramika= Village Headman
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 Until 5 AD Gramika were helped by 5 members council called “Panch Mandli”
 Source:- Sanchi copper plate inscription of Chandragupta II
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 6 AD= 8 members council = Ashtakula
 Source:- damodarpur copper plate inscription of Budhagupta
 TYPES OF LAND
1. BRAHMINS 2. RELIGIOUS 3. SECULAR
A. Brahmadeya (land):- A. Devdana or devadana (land) A. Bhogika
 given to a Brahmin Land given to temples (only  received land
B. Agraharam or agrahara Hindu)  loyal, law and order maintained
(land)= B. Pallichanda (land)  army maintained
a) Given to many or group a) Land given to Buddhists + jains  rent free land, hereditary land
or community of b) Hereditary , rent free , non-  however, land can be taken back
Brahmins transferable B. Vishayas + Vetthi + Gram
b) They become  received land in lieu of salary for
permanent land owners cultivation (like a contract system)
c) Hereditary started
 transferable, non-hereditary
d) Rent free land. non-
 after services over, land would be
transferable land
e) Grant of land taken back
 MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
A. For measurement of weight B. For measurement of distance
a) A winnowing bag was used  Adhaka Vapa < Drona Vapa < Kulyavapa
and it was fixed for  Vapa:- Act of throwing seeds
measurement  Adhaka Vapa =Evidence= Paharpur copper plate inscription
b) Kulya < Drona < Adhaka  Drona Vapa = evidence= Baigram copper plate inscription
 Kulyavapa = evidence= Dhainadaha copper plate inscription
 KING AND BRAHMIN RELIGION CONNECTION& RELATION:-

 KING  BRAHMIN (VARNA)
 Compelled to give land  Sage, had knowledge of Geography, food, production methods
 Doesn’t want to invest money but  Settled man = agriculturists (Kutumb = Kissan Brahmin) {Bhumhars is a
wants to increase state revenue Jati of Brahmins who do agriculture}
 King ordered the war captives to work  Land given to Brahmins (Brahmadeya) is divided into
in land given to Brahmins & in lieu they a) Vastu = have water (land)
were set free , some tax exemption , b) Khila= Fertile land (has to remain for 4-5 years)
houses were also given c) Aprahata= forest untilled land
 Which and how was land given to Brahmins by King
 Cow grazing method:- as cow was left free in the land , it travels to a land , when it searches water that land
was given and was called “gau-yatra”
 This gau-yatra then became Gotra
 So Gotra is nothing but ancient address of every Indian Hindu
 Cow was given to Brahmin (or Others) in lieu of cash= First and most ancient barter system
 HOW HUNS CAME TO INDIA + RAJPUTS + MYTH + THE REALITY

{READ THIS UPTO AT THE END OF DECLINE OF GUPTAS FOR WHOLE STORY}
 550AD:- Romans from Byzantine (Byzantium today Rome) did trade with:- China, India, Indonesia, and
brought the gold coins , these gold coins made base of Gupta Empire. In 550AD, The Romans stole the Silk
warm and started their own sericulture , within 100 years this resulted to the stoppage of trade via Silk route
and the gold coins stopped coming to India as trade stopped by Romans
 Now India has No cash and the merchants of central Asia came back to India as HUNS (who were working and
had employment just because of Roman trade Via silk route).
 Therefore the central Asia (outsiders) people lost their jobs and they migrated to India by the route of
Rajasthan and Gujarat for settlement through Intermixing and Intermarriage methods
 However, In India that time to become a permanent settler or a King, they (outsiders) must be either Brahmin
or Kshatriyas. so there is only one method left for outsiders to become insiders according to Purans i.e they
had to perform some rituals / yagya called “Hiranya Garbhadhana” to get converted into Kshtriyas {as
Brahmins can be only by birth , they are the true-original Indians . so only conversion into Kshtriyas happened
Byzantin
e
 HUNS CAME TO INDIA IN TWO GROUPS

a) Leaders
b) Non-leaders (population left after leaders)
A. LEADERS, HOW THEY BECAME INDIANS

 They have to choose a king among themselves and for that he needed to be a Brahmin and Kshtriyas

 But a person can be Brahmin only by birth , however, by performing “Hiranya Garbhadhana , one can
become Kshtriyas . so HUNS have only this option left to become Insiders in India and to be King in India
 Hiranya Garbhadhana= a golden womb had to be given as gift to Brahmins and outsiders can become
Kshtriyas
 So the leaders by this method became Kshtriyas
B. NON-LEADERS (PEOPLE LEFT AFTER LEADERS), (MYTH + REALITY OF OUTSIDERS)

 MYTH (about Kshtriyas origin and Rajputs in India) :-
 A story was narrated which says that lord Parshumrama killed all Kshtriyas of planet , Brahmins got scared
and moved to rishi Vasishtha. Rishi performed a yagya and 4 Kshtriyas got birth from the Agni kund of yagya.
They were
1) Pratiharas
2) Solanki
3) Chahmans
4) Parmar
 These 4 men were asked to marry with other women of any Varna (caste) and Children born called Rajputs /
rajputras (early medieval Kshtriyas of India).
 They produced 36 Clans + 2 More Clans (Jat + Gujjar). However, Gujjaras were not recognised as Rajputs
rather, they were recognised as Herds
…………1st class ended,2nd started…………….
 REALITY NOW ANALYSE WITH SOME MORE FACTS DISCUSSED THE BELOW
 Early Medieval south India
 Feudalism like north India did not exist here in south as because there was no dearth of cash in south India
 Land grants were to Buddhists and Jains , because they had to be expelled from their religion & to get taken
into Hinduism back (via land giving + respect) . so lands were given to both Brahmins and non-Brahmins
 Bhakti Movement started , whose sole agenda was to include Non-Hindu gods or non-vedic gods into
Hinduism back (via land giving + respect)
 Story Narrated that in b/w river Krishna & Tungabhadra , was Raichur Doab (Kishkindha that time) where
a) Tribal people had a deity named “Pampa (Mother Goddess)
b) Hunters – (mercenaries ) of Kingdom had “Ikshvaku” (Ram God), so by having Ram as God they
became Mainstream’s part and formed Kingdom and adopted a new God = Shiva + Pampi
(Parvati or Pampa) = to all this related is Virupaksha Temple is located in Hampi in the
Vijayanagara district of KarnatakaVirupaksha/Pampa pathi, as the consort of the local goddess
Pampadevi who is associated with the Tungabhadra River
c) they became Mainstream’s part and formed Kingdom and adopted a new God
 Why feudalism was not there in South India That Time
1) Ancient Goa name was “Puri”. South India was Known for its Merchant corporations. That time
only Mucheeri (now in Kerala) + Arikamedu (now in Puducherry) declined due to tsunami but all
other south India was flourishing because of the ports available and high trade with other
countries and because of strong merchant corporations (so they have no cash dearth)

2) MERCHANT CORPORATIONS OF SOUTH INDIA IN EARLY MEDIEVAL TIME

 Trans-regional enterprise and had offices outside of the country and were very rich
 Their ethnic composition: - Arabs, Jews, Indians all were in their company.
 Merchants pay tax in cash
 Tax is called = Antar-ayan and cash was called “Varichai”
 Some merchant communities were
1) Chettiars:- biggest merchant community in south India and used to sell everything
2) Sankarappadiyars:- oil traders ( )and are of lower caste
3) Tattars:- Gold traders
 Artisans corporations Pay tax in Kind (goods)
 Tax was called Tattam-Pattam and Kind was called = Varam,
 Kind means tax in form of textile or things, these artisans corporations were
1) Saliyas:- weavers
2) Kaikollas :- most important community in trading textiles , Kanjivaram silk is famous (GI tag)
 Merchant corporations
1) Manigiramam or manigramam:- From Kerala
2) Anjuvannam:- Kerala
3) Nakara:- from Warangal by Motupalli port , only shudras could become part of it
4) Pekanderu:- from Warangal by Motupalli port , mixed guild, anybody can join
5) Ainnurruvar/ Ayyavalf/ Nanadesi :- (500 directions:- Aihole (Karnataka), strongest among all
 People would try great efforts to Join Ainnurruvar , they were the Adani of that time
 Evidence :-
a) Guangzhou (port) region of china mentioned in records about it

b) Lobu Tua Inscription, also called Barus Inscription, is an inscription written in Tamil
language:- Sumatra 8th -12th century detailed information is given
 Owned own private army :- KONGAVL= 700 directions, PONMAI= 300 directions
 Traded everywhere and traded in camphor, clove types items
 Had written code of conduct called BANANJA-DHARMA or BANIJYA DHARMA or BANIYA
DHARMA
 THE TIME PERIOD OF “DECCAN” (600AD-1000AD)

 Kingdoms = Kadambas :- very strong, people then broke out among it as western chalukyas
 WESTERN CHALUKYAS
 They claimed they are Brahmins of “Manvya Gotra but truth is that they were tribals
 Capital= vatapi / Badami
1) Pulakeshin I (540–567)
 was the first sovereign ruler of the Chalukya dynasty of Vatapi (modern Badami)

 first Deccan ruler to take title of maharajadhiraja (plural maharajadhirajas)( A royal ruler's title in South,
roughly meaning 'great king of kings)
 First man who performed: - Ashwamedha Yajna (horse sacrifice ceremony) to access power. {note the
change= Brahminism was seen, he trying to be but why ? (is he outsider) note change}
 He called himself= ERAYA= fortune’s favorite
 He also took title of :- Shri-prithvi-vallabha (the husband of the goddess of fortune and the Earth
i.e. Vishnu),this title indicates paramountcy
 First time construction of Jaina temple started {note change}
2) Kirttivarman I (567-597AD)
 Son of Pulakeshin I
 Badami caves were Built
3) Pulakeshin II (609-642AD)
Defeated Harshavardhana (King of kannauj)
He took titles of
a) Satyashraya :- Upholder of truth evidence= Aihole inscription (610-615)
b) Bhattaraka and Maharajadhiraja ("King of great kings")
c) Shri-prithvi-vallabha, Vallabha,
d) Shri-vallabha.
e) Parameshvara ("Supreme Lord") after defeating Harsha, as attested by his Bijapur-Mumbai
inscription.
f) The Chinese traveler Xuanzang calls him Pu-lo-ki-she.
g) The Persian historian Al-Tabari calls him Paramesa or Pharmis, probably a Persian transcription of his
title Parameshvara
 Due to time one wing of them again broken out as eastern chalukyas who made Vengi as their capital and
Kubja vishnuvardhana(621-641) was founder of Easter chalukyas and Pulakeshin II died and people broke
out and came to be known as “rashtrakutas”
 RASHTRAKUTAS (753AD-975AD)
 Called themselves as “YADUVANSHI” (Lord Krishna related, as Krishna was not in Vedic literature , so
considered as outsider) {Note the change here as of same family (chalukyas) they claiming yaduvanshi}
 Capital:- Manyakheta, modern Malkhaid, also spelled Malkhed, site of a former city in Karnataka
1) Dantidurga (735AD-756AD)
 also known as Dantivarman, was the founder of the Rashtrakuta kingdom of Manyakheta. His capital was
located in the Gulbarga region of Karnataka
 he performed “Hiranya Garbhadhana , (one can become Kshtriyas mentioned in Puran)
Note the change why did he perform this ?
Simply they were of lower castes (outsiders) and wanted to become part of mainstream in India .
mainstream people are Brahmins and Kshtriyas . they had to adopt a Vedic God in India to be Insider.
2) Krishna I (756-774AD) :-Kalishnath temple , Ellora

3) Govinda II (780-793)
4) Amoghavarsha (814-878AD)
 Father/founder of Kannadiga Poetics
 His court poet :- Srivijaya wrote Kavirajamarga book (First Kannada Book) (but UPSC 1978 Gazette
mentioned Amoghavarsha wrote himself this book not his court poet)
5) Indira III (914-929AD)
 Only king who captured kannauj
 975AD during time of Indra IV (973-982AD), the Rashtrakutas became weak and broke out as Parmars (the
only Rajputs who Migrated from South to North)
 THAT - TIME IN - SOUTH

 Those outsiders came in south and narrated stories that once upon a time a man came on south and
established a kingdom and searching his wife. in simple words, they were just telling the “Lord Rama” story
and said they came with ram into south with mixed communities (Brahmins etc + etc+ etc) and they said they
belong to “Ikshvaku” (Ram Kingdom clan)
PALLAVAS (275-897CE) PANDAYAS CHERAS
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 6 AD= Brahmins of Bhardwaj Gotra  Kshtriyas came with Ram  Capital:- Vanchi
 Once worked for Rama  Somavanshi (Kshtriyas)  varna was not known of
 Capital:- kanchi (Tondaimandalam (in  Founder:- Kadungon, who them, but there society was
TN) defeated Kalabras in 6th AD Matrilineal kingdoms
1) Simha Vishnu :- The founder  Capital:-  It means Kings were
2) Mahendravarman:- Madurai(Madhuri)( mentio decided by the elders
 Vishnu son succeeded him and ned in Kautilya's democratically via
ruled from about 571 till 630 CE Arthashastra (4th century consensus
 Artist BCE) as 'Mathura of the  Cheraman Perumal= King
 Title: south'.)  Defeated and taken by
a) Vichhita chitta (abstract art artist)
 New King:- Maravarman Cholas
 Chitrakura puli (tiger among
Avani Shulamani
painters
 Maravarman Rajasimha:-
3) Narsimha Varma I (630-668)
 Shore temples
claim to have destroyed
 Five rathas of Mamallapuram, also pallavas & took the Title of
known as Mahabalipuram Bhanjana (But he was lying)
 Became week and broke into “CHOLAS”  Pandayas were destroyed
and taken by Cholas
 EASTERN CHALUKYAS:- merged with the CHOLAS by marriage in later life
 CHOLAS:-
 Called themselves the Brahmin Kshtriyas
 Capital:- Thanjavur
1. Founder:- Vijayalaya (848-871)
2. Aditiya I (871-907AD)= destroyed pallavas and took with him 893AD and pallavas had gone
3. Parantaka I (907-955AD)=
a) took title of madurantaka (destroyer of Madurai),
b) defeated Pandayas & Pandayas gone
c) wrote Uttiramerur inscription and it is evidence also (TN)
4. Arulmozhi varman (rajaraja I )(985-1014AD)
a) Also called rajaraja the great
b) He took Cheras + gangas + eastern chalukyas and destroyed all of them
c) He merged all kingdoms and got title “Rajaraja”
d) Most powerful king of south India
5. Rajendra I (1012-1044AD)
a) Son of rajaraja (conquered all south), so Rajendra I looked for north and decided to bring ganga river to
south 1022AD and brought water to south and for that he got title of Gangaikonda (Konda Raja)
b) Also called as kadaram Kondan
c) Created new capital= Gangai Konda chola puram (to celebrate the ganga brought)
d) He was the first to go outside the India and took land {srilanka + Srivijaya (South East Asia)}
e) Also called Rajendra the great
6. Kulothunga I (1070-1120AD)
a) Ardent of Shiva (Ardent are those who are very orthodox and don’t accept other religion or religious
people)
b) Ordered to put to death of people who were other than Shiva worshippers
c) He his birth name was Rajendra also
d) He persecuted and expelled Ramanuja (1077-1157) for his Vishishtadvaita philosophy (Vishnu follower
responsible for Bhakti movement)
7. Rajendra III (1246-1279AD)
a) Last chola ruler

 THAT TIME IN THE NORTH

 550AD-750AD = No cash was available
 PUSHYABHUTI DYNASTY/ KINGDOM (VARDHANA DYNASTY 500-647CE)
 Surya worshippers at beginning
 Capitals Two
a) Sthanvishvara (modern Thanesar)
b) Kanyakubja (modern Kannauj)
 Note:- The dynasty reached its zenith under its last ruler Harsha Vardhana (c. 590–647 CE), and the Empire of
Harsha covered much of north and north-western India, extending till Kamarupa in the east and Narmada
River in the south. The dynasty initially ruled from Sthanveshvara (in modern Kurukshetra district, Haryana),
but Harsha eventually made Kanyakubja (modern Kannauj, Uttar Pradesh) his capital, from where he ruled
until 647 CE
 Rulers were:- Pushyabhuti (Puṣyabhuti), possibly mythical, Naravardhana (c. 500–525 CE), Rajyavardana I (c.
525–555 CE), Adityavardhana (Ādityavardhana or Ādityasena), (c. 555–580 CE), Prabhakara-vardhana
 Prabhakarvardhan = Founder = surya worshipper
 Rajyavardana (Son of Prabhakara)= Budha worshipper , Couldn’t sustain for long and his brother Harsha
came
 Harshavardhana (590-647AD)( Maharajadhiraja)
a) Shiva worshipper , Harsha is widely believed to be the author of three Sanskrit
plays Ratnavali, Nagananda and Priyadarsika
b) Court had MATANGA :- a buddhist monk and he convinced Harsha that shiva is not right word and
converted him
c) From China (Tang Dynasty) :- Tao Tsang Monk send a man named Hieun Tsang to Harsha Court and
convinced him to become Buddhist. Harsha got converted to Mahayana Buddhist
d) Harsha conducted a Buddhist council at “Prayagraj”643AD
 It was attended by 20 kings, 1000 scholars from the Nalanda University, 3000 Hinayanists and
Mahayanists, 3000 Brahmins and Jains. The Assembly went on continuously for 23 day
 He got a lot of money and patronized the Nalanda university
e) Sanskrit was at peak In his time
f) Scholars of Harsha court
a. Mayurbhatta :- surya Shatak (Sanskrit)
b. Banabhatta= kadambari and harshcharita (the life of Harsha = biography 640AD)
c. Bhartrhari:- Vakya-padiya /vakyapada(treatise on words and sentences)(Sanskrit grammar used now )
d. Harsha :-he himself= three Sanskrit plays Ratnavali (Romantic), Nagananda (Biography of
Jimutavahana) and Priyadarsika
 THAT TIME IN THE EAST

 GAUDA (BENGAL) (before 320AD-626AD)
 Gauda may refer to: Gauda, a caste of Odisha. Gauḍa (city), Bengal. Gauḍa (region), Bengal. Gauda Kingdom,
a kingdom during the 5th to 7th century in Bengal (present-day Gauda city
 Capital = Karnasuvarna (present day West Bengal, India
1. Shashanka (590-625AD)
a. Ardent Hindu , even cut the Bodhi tree and kidnapped harsha’s sister Rajshri and so Harsha’s friend in
China Sent his army to get her free {First Chinese Invasion}
b. is credited with creating the Bengali calendar
 PALA DYNASTY (BENGAL 750-1161AD)

1. Gopala = founder= 750-770
2. Dharmapala (770-810AD)
a) Buddhist , built Odantipuri , Spmapuri Monasteries
b) Patronized Vikramshila University (Bihar= Bhagalpur)
c) Swayambhu purana = given= details of Dharmapala that he controlled kannauj and Nepal + Assam were
part of His Kingdom. This is the only single purana written on BRAHMA
 Note:- Buddhist text or literature wrote about what is biased about Hindus as Hindus were not writing that
time
 THAT TIME IN THE WEST DECLINE OF GUPTAS

 Guptas decline
1. Later Guptas (Magadha)
2. Maukharis (MP, Madras side)
3. Guptas of malwa
 AFTER DISCUSSING LONG NOW SEE THE REALITY ABOUT HUNS

 HUNS= GUJJARAS + PRATIHARAS DYNASTY
a) Gujjaras:- Herds , lived
b) Pratiharas:- were the ones who stood at the door to open it (occupation)
 Somebody not Guptas broke out came from central Asia when silk route trade stopped for work, through
Rajasthan and Gujarat they came and got help of locals and became Kings here in India
 Capital:- Jodhpur
 Two Main families of Gujjaras and Pratiharas
1) Raja Harishchandra (Not Important)
2) Nagabhata (730-760AD) :- was a king who founded the imperial Gurjara Pratihara dynasty of northern
India. He ruled the Avanti (or Malava) region
a) Mihira Bhoja or Bhoja (836-885AD)(Kanauj):-
 Vishnu follower, title adopted = Adivaraha
 Arab merchants who visited India in this period like Suleiman (c. 9th century CE) who visited India
in the 9th century CE and left behind an account of his travels, writers refer to the Paratihara
Kingdom as al-Juzr (derived from the Sanskrit Gurjara)
 Al= of and Juzr = Gujara
 Al-Masudi (c. 10th century CE), who visited Gujarat in 915-16 CE. Wrote “Juzr” means All Gujaras
 NOTE:-REALITY:- Therefore from the North-west frontier province “Ghaznavids” invaded India and
entered and then Gujjaras and Pratiharas broke into “Rajputas Clans”

NOW LET DISCUSS RAJPUTAS CLANS

1) CHANDELAS 2) KALACHURIS OF CHEDI 3) SOLANKI
 Broke out from G-P (Gujjaras-  Broke out from G-P (Gujjaras-  Broke out from G-P (Gujjaras-
Pratiharas) Pratiharas) Pratiharas)
a) Founder= nannuka (881-  West of Jabalpur (Tewar,  Somnath temple
845AD) Jewar names)  Have 3 kingdoms in Gujarat
b) Dhanga (950-990AD)  Kokkala = founder (yuvraja like a) Mattamayura
 built Khajuraho including names got popularity) b) Anahilapataka or anhilvada
Vishvanatha temples  Rajasekhara a play writer took c) Bhrigukachchha or Bharuch
 capital= Khajuraho asylum here and wrote Viddha
Shala Bhanjiika
4) GUHILAS 5) CHAHMANS 6) PRAMARA
 Bhappa Rawal = Founder  Broke out from G-P (Gujjaras- a) Only Rajputs broke out from
(Rawalpindi) Pratiharas) Rashtrakutas
 Broke out from G-P (Gujjaras-  Govindaraja= founder b) Capital:- Dhar (Rajasthan)
Pratiharas)  Prithviraj III c) Founder= Upendra I
 Ajmer, Delhi d) Bhoja-Raja (1010-1055AD)
7) TOMARS (DELHI) e) Richest in 11th century Rajas
 Broke out from G-P (Gujjaras- f) Reason was trade , had a great
Pratiharas) sea knowledge
 Anang pal g) He wrote Yukti kalpataru =
only surviving book on Ship
building
 SOUTH: FEUDALISM OF SOUTH CALLED VENDAR VELIR SYSTEM

 Vendar (King)  Velir  Kudumbu (Brahmins +non-Brahmins)
A. VENDAR B. VELIR C. KUDUMBU

 Took title =  Olai-Araiyan = Bhogika category like in south  Kailollas are in royal
MaharajaDhiraj  Velam, padimagalir= official category security (SC category
 Ko-Konmai-  Padi means = governor ) and were given land
Kondam  Aremis was a greek woman who was in security of as salary
(Another names) Rajendra-I and got salary in form of land
 It indicates women had also equal rights in south &
they did Jobs
NADU
↓
1) BRAHMIN 2) NON-BRAHMIN 3) URBAN CENTERS 4) SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE
VILLAGE VILLAGE
 Village=  Village= velanvagai  Village= Nagaram  Close to water (Village)=
Agraharam  Assembly= Ur  Assembly=Nattars Taniyar
 Assembly= Sabha  Council= Pattam-Swami (only
 Most sufficiently One member in charge here
developed village no council)

1) BRAHMIN VILLAGE
 Village= Agraharam, Assembly= Sabha, Most sufficiently developed village
 Right angles village and fence of water was around it
 Brahmins live in the middle and in outside (from all sides ) the slaves were residing
 How to Choose (1) one ember for 30 member Sabha

 By Kudavolai system:-
a) election system name Pot system (Chits used )
b) Condition to be the contestant
a. Knowledge of vedas, and of at least 35 years of age
b. No criminal record, be a tax payer
 Sabha members were given salaries from sabha’s own income because sabha was the autonomous financial body that
time.
 Variyam= Sub-committees created by Sabha
 Maha sabha= called Perungiri and members were called Perumakkal , many Brahmin villages sabhas got together
 Vetti, :- Forced labor (lower caste), slaves were Al or adimai. Who worked for Brahmins and they were given
land called Vettaperru as hereditary land
2) NON-BRAHMIN VILLAGE (VELANVAGI)
A. UDAIYAR B. Ulu-Kudi = Tenants C. MERCHANTS AND
 The land owner  Do not have land but given ARTISANS
 They have rights like rights to work in region and  Merchants pay
1) Karanmai= right to cultivate from income they must give 1) Antarayam
2) Mitatchi= Right to get his land tax (2%) 2) Tattam-pattam
cultivated from tenants  Tax = Kudi mai  Artisans Pay
 Gave tax  Tax given to 1) Padi-kaval
1) Kadamai 1) UDAIYAR  By Both Paid to
2) Padikaval = security tax 2) UR 1) UR
3) Mania= house tax 3) KING 2) KING
 Gave tax to
1) UR D. Adimai / Al
2) King  Slaves
 NOTE:-
UR pays tax to NADU + VELANADU and the {PADIKAVAL= Tax)
 MEASUREMENTS
 Rajendra-I made a measuring rod called “maligai-Kol” whose units are following
 Kuli (Smallest) < Ma < Veli (largest unit)
 SOURCE OF EVIDENCE
1. ROYAL EDICT called Prasisti , written in Grantha Script (Sanskrit), but language was tamil that used
2. COMMON STONES:-
a) Meykriti:-every village had hero, they put a hero stone in every village called “VIRAGAL”
b) Earliest Phase:- Valeluttu script in Tamil on stones {today oldest language=Tamil, Script= Malalyam}
c) Later Phase:- Tamil Script in Tamil on stones
……….2nd class ended,3rd started………………….
THE RISE OF ISLAM AND THE ADVENT OF TURKS IN INDIA

th
 Until the end of the 6 CE
 MUHAMMAD IBN ABDULLAH (570 BIRTH MECCA-632 AD DEATH MEDINA)& ISLAM

a) 570CE:- He was born in Hashin Clan of Quraish tribe , this tribe controlled trade and were caravan or
overland traders {from red sea  Arabian  Mediterrarian Sea) and connected old China to Europe
b) Muhammad ibn Abdullah :-( 570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and
the founder of the world religion of Islam.
c) According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet divinely inspired to preach and confirm
the monotheistic teachings of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets.
d) He was also a trader by profession and married to “Khadijah”(595-619), who was a widow and a
businesswoman (showing women equality)
e) He knew about the Iranians and Christians (mischief) that they were there in Arabian peninsula and
wanted to convert Arabians into Christian and Zoroastrians, he never said I am special , he always said I
am the “last prophet”
f) 610AD:- He was visited by an angel (Jabrael), this angel exists in Christians also as Gabriel (Note the
commonality)
g) Now it became easy for him to establish a new religion by this angels story, because most of the people
were familiar with Gabriel (In Bible)
 ARABIAN PENINSULA (INHABITED BY TRIBES)
 The Bedouin, Beduin, or Bedu are nomadic Arab tribes who have historically inhabited the desert regions in
the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, the Levant, and Mesopotamia
 Diversified but unified tribes but had no political, social system
 They were the type of paganism = every tribe had its own God but all tribes called themselves the son of
Ishmael (first son of Adam and considered as Prophet in Islam)
 Most of the cities had oasis towns
 Yathrio was agricultural town as some did farming, Mecca was a trading center and these tribes were traders
as silk route passed through Mecca
 His agenda was to unite all the tribes of Arabians against the conversion of Iranians and Christians and he
formed Islam which is a social , political and economic progress
 610AD:-he claimed himself as the last prophet and now he had to establish Islam (Abrahamic religion) and for
this he made huge difference by saying that the First prophet of Islam is= Adam.
 Note :- He included others prophets like Jesus , Moses, Idris, Noah in his Islam as an early prophets after
Adam and before him. He didn’t abuse anybody
 Abrahamic religion features
a) Monothesian (1 god)
b) God is gender neutral
c) God fives you order through his holy book (Islam=Quran, Christianity = Bible)
d) There has to be a messenger of god = Prophet
e) No idol worshipping
 Islam has two main
1) Allah 2) The prophet
 Quran was not written by Md.  Religious and political leaders
 It is preached by him as like  Hadees:- Advices of Md. Which were not in Quran, historians
words said by Allah never gave importance to hadees , India’s hadees are Hadith

 “WHO ARE MUSLIMS” ACCORDING TO MUHAMMAD THE PROPHET
1) Shahada = there is no god but Allah and Md is a prophet
2) Salat :- Five times namaz a day
3) Sawn :- fasting for a month (Ramadan)
4) Zakat :- 2.5% of savings go to Alums {exception poor and children , later women were exempted , in India
women Have to do}
5) Haji :- a pilgrimage to “Kaaba” {Mecca}
 All these things to be done to be a true Muslim
 Leader in Islam is caliph
 632AD:- Death of Muhammad and whole people divided into two
 Note:- Muslims who came to India were
1. Ashraf :- Muslim elite class
2. Pasmanda :- Muslim Lower class
 DIFFERENCE OF OPINION AFTER DEATH OF MUHAMMAD (SHIA, SUNNI)

1. SUNNI 2. SHIA
 Anyone can lead pious true to  Leader must be from Prophets blood line
cause  Ali – (Cousin of Muhammad) (note same became 4th Caliph
 1stcaliph= Abu Bakr (Father-in-  He became head of state now after becoming caliph and FORMATION
law) became the first caliph by OF CALIPHATE (a state of Caliph) started and definition of word state
consensus came here
 2nd = Umar/Omar  First caliphate 750AD= Umayyad whose capital was Damascus (Syria)
 Then Abbasids , capital Bagdad (Iraq) but declined in 1258
 3rd = Usman (first Quran codified
 State Has: a leader, territory, Army, Laws of its own, but Doesn’t
in his time)
need or require any acceptance from others. Like in present
 4th=Ali
time Taliban is a state ,Palestine is a state
 Islam Quran + hadees
 Quran  Verses  Tafir (discourse)  Ijma (consensus)  FIQH (Jurisprudence)  SHARIAT (Islamic laws)
ISLAMIC LAWS = FIQH TO THE SHARIAT

 Both defined Islamic laws by their own importance
 SUNNIS  SHIA
 Hanafi = Hedaya book of law he wrote  Isn-Asari (twelve)
 Maliki  Zaidi
 Shaifi  Ismailis :- came to India and divided into
 Hanboli a) East=Khojas
 These people interpreted Islamic laws and also b) West = Bohra (Sulaimani + Daudi)
wrote  These are the people who tell the law
 ACCORDING TO SHARIAT THE WHOLE WORLD GOT DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS
1. Dar-ul-Harb {House of war}

 Non-conformists live , who don’t have a holy book like Nomads , tribes
 Islam gives you here two options either convert or die
 Exception was only Mongols here who were worshippers of Sky God called “Tengri”.
 Note:- Genghis Khan was never even been a Muslim (Khan means a military commander)
2. Dar-ul-Islam {House of Peace}
 Muslim world and muslim rulers were there but non-muslim could also live here but they must have their
holy book (Ahl-i-Kitab) like muslim have their Quran
 Non-Muslims had to follow two rules
1. Respect the Islam
2. Don’t convert a Muslim to Non—Muslim
 If they follow these two rules they were called “Protected class” {Dhimmi} and protected class had to pay
a poll tax {Jizya}. It was 2.5% of their earnings annually but women, children , Brahmins would not have
to pay Jizya
 But Sultan Firuz Shah Tughlaq imposed Jizya on Brahmins also {Sultan Firuz Shah Tughlaq (1309 – 20
September 1388) was a ruler from the Tughlaq dynasty, who reigned over the Sultanate of Delhi from
1351 to 1388.}
 Jizya was used only to make progress of the religion (Islam) and welfare of Muslim like building mosques,
madrasa, haji support
 first to Impose Jizya in India was Muhammad ibn al-Qasim ( Muhammad-bin-Qasim 712 AD Invaded
sindh)
 MUSLIM TAXES
1. ZAKAT, Arabic zakāt, an obligatory tax required of Muslims, one of the five Pillars of Islam. The zakat is
levied on five categories of property—food grains; fruit; camels, cattle, sheep, and goats; gold and silver;
and movable goods—and is payable each year after one year's possession. It is for the welfare of the
Islamic society (part of muslim faith) (like a service giving)
2. USHR – simply a revenue tax of 10% to ruler whatever they produce, a 10% tax on the harvests of
irrigated land and 10% tax on harvest from rain-watered land and 5% on Land dependent on well
water. The term has also been used for a 10% tax on merchandise imported from states that taxed the
Muslims on their products.
3. KHUMS means 'a fifth' (or 20 per cent) in Arabic. It is a war-booty tax. It is the sixth of the Ten Obligatory
Acts of Shi'a Islam. This tax is paid on any profit earned by Shi'a Muslims. Means whatever you looted in
a war 1/5th of it directly went to State and remaining 4/5th they can take themselves with them, this is the
main reason why muslim came often to India for loot not for the Islam expansion (note it). As they
wanted to earn more , therefore it was economic reason of Muslim to invade India not for expanding
Islam}
A. TURKS
 Turkoman or Turkmen tribes , they got converted and became Muslims , started working under Caliphate but
were free people
 Poor people and sold their children in the name of expansion of Islam. These children were born to free
parents (freemen)
th
 Khums = 4/5 of loot= yourself
B. MAMLUK (GHULAM)
 Those freemen who owned property , had owned slaves (Ghulam ), they are still slaves that is why they are
called “Mamluks” because they have a master called “Mamalik
 Mamluks remained a slave until he dies and followed only his master , if master dies , mamluk gets free or if
master says anything Mamluk or slave just did without questioning
 These Mamluks were loyal and answerable to his master only
 Mamluks has only one master and he remained his slave until death if master not dies , he will not be free by
himself
1. ABBASID CALIPHATE
 The Abbasid caliphs (third caliph, first was Abu bakr) was established the city of Baghdad in 762 CE. It
became a center of learning and the hub of what is known as the Golden Age of Islam. Abbasid Caliphate was
the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
 Caliph took 7-10 years Mamluks so that they could make their own army when Mamluks get older because
once a slave to a master , remains a slave . therefore these Mamluks got trained in etiquettes , Quran ,
hadees and became loyal to caliphate
 Khan or Tuman title= a military commander who must have at least 10,000 soldiers so as (Genghis khan
used khan because he had many more soldiers than 10000)
 A khaganate or khanate was a polity ruled by a khan, khagan, khatun, or khanum. These are the states of
Khans, all these Mamluks after training were sent to different part to conquer and they fought and
established there after winning as their own territory as “Khanate”
 Khanate have :-
a) Buhara/Bukhara= city in Uzbekistan now
b) Khiva= now district in Uzbekistan now
c) KoKand= city in Uzbekistan now
 For some reasons these Khans wanted to get away/ break away politically so they had to do things like
a) To take permission from caliph
b) If he gets permission he automatically became sultan and his territory became sultanate
 So they were all slaves once of caliph and then got separated and became sultans
 How to become a sultan now
a) Caliph:- had to write a letter of investiture and they would send a robe (divine sanction)
b) Sultan:-
 on Friday he orders Khutbah or Khutba (Sermon) (Introduced by Abu Bakr) to be read in mosque
in the name of Sultan.
 in celebration of sultan , coins were issued and one-one side sultan and name of caliph were
written
2. UMAYYAD CALIPHATE= 712 AD
 Umayyad dynasty, also spelled Omayyad, the first great Muslim dynasty to rule the empire of the caliphate
(661–750 ce), sometimes referred to as the Arab kingdom (reflecting traditional Muslim disapproval of the
secular nature of the Umayyad state).
 Capital= Damascus
 First invasion of Arabs in India= the commander of the Umayyad caliphate, Mohammad bin qasim,
was the first muslim to conquer India in 712 AD and invaded SINDH from Arab and became first to Impose
Jizya in India.
a) EVIDENCE:- Book Chach Nama is the work of ʿAlī b. Ḥāmid b. Abī Bakr Kūfī. or simply Ali Kufi in Arabic
and then “Fatanama” In Persian converted by ali kufi
 ANALYSE:- STORY OF INDIA AFTER MOHAMMAD BIN QASIM INVASION
 Buhara/Bukhara= city in Uzbekistan now , was the center of Persian culture
 Alp-Tegin (Also called as Alptigin, Alp Takin, Alp Tekin) was a military commander (first as a slave in Samanid
dynasty ) and he had a slave named Sabuktigin (Sabuktigin a sunni (Hanafi) succeeded to throne of Ghazni in
972 AD)
 Alptigin ran as a slave and got settled in Ghazni and took charge of Ghazni and ordered (before his death) the
Sabuktigin to rule after his death and Sabuktigin had a son named Mahmud (971/977AD-1030AD) (Mahmud
of Ghazni and took name “Sultan Mahmud”
 TURKISH INVASION IN INDIA

 First Turkish invasion in India:- Sultan Mahmud” (17 times he attacked India (First in 1000-1001 AD
captured Peshawar by defeating Jayapala) (last attack at 1025 Somnath temple= gold)
 After Mahmud , his son came named Masud (998-1040, 1030-1040 rule), Masud has especially interested in
Persian and he kidnapped all Persian scholars all over the world and kept at his court
 Literature of Masud court
a) Shahnama (Shahnameh) = by Firdausi (Persian poet b/w 977 to 1010 CE)
b) Polymath= By Ibn-sina (Avicenna his name in west, was a Persian polymath) (980-1037AD)
c) Book on Sufism = Al-Hujwiri- First man to write book on Sufism
d) Kitab-al-Hind = Al-beruni wrote in Arabic (Al-Biruni iranian) came India 27 times and wrote about
everything of India
 1030AD:- Sultan Mahmud died and he had a Hindu military commanders named as Sondi and tilak, tilak
was ordered to attack Punjab and he killed the Ahmad Niyaltigin (Governor of Punjab appointed by Masud)
(no religious war , it was totally for Plundering , economic factor)
 Evidence:- Book named “Tarikh-i-Bayhaqi” written by Abul-Fazl-Bayhaqi (995AD-1077AD) in Persian in
Masud’s court 11tn CE
 Note:- Mahmud issued gold coins in Indian on which a “nandi” was inscribed and he called himself “Sri
Maha samanta Deva Mahmud”
 DURING THIS TIME WHAT WAS HAPPENING AT PLACE GHAZNI
 Two free men Ghurids (patrons of Persian culture) killed their master and these were
1. Malik Shihabuddin Muizzuddin Muhammad (also called Mu'izz al-Din or Muhammad of Ghor from
Ghazni) (1149-1206AD) = had throne at Ghazni
2. Firuz (or Firuzkuh)= had throne at Ghor
 Both these two co-ruled and had two thrones and their court had
a) Nizami Uruzi :- Persian poet, (Book Chahar Maqala (Persian) by Nizami Uruzi (he flourished during 1110-
1161AD)
b) Faḵr-al-dīn Mohammad b. Manṣūr Mobārakšāh, called Faḵr-e Modabber :- wrote book ādāb al-Ḥarb
wa’l-šajāʿa (“the correct usages of war and bravery”),
 Md. Ghor took Khyber pass and came to India that is why he was able to win Lahore then Delhi whereas
Mahmud of Ghazni took Bolan Pass (in Pakistan) and had to face huge Thar desert and got defeated
sometimes in the way
 Malik Shihabuddin Muizzuddin Muhammad (also called Mu'izz al-Din or Muhammad of Ghor did not have
son but had a slaves named “Muizzi Slaves “ and two of his favorite slaves were
1. Yildiz (Taj al-Din Yildiz) = got Ghazni after Ghor’s Death
2. Quṭb al-Dīn Aibak (1150AD-1210AD)
a) Quṭb al-Dīn Aibak, Aibak also spelled Aybak, (born 1150 —died 1210), a founder of Muslim rule in India and an
able general of Muhammad Ghor.
b) After the death of Md. Ghor ,, the Muhammad bin bakhtiyar Khalji (reign 1203-1206), a free man, decided to
invade Bengal (Sena dynasty) and he burnt Nalanda University and declared himself independent. So Aibak
ordered and killed him and got Bengal under Delhi and beyond (beyond means areas of Bengal)
c) He got Delhi and beyond after Ghor’s Death to rule
d) He himself died at Lahore while playing Polo in 1210
e) His son was Adam shah
f) He also had slaves further called “Qutbi Slaves “
g) His two favourite slaves were
a. Qabacha (Nasir ad-Din Qabacha(reign 1203-1228))= was given Multan and Uch (in Pakistan
Punjab city) for rule
b. Shams ud-Din Iltutmish (Reign 1211-1236):- slave and son in law of Qutubuddin Aibak. he got
Badaun to rule (Today in UP ). After the death of Aibak , Illutmish became a free from slavery and
he killed Adam shah (son of Aibak) and took Delhi and beyond
 Note :- they all got together and invaded India in 1191/1192 = First battle of Tarain
1. THE FIRST BATTLE OF TARAIN
 was fought in 1191 between the Ghurids, a Turkish tribe, led by Muhammad Ghor and the Rajputs led by
Prithviraj Chauhan and his allies. The resulting engagement ended in victory for the Rajput forces
 Prithviraj III won because he had elephants and Md. Ghor did not see an elephant ever before it. He was
drowning and one of his slaves saved Ghor’s life. then Ghor ordered to take logs of wood and made wooden
elephants and trained his army and again attacked the India
2. THE SECOND BATTLE OF TARAIN (1192/1193)
 Muhammad of Ghor defeated the army of Prithiviraj Chauhan, who was captured and killed.
 Evidence:-
a) Jayanaka wrote in Prithviraja vijaya in Sanskrit on the life of the Indian Chahamana king Prithviraja
III around 1191/1192
b) Prithviraj Raso is a Braj language epic poem about the life of Prithviraj Chauhan (reign. c. 1177–1192
CE). It is written by Chand Bardai, who according to the text, was a court poet of the king
c) Prabandha-cintāmaṇi = JAINA text= is an Indian Sanskrit-language collection of prabandhas (semi-
historical biographical narratives). It was compiled in c. 1304 CE, in the Vaghela kingdom of present-
day Gujarat, by Jain scholar Merutunga.
d) NOTE:- Now first muslim kingdom established in India at Ajmer
3. THE THIRD BATTLE OF TARAIN (1215-1216AD) AND SOME FACTS RELATED TO IT
 Third Battle of Tarain (1216), in which the Mamluk king Iltutmish of the Delhi Sultanate defeated and
captured the former Ghurid general Taj al-Din Yildiz
 1210-1211 Incidents =
a) when Genghis Khan came to India in search of a man named jalal-ud-din khan (came to India) who looted
Genghis khan and he stood on other side of river Jhelum and started waiting
b) Yildiz now came to Lahore and Qabacha and both had some battles fought
 1215AD:-
 Iltutmish came to Lahore and Killed Yildiz, now only Qabacha left.
 Iltutmish wrote a letter to Genghis khan that he won’t give permission to jalaluddin Khan to stay in his
territory and added a sentence that he was not sure about Qabacha
 Genghis left to his capital city Tangut and left a Mongol army to Fight with Qabacha
 1228AD = death of Qabacha
 As Iltutmish approached Uch his lieutenant, Nasiruddin Aiyitim, advanced from Lahore and
besieged Multan, Qabacha took to his boats and fled to the island-fortress of Bhakkar, in the Indus River,
leaving his minister to follow him with the treasure stored at Uch.
 On 9 February 1228, Iltutmish arrived at Uch and opened the siege, at the same time dispatching a force
under his minister, Kamaluddin Muhammad Junaidi, entitled Nizam al-Mulk, in pursuit of Qabacha, who
in his despair sent Alauddin Bahram Shah, his son by Aibak's daughter, to make terms. Bahram was
successful, and in accordance with the treaty Uch was surrendered in 4 May, but Junaidi was either not
informed of the treaty or wilfully disregarded it, for he continued to besiege Bhakkar, and Qabacha
drowned in the Indus River.
 1229AD
 Iltutmish again wrote a letter to Abassid caliph (Al-Mustasim also called Abu Ahmad Abdallah 1213-1258 ,
son of Al-Mustansir), that he wants to become a Sultan, and added a sentence that Genghis khan is also
now my friend (threatening caliph to get permission)
 Therefore In India first time title “Sultan” was taken By Iltutmish
NOW SOME BRIEF ABOUT SLAVE DYNASTY RULERS

 QUTB/QUTUB UD-DIN AYBAK (1150-1210) (REIGN 1206-1210)
 Grave of Qutb ud-Din Aybak, in Anarkali Bazaar in Lahore
 A scholar named Husan Nizam wrote
a) “Taajal Moasir” and called or titled Aibak as “lakh Baksh” means who donates lakh in Charity
b) Also wrote that in qutub time, a lanb (Hindu) and lion (Muslim) drank water together but it was not true because we
have evidences and these are as following

 Monuments = Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra (literally "shed of 2½ days") is a large and imposing structure in the city of
Ajmer in Rajasthan, was first was a Jaina temple but converted into Mosque
 Quṭb/Qutub Minar = Aibak built only first storey of it and dedicated to Sufi saint bakhtiyar kaki (1173-1235).
Aibak built a Mosque near Qutub Minar named Qubbat-ul-Islam Mosque (Dome of Islam), later corrupted
into Quwwat-ul Islam, this mosque was built by 27 Jaina Hindu temples stones
 ILTUTMISH (Reign 1211-1236AD)
1. 1229 =became a sultan and issued coins (Tanka)
2. took Arabic Name = Nasir-i-amin-al-mominin
a) Nasir-Name
b) i-amin-al- Free man
c) mominin –true muslim
3. took Hindu name=(Sanskrit)= Suratrana-lilitmish-joginpura
a) Suratrana- sultan
b) lilitmish--name
c) joginpura—Delhi
4. he brought Bahauddin Zakariya (a living sufi saint)(1170 – 1262),, and also known as Baha-ul-Haq and Bahauddin
Zakariya Multani, was a Sunni Muslim scholar saint and poet . he made him Shaikh-ul-Islam (head of free religious
affairs)
5. he introduced two posts
a) wazir = (Prime minister)
b) ariz-i-mumalik= head of the military departments or defense minister
6. he introduced two systems
a) Naqib= Audit
b) IQTA= land revenue administration
7. He bought 40 slaves and called them = Turkan-i-Chahalgani or Bandagan-i-Chahalgan
8. He completed Qutub minar and brought Gupta Iron pillar from Udayagiri (MP)and placed in front of Qutub Minar
 ALL INFORMATION GOT FROM EVIDENCE FROM BOOK Tabaqat-i-Nasiri (Persian) which was
compiled in 1260 CE by the author Minhaj-i-Siraj-Juzjani and it gives a complete account of Muhammad
of Ghur's conquest of India and the history of the Delhi Sultanate up to 1260 CE.
……………..3rd class ended,4th class started………………..
 AFTER -ILTUTMISH IMPORTANT RULERS
1. RAZIA SULTANA
 Introduced African slaves (First time in
India) came from Ethiopia (Abyssinia –
town was there called Habash , people
were Habashi)
 Note:- After Turks, Habashi were second
important slaves , today they are called
Sidhis and found in Gujarat (Muslims) ,
Karnataka (Christians), Bengal ( Muslim)
2. BAHRAM SHAH
 forced to introduce a post called =NAIB
(Deputy Sultan)
3. MASUD= was Killed
4. NASIRUDDIN MAHMUD(1246-66)
 Grandson of Iltutmish  He had two sons Muhammad (died fighting Mongols) and
 Continued longest Bughra khan (ran to Bengal)So his Grandson Qaiqabad
(Kaiqubad) drank and died at 21 age {note for UPSC he
 Ulugh Khan Became NAIB (very strong
was the last slave ruler) but he had Son called Kayumars
military commander and took care of
(6 years old only)
Mongols problem) 6. KAYUMARS/KAYUMAR
5. ULUGH KHAN (BALBAN)(1266-87)  In reality he was the last ruler
 Himself became sultan and was slave of  6 years only so , his military commander jalaluddin Khalji
Iltutmish so he continued Slave dynasty , Cut head one day and thrown in Yamuna River
 Abolished NAIB POST  He took the throne and Slave dynasty ended

 ULUGH KHAN (BALBAN)(1266-87)
a) He did not want to be called slave so he had issues with his own past and did not trust anybody even
his wife
b) Therefore he also abolished the post of NAIB and took a new name called “Ghiyas ud din Balban”
c) Policies of Him
a. Policy of Blood= Killing of other Turkan-i-Chahalgani
b. Policy of iron- consolidation of Sultanate and not taking new places
d) He claimed himself as the great grandson of Afrasiyab who was a mythical hero of Iranians and he
brought a law of succession (kinship system) and started Iranian new year festival “Nowruz”
e) He needed a person to write all this story and he got “Ziauddin Barani (1285–1358 CE) was a Muslim
political thinker and wrote book Fatawa-i-jahandari claiming in this book balban as the great
grandson of Afrasiyab {this is how Balban made history by making wrong into right} and also wrote
in this the “Theory of Kingship” in which
f) The divine right of kings, or divine-right theory of kingship, is a political and religious doctrine of royal
and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving his right
to rule directly from the will of God
g) Now Balban Got new title = Zillullah (Ẓillu'llah)/ Zwillu'llah / Zwillu'llah is an Arabic word-phrase
meaning the Shadow or Shade of God), literally "the Refuge of Allah"
h) Ziauddin Barani (1285–1358 CE) wrote another book = Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi is the finest specimen of
Indo-Persian historiography produced during the Sultanate period in India. Written by Zia ud Din
Barani during the reign of Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq, it was completed in 1357 CE and was dedicated
to the reigning monarch.
i) Ziauddin Barani (1285–1358 CE) served under 7 Delhi sultans , so was very important scholar
j) Balban also introduced Court etiquette =
a. Paibos means kissing the foot of the sultan to appreciate his power.
b. Sajda. (Prostration in Islam) bowing in prayer so as to touch the ground with the forehead.
k) 1276 AD:- one merchant named “Thakura Addha Dharu” who built Baoli named Palam Baoli, Delhi.
And he asked Pandita Yogiswara to create One Sanskrit inscription calls Gayasuddin Balban an 11th
avatar of Lord Vishnu
 SULTANATE HAD 4 PILLARS  ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF RULING CLASS
 Sultan = Sult word means wielder of sword 1) ROYALTY CONSTITUTED BY 2) COMMONERS (NOBILITY)
 Ulema= a body of Muslim scholars who are 1. Turks 1) KALLALAS=
recognized as having specialist knowledge of 2. Abyssinians  Muslim Brewers
Islamic sacred law and theology. 3. free man no slaves  Muhammad Bin Tughlaq
 Umara= name from word “Amir” =lordship, a) Tajiks (Khilji) made these Muslims
leadership, ownership, Superiority, elderly, b) Turani (Tughlaq) nobles
noble bureaucrats c) Afghans (Lodis) 2) KAMBOH:
 Local Chiefs= Samanta= Raja, Rana, Renuka, 4. Neo-Muslims (Mongols  a member of a low caste in
Rawat= basically owner of land= together they converted ) the Punjab engaged chiefly
5. Shaikh-Zadas in agriculture.
were called “Khut”
(Shehzaida) (Indian  These were the Hindus who
 AMIR KHUSROW (Served 9 rulers) converted to Islam by Sufi
Muslims)
 Abu'l Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn Khusrau (1253–1325 saint and they rose to
AD), better known as Amīr Khusrau was an Indo- become educators in Delhi
Persian[1] Sufi singer, musician, poet and scholar Sultanate
who lived under the Delhi 3) KHATRI
 Major books he wrote  Caravan, Banjaras traders
a) Ijaz-e-Khusravi (The Miracles of Khusrau) 4) MULTANI
b) Duval Rani - Khizr Khan (Duval Rani and Khizr  Horse traders
Khan), 1316 - a tragedy about the marriage of 5) JAIN MERCHANTS
princess Duval Rani to Ala ud-Din Khalji's son  Marwari = textile sellers
Khizr Khan  Money Lenders=
c) Afzal ul-Fawaid (Greatest of Blessings), 1319 - a introduced a bill of
work of prose containing the teachings of exchange = Hundis
Nizamuddin Auliya. (promissory note today in
d) Ashiqa - Khusro pays tribute to Hindi language Bank)
 HOW SULTANATE BECOME POLITICALLY CONSOLIDATED
1) Alauddin Khalji introduced 2) Muhammad bin Tughlaq 3) Feroz shah Tughlaq

two departments introduced introduced three systems
a) Diwan-i-riyasat (commerce)  Diwan-i-Kohi (Agricultural  Diwan-i-bandagan (slaves)
b) Diwan-i-Mustakhraj (income loans = TAQAVI or TAQAVVI  Diwan-i-khairat (Charity)
tax)  Diwan-i-ishtiaq (pension)
 THE SULTANATE LAND AND ALL DETAILS
 Note the land divided now above and after Balban it was expanded

 AFTER BALBAN THEY HAD EXPANDED THE LAND AND NOW SEE CHANGE
IQTA TABLE (VERY IMPORTANT) EXPANDED LAND
1) Iltutmish= Khalsa + Iqta + Madad (non-
transferable)
2) Balban= Same continued
3) Alauddin Khilji= Khalsa + madad
(Taxable) + Siqh + Iqta Abolished
4) Md.Bin.tughlaq= same continued but
madad again become non-taxable
5) Feroz-shah Tughlaq= Khalsa +
madad+ Iqta (again came but
hereditary (feudalism)
6) Lodis= Khalsa + jagir + madad-i-Maash


LAND REVENUE SYSTEM OF SULTANATE (MASAHAT)
1) CROP SHARING METHOD (Hukam-i-hasil) 3) TAX FARMING METHOD
 Decided by Siqhdar (S), Muqaddam (M), Khut (K), Chaudari (c) (Hukam-i-wafa-i-biswa)
 Feroz shah Tughlaq made IQTA
Hereditary
 Iqtadar =tax revenue farmer
 Ijara= revenue farming
 Ijaradar took 10% commission of
revenue tax called Malikana (just a
contractual farmer)
 Iltutmish + balban
TAXES OF SULTANATE
1) Kharaj:- was a land tax that was
 Advantage :- Profit and loss co-shared by state & peasants
originally paid only by non-Muslims,
 Disadvantage:- Security of crop is an issue & security is
revenue tax mostly 1/3rd of Gross
responsibility of state
produce .
 But state continued because horses is bone of sultan victory and
 Exception:- shariat allows maximum
fodder is needed so crop sharing is needed
50% so Alauddin took 50% not 1/3rd
2) MEASUREMENT METHODS (Hukam-i-Masahat) 2) Ghari:- House tax (Alauddin never
took)
3) Charai :- Grazing tax(Alauddin never
took )
4) Sharb= Irrigation Tax, only taken by
Feroz-shah-Tughlaq
5) Jizya= tax (the term is often
incorrectly translated as a “head tax”
or “poll tax”) paid by non-Muslim
populations to their Muslim rulers

 THE KHILJI DYNASTY (1290-1320)

 JALALUDDIN (1290-1296)
1) Also known as Firuz-Al-Din Khalji
2) First sultan ever defeated Mongols (one time)
3) During his time many rebellions happened
A. Sidhi maula rebellion = were killed
B. Chajju (Nephew of balban)= were killed
a) He was the only god loving man in Balban Family
and Balban gave him Milk and asked to settle in
Manyiari (UP)
b) One family from border migrated to UP and one boy
born by the name of Abul Hasan (Indian Muslim) at
age of 04 wrote Qasida (Persian)
c) So Chajju took Abul Hasan as his disciple and at 15
years Chajju sent Abul to Nizamuddin Auliya (Delhi).
At 24 years Nizam sent Abul to join court of
Kaiqubad
d) Then abul went to Jalaluddin then to Alauddin Khilji
e) Abul Hasan= Parrot of India = Tuti-i-Hind=
Amir KHUSROW
a. Father of Hindavi (Hindu + Urdu)
b. Father of Hindustani classical
c. Music = Khayal  Qaul  Qawali
d. Founded Tabla And Sitar

4) Jalaluddin had a nephew Ali-Gurshasp (who became Alauddin Khilji)
a) AD-1296= this nephew followed expansion policy, looted Yadva Kingdom
b) Capital = Devagiri, then he killed Jalaluddin Khilji and took new name Alauddin Khilji (1296-1316)
c) Alauddin Khilji (1296-1316):-only ruler to defeat Mongols decisively and Mongols problem ended in India
d) Amir Khosru gave title “caliph” to Alauddin , the only Sultan to get that name because he took Revenge
to Mongols of the Caliphate (Caliph killing) in past by Mongols
e) Amir Khosru also gave title “Sikandar-i-Sani” (Alexander the Second)
 ALAUDDIN KHILJI (1296AD-1316AD)
 He had 5 main military commanders
1) Zafar Khan  He banned wines and Parties and Started Postal System=
2) Ulugh Khan used spies (Barid)(1st)
3) Alp Khan  First fortified military city= SIRI, no civilian but soldiers lived in
4) Nusrat Khan tents (called a tent society= called Urd and Language called Urdu
5) A slave brought from Gujarat in 1297  Urdu developed in Deccan but Flourished In SIRI
at a cost of hazar Dinar and called  Dual Spy systems Alauddin introduced.
Hazar Dinari = Malik Kafur
 All have only one Objective = to defeat Mongols therefore they needed =Strong horses , warfare technology,
strong Army, Provisions (Market reforms for Money)
 Horses:- Arab/Central Asia  Khyber pass (where Mongols were there)  need to find an alternative route
of Gujarat and he took Gujarat(1297) then Rajasthan (1301), N-Rajasthan (1302) ,Malwa (1303-04)= Just for
safe passage
 For Siqh + Tributes =Maharashtra (1305-06), Andhra 1306-07, Madurai (1309-11) & Karnataka (1309-11)
 Finally Horses were brought and he started Horse breeding in India.
 Breeding Houses = Paigah (Delhi) and Branding system= dagh and Chehra (chehra, an identity card system
for every soldier, Dagh to brand horses to be used specifically for wars.
 Warfare technology
 Stole technology of Mongols
 Maghrebi , Sabat, Gargach, Arradar , Manjaniqs were tools of Mongols that He brought and made in India to
fight with Mongols
 Provisions
 Thakkar Pheru was again Given a task to record and make list (4in total)
1) Textiles ITEM PRICE RATIONS
2) Food grains Millet 4 /1 Jital (Copper 16 /Adult
3) Horses and slaves coin) 08 /Child
4) Miscellaneous WAS FIXED For 1 month= fixed
 Ration cards were made
and it lasted for 25 years and prize would remain fixed (Very Successful system)
 SDR
 Regulation System = SDR-i-ADL , SHANA-i-MANDI (Like SEBI of Today)
 Inspector= Munhia
 Sale Record keeper = Patwari
 Patwari and Munhia sent spy (Barid= 2nd place Barid used here) to mandi if there was something wrong
 So dual spy system was introduced by Alauddin Khilji
……………4th class ended,5th started………………….
THE PERIOD OF :-TUGHLAQ {1320-1414}:-

 GHIYASUDDIN TUGHLAQ (1320-25)
 Fight with Nizamuddin awliya- “Delhi durasat”{Abhi delhi door hai} and ghiyasuddin died while coming delhi
from Bengal
 MD-BIN-TUGHLAQ (1325-51) (JAUNA KHAN)
 Most learned sultan of Delhi sultan ,too learned for his time period, since he committed a lot of mistakes and
people around him were not ready. So many people called him a “reformer in hurry”
 He had no time to think about what he done, he said his army men to take back the control of central Asia
(Arab world) back to stop buying horses as they already came from Arab to India , he said we had right to
take it back. So he sent his army commanders and they went in September and in October there was raining
and winters came and died in the way to Arab world (today Afghanistan) while crossing mountains due to
harsh winters as they were unaware about geography. So since that day these mountains means region
beyond Himalayas is still called as “Hindu Kush” means killer of Hindus.
 Note:- his visions and schemes were
a) connect all the waterways of India ,
b) started giving pre harvest loans in doab region {sondhar taqavvi} but famine & drought happened for a
decade and there was no produce in the Doab region for a decade (today’s Kissan credit card system)
 He did five things and these are following:-
1) Qarachil expedition
2) Khurasan expedition
3) Doab experiment = started giving pre harvest loans in doab region (sondhar taqavvi ) but famine &
drought happened for a decade and there was no produce in the Doab region for a decade (today’s
Kissan credit card system). Exactly same time there was a plague in Europe and whole Europe was swept
away. So many historians claim that it is not famine and drought , it can be a possibility that it could have
been an extension of bubonic plague to India
4) Capital shift to Daultabad {deogiri) = he shifted because In books written to take control of the south, but
there can be a possibility that due to Bubonic plague he shifted as because all human beings were shifted
, and even a single person was not left and after 10 years he along with everyone came back to Delhi.
5) Debasement of silver (tanka) currency = Every day, He used to meet new people who came from
outside= 3rd September 1337, a man from Morocco came to his court. And Mohammad bin Tughlaq made
him Chief Justice of Delhi (Qazi) and his name was Ibn Battuta the chief qazi of Delhi.
 Ibn battuta made a wrong decision one day and he was sent to China to learn what Chinese do , so
Ibn battuta was the first official ambassador of delhi sultanate to China ever {like first IFS}.
 He found an important documents and details about how Chinese operate their economy and he
found the paper currency.
 When he was coming back Muhammad bin Tughlaq changed his mind and wanted to kill him, so ibn
battuta only sent the report through Khurasan and ran to Daultabad but information was sent to
Mohammad bin Tughlaq.
 Mohammad bin Tughlaq took last decision that is debasement of silver (tanka) currency
 By debasement, 172 grains of silver grains were reduced to 144grains of silver coin= both are 1 tanka.
 Bad money expels good money {economic theory} leads to economic crisis called in economics as =
graeshm’s law
 As minting was a private affair that time, (both grams are 1 tanka so 144 is bad money considered as
172 also is 1 tanka and 144 is also 1 tanks}
 MOROCCO- IBN BATTUTA

 wrote “Rehla (Arabic) and mentioned
 He saw rhinoceros in Multan, Tiger, wild Ass at Badaun and Koel (Aligarh).
 While Coming to India he saw Talwandi – houses on cart – people move here continuously because
there was water scarcity which proves water scarcity , drought , famine reason of failure of crop
production.
 Disintegration of delhi sultanate began during Muhammad bin Tughlaq time

FEROZ SHAH TUGHLAQ (1352-88)

 Appeasement started by him so people and this appeasement led him and made him to be called him
“people’s king”
 To the Umara (nobles )- he gave iqtadari system and made it hereditary
 To the Ulema- he imposed jaziya on Brahmins also). So he was the Only Delhi sultan imposed Jaziya
 It is he who gave proper Canal system {Hissar, Hansi , Ghaghar canal} so first to levy irrigation tax called”
Sharb”
 Some of his charitable works are and He built
a) Marriage and employment bureau
b) Built yatimkhana {orphanage)
c) Built hospitals (dar-ul-shifa), madrasas (colleges)
d) He gave parks , gardens, fountains {actually Babur was not first person to give parks & gardens, it was actually Firoz
shah Tughlaq}
e) In one of the gardens he has put Ashokan pillar from topara & Meerut
 During his time, lightening stuck and broke top-most storey of Qutub minar and Ashokan pillar at Topara was
broken into two pieces, So it is he who repaired or completed Qutub minar (another man was Illutmish who
completed Qutub Minar note word completed} but pillar could not have been put and was thrown and after
many years (500years ) a person by the name Hindu Rao got 1200 acres near Delhi Ridge in Delhi (richest
merchant of delhi) and he found this pillar here and put it in his garden but his friend Thomas Metcalf, the
Commissioner of Delhi (1835-53) and he had daughter susan and susan had a companion whose name is
princib (lives In Calcutta) and he was working on Ashokan pillar that he has found at Bhairaht, susan took that
inscription of topara and gave to Princib and both pillar gave Brahmi script.
 Source
a)Zia-al-din-barani wrote tarikh-i-ferozshahi (ended exactly at6th regnal year)
b)Sham-i-siraj-afif- wrote book with same name tarikh –i-ferozshahi
 After Feroz shah , rulers were very weak, 1398 Delhi sultanate crumbled into small pieces
SAIYYIDS (1414-1452) (SHIA KINGDOM DELHI 30 YEARS)

 They claimed and Called themselves “prophets blood line”
 They Never called themselves sultan, rather took the title of “Rahat –i-Ala” means Guardians
 They wear kulah to look different (as shia) so called Kulah-daran
 Founder= Khijr khan i
 Alaudin shah last ruler and voluntary gave up his throne to bahlul lodhi (1451)
(and without efforts He got throne)
LODIS {AFGHANS}{1451-1526}
 BAHLUL :- {1451-1505}
 was given throne because Jirja tradition (tribal tradition) followed by afghans
and sultan does not sit on throne (there was no concept of throne) but rather everybody sit on a carpet as a
circular throne and take a decision which prophet says means by consensus and
 Also they never had a concept of minister but have council or a committee of ministers
 like wazirs (every department has three persons ).
 Here the concept of Wazir-i-waziran was there means chief of wazirs
 Since this concept was also close to Shia Muslims (SAIYYIDS) so , this is the reason why Alaudin shah voluntary
gave up his throne to bahlul lodhi (1451) (and without efforts He got throne
 SIKANDAR:- (1505-06)
 Shifts capital to Agra
 Gave measuring rod : Gaj-i-sikandari = Gaj
 Note:- Alauddin Khilji also gave a measurement unit called Biswa , so biswa and Gaj are delhi sultanate measurement
systems.
 Sikandar was a Prolific writer and wrote “ Lahjat-i-sikandar (book on music) under pen-name “gul-i-rukh” (the
name used by sikandar for writing , didn’t use name sikandar)
 IBRAHIM (1451-1526)
 Only delhi sultanate ruler died in battle field in battle of Panipat with Babur

 SOURCE:-
 Saqi mushtaqi (Niranjan) wrote waqiat-i-mushtaqi (in Arabic), this book starts from 1451 from Lodi’s time
period to 1572{when Akbar comes} {only book talks about transition from Lodi’s to Mughal}. He used his
name as Niranjan (pen name) when writes in Hindi language as his origin was Arabic but born in UP (India)
 NOTE FOLLOWING ABOUT CITIES FROM DELHI SULTANATE TO PRESENT
 Yamuna from 1206 to 1636 changes his course due to change in sedimentation.
 Why Delhi sultanate not anything else , because of following reasons:-
a) From Ghazni , ends at delhi last strategic location
b) Fresh water of Yamuna
c) Presence of Aravelli stones, as to invest low in infrastructure. Therefore most of the monuments of delhi are built
with these stones
1) Qila rai pithora = city of Prithvi Raj Chauhan and Aibak
 Hauz-i-shamsi= named after sham-ud-din-Illutmish and hauz means a catchment area of a river
2) Lal kot = built by Illutmish
3) Shahr-i-nau (new city)= also called kilokhari (lost city) , now lost as island disappeared= Built on an island
of Yamuna= built by Kaiqubad (grandson of balban)
4) SIRI (also called Lashkargah)=was a military city and was a fortified city built by Allahuddin Khilji , he had
to fight with Mongols, so need a plain to fight, he shifted his capital and moved away from Yamuna river.
He took water and extended hauz-i-shamsi towards siri and new hauz called as hauz-i-alai or hauz-i-khas
5) Tughlaqabad = also a fortified city, built by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq .Exactly across the road
6) Jahanpanah= by Muhammad bin Tughlaq
7) Firozabad or firoz shah kotla= city of Djinns.
8) Dinpanah= built by Humayun and taken then by shershah and shershah named it Qila-i-Kuhna {means
purana Qila because kuhna =old}
9) Shahjahanabad= by shah jaha , North of the river, has many circles. The modern red fort and chandni
chowk
10) Lutyens delhi (new delhi, british delhi)

NOW ANALYZE THE MEDIEVAL HISTORY BY MAPS
 EXPLANATION OF THE ABOVE MAP IS NOW WRITTEN BELOW:-

 YADAVA {1175-1318}
 Capital= deogiri
 Official language= Marathi
 Important person in court= Himadri= writer of “Vratakhand”
 Most important contribution f these people have this symbol ◊ diamond motif, this is contribution of yadavas
in architecture
 HOYSALA (1190-1346)
 Capital= Halebid
 Official language= kannada

KAKATIYAS {1163-1323} {SHUDRA KINGDOM}

 Capital= Warangal
 Official language= telgu
 They were a Shudra kingdom
 RUDRADEVA
 Founder= Rudradeva (very important man)
 RUDRADEVA CONTRIBUTIONS
1) Rudradeva has given different types of temples
a)Ekkuta = entered a temple you have one god infront
b)Trikuta = entered a temple you have one god infront and two gods on both side of wall. Most common temples
in India
c) Panchkuta = entered a temple you have three gods infront and two gods on both side of wall. E,g 1000pillar
temple, hanumankonda (Rudradeva)
2) He was a great poet so was given a title “Kulbhushanadu”
3) Ramappa temple, Palampat = now a world heritage site known for its floating bricks. it was made by his military
commander whose name was also Rudradeva (not he himself made it note it). PV Narsimha Rao (PM of India wrote it about
in a newspaper and made this temple famous)
 GANAPATIDEVA
 Portuguese gave a blue water policy, so actually it was Ganapati who gave this policy even before Portuguese and said
any ship that docks at Motupalli will be given protection against pirates and piracy. This policy was called abhishasnam
(policy)
 Rudramadevi , his daughter succeeded him
 RUDRAMADEVI
 Fought with Alauddin Khilji
 Rightful owner of famous Kohinoor diamond
 Her time MARCO POLO visited Moftuli (Motupalli) and mentioned diamond mining happening in Golconda mines , in
other words this is the world’s first ever description of diamond mining , we taught the world to mine diamonds.
 KASHMIR & SUHADEVA {1301-20}&{UPTO 1572-73}
 TIBET ANGLE
 In Tibet, there was an intrusion from Chinese, in Tibet a prince named as “RINCHEN” and he came to India and took
asylum in court of Suhadeva
 IRAN ANGLE
 Iran (were zorasters), but as Islam progressed, shia and sunni began to fight for power. Shia were problem, but gradually
lost ground and started migrating from Iran and took asylum in Kashmir. The first one was “Isn Asari” also called
“twelvers” , through , , so , is a gateway to Iran.
 One noble was also entering Kashmir named as Shah Mir (a noble)
 AFGHAN ANGLE
 Mahmud of ghazni tried taking Kashmir in 1015 and 1021 and he could not come to Kashmir and failed.
 MONGOL ANGLE
 Julzu , he was a Mongol, 1320, he came to Kashmir and burnt Kashmir and took all Kashmir and took all the wealth back.
 1320 FATE OF KASHMIR CHANGED
 When Julzu came in Kashmir, Suhadeva ran and after his ran, there was a political vacuum in Kashmir.
 RINCHEN took it and became king
 SHAH MIR became Wazir. Slowly and gradually he was introducing the Zoroastrian calendar (a solar calendar) and
Navroz festival (new year in Iran shia celebrate ), means he was changing the whole kingdom into a Shia Kingdom
 Therefore shah Mir put his son Shihabuddin after Rinchen, his son on throne of Kashmir beginning the Shia kingdom in
Kashmir
 After Shihabuddin, the Qutub-al-din came and then sikandar came
 SIKANDAR
a) was a iconoclast , he was a But-shikan { - }, this is how he destroyed the statutes of Buddha and
Shiv, those people left Kashmir who were Buddhists and Shiv followers
b) he built Kanqah-i-maulah= a mausoleum for a shia-Sufi saint sayyid ali hamadani
c) after sikandar, zain-ul-abidin came most famous king of Kashmir

 ZAIN-UL-ABIDIN (1420-1470) {AKBAR OF KASHMIR}
 Secular in his approach, Banned cow slaughter, Made Persian official language of Kashmir
 In his court there was a great poet called Jonaraja, Jonoraja had a son SRIVARA (poet knows 18 languages ), zain was
thinking how to promote the idea of cohesion and so he thought to have a translation department, where there be a
translation bureau to translate the books
 SRIVARA (poet knows 18 languages and was given the in charge and books were translated from Persian to Sanskrit
 SRIVARA translated Yusuf-va-zulaikha into to Kathakautuka in Sanskrit.
 SRIVARA (poet) was made in charge of translation bureau and now Sanskrit to Persian translation started of
a) Atarvaveda,
b) Dasavatara,
c) Kathakirtisagara,
d) Hatakesvara,
e) Prithvirajavijaya,
f) Rajatarangini of kalhana = books of kings of Kashmir. After kalhana (original writer), Jonaraja and
SRIVARA added some chapters into it making these three writers the original writers of rajatarangini.
 1572-73:-YUSUF KHAN was the last ruler of Kashmir because he would become a noble of Mughal under Akbar,
means Kashmir was merged with Mughal empire. So shia kingdom of Kashmir became the part of sunni Mughal kingdom
 AT TIME OF ALAUDDIN KHILJI MAP IS NOW WRITTEN BELOW:-

 Malwa was celebrated throughout history, and taking out malwa made Alauddin Khilji the villain because in malwa there
was a ruler “Hamira”, he fought against him and died and before dying asked his queens to perform “Johar” , so in book
“Hamira mahakavya” , Hamira is considered as great ancestor of sisodiyas.

 MALWA WAS INTO 5 PIECES

1) Mewat = have
a) Mewati +
b) Meos (muslim jats class of mewar, they performed teej, karvachauth, perform fast on amavasya,
celebrate holi, Diwali,rakhi. They are sometimes called “Miya bhai”, which is an abuse type ). They
were most important community. Every Mughal emperor either he married or his son married or any
minister married in Meo’s family. Because Mewat is like a buffer zone b/w Mewar and Delhi sultanate
c) Village called Agroha= here comes agarwal community
2) Sekhawat = sekhawati
3) Malwa= poorbiya Rajput
4) Mewar= sisodiya
5) Marwar= rathore, have the following
 Marwaris = merchant communities
a) OS village= oswal community comes (jains)
b) Kattli village= jagat (weaver) community
c) Pattli village= paliwal community comes
d) Modhera village= modha community comes, one of the most famous sun temple. {oldest sun
temple was in Multan which was center of sun worshippers}
e) Shrimal village= shrimali community comes
 Telligas community= petty shopkeepers, found in every village {parchun ki dhukan wale}
{actually they were oil traders}. When you say Marwaris, you mean this community
 DURING THE TIME OF MOHAMMAD BIN TUGHLAQ, YOU HAVE THREE DIVISIONS
a) Delhi sultanate
b) Bahmani broke in 1347
c) Vijayanagara broke in 1336
 THREE DIVISIONS OUTSIDE DELHI SULTANATE
1) ODISHA= GAJAPATIS= called themselves the lord of elephants
2) BAHMANI (Shia kingdom) called themselves as “Asvapati= lord of horses”
3) VIJAYANAGARA= called themselves as Narpati= lord of men
1398 AFTER FEROZ SHAH TUGHLAQ TIME

 Samarqand= A place called SamarQand, a man TIMUR invaded Delhi. Before TIMUR left, they gave SAIYYIDS the delhi
throne (reduced Delhi sultanate) as guardians and fixed a tribute in return
 Timur received tribute from delhi sultanate and Bahmani kingdom (note it)
 Timur never came down of vindhyas, as Bahmani already was agree to pay tribute
 Zafar khan= Gujarat broke from delhi sultanate, Zafar khan took charge of Gujarat
 Malik raja= took “khandesh”
 Sharqi dynasty =capital jaunpur. (Note=jaunpur built by malik sarwar who was a eunuch means )
 Shah rukh = after timur , shah rukh became rule at a place of “Herat” , same receiving tribute from delhi
sultanate and Bahmani kingdom , and shahrukh sent his ambassador named “Abdur Razzak 1441-42” to
vijaya nagara asking to pay tribute, Raja at vijaya nagara was “Devaraja-II”. Devaraja-II seized Abdur Razzak
with his army , Abdur Razzak went back to shah rukh and says that Vijayanagara are not only Narpati they also
have elephants, horses in Vijayanagara, so shah rukh thought to calm down and got feared and didn’t receive
any tribute from Vijayanagara
 First urdu shayar of India= quli Qutub shah= father of dakani urdu
 BIJAPUR= (ADIL SHAHI)
 Ibrahim-II also called jagad guru
 Had with it
a) Goa
b) karavar
 From Delhi sultanate  Bahami broke Ahmadnagar broke  Marathas came

 AHMADNAGAR (NIZAM SHAHI), three important people to know
1) Chand bibi= fought with Akbar
2) Malik ambar= contemporary of Jahangir
3) Maloji= father of shah ji, shah ji is father of Shiva ji
4) With Ahmadnagar are the following
a) Salsatte
b) Basseim
c) Zanzibar
d) Chaul
Bombay
e)
 Solapur=Bijapur and Ahmadnagar fought for this land of solapur as it was a strategic place
 Naldurg= Bijapur and Golconda fought for this place as it was a strategic place
 Golconda had with it = masulipatanam
 GAJAPATIS had with it =balasore
 VIJAYANAGARA DIVISION
 Had two ports also called
a) Hanovar
b) Pulicat
 Since they have ports on two sides so called as “lords of eastern and western seas”
 Vijaya nagara are actually four dynasties in one
1) Sangam dynasty (1336) (Hakka & Bakka the founder brothers)
2) Suluva
3) Tuluva (here Karishnadeva raya came)
4) Aravidu dynasty
 1565 vijaya nagara collapsed because of battle of talikota against all other five in map shown
 This is the first south Indian battle where canons were used.
 People working for Vijayanagara called “Nayaks” and they broke out and started independent principalities
throughout Vijayanagara
1) Nayaks of ikkeri
2) Nayaks of Madura
3) Nayaks Of Thanjavur
4) Nayaks Of mysuru
 Zamorins of Calicut (were Cheras)= Vijayanagara had one spot not Vijayanagara but extended Cheras
……………………….5th class ended,6th started…………….
 BANJARAS
1) Khatri
2) Multani
3) Lohani
4) Shikarpuri
5) Powinda
6) Bohra
 GULF OF KHAMBAT
1) Jain
2) Guj bania
3) Parsis
4) Sidis
5) Armenian jews
6) Vohras
7) Arabs
 Note:- casados (in house)  Portuguese  came and settled in India and called themselves as in
house means casados and called us (Indians) outhouse means casatos from where comes the word caste.
These casados migrated and took goa in 1510. They were Catholics and started “order of St. Xavier”, and as
when casados came in goa they found St. Thomas Christians and these Christians were more Hindu in rituals

and so casados burnt alive these indigenous St.Thomas Christians {called as famous inquisition of goa = Goa
inquisition}
 Purshotam ji Bhim ji zaveri gave 50,000Rs to Aurangzeb to fight and war of succession had happened,
so he was financer of Aurangzeb . war of succession would never happened if he had not given that money
 From Bengal region  Seth (Banian ) started entering south (late) as setteys.
 AKBAR
1) Takes Kashmir + Bengal + Gujarat + Khandesh
2) Akbar crossed vindhyas as first Mughal emperor , because khandesh was south of vindhyas
3) He comes to south for the first time as a Mughal emperor
 Ahmadnagar had now taken berar and bidar with themselves
 Shah Jahan took Ahmadnagar and completed the process of Odisha
 Aurangzeb came and took Golconda and Bijapur and process completed 1687. So from Kabul to
Bijapur , Golconda everything is Mughal empire except Ahoms and some little areas down south
(Shown in Diagram).
 Gateway to Mecca= surat= A ship called Ilahi (Hajj ship= Akbar)= ship for hajj leaves from Surat.

THE LIST OF TRAVELERS TO VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE

1) MARCO POLO {ITALIAN}= Actually came to Motupalli , not directly Vijayanagara, Reported diamond mining at
Golconda (first ever)
2) Ibn-batutta (battutah from Morocco)= travels across India, also reaches Zamorins
3) Duarto-barbosa (Portuguese), reported drill machine to sow seeds at Raichur (Vijayanagara)
4) Nuniz (Portuguese)= came and reports the festivals like Navratri , about women in haram, army and all other
things
5) Ludovico varthema (Portuguese= reports trade relationship with west coast
6) Alfonso nikitin (only Russian)=only Russian to come India, he also reports diamond mining at Raichur
7) Ma Huan & Cheng Ho (Chinese)= report of china town in Vijayanagara
8) Abdur Razzak (Heart)= ambassador of shah rukh
9) Stefano (Italian)= reports about internal conflicts of fight with 5 (five)
10) Nicolo conti (Italian)= talks about the red sandal wood forest of Raichur
a) While going back to Italy , he is about to cross Indian border crossing Jhelum, he met with a Christian
monk who said him that you crossed limits of Christianity and you married 37 wives (muslims,Hindu,

tribes) and had over 100 children , therefore monk said that you will die soon in some years and will go to
hell. So he got depressed.
b) All his wives had died and his sons also.
c) As he crossed Lahore , he had given up but suddenly met with robber(European), he took him to Italy
d) In Italy both were arrested and sent to jail, in jail he met with a prisoner who was writer who had some
sheets with him
e) So Nicolo conti started narrating some stories to him and died but the prisoner whom he met came
outside of jail
f) The prisoner came out ,as great writer, met with a bishop and was sent him to a newly invented house
which has world’s first printing press and a book was being printed called “Bible” during that time and
he said that his pages must also be printed
g) That printed book name is “the travel of Nicolo conti”, this book reaches the palace of Portuguese and
then copy went to “sagres school of prince Henry 1460s), and he handed this book to vasco-de-gama ,
and this book had map so vasco de gama was able to came India (contribution of Nicolo conti)
EUROPEAN SEA-BORNE EMPIRE

1) PORTUGUESE {ESTADO DA INDIA)= Goa, cohin, Calicut, balsette, bassein, Bombay, Chittagong, daman,
diu, surat
2) DUTCH= (VOC)= masulipatanam , java
3) ENGLISH (EIC)= masulipatanam, surat, broach, Ahmedabad, agra, Bombay, sutanati, 24-paragana, balasore,
harihaopur, patna, hughli, Rajmahal hills, kasimbazar, armagon (madras)
4) FRENCH= pondi, Pulicat, chandanagore
5) DANES= tranqobar, karikal, andamans
 HOW DID THEY ALL EARN:-
1) PORTUGUESE
 Were first to use guns and canons to their ships, before that there was no usage of power in oceans
means First to militarize trade . therefore they shoot anybody does not have Cartaz
a) Cartaz system = have to take a ticket if you have to take ship into seas, source of earning
 Problem= ticket has face of Jesus and mother mary on it. So for hajj people , Ilahi is only ship
exempted from Cartaz system and it didn’t have to pay for ticket
b) Xendi (tax)= actually like a jaziya, for any religious ritual had to pay tax as Xendi.
2) EIC EARNING= was by Dastak means exemption from customs or tools

3) REST (INDIAN PRIVATE MERCHANT)= issued or sold insurance , insurance was called AVG or
AVOG.
SYSTEM OF LAND
NORTH DECCAN MARATHA VIJAYANAGARA
D-SULTANATE SUR MUGHAL JAGIR↓ SARANJAM↓ AMARAM↓
DYNASTY
IQTA ↓ JAGIR↓ JAGIR↓ JAGIRDAR SARDARS OR
NAYAKS
HAVALDARS
IQTADAR JAGIRDAR JAGIRDAR
OFFICIALS
SUR NORTH MUGHAL
Subadar↓ ←Suba LEVEL→ Subadar / sipahsalar
Munsif (ips) + shiqdar (ias) ←Sarkar Kotwal (ips)+ fauzdar (ias)
LEVEL→
Amin (irs)+ majumdar (account) + ←Pargana AmiL (irs) + amalguzar (account.) + Bitikchis + patedar
Karkun (clerk) + qanungo (legal) LEVEL→ (both clerk) + qanungo (legal)
Muqaddam (headman)+ chaudHari + ←Mauza Muqaddam (headman)+ chaudHari+ amil + qanungo +
Amin + qanungo (gram) → patwari
Note= waqia navis= reporter
 In deccan, Maratha, Vijayanagara, there was no concept was concept of Suba , sarkar. Only have
village.
 British came and didn’t go for permanent settlement and termed this buletadari system (contractual
system ) as ryotwari system (munro) in 1822
 MARATHAS & THEIR ADMINISTRATION STRUCTURE

 Kingdom founder- shivaji = head of all deshmukh = called = sardeshmukh
 So the tax he takes=
a) Sardeshmukhi = 10% of gross product
b) Chauth= 25% of gross product= called banth in Gujarat= when area of Marathvara extended,
and new areas were taken so from this land “chauth tax was taken”
 Shiva had navy and army and ministers
a) Navy= gun boats called Ghurabs
b) Army= had two different contingents
a. Siladar
b. Bargirl
c) 8 ministers= asthapradhan ,
d) Prime minister= peshwa, center at Pune
a. Peshwa had own army called Khasi paga, operated from Pune

VIJAYANAGARA & ADMINISTRATION
 VILLAGES INTO TWO PARTS:-

a) Brahmin village = simply called agraharam, mangalam
b) Non Brahmin village
a. Upper caste village= velanvagai, nattavars
b. Upper caste poor village = vellalas
c. Lower caste = has further two
a) Right hand caste= velangai
b) Left hand caste = illangai
 Note= Amaram (iqta) can only be given to a nayak from non-Brahmin village
NAYAK HAD TWO IMPORTANT JOBS

1) AMARA-NAYAN-KARA-SYSTEM
 military function, maintain army, maintain soldiers, horses, had to give salary in cash
 Cash is called kara
2) AYAGAR SYSTEM
 Civil function= to collect revenue known as “aya” = this revenue gives salary
 Palygar =Nayak had Chaudhari called “Palygar” who collected revenue and in return they were given
salary as kind called “Polyam” (a part of Amaram)

 VILLAGE COMMUNITY (NORTH INDIA) CASTE BASIS (HIERARCHY)
A. RAIYA/RAIYAT/RYOT (MOSTLY UPPER CASTE) 1) Khuts= zamidars
2) Anghushtas= rich peasants
3) Barzgar= peasants
B. LOWER CASTE {NO LAND} 1) Thori
2) Balaharas
3) Dhanuks
C. OUTCASTES 1) chandals
 VILLAGE COMMUNITY (NORTH )ECONOMIC BASIS (HIERARCHY)

RAIYA 1) Khud kasht = real proprietors of village as they till their own land
2) Pahi kasht= own the land but don’t till
MUZARIANS  Migrant laborers
HALIS  Stay in village and work as village servant because they own a plough or an ox
KAMINS  artisans
 METHODS OF IRRIGATION
SOUTH NORTH
1) ERI, KERRI, TATAKA, KULAM= Tanks 1) DHIMADA/DHIVADA/DHIKU = small wells
associated with temples 2) TAGADA= reservoir
2) CAL/VAYKAL/ARUKKAL= canals 3) KULYA= dyke
3) KANNARU= wells 4) VAPI/VAV= step wells
4) PICOTATHS= labor to pull water 5) ARGHATTA=
5) TUMBU/MADAGU/KALInGU & a) Stage-1= NORIA
KAMBILI= sluices systems b) Stage-II= GHATIYANTRA
c) Stage-III= PERSIAN WHEEL/ARHAT/RAHAT. Most advanced
stage. Made up of leather buckets (charas)
MUGHAL
 Chaghtai khan = became muslim = son of Chamgiz khan (Mongol)
 BABUR & RELATED INFORMATION AND FACTS
 Father =UMAR= 4th in line of descendent of Timur (turk)
 Mother = Qutlugh Khanam = 16th in family tree of Chaghtai
a) From that line come other cousin, one is Shaybani khan (32years) who wanted to Kill Babur to take
SamarQand.
b) Shaybani khan (32years) had 32 brothers, 17 sons, 53 cousin= even if he comes alone.
c) Babur knew he would be killed so he found a friend Shah Ismail and planned and killed Shaybani khan.
d) That was most idiotic thing as now he had to deal with 32 brothers, 17 sons, 53 cousin
e) So Babur ran and took refuge in Kabul
f) 1505=Babur= first came to India
g) 1505= was time sikandar lodhi shifted delhi to agra his capital because of Babur attack
h) 1508= he called himself Mughal emperor means he declared himself “Padshah”
i) 1526= 5th time In India, invited by Daulat Khan Lodi + Rana Sanga , to kill Ibrahim Lodi.
j) 1526= first battle of Panipat, Babur had canons . Babur 800 people, while Ibrahim was having 3 lakh
people. Babur had studied the “battle of rum” in this dutch won (only 15 people won fort within one day)
as Dutch used “Volley technique”. So Babur also used this technique in battle of Panipat and won against
Ibrahim lodi large army.
k) 1527= Babur marching to fight with Rana sanga (of mewar) in battle of Khanwa (this battle Babur called
Jihad and called himself Ghazi Babur). Rana sanga was not killed and he ran.

l) 1528-29= battle of chanderi (Gwalior fort was taken)= Gwalior was strategically important after agra as
Yamuna took us to Gwalior. (battle was against two zamidars not a king)
m) Babur contributions:-
1) Babur is known for his biography i.e “Tuzuk-i-baburi” {autobiography in Turkish}. Later translated into
Persian as baburnama in Akbar period.
2) In this book Babur says
a. he met “guru Nanak”
b. flora fauna of India
3) Babur was also a poet= wrote myabbin.
4) Babur gave calligraphic style named after him baburi
5) Babur gave gardens also , most popular is garden of 8 paradise (today called aram bagh, agra the
place where Babur was buried). Later shah jahan reburied his remains in kabul.
 HUMAYUN {1530 THRONE} & RELATED INFORMATION AND FACTS

 Gulbadan bano begum
a) Babur adopted Gulbadan bano begum from Iran and made her his daughter. She was very learned
daughter
b) He had a sister named “Gulbadan bano begum”= (foster aunt of Akbar)=
c) she wrote “Humayunama” in Persian on request from Akbar to write for his father (Humayun). { Ahwal
Humayun Padshah Jamah Kardom Gulbadan Begum bint Babur Padshah amma Akbar Padshah”. Later the
document was known as Humayun-Nama.}
d) In this book she gave information that
a. Humayun was a great mathematician
b. He was a astrologer
c. He was an opium addict
d. Organisation of his court is given in diagram, in which he used to sit in middle of court and along in all
direction nobles used to sit

e. He introduced Jharokha darshan for the first time, it was his love for astrology that killed him as he
died watching venus as he fell from Dinpanah library, delhi.
THE “SUR EMPIRE” (1540-54) {SHERSHAH AND MORE}

A. SHER SHAH 1540-45
1) LODI’s {AFGHAN} = MANY afghans family during this time, migrated to India for employment.
2) One family among them , after three generations, a boy had born named as “farid Khan” who became a
soldier and serving in Lodi.
3) Babur came and killed Ibrahim , farid ran to bihar and settled in Sasaram. Because of his promise later he
was given a title “sher khan” and later called or took name “Sher shah “ {of sur clan)
4) Battle of chausa 1539= Humayun lost
5) Battle of kannuj 1540= Humayun ran, established Sur empire
 His contributions:-
1) Economic contribution
a) He introduced “tri-metallic” currency system.
b) Most important coin is silver , he called it “Rupaiya”, in-equivalence
to gold coin called “Muhr” and the smallest unit was copper called
“Dam”
c) Therefore a cash based- land revenue system was established named as “Zabti system”
d) He says I don’t want grains, just give me cash. So for the first time people started to sell in market and
knew about the exact value of grains and that moment for the first time peasants knew about “profit and
loss”.
e) Peasant so became farmers because farmers are for profit and peasants are for subsistence
f) He introduced MSP= Sher shah announced if anybody buys peasants produce less than a fixed amount
(MSP), I will kill that man. It shows sher shah’s understanding of market.

2) Infrastructural contribution
 GT Road= begins from sonargaon  Peshawar
extended to Kabul
a) planted trees on both sides
b) built inns after every short distance named as
= caravanserai
c) for traders security he made Kos Minar and
put security guards.
d) Rahdari= toll tax to use the road= Every caravanserai and kos minar may have person to collect tax
e) Octroi tax also collected same place
f) He did all this to make feel the traders that they are wanted, so This all is called “ease of doing business”
 Battle of Kalinjar 1545
 Sher shah was cleaning the canon and blew himself away and died as it was Friday and there was a tradition
of not to fight on this day for prayer.
B. ISLAM SHAH 1545-54 {SON OF SHER SHAH}
 1554- Humayun will take back throne as 1554 the sur dynasty got weaken and distributed due to internal
conflicts.
 NOTE:-JOURNEY OF HUMAYUN AFTER 1540
 Humayun ran in 1540 from Agra and went to Hindal his brother in Multan and here his mother also lived
(Dildar begum)
 Hindal was enjoying a party but Humayun was looking at a 14 year old girl named “Hamidabano begum (shia
muslim) and married to hamidabano
 Kamran (kabul) sent a letter to hindal that ask Humayun to leave otherwise would be killed.
 Humayun ran with his wife again and came to Askari (his brother in umarkot), here Akbar is born.
 Askari received the same letter from Kamran.
 So Humayun ran to “Kandahar” and dropped Akbar and hamida under the tutelage of Askari’s wife.
 He then reached to Safarids (Shia) where ruler was Shah Tahmasp. There capitals were Qazvin and Heart. For
10 years Humayun stayed here
 Humayun here discovered a man named “Behzad”, who was a miniature painter, already dead, Humayun
decided then that if he goes back to India he will take disciples of Behzad with him
 Two disciples of Behzad named abdum samad and mir saiyyid ali, brought to India by Humayun, and that is
how miniature paintings came to India
 He told Shah Tahmasp, to give 10,000 soldiers (Iranians Shia= called qazibash or qizilbash) to him to take
back the Mughal empire in India.
 Qazibash or qizilbash came to India and became Indian shia and took new name called as khanzadas and also
sometimes called themselves saiyyids, kula-daran
 Human brought from Safarids the roses to India
THE AKBAR 1556-1605 & HIS CONTRIBUTION

 Some people’s in Akbar’s life
1) Abun Nabi = childhood teacher, very corrupt
2) Sultanpuri= also a childhood teacher, very corrupt
 Note:- Akbar asked both of his tutor that how many numbers can he marry ?
 Both replied that you are king , you can mary n-number of times. And this thinking changed whole history
(how= explained further)
 So Akbar married 300 to 3000 times in his entire life to form matrimonial alliance
3) Maham-aaga = 1556-1561 = he took control of all internal affairs= petticoat govt.
 1561= Akbar had to fight with a Raja, who had a wife named “Roop mati” and Maham-aaga’ son named
Adham Khan killed Roop Mati and Akbar got very angry. Adham Khan also killed Akka Khan (Akbar’s most
important minister) and Akbar killed Adham Khan . After this Maham-aaga went into depression and died
4) Bahram khan = (shia as khanzadas use title khan etc Indian shia)= guardian and fought and won 2nd battle of
Panipat against Hemu (who took title of vikramaditiya hemu)
 Akbar sent Bahram khan for Hajj , and Bahram was killed by afghan Bandits in Gujarat.
 Note:- Akbar was made great by 5 people (4 kids and 1 man)

 Bahram khan’s wife was a Meo (Jaat muslim from Mewat), she was very angry at Akbar after Bahram’s
death. Akbar asked her about the Problem and married with her
 This widow with Bahram khan had a son named “Abdul Rahim”, this kid was adopted by Akbar and given
the title Khan-e-khana (first kid came in life of Akbar)
……………6th class ended,7th started………..
ST
 AKBAR’S 1 PROBLEM:- UZBEKS
 Uzbeks were arranging the coup, meeting Mirza Hakim also called Mirza Aziz Koka (the son of Gulbadan bano
begum, the foster aunt of Akbar).
 Akbar sent his army to if any revolt is done by Mirza hakim, but Mirza hakim didn’t decide to fight rather he
demanded a position in the court, but didn’t work out and he was offered a library and governor of Kabul. He
was put away from Mughal court so that there can be no revolt.
 1561:- Akbar took Jalore , than Nagore  Alwar  Bikaner  Jaisalmer  Jodhpur
 Incident of chunar = around 1564 Uzbeks tried to kill here Akbar. Mirza hakim advised Akbar to find alternate
and replace all the Uzbeks from all important places with Rajputs. i.e is the reason Akbar won a fort and
return back to same person by assuring they will not do any revolt (policy of allegiance)
 Right moment comes when he met Kachwahas ruler named Raja Bharmal (Bihari mal) =Akbar offered him
that
1) Watan = will remain your jagir (hereditary)
2) Additional jagir will be given in Mughal empire
3) Akbar’s royal security is given to them (ensuring the trust)
4) Matrimonial alliance = Akbar married daughter of Bharmal named “Harka Bai” (Mariam-uz-zamani).
 In return Akbar demanded = after you death who will succeed the throne will be decided by the Akbar
(ensuring Kachwahas Rajput as a subsidiary state).
 Bharmal sent his son named “Bhagwant das” to royal security, Bhagwant das came with his son named
“Man singh (just 12 years then),
 Exception = sisodiyas , didn’t accept this offer, so Akbar now started moving Chittor
 1576 = battle of Haldighati = Maharana Pratap v/s Man singh (just 19 years)
 After battle Man singh was Given governor = Allahabad and kabul = 1 cr 18 lakhs salary he takes making
richest kid , why he won battle because for the first time a musket canon was introduced
a) Narnal = man carry canon
b) Gajnal= elephant carry canon
c) Shaturnal = camel carry canon , sometimes horse also
 Akbar now taken  Chittor 1572  Mewar 1571,72,76 Gujarat 1572 Kashmir 1589 khandesh
1591 Kabul & Kandahar 1596-95 Ahmadnagar 1597 asirgarh 1601 (in MP)
 AKBAR’S 2ST PROBLEM:-RELIGION

 Mahadawi movement came during Akbar time , and shaikh Mubarak (shia) was an important learned man.
 Abdum Nabi, and Sultanpuri Were Sunnis. And wanted to kill anybody who was associated with this
Mahadawi movement (shia movement).
 shaikh Mubarak asked Akbar to know the difference b/w Sunni and shia and then decide me to kill
SUNNI SHIA
 Hadis + Quran only  Hadis + Quran + divinity of Imams (total were 12
 Believe in peace, to maintain peace, every 1000 beginning from Ali to Mohammad bin Hassan)
year a great ruler is born that makes peace , this  Believe in peace, also believe in Mujtahid
ruler is called “Mujtahid”
 Shaikh made Akbar understand
a) 1 A.H =622CE (lunar calendar) = beginning of Islamic calendar
b) 1000AH= 1622 CE (Lunar calendar), when converted into lunar year and the years comes 1591CE that is Akbar’s
time period, so Shaikh asked Akbar to call himself Mujtahid {Shaikh is solving problem and saving his life)
c) Second claim shaikh made that ottoman King doesn’t have a diamond on the forehead in pictures also, so how they
call himself Khalifa but they do therefore , Shaikh asked Akbar, you also call himself Mujtahid,
 Mahadawis ran and went to Ahmadnagar (shia kingdom) and mahadawism became the state religion (only
state accepted mahadawism as state religion
 There was a dargah of Shaikh Niyazi at Sikri, Akbar got the space infront of it cleaned and this area was
converted into a beautiful garden named “Anup Talao” and here he started his “Ibadat khana discussion
a) From 1574-77 the discussion
a. On only Thursday
b. Only muslims
c. Discussion began with same question “how many times Akbar can marry” ?
 In this discussion Akbar was made clear that his teachers actually lied to him in childhood
 Therefore He killed Sultanpuri (Akbar’s own tutor) and Nabi was sent to Hajj where he would die
on the way
b) After 1577-1579
a. He opened the gates for other faiths , examples are following
b. Purshotam and devi came and defended Hinduism
c. Maharji rana= Zoroastrian defended their faith
d. Hira sen suri = Jain defended their faith
e. Monserrate Aquaviva = Christian defended their faith
 Shaikh Mubarak (1579) = wrote= mahzarnama (decree of infallibility) for Akbar , mahzarnama divided
muslim world into two i.e ottoman and Mughal {important}
 Akbar became the Mujtahid al momin , one who can’t be questioned even by the Ulema , his decision was
the last. But Akbar asked Shaikh that you know I am Mujtahid al momin, but how world would know, so
Shaikh Mubarak said I have sons and they made you Mujtahid al momin in history (note the following)
 Shaikh Mubarak have sons
a) Faizi (poet)
b) Abul fazl (historian)
a. Wrote “Ain-i-Akbari” later named as Akbarnama .
b. In this book Abu fazl gave divine theory of Kingship and said Akbar as
 Insan-i-kamil” means perfect man
 zila-ilahi” means Shadow of God on earth
 farra-izadi” means light emanating from god on earth. In other words Abul fazl institutionalized
the “Jharokha darshan” as an important part of divine theory of Kingship (remember Humayun
started Jharokha darshan , it is a Rajput tradition now)
 1581-82= But Akbar started and made his own sect “Tauhid-i-ilahi” (din-i-ilahi) (means monotheism)
a) Note this information has not come from Akbar’s time period
b) But there was a book written in the time period of shah jahan, Muhsin fani wrote dabistan-i-majahib

c) This was the first book in which Tauhid-i-ilahi” (din-i-ilahi) mentioned and discussed and its tenets
mentioned
d) This book define Tauhid-i-ilahi” (din-i-ilahi), that it is a sect in Islam , whose philosophy is Sul-i-kul means
peace among all.
e) In this Sul-i-kul philosophy, tenets are :-
a. Sun = very important, every morning Akbar worships 1000 names of sun (jaap )
b. allow Navroz celebration
c. Don’t lie
d. Don’t steel
e. Don’t wear jewelry and expensive clothes
f. Use Coarse white clothes
g. Don’t celebrate birthday, marriages
h. Akbar Institutionalized Raksha Bandhan
i. Sunday is the day of initiation
j. He started new calendar “ilahi era (begins from 1556)
k. He only got 18 followers and among them 1 hindu (Birbal) {showing Akbar didn’t force to covert,
respects other religion also}
l. Pilgrim tax 1563, Jaziya 1564 abolished.
 AKBAR’s REVENGE AGAINST MUSLIM COMMUNITY
 Akbar , till the time 30, he was fooled by Ulema category, so he started taking actions against whole muslims
not only Ulema in the country. His actions and decisions against muslim community are
1) No hajj
2) All mosque must be converted into godowns , cut head of anyone performing juma (Friday prayer)
3) No more Mohammad as a name in his realm
4) He made a golden boar and placed it infront of Sikri palace and asked to pay bow before entering {as pig
was banned in Islam to eat}
5) Persian made the official language {against Arabic}, established “Makhtab khana {library}, and started
translating Ramayana, Mahabharata (razmnama), sinhasan battisi, Panchatantra, nala-damana, all books
of yoga, lilavati, nala-damayanti, books on medicine, atharvaveda, kathakirtisagara, most important was
christen gospel (christen gospel first time in world written and translated in any other language that is
Persian)
6) Jaunpur mosque Ulema announced fatwa against Akbar by seeing all actions that “Akbar is not our
emperor and nobody would follow Akbar”, so Akbar in answer of this fatwa ordered Ulema to take boat
to Gwalior and in middle of Yamuna a hole in boat was made by Akbar’s men and killed Ulema. The
jaunpur mosque was demolished.
7) Man Singh’s temple of Allahabad was given state protection.
8) Sikh’s were given 1000 Bighas of land where Harmandir sahib was built.
 AKBAR’S REFORMS
1) Prohibited sati (remember not banned, willing can perform)
2) Prohibited slavery
3) No marriage without parents’ permission
4) Established marriage registration bureau
5) Only 1 wife , but can have another if child is not born with first wife
6) No marriage among cousins
7) Marriage age boy= 16, girls= 14
8) Age of circumcision was made 12 years for boys, but before it have to take permission of child
 1574 = MANSABDARI SYSTEM

 On top = Padshah (Mughal emperor)
 Has only 4 ministers
1) Vakil – prime minister + Diwan (Finance minister) = one minister holds two portfolios
2) Mir Bakshi (defence minister under him comes MANSABDARI system)
3) Mir saman (minister of royal household= home minster)
4) Sadr-us-surur = who can give inam /madad but cannot give more than 1000Bighas of land.

MANSAB {YASSA SYSTEM} JAGIR {4 TYPES}
 This system actually came from Chengiz khan called Yassa-i-Chengizi 1) Watan= hereditary
 In this system, the army is created in the multiple of 10, like 2) Jagir /tuyul /tankhwa= iqta
 Keeping 10,000 soldiers= called Khan (military commander 3) Al-tamgha/mashrut =
 In yassa = 10,000 maximum conditional
 In Mansab = 5000 maximum 4) Inam/madad = hereditary
 But both have multiple of 10
 Managing 100 soldiers then Salary is given in cash named “Naqdi” was given
to Mansabdar. Or Naqdi Mansabdar
 Managing a lot of soldiers like 1000,10000, then salary is given in kind called
“Jagir” , so was given to Jagirdar.
 Every Jagirdar so is a Mansabdar but every Mansabdar cannot be a Jagirdar.
 MANSAB IS A DUAL RANK.
1) Zat =
 civil ranks
 defines salary, size of jagir
2) Sawar
 Short name for God Sawar (horsemen)
 means number of horses of a person can maintain (kind of military position).
 Barwardi = A Jagirdar gets extra allowance to do the work for state and maintains sawar. But this
extra allowance must be given in cash (called Barwardi)
 AKBAR created a chart with three columns in it

CATEGORY ZAT SAWAR
1 5000 5000 {Jagirdar}
2 5000 3000{Jagirdar}
3 5000 2000 {Jagirdar}
th
36 10 10 {Mansabdar}
 Analysis comes that
a) Zat is the independent coin quantity, it defines salary
b) Zat ≤ 5000
c) Zat > 5000 = only kept for royal family but exception man singh and Mirza Aziz Koka were given 7000 zat
d) Sawar ≤ Zat, but can never be more
e) Sawar may reach to maxima {limitation}, and if you don’t extend territory , survival will be difficult, so
Mughal had to keep wining land {first problem of MANSABDARI system}
 Jahangir
 =wanted to keep zat = constant and increase Sawar
 To increase the sawar= Came with a policy named “do-aspa-sih-aspa” means = every soldier maintains two
horses at least
 Shahjahan
 Didn’t want to pay Jagirdar
 Started monthly salary system called “sih-mahi-shah-mahi-system”. {sih= 3 months, shah= 6 months}
 Aurangzeb
 First understand the land
polaj parauti chachar Banjar
2-3 rotation (not crop Fallow for 4-5 years Very less fertile land barren
rotation) Fallow for 7-8 years
Most fertile
 Polaj + parauti only these two lands gave= Khalisa and Jagir = only these two lands gave us all Taxes
 Whole Mughal empire is based on these two piece of land as this was the tax source
 Now take a piece of land from this areas and this land had a standing crop ready for harvest, officials will go
to see the land and “Nabud” is 12.5% of total land was non-taxable land so left land is called “PAIMUDA”
where tax comes.
 Gross produce of this land in grains = JAMA
 JAMA is converted into money (smallest coin is DAM) = JAMADAMI. Jamadami is with state records
 Actual collection is called= HASIL.
 From this hasil comes the salary of Jagirdar i.e Asl {Jagirdar salary)
 {JAMADAMI-HASIL} = PAIBAQI {second problem of MANSABDARI system}
 Just have a look at below map for understanding in simple way, it is just an example not real

 MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
1) Maligai-kol= Cholas
2) Biswa = Alauddin Khilji
3) Gaj = sikandar lodhi
4) Bigha = sher shah sur
5) Bigha-i-ilahi = Akbar
6) Bigha-i-daftari = Shah jahan
7) Kathi system = Malik ambar
LAND REVENUE SYSTEM POST LODI TILL MUGHAL:-

1) Ghalla Bakshi (crop sharing system)= has two types
a) Khet batai = take share on field , go see the crop, then divide
b) Lang batai = share on thrashing floor
2) Kankut (danabandi)
a) Go to land and divide it into good (G) , medium (M), bad (B) land
b) Then take average = {G+M+B ÷3}= only in kind (not cash)
3) Zabti (by Todarmal , gave it for sher shah sur)
a) Zabti is also called bandobast
b) Then take average = {G+M+B ÷3}= only cash {tri metallic system}
c) But here BIGHA is gave as a measurement unit.
4) Nasak {lump-sum}
5) Ain-i-dahsala (1580 created by Todar mal, this time for Akbar , replacing Zabti )
a) Todar mal was asked to go and measure the land again for revenue so this was the first time a post was
advertised called Karori experiment
b) Karori experiment = anybody who thinks can collect 1cror in revenue can come and apply for post
c) Karori = were revenue farmers called as “Ijaradar” was institutionalized
d) Then Land was measured= called Bigha-i-ilahi
e) Then you take average of 10 years in cash or kind = ain-i-dahsala.
SHER AFGHAN ALI QULI KHAN JAHANGIR {1605-27}:-

 Akbar named Jahangir on sher shah
 1602 = Jahangir’s friend Bir singh bundela (Rajput from orchha) killed Abul Fazl {on orders of Jahangir}
 1603 = Jahangir ran to Allahabad and declared himself independent and started a parallel govt here {declared
himself Padshah}
 1604 = Daniyal died of Alcoholism (other son of Akbar)
 1605 = Akbar died of dysentery and Jahangir became Padshah and Jahangir blinds his own son Khusrao and
put him in jail with his wife
 Now Jahangir begins his appeasement process
a) He continued sul-i-kul
b) Won kangra and moved towards multan and won multan
 Gave gifts to Jwalamukhi Temple
 Gave gifts to Haridwar
 Gave land to Bir singh Bundela for his temple at Mathura (in news also now)
 Gave as much land that 100 temples are built in Vrindavan to Chaitanya followers
c) But destroyed varaha avatara Vishnu statue at Pushkar {because it was of pig shape}
 Jahangir Deccan policy (basically a failure)
 A boy named “Chappu” (slave boy) came to Chaul port, this boy was bought by Chengiz Khan (military
commander of Bijapur)
 Chappu grew and joined Ahmadnagar and took the position of military commander and was given a new
name “Malik Ambar (1601-1626).
 Malik Ambar (1601-1626). Gave
a) Mirajdari system
b) Measurement unit= kathi
c) Guerilla warfare technique
d) Maloji friend of Malik Ambar , had two sons
a. sharif ji
b. Shah ji = had son shivaji.
 Shivaji = guerilla warfare from here went to Marathas
 Shah ji became Jagirdar under shah jahan but latter broke in 1632, and Marathas rose after that
 So Jahangir was not able to control deccan and
e) Malik ambar was ardent enemy of deccan and he had a son fath khan
f) fath khan = became a Mughal noble under shah jahan
 Jahangir was not able to control deccan and it was a failure.

 Jahangir Rajput policy (basically a Success and most important)
 Important because sisodiyas joined Mughal.
 1615= Khurram (Jahangir son and future shah jahan) + Mirza Aziz koka (great politician) = were sent to meet
Amar singh (son of Maharana Pratap) at Chittor. And they gave an offer to Amar singh
a) Watan = will be hereditary
b) Chittor given back on two conditions
a. Cant repair
b. Half strength
c) No matrimonial alliance required
d) No court presence required
e) No entrance in succession of Rajputs (sisodiyas)
 In return , Mughal wanted (Jahangir) Sisodiyas to make life size statues of Amar singh and Karan singh to be placed
below Diwan-i-khas, Agra fort as a symbolic submission.
 NOOR-JAHAN (Mehrumissa) & JAHANGIR
 Jahangir was visiting mina bajar, he looked at a women (Noor jahan ) and this was the wife of a noble who
works under Jahangir whose zat is only 450. Jahangir sent him to multan and in battle the noble died and
woman became widow.
 Noor jahan was a great businesswoman trading in perfumes and his trading partner was “Thomas roe”
 She was known to have stuck coins on her name and she was de-facto ruler
 So she took control of empire’s government with help of Imatudaula (father) and Asaf khan (brother)
 Khurram was also added to this government , now they are 4 people = called = JUNTA GOVT {military govt}
 Imatudaula (father) = died
 Asaf khan (brother) = married his daughter (Mumtaj) to Khurram.
 Noor jahan had a daughter from first marriage named “Ladli”. She gave his daughter marriage offer to
Khusrao (who was in jail) but he rejected, then she gave this proposal to “Shraryar” and he admitted. Shraryar
was impotent so Noor jahan idea to get throne failed.
 Now Noor jahan went to “Parviz” and asked him to marry “Ladli”. And both married.
 Khurram knew and ran to Bengal and noor jahan went to Jahangir and sent his army to bring Khurram and
told to give custody of two of his sons and do whatever Noor jahan says. {took custody of Aurangzeb and
dara}
 1627 Jahangir fell ill, Khurram killed Parviz, Shraryar and Khusrao was sent to hajj (where he died), and noor
jahan was kept house arrest where in 11645 she died by herself.

SONS + DAUGHTER OF  Khurram took throne called himself shah jahan
KHURRAM {SHAH JAHAN}  A noble “Mir Jumla” (governor of Hyderabad) gave him “Kohinoor” as a gift
DARA SHIKOH  Eldest son.
 Shejada buland {person with a golden chain}
 Considered to be secular
 He had a personal physian “Francois bernier” from France
 Manucci = first European to be given a jagir in India in his time, Manucci wrote dara shikoh
would always favoured Francois bernier even he was wrong.
 Dara wrote “Sirr-i-Akbar”, in which he said Upanishads is the root of all religions and
translated Upanishads
 Dara also wrote “ sakinat-i-awliya” means I am the greatest ever born
 He was a narcissist { mental condition in which people have an inflated sense of their own
importance,}
 Two important nobles and were with Dara. And these were very very strong and names are
a) Khalil-allah khan
b) Salabat khan
 But once dara asked Salabat khan to open his pants publically, so humiliated publically And
he also beats Khalil-allah khan with his own chappal and took into court in front of everyone.
SHUJA
AURANGZEB  1618= Aurangzeb born in Dahod, Gujarat. Please Remember Jahangir was emperor, Khurram
is still a prince.
 1633= Aurangzeb killed an elephant during a match
 For this bravery, he was given 10000-zat rank.
 1635-45= he Aurangzeb was sent to deccan as a governor of Gujarat (because shah has dara
eldest son , whom he wanted to give throne not to Aurangzeb) , here he learnt that marathi
and deccani will rise and stand against us . he started giving jagir to both of them without
informing shah jahan. Shah didn’t like it.
 Burhanpur, MP= aunt of Aurangzeb, he used to visit his aunt. And her aunt’s hairdresser was
Rajput slave named “HIRA BAI” , and Aurangzeb wanted to marry and married this Hira bai
and this decision also made shah jahan angry.
 1645 = shifted to Gujarat as governor, and met Bohras (Muslim traders richest muslim
community). Aurangzeb got a ship repaired and wanted to earn money and after two year
ship came with revenue of 3crore.
 1647-48 = Aurangzeb was shifted to Balkh and then in 1648 in Sind.
 Aurangzeb ,Now came to know about a community at Balkh, who was the greatest thief of
that time. Aurangzeb wanted to meet these thieves who were “balochi hindus”.
 Aurangzeb made balochi hindus state sponsored spies with his own salary he pays {he was
creating friends and personal relations}
 1649-51 = Aurangzeb stayed in agra (as shah jahan was not happy with his success)
 Among all sisters and brothers, it was Roshanara Begum who cared about Aurangzeb,
she says that within in these 3 years Aurangzeb was tried to be killed 5 times with
poison
 Aurangzeb wrote in Tuzuk-i-alamgiri, that in every meeting he kept horse ready
outside as he does not trust his father shah Jahan
 1652-56 = Again Aurangzeb stayed in deccan, last govern ship
MURAD
JAHANARA
ROSHANARA
GAUHARARA
 1656- = shah jahan fell ill
 1658 = war of succession begins
a) 1658 Samugaarh = Murad v/s Aurangzeb = mutual understanding and no one died
b) 1659 khajwah = shuja v/s Aurangzeb = shuja was killed at Arakan.
c) 1659= Battle of Deorai = Murad + Dara (army) v/s Aurangzeb = Aurangzeb took murad to Gwalior and
put him into jail
c) 1659 samugarh = Dara v/s Aurangzeb = Aurangzeb killed dara and shah jahan was house arrested and
Aurangzeb took throne. Khalil-allah khan and Salabat khan both helped Aurangzeb

………………7th class ended, 8th started……………
AURANGZEB (1659-1707)
 He became the emperor not by choice but by force so he started appeasing people like
1) For Ulema appeasement
1) He wrote = fatwa-i-alamgiri = this became most imp book of law of Islam. In this book he gave new
instructions like
a) He established a censorship department named “Muhtisib”
b) Banned Navroz, Sijda, Kalma on coins, Tilak
c) Banned Music, dance, paintings
d) Imposed Jaziya and abolished Rahdari tax
e) No new temples be constructed whose foundation was not laid during Shah jahan’s period
f) He broke temples = Bir singh bundela temples, Mathura , Kashi vishwanath , Banaras, Orissa ,
Pushkar and even Somnath
2) Largest number of translations of musical treatises , took place in his time (maximum)
3) Naubat (the royal band) reached its zenith during his period.
4) Guru ram das was in Dehradun , Aurangzeb gave land to him for temple construction
5) Gave 100 Bighas of land in Vrindavan to Goswami (Chaitanya followers , 5 temples were made here)
6) Place called Nagore, Jalore, Sirwan (RJ) = at these places he gave land to Jhakhar, Yogis & Nathpanthis to
Build temples.
 Why Aurangzeb destroyed temples and also gave land to build temples to many?
 When Aurangzeb was governor of Gujarat , at the time of shah jahan, Shanty das named merchant had a
temple construction at Ahmedabad, Aurangzeb made a mosque by breaking temple. Shanty das wrote
letter to Shah jahan. Shah jahan order Aurangzeb to break mosque and make temple again and
Aurangzeb did and built temple again, so shanty das was same guy who then funded Aurangzeb in war of
succession.
 So breaking of temples by Aurangzeb done only against those people who once were against Aurangzeb
and he gave land to build temples to those people who stood with him.
 So there was nothing religious, it was all politics
7) He levied custom duties at two different rates
a) Hindus = 5%
b) Muslims =2.5%
c) Bt it didn’t work as hindus started sending funds with help of Muslim friends to avoid tax
2) For Umara (bureaucrats) appeasement
a) Made Jagirdari system hereditary i.e jagir became constant but Jagirdar increased, this led to Jagirdari
crisis (reason for Mughal decline, as Aurangzeb says “Yak anar sad bimar” means ek anar 100 bimar), and
this led to peasant revolt

 Two revolts were very important during this time
a. 1672 = Jat revolt = by Gokul singh
b. 1672-75 = satnami revolt = by birbhan (at narnaul, Haryana). Followers of him called Mundiyas (shaved
head people) and their religious text was called “Pothis”
 Post 1689 = Aurangzeb spending time in Deccan because

a. He wanted to take whole peninsular India
b. His own sons didn’t like him
 He made two important strong holds
a. Galgali = on Krishna river
b. Machnur = on Bhima river
 1707 = Khulabad (Daultabad) = he died
 Ulema celebrated and called him “Zinda Pir”, because of following reasons
1) he slept on a mat
2) made his own caps
3) sold them and ate with that money
4) never took salary from treasury
 After death of Aurangzeb
 Aurangzeb had 13 children, After his death, there were three sons of Aurangzeb left all other were buried by
him
1) Azam (72years old),
2) Muazzam (70years old),
3) Kam baksh (67years old),
 MUAZZAM (1707-1712)
a) Took throne and called himself “Bahadur shah”
b) Weakest of all left three because his zat rank was only 350, so he had only 350 soldiers with him
c) Kingmaker process started from here
d) Kingmaker “Zulfiqar Khan” , the governor of Gujarat, this man killed all brothers of him to ensure that
Muazzam gets the throne
 JAHANDAR SHAH (1712)
1) Took throne after bahadur shah
2) “Zulfiqar Khan was here also a kingmaker and killed Jahandar brothers , but one brother of Jahandar
named Azim-ul-shan’s was also killed but
 Azim-ul-shan’s son named Farukh Siyar was not present at that time and got his life saved
3) Jahandar had a lover “Lal Kunvar”
4) It was the time when two brothers rose i.e sayyid brothers
a) Abd-allh-khan = Governor of Allahabad
b) Husain khan = governor of Bihar
 These two were real brothers and wanted to become kingmaker and replace Zulfiqar
 But the needed a Mughal blood man to put on throne, so they started fighting for Farukh Siyar and
proposing Farukh Siyar to become Emperor
 So Farukh Siyar, with two sayyid brothers , moved towards palace and killed Zulfiqar, Jahandar and
lal Kunvar
 Farukh Siyar took the throne and continued for 6 years (1713-19)
 FARUKH SIYAR (1713-19)

1) Abolished jaziya, once and for all
2) 1715 = issued Farman to John Surman (agent of EIC) to trade in India
3) In Maharashtra = Balaji Vishwanath became peshwa (1713-20), he wrote letter to Farukh Siyar and
offered a dual govt proposal and the mark of division would be “River Narmada”
a) a dual govt proposal and the mark of division would be “River Narmada”
b) To south of Narmada , Marathas collect Chauth
c) Farukh Siyar rejected the offer but sayyid brother wanted to accept it
d) Rafi-al-Darjat = Sayyid brothers killed Farukh Siyar and placed “Rafi-al-Darjat” {1719 his son) on
throne and signed the “Dual Governance policy”. But Rafi-al-Darjat died within one month because
of a disease.
e) Rafi-ul-Daulah =Rafi’s other brother “rafi-ul-Daulah” stayed on throne for 2 months but he also died
because of TB disease
f) Md.Shah (1719-48)= he was known as “RANGEELA” .
a. he abolished Jagirdari system.
b. Mughal empire so disintegrated
Until Now Changed to
 SUBA  QILA = Qiladar
 SARKAR  TEHSIL = Tehsildar
 PARGANA  TALUQ= Taluqdar
 GRAM  MAHAL = last administrative unit at village, where “Chakla” (like a Police
commissionerate)
 GRAM
c. Tax farming methods used by him
 DISINTEGRATION OF MUGHAL EMPIRE 1724 ONWARDS

A. Awadh= Sa’adat khan= became Nawab called himself Independent
B. Rajputana = Sawai Jai Singh
C. Punjab = Abd-al-samad & Sons
D. Rohillas (Afghans of Kumaon)= khan Bahadur
E. Jats = Churaman
F. Vijayanagara =reduced to Aravidu dynasty = Vijayanagara disintegrated into north-west and south-east.
Look into the box to understand:-
1. North-west = Kannada speaking belt
a) Ikkeri (Nayaks) = Kannada speaking , became Lingyatas
b) Mysore = Kannada speaking, came under influence of Wodayars family
 Wodayars family gave
a. Haider Ali
b. Tipu Sultan = Wellesley destroyed him in battle of Srirangapatnam 1779
2. South-east = Tamil speaking belt
a) Jinji (Gingee)
b) Thanjavur
a. Taken by Bhonsle, Marathas by Ekoji the brother of Shivaji
c) Madurai
a. Later Madurai collapsed

b. Gave Ramnad Kingdom (also called Setupalis means who controls the ram
setu).Rameshvaram temple belongs to them. They control strait of Malacca, so Dutch
control was here
G. Deccan = Chin Qitich Khan also called Asaf-Jah, also called Nizam-ul-Mulk = since Aurangzeb , he was a
young commander
 1724, He took permission from Md. Shah rangeela to go deccan
 He came to Deccan and Daultabad first and never declared independence (intelligent man)
 Next, he never was an enemy to state as he never declared independence
 Since he was an old man, people respected him, and skilled people migrated to deccan particularly two
communities
a) Khatri
b) Kayasthas (bania)
 i.e how Punjabi entered deccan
 deccani , Marathi, Shia, Afghans joined his army and he is building army without claiming he is becoming
independent
 telgu principalities (Samasthanas) joined him
 1761, Ahmed Shah Abdali invaded and third battle of Panipat happened and Mughal + Marathas both
lost.
 There was no other power to claim authority as these two powers got defeated. Therefore
 1763= They shifted their capital to Hyderabad and declared themselves independent and “Nawab of
Hyderabad” {the son’s of Chin Qitich Khan)
 Therefore, Telgu principalities (Samasthanas) decided to break free and made themselves independent
and called themselves “Nawab of Arcot”.
H. Bengal =
 Surya Narayan misra (Brahmin of Deccan),
a) Brought by Aurangzeb (as a slave) to Deccan. And converted to Islam by Aurangzeb and given a new name
“Kartalabh Khan”.
b) 1701= Aurangzeb sent him to Bengal as Diwan of Bengal only to increase the state revenue.
c) He introduced Mir-Jasmani system, in this system the date of collection of revenue was fixed {like Sun set law in
Jamidari system) (it means permanent system is Mir-Jasmani system note British did not give us anything just used
our systems)
 Note this system by an example:-
 let Kartalabh is the state , and you created an intermediary bank as middle man (House of Jagat seth the great
banker of Bengal) and
 Now You are saying Jagat seth that your state was earning 5 crore from Bengal, you give us now 10 crore
(increasing 5 crore revenue)
 And in return State will give you presents in return.

 Now The state is not dealing with peasants but deal with bank.
st
 So let say 1 of march date is fixed and bank has to give 10 crore to state and charge of Bengal is now in
hands of Bank and bank can do
a. Take their land = sunset law (permanent settlement)
b. Force them to grow cash crops (commercialization)
c. Force them to work for them , and not for their own production (de-industrialization)
 To handle all this Jagat seth (bank) had two kind of staff
a. Revenue farmer (banian) = who collects the harvest
b. Gomasthas / covenants = agents
 Aurang =Whatever peasants produce come to warehouse named as “Aurang”,
 imagine banker had forced peasants
a) to produce Indigo, Jute (cash crops) and stored and collected it into warehouse
b) to give free labour
 this system in England is called Putting-out system
 in Germany called = Verlag system
 In India this system of Jagat seth is called = Dadni
 This is a proper answer of commercialization and de-industrialization of agriculture. As after 1857 all this
happened.
d) 1724= So finally Kartalabh increased the state revenue and was given a new name “Murshid Quli Khan”
first Nawab of Bengal
I. Marathas
 Shivaji’s army had Siladar and bargir
 Shivaji
1) Mavalis = Jungle people = asked only when there is need of more people
2) Sardars
 Note in Maharashtra there is a problem of Mountain running parallel to western ghats , which may
have sudden rain or no rain at all therefore
a) Sahukars were most important people because they control the economy.
b) And therefore So a basic idea developed in Maharashtra that
a. May to oct = they would plunder , because so that they can repay loan of Sahukars. {so guerilla
warfare was not aimed at Mughal , but for plunders}
b. Oct to may = they would harvest
 Post shivaji had two most important divisions
1) Kunbi peasants = Mavalis are now called as Kunbi peasants = means Nambardar
2) Sardars
 Family of shivaji continued to become important till 1749 until last maharaja “Sahuji” would be put
on throne and he died in 1749.
 After 1749 ministries took care.
 Until 1761 = peshwa were very strong
 1761 = third battle of Panipat happened
 After 1761 = Sardars became more important and break free and gave 4 important families
1) Bhonsle
 Raghuji
 Nagpur
2) Scindia
 Madhave rao
 Gwalior & Ujjain
3) Holkar
 Malhar rao
 Ahilya bai, who made Vishvanatha temple
 Indore
4) Gaekwad
 Damaji
 Baroda
 Maloji = friend of Malik Ambar, (malik Ambar son was fatah Khan) , Maloji had not son and went to
a sufi saint (named Shah sharif) and promised he would give name of his child on Sufi saint name,
but Maloji got two son so he split the name and these two were
a) Shah ji
b) Sharif ji
 Shah jahan sent Aurangzeb as Governor of deccan, to break the friendship of Maloji and Malik,
Shah jahan through Aurangzeb offered Shah ji 5000zat and gave pune as jagir, shah ji became part
of Mughals.
 Fatah-khan was next to be taken, Aurangzeb offered him 5000zat and Sholapur.
 Shah ji got disappointed and went to Satara and shah ji had three sons
1) Shambaji
2) Ekoji = Thanjavur
3) Shiva ji = gave maratha kingdom, shiva ji had two sons
a. Rajaram (minor)
b. Sambhaji = died fighting Aurangzeb and he has a son
 Sahuji = after death of his father and taken in custody by Aurangzeb
 Rajaram’s wife Tarabai became queen until there was a male king on the throne
 1707 Aurangzeb died and Sahuji was released and went to Marathas and there was a civil war for
throne , fight went on and new person came in between named “Balaji Vishwanath”
 1713-1720= Balaji Vishwanath made a deal with Sahuji and Balaji made him Maharaja and in return
he became Peshwa .
 1720-40 = Next peshwa was baji Rao
 1740-61 = Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao
 1761-62 =Peshwa Madhav Rao , and he made an official announcement with Farman that after me
my son will be the peshwa , therefore Madhav Rao was first Hereditary Peshwa
 1857 = Nanaji was last Peshwa.


J. SIKHS {All 10Gurus were Khatri}
 Jahangir executed Guru Arjan dev ji (that was turning Point
 Jahangir then jailed Guru Hargobind ji for 12 years , than he was released and went to Manikaran side of himachal
and his followers also followed him
 Aurangzeb came and executed Guru teg Bahadur ji but around this time very important development had taken
place i.e the fort of Anandpur became very stronghold of Sikhs after Amritsar, and when that was happening it was
the last Guru Gobind Singh ji Declared Khalsa around Panj Piyare
 Khalsa is basically a self-governing body, Anandpur fort had turned into Garrison town almost militarily a strong hold
of Sikhs, Aurangzeb didn’t like it (Note it was not Religion v/s religion, it was a battle b/w state and a pressure group)
 1704= Aurangzeb sent army to take control and besiege of Anandpur fort , during this period 4 sons of Guru Gobind
ji were Killed.
 1707= Guru Gobind ji went to meet Aurangzeb, But Aurangzeb died in 1707, So Guru ji met Bahadur Shah for a
peace treaty , but problem was that guru Gobind ji himself died in 1708.
 There was also an argument arose that Mughal are involved in killing of Guru Gobind singh because his death
happened in a camp, but latter this was rejected
 1709 = Banda singh bahadur =
a) Openly announced anti-state stance, he began with plundering the major trade routes. And became anti-state
as it was direct action against state
b) Supported by Jats and small Zamidars
c) Banda singh bahadur started initiation in Khalsa. {making part of Khalsa}
d) Now Khatri (major Khalsa) started to include the Jats also. And nature of Khalsa was changing
e) Now Khalsa from a self-governing body was turning out to be a military warring body and Misls started
f) MISLS = warring bodies = total 12 in number
 1716 = banda bahadur was caught and executed by Farukh Siyar
a) Now only MISLS were left
b) Rahat-nama = Poetry literature in which banda bahadur was celebrated as hero and Mughals as villain. Many of
such literatures were written.
 1780-1839= Sukerchakia Misl = Maharaja ranjit Singh gave first Sikh empire in Punjab
 EAST INDIA COMPANY (EIC) IN INDIA & TRANSITION PHASE

 The official religion of the United Kingdom is Christianity, with the Church of England being the state church of its largest
constituent region, England. The Church of England defines itself as neither fully Reformed (Protestant) nor fully Catholic
 Therefore, the English were Protestants basically.
 Bristol merchants of Britain = had monopoly over black pepper.
 Black pepper, has “gross” unit of measurement
 From this gross unit come the term Gross production in economy
 Since they were trading in “gross” , they were called grocers and here came the term grocery store.
 Earl of Cumberland = George= was richest grocer (merchant) of England , but his real strength is his cousin “Elizabeth,
the queen”
 GOVERNOR & COMPANY OF THE MERCHANTS OF LONDON TRADING INTO THE EAST INDICES
st
 How this first company came into existence 1600, 31 Dec = A order was issued for 15 years , monopoly from east of
Suez to west of MAGELLAN , was given to George , later it was extend for life in 1609.
 This was the Mother company of EIC.

 HAVE A LOOK HOW PROCESS STARTED , BACKGROUND
 1583-84 =Ralph Fitch, Storey, Newberry, Leeds arrived in India through Land route (not sea
route)
a) Ralph Fitch = returned to England and wrote a book and became a hero, first time an
information came of India to England
b) Storey = turned a monk and stayed in Goa
c) Newberry = died
d) Leeds = joined Mughal court
 1603 = John Middlenhall, met Jahangir and got surat {but it was a failure because
 1609 = Golconda sultan , gave Masulipatanam
 1611= they (English shifted to Masulipatanam
 1609 = Captain Hawkins, got surat again from Jahangir (again failure)
 1613 = Captain Best got Surat, this time Thomas Aldworth became the first factor of Surat.
 So first masulipatanam, then surat
 1615-19= Thomas Roe got 4 more, one factory at surat , Agra, Ahmedabad, Broach.
 1633 = on Mahanadi Delta (Odisha side wala area) they (English) got Hariharapur and balasore
 1639-41 = raja of Chandragi (Aravidu ) gave Armagon, English took and changed its name to
“Madras”
 1651 = English got Hughli, Kasimbazar, Patna, Rajmahal hills
 1668 = treaty of white hall = Bombay was given (at rent of 1 pound as well as Dowry)
 1687= shifted to Bombay
 1704= EIC established
 1715= Farukh Siyar issued Farman, gave 3 places
a) Hyderabad = English had to pay rent for port
b) Gujarat= English had to pay rent for port
c) Bengal =English were given Zamindari rights, (so fight started from here)
 Battles and treaties were
a. Plassey = siraj-ud-daula v/s Robert Clive (issue was war of France and England for 7 years)
b. Garrisoning of Bengal
c. Incident of black hole
d. Battle of Buxar = Mir zafar + Shah alam-II + Shuja-ud-daula v/s English = lost to English
e. 1765 Treaty of Allahabad = British got Diwani rights.
 CORNWALLIS
a) gave permanent settlement in
b) Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Banaras (in Banaras 1/11th share of zamindar, 10/11th share was of EIC)
c) A survey started and revise after every 20 years
 MUNRO & LEEDS
a) Gave ryotwari system {same as Mirajdari of deccan)
b) In madras and Bombay
 COLIN MACKENZIE
a) Mahalwari (named after Mahal or rangeela)
b) In Awadh, Sindh, Punjab
 POST 1757
 Taken all = Sutanati, 24 Pargana, govindpur, Chandanagoore, Chittagong, Banaras, Gangetic
route & other major ports of other European powers

 ACTS PASSED BY THEM
 REGULATING ACT 1773 GAVE
a) Governor
b) Governor general
c) Supreme court (concept given by Cornwallis)
 Structure :-
 Let a man done stealing, taken to MUNSIF court (where magistrate sit),
 once case gone to munsif, it has role to send you to judicial custody for 14 days
 during these 14 days a report was prepared and sent to Registrar, than case was sent to
Tehsil court (district court)
 At TEHSIL level there were two courts
a) Civil = Diwani adalats
b) Criminal = faujdari adalats
 If case still not solved , than sent to Provincial courts (4 were there)
a) Bombay
b) Madras
c) Awadh
d) Bengal
 At provincial level
a. Civil case = Diwani adalats
b. Criminal case= Nizami adalats
 Last resort for any case is supreme court.
 PITTS INDIA ACT 1784 GAVE

 Dual govt = first time = board of control established (like a parliamentary council or committee)
 Understand the following concept
 George went to Queen and said I am going to open a company and a company was formed with
(George 49%, Queen 51%) 24 court of directors . and rule was that 1/4 th of them would retire
every year.
 These 24 court directors will divide their whole realm into 4 presidencies
 4 presidencies had a president = so 4 presidents
 Every president had a Privy council.

 Note:-
 1688 = glorious revolution
 1704 = EIC was Built = EIC was a conglomeration of 14 other companies ( a joint stock company)
 After 1688 = there were Queen + Parliament
 Parliament asked for 6 members board = made a committee named “Board of control (having 6
members can be chosen from parliament or from the society )”. Company sent one name to Boad of
control and this name further sent to Queen and queen sent back to Board of control and that person
(whose name) was given the post of governor. (by default sit at Bengal seat and other were deputy
governor)
a) 1= governor = at Bengal
b) 3 = deputy governor (like at Bombay)
c) 24 directors (independent) = divide themselves into 7 committees
a. Department of buying
b. Department of shipping
c. Department of warehouse
d. Department of accounting
e. Department of treasury
f. Department of correspondence
g. Department of covenants (private trade)
 CHARTER ACT 1813

 Took monopoly of EIC from India except Tea and China trade
 Missionaries were given free passage to India that led to beginning of “English education” into India
 So this is called The charter that promoted “Cultural Imperialism” in India

 Charles grant prepared this charter
 This charted established the following
pyramid and table
INDIA ENGLAND
EIC King
Bhadralok Vassal
workers Peasants
 This is what called cultural imperialism.
 For Bhadralok following had been
done
a) Followed Philosophy of Evangelicalism =
Bhadralok = had Charles grant, who would
say English education was only for elites.
b) Sanskrit college , Calcutta
c) Two anglo-oriental collage opened for
them at Delhi 7 Agra
d) Macanlay minute = said= 1835= elites
of India should be taught in English
only, raja ram Mohan rai was influenced from him
 For workers following had been done
a) Ideology of Jeremy Bentham i.e utilitarianism basically the concept of greater good (change laws)
b) Sanskrit college, Banaras (also called Duncan college)
c) Madrasas across India
d) Technical knowledge in vernacular language to make them proper workers
e) Wood’s dispatch (1854) = second educational model, who were in favor of vernacular model are following
a) Benting = made laws against “Sati”, Female infanticide (1828)
b) James Hill = wrote book “the history of British India”. This book because the text book for ICS officers
before coming to India. (it was a changing mentality of ICS , means cultural imperialism)
 CHARTER ACT 1833
 Monopoly of EIC completely taken away
 CHARTER ACT 1853
 The executive and legislative power were separated and ICS and IPS came with proper segregation
 ACT 1858 {CROWN RULE STARTED, IMPERIALISM BEGAN}
 EIC had gone
 Empress of India
 Basic difference b/w colonialism and imperialism
 SOCIO-RELIGIOUS {BENTHAMIAN-GRATIAN} REFORMS

 REFORM = BRAHMA SAMAJ = BENGAL {ELITE MOVEMENT}
 RAJA RAM MOHAN (1828). This will be broken into two peaces
a) Dabendranath tagore= gave Tattvabodhini sabha , which will give Adi-Brahma samaj
b) Bijoy Krishan Goswami = will join Keshav sen
c) Keshav Chandra sen =
a. he with Bijoy started Brahmo marriage (godless marriage). Keshav got his minor daughter married to
Maharaja of Kooch Behar and lost support of his friends.
b. By 1878= Anand Mohan Bose joined Keshav and Both started “Sadharna Brahmo samaj” that will
start a movement called “naba Bidhan movement (new dispensation means one universal religion of
brotherhood)e
d) Raja ram was associated with 1825= Vedanta college (these were English colleges)
e) Bathune, a real social reformer, started a “Mahila Vidyalaya” in Calcutta. This school was closed in
1849 because of no money and merger with other colleges
a. A man working as a secretary named “Vidyasagar” and lost his job , then he was made principle of
Hindu college, Calcutta .
b. Vidyasagar was working for sati, widow remarriage Act (1856)
f) David Harvey = Raja Ram’s friend David Harvey opened a hindu college, Calcutta. this was the mine of
movements like
a. Young Bengal movement 1809-31
b. Sanskrit teacher by name derozio , just taught in this college how to revolt, for which he would be
rusticated
c. Vidyasagar was made principle
g) Vishnu sastri pandit
a) Vidyasagar had a friend named “Vishnu sastri pandit”, he started a “Vidhwa Vivah uttejaka Mandal”
and started going interior of Bengal getting Vidhwa married.
b) Vishnu sastri pandit had a friend in Madras named “Veerasalinga, Panthulu” who also started widow
remarriage in Madras
c) He also had links with Maharashtra , so there were also reforms came
d) His works than taken by “Swami Vivekananda” who started “Ram Krishna Mission (1896/97), inn
Bengal
 MAHARASHTRA {MASS REFORM MOVEMENTS}
1) Bal sastri jambhekar = actually the contemporary of raja ram Mohan Rai
2) Dadoba pandurang tarkhadar =gave Paramhansa sabha
3) R.G Bhandarkar (Maharishi) = wrote under pen name “Political recluse” and he was founder of
Bhandarkar oriental research institute ,Pune {B.O.R.I)
4) Gupal hari deshmukh (known as “Lokhitavadi) = wrote sathapatra (letters of truth) published in
Marathi weekly magazine named Prabhakar
5) K.T Telang = 1st VC of Bombay university , made elementary education compulsory for all
6) Visnu sastri chiplunkar= started marathi magazine “Nibandamala”
7) SatyaShodhak /Mahatma Jyotiba Phule = wrote “Gulamgiri”.
8) Savitribai + Fatima sheikh = started school for lower caste girls
9) Maharishi D.V Karve = hostel for girls , later called S.N.D.T, Pune (college)
10) Rukmabai = age of consent Act (1891)
11) Behramji Malabari (Parsi) = Journalist wrote for women Emancipation (the process by which women
in general and poor women in particular are made to gain access and control of all forms of resources in a nation)
12) 1851 =S.S Bangalee 1851, DadaBhai Naoroji + Naoroji Furdonji started Mazdayasan Rehnumani
sabha to modernize parsi religion
 PRARTHNA SAMAJ (1867) {REVIVALIST REFORM: ATMA PANDURANG}
 Idea was o bring back the concept of shivaji
 Idea of Maharashtra was promoted by M.G.Ranade (Jurist), he said let’s come back and fight against
common enemy i.e british
 ARYA SAMAJ {DAYANAND SARASWATI= BACK TO VEDAS}
 Post 1890 = Shuddhi started = forceful conversion of people into Hinduism by Guru Dutt + Guru Lekh
Ram. They started to convert all Sikh, Jats, Muslims, Christian. This process led to development of a new
group of people named
a) Gau-Rakshini Sabha”= why this sabha because that time parallel revivalist movement was being run in
Aligarh by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and they started “Naval press” And started projecting “Urdu” Language
{communalism root started from here in India}
b) Nagari Pracharini sabha = means began to project Hindi as a language of country (Devanagari). Office
of this was opened at Banaras. From here the Gorakhpur press came in later phase (1921-22)
RAJAS, ZAMINDAR PEASANTS / MASSES TRIBES

 Back to the Mughal system  Just wanted their religion /Shariat and  Wanted Mountain, River, forest
and demanded and revolts for this rebellion or revolts are and by  Three revolts
are a) Sanyasi rebellion(Bihar & Bengal) 1760- a) Bhils (1831) =tribals, for mountain
a) Raja Jait singh of Banaras, 1800 = b) Koli (1879) =fishermen , for river
1781 a. Dasnami (hindus)= wanted free c) Santhals (1856)=tribals = for forest
b) Rangpur rebellion 1786 passage to Joshimath and 
c) Revolt of Bundela Rajputs pilgrimage site
d) Revolt of Velu Thampi b. Maduri (Muslim)= wanted free

1795-1805 ) Malabar = first passage to Ajmer Dargah and
person given capital pilgrimage site
punishment and hanged by  Bankim chandar Chatterjee wrote
British Anandmutt, Devichaudharani.
 b) Pagalpanthi rebellion Bengal 1820=
Karim shah + tipu Sultan wanted shariat
c) Tariqah-i-Muhammadiya = 1830
Bengal, first Wahabi movement of
India. Wahabhism by titu mir
d) Faraizi (Bengal 1830) = back to Shariat,
coming of Imam , Haji-sharialutlah
called himself Imam and only two
people believed in Him
a. Dudu mian
b. Naya mian (son of Dudu)
e) Mopllah = 1860-1920s= peasant /
agrarian muslim movement of Malabar,
turned communal and killed hindus also
f) Pabna (1859) for Indigo, Deccan riots
(1875) for Sahukars and middlemen
g) Kuka (Namdhari) Punjab, 1872= Ram
singh came to Purify Sikkim
…………………8th class ended, 9th started………………..
 REVOLT OF 1857 , ITS REASONS AND IMPACTS

 LONG TERM CAUSES  SHORT TERM CAUSES
 Peasant’s oppression Stagnation in career in army could only rise upto Naib

 Anger against british policy Salary monthly allowance (Batta) too less as compared to

a) Paramountcy {Dalhousie} British
b) Doctrine of lapse {Warren Hastings}  Religious issues
 Anger against British Against a) Crossing of the seas- Kala Pani
b) Greased cartilage –cow & pig fat
 It was essentially the upper caste movement, in Hindus it was Bhumiharas and in Muslims (elite working), so
it was basically a caste & class movement
 TIMELINE OF 1857 REVOLT
1) 28TH MARCH 1857:- Mangal Pandey (37th infantry regiment at Barrackpora was arrested for shooting on
a super wiser),
2) 8TH APRIL He was Hanged.
TH
3) 24 APRIL ,90 of his friends revolted within Barrackpora.
TH
4) 8 OF MAY 87 were expelled.
5) 9TH MAY gave a clarion call “Chalo delhi” i.e. the beginning of revolt of 1857 because Delhi has the last
Mughal emperor “Bahadhur Shah-II” and he was a great writer and wrote under pen name “Zafar” so also
called “Bahadhur Shah Zafar” , he was arrested and reported to Rangoon on the charge of “Wahabhism
/wahabism and there he died”.
 WHETHER 1857 IS A WAR OF INDEPENDENCE OR NOT ?
 Note:- VD Savarkar called it war of Independence
A. PLACES WHERE IT HAPPENED ? B. PEOPLE INVOLVED IN REVOLT
1) Cow belt region of India (Gangetic plains) 1) Rani Jhansi (would defend Jhansi = died)
2) Peshawar 2) Tantia tope (Active in Kalpi & Rohilkhanad = died)
3) Lahore 3) Nana Ji (Last Peshwa active in Kanpur = fled to
4) Multan Nepal in 1859)
5) Chittagong 4) Begum Hazrat Mahal Lucknow = fled to Nepal}
6) Kolhapur 5) Maulvi Ahmadullah (Awadh & Rohilkhand = died}
7) Ahmadnagar
6) Kunvar singh (Oldest active in Arrah,Bihar =died}
8) Madras
7) Birjis Qadir (Minor) {Prince of Awadh = Died}
9) Singapore

C. BAHUJAN PARTICIPATION
1) Jhalkari Bai  A+B=C= All were upper caste , means 1857 was
2) Astha Davi upper-caste movement.
3) Uda devi
 IMPACT OF 1857 REVOLT

1. CASTE TIES
 Here you learnt that the zamidars and people of upper caste can mobilize you for their own vested interest
 So caste ties are very strong in India and as a British you wanted to break this ties and a person named “Risley gave first
caste census of India (1871)” and he would divide the caste census on basis of various categories
1) Agrarian class = Those who can produce
2) Warning class = Those who can fight = Rajputs, Gorakha, Paika, Palgars etc
3) Bandits class = Those who are bandits = tribes & castes whose professions were fluid
2. REGIMENTAIZATION OF THE ARMY
 By all this an artificial division was created inside the society and class of specialized workers within the folds of the elite,
the middle and the lower classes
3. CASTE ASSOCIATIONS AND PROFESSIONALS ASSOCIATIONS
 By all this an artificial division was created inside the society and class of specialized workers within the folds of the elite,
the middle and the lower classes and all this led to formation of associations
 Zamindari association = Caste association
 Bankers , Jurists etc = professional associations
 And when these people came for meeting and led to formation of 1885-INC
 TOPIC :-RELIGION
 WHEN YOU ASK A QUESTION: - WHO CREATED THIS UNIVERSE?
 The time when you asked this question, you have entered the realm of religion that is called “ Theism ”
 Discussion was going on by God, Allah, On its own etc . whenever you come in discussion of answering this question you
have entered the realm of theism. If atheism is a part of theism
A. YOU SAY GOD HAS CREATED THE UNIVERSE AND IN EVERYTHING YOU FIND THE GOD
 God is in everything = Pan-Theism
1) Here you have certain belief systems
2) Ibn Arabi :- in book Fusus-Al-Hikam” = says Wahadat-ul-wujud
3) Akbar gives “tawhid-i-ilahi” , information comes from Muhsin Fani’s Dabistan-i-majahib
4) Shankaracharya wrote Bhasya (commentary on Bhagwat purana) and gave philosophy of Advaita (non-dualism ,
also called Monism)
B. YOU SAY GOD HAS CREATED THE UNIVERSE AND EVERYTHING BELONGS TO GOD
 Everything belongs to good = panen-theism
1) Sirhindi wrote “Rad-i-khafid” where he gave the philosophy of Wahadt-ul-shuhud
2) Bhakti philosophy impressed by Brahmasutra of Bhagvata purana
3) Sikhism

PAN-THEISM:-
A. ATAR’S BIRD’S CONFERENCE STORY:-
 There was a poet and born in Nishapur and wrote poem “Bird’s conference”, he best explained Wahadat-ul-wujud,
And he gave a story to explain Wahadat-ul-wujud
 Once upon a time when the world was about to end , all the birds and animals of jungle came together to decide and
discuss “how would we remain alive”?
 There was an old Raven who could see the foresee things , so they went to Raven and said what should we do?
 Raven said if you want to stay alive you have to find King Simurga & to find you have to cross 7 seas and mountains and
you reach the garden where he is the king the garden is called PARADISE. All birds have to fly and animals have to run ,
finally few birds would reach
 One eagle reached ,Simurga was not to be found , so went to fountain & drank the water and while he was about to
drink the water he sees his face has changed and a voice came “welcome king the Simurga the garden of paradise”. This
eagle had reached the level of Wahadat-ul-wujud, that he has perfected himself that he himself become that he
himself wanted
B. “TWO BIRD’S ON A TREE” FROM MUNDAKA UPANISHAD (PART OF ATHARVA VEDA)
 Once upon a time Narayan was lying on Sheeshnaag at VAIKUNTH, LAXMI asked who do you love the most ?
 He said let me think about us i.e wrong answer, so Narad was called and Narad was narrated the whole story because
Narad thinks he should be loved the most and Narad proposed that why should you conduct an exam?
 Narayan says good idea and Narad was sent on earth with a proposal that tell everyone on the earth that Narayn called
everyone to VAIKUNTH
 Now Kalyug people began to move to VAIKUNTH but one man was not interested as he said I have harvest to keep &
cows to feed after a lot of deliberation he was agreed that he will touch the VAIKUNTH gate and leave the gate
 So everybody from earth went to VAIKUNTH , Now INDRA got to know and he was scared and on the way INDRA created
7 heavens {see the parallels of ATAR story there was 7 seas here 7 heavens , there was one eagle here one man}
 Most of the people stayed in 7 heavens and only that one man could reach to the VAIKUNTH DHAM, he was about to
leave and Narad was happy that the competition has gone but Narayana was informed and Narayana ran to the gate and
took this man in his own lap and put on Sheeshnaag and both Laxmi and Nard were un-happy
 Then Narayan explains that “the one who doesn’t have desire or not even desire of being or with Narayan is Narayan
himself, because he has reached to that perfection where he defeated INDRA (INDRA means Indriyan) and therefore
Laxmi he is my favourite
C. SHANKARACHARYA PHILOSOPHY OF ADVAITA (NON-DUALISM , ALSO CALLED MONISM)
 If you perfect yourself you can call yourself “Aham Brahma Asmi” {means me hi Brahma hu}
 This theory was popularised when Swami Vivekananda narrated it in Chicago conference

TOPIC:- PANEN-THEISM
 STARTED WITH “BHAKTI MOVEMENT”
 SOUTH (6TH -12TH CENTURY)  NORTH(12TH -16TH CENTURY)
 Here Bhakti started to expel Buddhism and Jainism .  Here it started as “anti-caste”,
 Buddhist proposed Bodhisattva, which is a great man because of anti-Brahmin movement
selfless as he attained buddhahood but he stayed back for the 1) Sant
goodness of the world and you have to defeat bodhisattva , you 2) Panth = if you are a saint
have to give such thing that Buddha cannot give i.e you have a Panth {no Acharya,
“transmigration of soul” {this is not in Buddhism} mutt etc}
 Therefore, Bhakti movement gave a concept of “siddha”, means
siddha purifies your soul
 Same another concepts were given see down
BUDDHISM BHAKTI
Bodhisattva siddha
Sangha Mutt ठ
Bhiku Acharya
 BHAKTA SPEAKS , GOD LISTENS  GOD SPEAKS , BHAKTA
 {if questions come on Bhakti write it as first sentence} LISTENS
 Hounds of Siva', and later 'teachers of Shiva’ were a group of  {example Bhagwat Geeta , Arjuna
63 Tamil Hindu saints living during the 6th to 8th centuries CE listening Krishna telling}
who were devoted to the Hindu god Shiva. Along with 
the Alvars, their contemporaries who were devoted to Vishnu,
they influenced the Bhakti movement in early medieval South
India
 Alvar(12) = Bhakta who speaks ,
 they are vaishnavites
1) First 3= Pay, Bhudam , Paygai
2) I women saint= Andal /Godadevi
3) 1 shudra= Nammalvar
 Nayanars (63), Bhakta who speaks
 they are shavities
1) The 4= also called Nalvar = appar, sambandar, sundarar,
manikavasagar
2) 3 women = karaikkal, ammaiyar, isainaniyar, mangaiyarrakarasipar
3) 1 shudra = Nandanar/tirunalai povar
↓
 SOUTH :- TAMIL REGION {TAMIL SPEAKING BELT INCLUDING KERALA}
A. ALVAR B. NAYANARS
 Ramanujacharya {1016-11137}  Mykendar
 Main person to popularise alvar  Meykandar, also known as Meykanda Devar, was a
 Wrote Bhagvata purana in tamil , called “SRI- 13th-century philosopher and theologian who
BHASYA” , in this book he proposed that real contributed to the Shaiva Siddhanta school Shaivism.
meaning of Bhagti is that you become the  Popularised Nayanars (shiv Bhakti) in tamil region
servant (DASA) of God.
 Gave philosophy of “SHIV-SIDDHANTA”
 Whoever follows him is a follower of “SRI-
VAISHNAVISM”  According to him a Bhakta goes under 4 stages
 Mutt was at “SRIRANGAM” and you would be 1) Servant
called “SRI-SAMPRADAYA” 2) Associate
 After his death the SRI-SAMPRADAYA” 3) Son
Split into two 4) Identical with god
1) VEDANT DESIKA;-  Imagine a south-India temple of shiva:- Brihadeshwara
 brought vedic tradition to south Temple at Thanjavur was built by Rajaraja I in 1009 CE
 SO called Northerners = vadakali for worshipping Lord Shiva
2)PILLAI LOKACHARYA;-  You have entered from the North-west = you see
 follow only 12 alwar tamil saint the servant = Nandi
 called as “Southerners = tenkalai  You move inside= long pillared hall and on both
 kullotunga-I = ordered for the execution sides on pillars have lion shaped structure called
of Ramanujacharya , so he migrated to “Shardul” become associate of god
Karnataka i.e. how Bhakti movement  As you move forward you see the Ganesh and
spread to this area kartikey = are motives = are sons
 Let the boy Entered inside =he becomes Shiva and
he is symbol of linga = i.e becomes Shivalinga
 This is architecture f all south-India temples of shiva
 Philosophy in south is reflected in architecture also
 KARNATAKA REGION (TELGU & KANNADA SPOKEN REGIONS

1. Madhava:-
 Gave you two mutt
1) UDUPI
2) PURUNDARPUR
 In these mutt people followers are came to be known as “Brahma Sampradaya”
 After death of madhava , these Brahma Sampradaya” split into two
1) Vyasakuta
2) Dasakuta
 Sripadaraja = founder of haridasa movement {see Ramanuja influence) was an important person here
 In this movement as person got associated called “PURUNDARDASA”
 PURUNDARDASA
1) who later became the “Father of Carnatic music” and
2) gave the concept of “kirrana from where Kirtana comes”
 haridasa movement complemented “devadasi movement”
 DEVADASI MOVEMENT:- a Brahmin girl who has not attained puberty is married to temple god for life
{she cannot marry anybody else= devadasi} . they please their god by dance means performing
“Bharatnatyam” {brahminic form of dance}. Kuchipudi is a non-brahmic form of dance
2. Basavanna (incarnation of shiva himself= considered)
 Minister in court of Bijjal, Kalyana
 His philosophy was totally different because he gave importance to women , as he said shiva is
incomplete without Shakti.
 So he gave the philosophy of “Stri=sakti philosophy” means Shakti is Vir. She brings the Virangna within
the shiva= VIR-SAIVISM
a) No temple visit (taking anti—Brahminical stand)
b) He Favoured widow remarriage
c) He also said “work is worship”
d) His followers were called “Vachnacars”, and were asked to wear a locket of linga in neck i.e why they
were called “Lingayats”
 Note:- first communal violence event recorded in history of India was a death of Basavanna, as he got
his Brahmin disciple married to non-Brahmin and the Brahmin of that area entered his house and
killed him
 Later:- AKKA MAHADEVI:- A women saint = became popular as she wanted to marry shiva (the form
of shiva that she worshiped was Malikarujna) and she went naked and sang “Vachnas”, since she
sang Vachnas and due to vachnacars, later the akka mahadevi got associated Basavanna’s movement
, but she never called herself a Basavanna follower (means she was pulled inside due to Vachnas that
she used to sing)
 Note:- Counter movement of Brahmins would emerge in this area to counter Basavanna’s movement and
gave a new philosophy “ARADHYA SHIVA” means shiva is complete in itself (no need shakti) and called
their shiva as “Malikarujna” i.e. brahminic form of shiva
 From Karnataka Bhakti movement reached Andhra because of “Krishna deva raya {Vijayanagara ruler),
he wrote a book in telgu named “Amuktamalyada”, in which he popularised “Andal”, i.e. how Bhakti
reached further north
BHAKTI SPREAD NOW UNDERSTAND WITH HELP OF MAP

 Alvar  Ramanuja  SRIRANGAM Mutt from this mutt Ramanada brought Bhakti to North
 Ramanada had 12 Avadhuta
1) Dyanesvara (1275-96)
2) Raidas (cobbler 1328-1528, as he was incarnation of Vishnu)
3) Kabir {weaver 1440-1518 known for his Bijak}
4) Dhanna (Jat)
5) Sena (Barber)
6) Pipa (Rajput)
7) Narhari (Goldsmith)
8) Sadhna (Butcher)
9) SURASINI
10) PRIYADARSHINI
11) Disciple of Kabir at Chhattisgarh named “DHARNIDAS”,
 he would start “Dharmadasi sect also called as Kabir Panth,
 a person will join this movement named “Ghasi Das = founder of Satnami movement in
Chhattisgarh”

 Dadudayal (1563-1604)= was a fan of Kabir , and he married Kabir daughter and was popular in
Rajasthan. He also wrote Bijak and his followers were called “Dadu Panth”. People like
a) Jait sahib :- Akharas
b) Jagjivan das :- also gives Satnami (of dadu panth)
c) Rajjab & bakhan = pathans i.e dadu is known for hindu muslim unity
12) Nanak (1469-1538):- was popular for writing “Sabad”.
 SHAGUN MAP{GOD HAS A FORM (STATUE FORM)} OF INDIA NOW:-

 VALLABHACHARYA
 Alvar  Ramanuja  SRIRANGAM Mutt from here Vallabhacharya went to Kashi and finally settled at Rajasthan
 Srinathji temple, nathduara = Udaipur = Vallabhacharya
 Vallabhacharya impressed certain people
a) Mira (1498-1546)
b) Tulsi (1532-1623)
c) Keshav (1550-1617)
d) Sur (older than these people)

 Vallabhacharya’s disciple came down south named (first time) named “Nabhaji- was a shudra and wrote
book called “Bhaktamala”, in this book he wrote about all north-Indian saints i.e how the people of south
know about Kabir, Ravidas etc south. But south Indians only liked one “Mira” as they thought Mira is the
incarnation of “Andal”
 Ramanujacharya kept the statue of Andal next to Vishnu for the first
 IN KASHMIR :- There was “lala /lalded, she was a shiva bhakat and known for her “VAKS” {just like
Mira wrote Bhajan}
 AT PURI:- CHAITANYA (1486-1534)
 Chaitanya (1486-1534), came from Bengal where he had two disciples 1) Rupa and 2) Sanatana
 At puri he had 5 disciples , who he called “Panchsakha”
1) Balram das = writer of Oria Ramayana
2) Jagannath Das
3) Achyutananda das
4) Jashobanta das
5) Anant das
 Madhvi dasi (a lady)= cousin of Ramanada himself
 Narshima Mehta (1500-1580) :-
a) big fan of Chaitanya and
b) he was the “father of Guajarati language”.
c) He coined the term “Harijan”
d) Wrote Bhajan like Vaishnava jantoh,
 The word “harijan” and this Bhajan were taken by “mahatma Gandhi” and was used throughout the
Indian national Movement, in other words the principle philosophy of Gandhi was based on
Chaitanya (1486-1534) philosophy i.e. link of INM with Bhakti Movement.
 ASSAM : SANKARADEVA/SANKARDEVA (1448-1569){ NEO-VAISHNAVISM”}
 Lived for 119 years so he was called “Mahapurush” and his followers were called “mahapurushiya sect”
 He propounded the concept of “Neo-Vaishnavism”
a) Whose philosophy :- “Ek-sarana Nam Dharma ए स ण ” means to find mokhsa there is only
one god i.e. Krishna only {no radha nothing}
b) Basically it is mono-theism
c) No concept of idol is here
d) He established for the first time a concept of monastery named “Sattra” {here word shatra comes}
e) He also built a prayer hall called “Nam-ghor”
f) He to popularise the idea of god, he performed mono-act (so he was father of mono-act also), and
this mono-act is named as “Angkia-Nat”
g) He also gave musical dance performances or plays named “Chihna-jatra”. And for a music play he
gave musical instrument “Khol” (drum) and lyrics named “Bargeet” (songs)
h) Sattra + Nam-ghor + Angkia-nat + Chihna-jatra + Khol + Bargeet = all gave = “Sattariya Dance”
i) Ekasarana Dharma is a neo-Vaishnavite monolithic religion propagated by Srimanta Sankardeva in
the 15th-16th century in the Indian state of Assam. It reduced focus on vedic ritualism and focuses on
devotion to Krishna in the form of congregational listening and singing his name and deeds.
 After sankardeva , Madhavdeva took his position, Madhavdeva shifted from no idol to “book of Guru”
and worship (first change in philosophy}
 After Madhavdeva comes Gopaldeva
 Finally Gopaldeva comes Anirudhdeva , he changed from “book of guru to “Idol of Guru”
MAHARASHTRA {WARKARI & DHARKARI MOVEMENT}

1. WARKARI MOVEMENT
 Warkari is a sampradaya within the bhakti spiritual tradition of Hinduism, geographically associated with
the Indian state of Maharashtra. Warkaris worship Vitthal, the presiding deity of Pandharpur, regarded as
a form of Krishna
A. DYNANESHWAR {1275-96}
a) Wrote “Jnaneswari”(also spelled Dnyaneswari) {marathi of Bhagwat purana}
b) Invented a Game :- “Moksapatha {snake and ladder game} = to teach the people about sin & good deed
B. Namdeva (death 1350)
 Kabir and Nanak mentioned him
 He is the only Marathi saint whose “abhang ” is included in “Adi-Granth” sahib
 Had lower caste disciples , popular ones are
a) GORA
b) Chokamela
C. EKNATH (1533-99)
 he promoted the idea of one central figure of this movement named “Vithoba (Sholapur) was made
center of this religious movement. and we will go for ”WARI” {pilgrimage} every year without fails.
D. TUKARAM (1608-49)
 He was known for his “abhang ”, so his abhangas were popular while singing “Kirtan and
Bhajan” during going pilgrimage therefore you don’t need priest {priest gone from Maharashtra)
 Since you are going for pilgrimage once a year,
a) Taking guru in Palanquin , and when guru is dead you make his Shrine around the temple and
carrying his charanpaduka च ण made of silver.
b) No need to leave family , so a married man yet follow this movement
2. DHARKARI MOVEMENT
A. RAMDAS {WROTE DASABODHA}
a) In this book he said Ram and Hanuman are the same thing {ram = Hanuman}
b) He established 11 hanuman temples throughout Maharashtra
c) He said come out and fight for our religion as Mughal are standing infront of door
d) Basically he is saying you have wear your religion as a guard of honour =
Dharkari movement
e) He was the royal saint of “Shivaji Maharaja’s Family” {Maratha Dharama}
f) It is this maratha Dharama that M.G Ranade called Maharashtra Dharama i.e. the link of Indian
national Movement {INM}
THE “PHILOSOPHIES” OF THE FOLLOWING

A. UNDER PAN-THEISM-PHILOSOPHERS
1. SHANKARACHARYA { ADVAITA PHILOSOPHY}
 Born at Kalady , Kerala
 Died at Josimutt {Kedarnath} near about 750AD
 Adi Shankara, also called Adi Shankaracharya, was an Indian Vedic scholar and teacher, whose works present
a harmonizing reading of the sastras, with liberating knowledge of the self at its core, synthesizing the Advaita
Vedanta teachings of his time
 He built 4 mutt across India in 4 cardinal directions
1) Sringeri (Yajur Veda) {in Karnataka}
2) Dwarka (Sam Veda)
3) Puri (Rig Veda)
4) Josimutt (Atharva) {Uttrakhand}
 He was trying to revive vedas = Vedanta
 His followers are known as “Dasnami Sampradaya” , they believe in “Smarta tradition” to believe in “
Siddha” {purifier of siddha} i.e. your soul can be purifier. Therefore, they have a concept of non-dying
Shankaracharya i.e Adi-Shankaracharya but he will always come into a Brahmin family {due to vedas}
 They have certain rituals
a) Saffron clad = have to wear saffron
b) Have to perform always yagna for peace or purification of society called “Panchyatana” {five gods in
temple concept comes}
c) As the saint {Brahmin} is performing yagna for anyone (including shudra etc) , you are called Sanatana
स
d) So if you are a shankarchayari you are a sanatani {since you are sanatani you are also anti-
constitutional , as pro-vedas means pro-varna, pro-varna means you have to linger towards varna system
& constitution rejects it}
e) 5 gods they worship are:- Vishnu, Shiva, Shakti, Surya, Ganesh
2. SRI-KANTHACHARYA (ADVAITA PHILOSOPHY IN SHAIVISM}
 Everything is same like Shankaracharya but For him god is only one i.e Shiva only
B. UNDER PANEN-THEISM:- PHILOSOPHERS
1. RAMANUJA (VISHISHTADVAITA /VISHISTHADVAITA:- QUALIFIED NON-DUALISM}
 Wrote Bhagvata purana in tamil , called “SRI-BHASYA” , in this book he proposed that real meaning of Bhagti
is that you become the servant (DASA) of God.
 Whoever follows him is a follower of “SRI-VAISHNAVISM”
 Mutt was at “SRIRANGAM” and you would be (followers) called “SRI-SAMPRADAYA”

 Vishisht Advaita (literally "Advaita with uniqueness; qualifications") is a non-dualistic school of Vedanta
philosophy. It is non-dualism of the qualified whole, in which Brahman alone is seen as the Supreme Reality,
but is characterized by multiplicity.
 Visistadvaita is the name given to the philosophy of Sri Ramanuja and his followers. It means 'advaita” =
“oneness” ; “Visistasya” = of the Lord who is “qualified.” Here the Lord is qualified by a 'body' (sarira)
constituted by the animate (cit) souls and the inanimate (acit) universe.
2. MADHAVA (DVAITA = DUALISM)
 His followers are called Brahma Sampradaya
 The Dvaita Vedanta school believes that God and the individual souls (jīvātman ) exist as
independent realities, and these are distinct, being said that Vishnu (Narayana = paramatma ) is
independent, and souls are dependent on him.
 Thus, it is clear that Madhava propagated Dvaita - Dualism of Jivatma and Paramatma
3. VALLABH {SHUDDHADVAITA:- QUALIFIED DUALISM}{1479-1531}
 His followers are rudra sampradaya
 Simply god & universe cannot be together (G≠Universe), but love the creation of god (Pushtimarga इस
)
 Shuddadvaita (Sanskrit: śuddhādvaita "pure non-dualism") is the "purely non-dual" philosophy propounded
by Vallabhacharya (1479-1531 CE), the founding philosopher and guru of the Vallabhā sampradāya ("tradition
of Vallabh") or Puśtimārg ("The path of grace"), a Hindu Vaishnava tradition focused on the worship
of Krishna. Vallabhacharya's pure form (nondualist) philosophy is different from Advaita.
The Shrinathji temple at Nathdwara, and compositions of eight poets (aṣṭachap), including Surdas, are central
to the worship by the followers of the sect
 PUSHTIMARGA := It (Pushtimarg) is spontaneous, selfless and motiveless love for Krishna. It is based on pure
love for Krishna. It is expressed only through selfless service of Krishna - "Seva". It is love after realizing
Krishna's true nature
4. NIMBARKA (DVAITA-ADVAITA:- QUALIFIED INDIFFERENCE)
 Nimbarkacharya (Sanskrit: निम्बार्ाा चार्ा, romanized: Nimbārkāchārya) (c. 1130 – c. 1200[3), also known
as Nimbarka, Nimbaditya or Niyamananda, was a Hindu philosopher, theologian and the chief proponent of
the theology of Dvaitadvaita (dvaita–advaita) or dualistic–non-dualistic. He played a major role in spreading
the worship of the divine couple Radha and Krishna, and founded Nimbarka Sampradaya, one of four
main traditions of Hindu sect Vaishnavism
 Followers are called KUMAR SAMPRADAYA /SANAK SECT {also called Hamsa Sampradāya, and Sanakādi
Sampradāya (स स ), is one of the four Vaiṣṇava Sampradāyas.}
 The Nimbarka Sampradaya is based on Nimbarka's Bhedabheda philosophy, duality and non-duality at the
same time, or dualistic non-dualism. According to Nimbarka, there are three categories of existence, namely
a) Isvara (God, Divine Being);
b) Chit (jiva, the individual soul); and
c) Achit (lifeless matter).
d) everything else — matter or nature
 people worship differently and followers here have personal gods {Sanak}
5. CHAITANYA (MAHAPRABHU, GAURANGA:- ACHINTYA-BHEDA-BHEDA)
 Followers are called “Goswami /gaudiya Brahmin = Vrindavan school
 He changed everything , here the radha is the universe and Krishna is inside the universe and that can only be
done with love and Krishna comes to you not radha, therefore simply in this philosophy God comes to you
and this is that ecstasy can only be brought with dance a moment when your heart will meet your body (you
meet your god) { :- }. He brought world to its worldly desires
 He gave importance to Maya ( ) (sex) and so Followers say Body is the temple, no need to go anywhere
else
 Achintya-Bheda-Abheda ( , acintyabhedābheda in IAST) is a school of Vedanta representing the
philosophy of inconceivable one-ness and difference.
 In Sanskrit achintya means 'inconceivable', bheda translates as 'difference', and abheda translates as 'non-
difference'.
 The Achintya Bhedabheda tattva propounds that the Supreme Lord and His energies are simultaneously one
and different from each other. Analogies like sun and sunlight or gold and gold particles, which are
simultaneously one and different from each other, help us better understand this theory. A drop of water
obtained from the ocean is also salty. Likewise, the individual soul (jiva), which is part and parcel of the
Supreme Lord, has all the qualities of the Supreme. but in minute quantities. The Supreme Lord is infinite
while the living entities are infinitesimal. The individual souls are subordinate and dependent upon the
Supreme Lord eternally
 THE SIKHISM
 इ स स स ॥
 Oangkar (Onkar):- Numeral-1
 Nam (name of god):- he who is the truth (Sat स ) :- name is Satnam स
 Kartapurak :- he is the one who creates
 He is nirBair nirbhau :- he has no enemies nor he is afraid of anybody
 He is akalmurat and ajuni :- he never dies nor does he transmigrates, therefore in Sikhism there is no
concept of transmigration of soul bringing closer to Buddhism
 Saibhang (स , ):- he is self made (No idol)
 Buddhism:- Madhya marga :- to attain Nirvana
 Sikhism :- Madhya marga;- tribeni:- Jivanmukti
 Tribeni :- one end is ganga and one end is jamuna :- both Hinduism and islam and middle is Saraswati (Madhya marga )
means Guru and Guru will give you Madhya marg and you will attain Jivanmukti
 Guru Nanak dev ji:- Langar, seva, Rabbab (Mardana)
 Guru Angad dev ji:-
 Guru Arjuna dev ji:- Gurumukhi,
 Guru Hargobind ji:- Harmandir sahib became important
 Guru teg Bahadur ji:-
 Guru Gobind ji:- Khalsa
 Note:- Guru teg Bahadur ji and guru Nanak ji were the only two actually went to Puri and place they lived called “Mangu
Mutt” {rig veda mutt, nanak ji went to meet Chaitanya but he died , and Guru teg bahadur followed Guru Nanak dev ji}
…………………………9st class ended, 10th started…………………
 THE SUFISM:-
STAGE 1 STAGE-2 STAGE-3 STAGE-4
 Shariat  Jai fa  Tariqa’h  Kanqah
 Becomes  Becomes  Becomes master:- PIR  PIR is dead , he becomes WALI-
Scholar wonderer (as an  His disciple:- MURID ALLAH (means the friend of God)
 Alchemist in  MURID is at the First stage  Dargah was created after death of
people’s eye) because he is the scholar. PIR for him.
 Also called Silsilah stage (a cycle)  Khadim/Khalifa:- Guardian of Dargah
 Note:-In Bhakti it is the concept of Das, in Sikhism its Guru-Disciple, in sufism the concept is of friendship (of God)
 URs:- Death anniversary is celebrated in Sufism (not birth) = URs (called URs festival)
 In the whole Islamic world, there are 12 sufi orders. In India only 6 became popular, which are as following:-
 INDIAN SUFISM 6 ORDERS:-
A. BA-SHARA:- who follow shariat . here comes three orders
1. CHISTI ORDER:-
 Believed in poverty and charity.
 Always away from political authority
 Chisti never stay in the capital city (it’s a guilt)
 Became popular across India
 Chistis Believed in
a) Fana:- Self-annihilation
b) Sama:- music (believed in concept named as Qaul, which gives ultimately Qawali)
c) Habs-i-Jam:- breath control (basically controlling the breath)
d) Silsilah:- Chistis are the ones who began with Silsilah
 Khwājā Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī (Chishtī Muʿīn al-Dīn Ḥasan Sijzī (1143–1236 CE), Ajmer
a) known more commonly as Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī or Moinuddin Chishti, or by the epithet Gharib
Nawaz (lit. 'comfort to the poor') or reverently as a Shaykh Muʿīn al-Dīn or Muʿīn al-Dīn or Khwājā
Muʿīn al-Dīn by Muslims of the Indian subcontinent,
b) he entered India when Md. Ghor came to India to Fight Prithvi Raj Chauhan
c) He was a Persian Sunni Muslim preacher and Sayyid, ascetic, religious scholar, philosopher,
and mystic from Sistan, who eventually ended up settling in the Indian subcontinent in the early 13th-
century, where he promulgated the famous Chishtiyya order of Sunni mysticism. This
particular tariqa (order) became the dominant Muslim spiritual group in medieval India and many of
the most beloved and venerated Indian Sunni saints were Chishti in their affiliation,
including Nizamuddin Awliya (d. 1325) and Amir Khusrow (d. 1325).
d) He had a MURID named “Bakhtiyar Kaki”(contemporary of Qutubuddin Aibak)
 Bakhtiyar Kaki also had named as “Shaikh-Fariduddin”
 SHAIKH-FARIDUDDIN,
 he in both Islam and Sikhism is also called “Ganj Shakar” in short “Baba Farid”. Baba farid
is the father of Punjabi Poetry.
 He had three disciples who made Chisti popular in India
a) Jamal-Uddin-Ahmed:- started Jamaliya order at Jalandhar
b) Nizamuddin Auliya:- started Nizamiya order in Delhi. He has two important disciples
a) Amir Khusrao
b) Nasi-uddin- chirag:- (Chirag –i-Delhi)
c) Alauddin Sabir:- started sabiri order (popular in Agra). He has further his disciple:-
 Abdul Quddus Gangohi (1456–1537):- became very popular among shaivities
because for him the manifestation of Allah was like Shiva and he gave many
popular phrase that every hindu uses i.e “Alakh Niranjan”
 GESU DARAZ (in Deccan)
 Muhammad bin Yusuf Al-Hussaini (7 August 1321 − 10 November 1422) commonly known as Banda
Nawaz Gaisu Daraz, was a Hanafi Maturidi scholar and Sufi saint from India of the Chishti Order.
 Gaisu Daraz was a disciple and then successor of Sufi saint Nasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi. When he moved
to Daulatabad around 1400, owing to the attack of Timur on Delhi, he took the Chishti Order to South
India.He finally settled down in Gulbarga, at the invitation of Bahmani Sultan, Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah
2. SUHRAWARDI ORDER
 Believe in wealth and charity
 Engaged in politics especially courtly affairs
 Became popular in Gujarat belt only
 Bahauddin Zakariya :- made this order famous in India
3. NAQSBANDIYA ORDER:-
a) Popular in Uzbekistan
b) Very orthodox, they want other to also follow shariat
c) Very strict and believe in No sama, no Fana, no URs, no dargah, and if someone dares , will be
punished.
d) How this orthodox order came to India

Akbar when became Ibadat-Khana discussion, one Naqsbandiya saint named “Khwaja Baqi

Billah” and he left his disciple in India named as “Shaikh Ahmed Sirhindi”.
 Shaikh Ahmed Sirhindi”:-wrote a book named “Red-i-Khafid”, in this book he wrote about
“Wahadat-ul-Shuhud” means Unity of perception (means you perceive that you can be close to
God , but you are not capable of it, so strict to shariat, Quran, and Hadis). Jahangir listened to
him very carefully and put him into prison (because according to Shaikh Ahmed Sirhindi
 Aurangzeb :- picked up this Red-i-Khafid”, book and became a Naqsbandiya
B. BE-SHARA:- who don’t follow shariat. {from here comes the word Besharam). Here comes three orders
1. FIRDAUSIYA ORDER
 Popular in jaunpur belt. Known for one thing that they said “Kabir” is their saint
 So Kabir was close to Firdausiya
2. QADIRYIA ORDER
 Famous in Agra and Maharashtra
 All dargah in Maharashtra are Qadiryia
 They are known for their closeness to both Upanishads and Geeta and believed in them (Be-shara), Dara-
Shikoh was associated with Qadiryia and he has a sister named “Jahanara” , she became a disciple for
Qadiryia named “Shaikh Badakshahi”
3. SHATTARIYA ORDER
 Famous in Bihar and Bengal and adopted Tantricism
 They said Hinduism has a concept of “OM”, what do we have? Therefore they gave an equivalent to OM
named as RABB (similar to OM), this RABB came to Punjab and became RABBA.
 Muhammad Ghawth (Ghouse,Ghaus or Gwath) Gwaliyari (1500–1562) was a 16th-century Sufi master of
the Shattari order and Sufi saint, a musician,and the author of Jawahir-i Khams (Arabic: al-Jawahir al-
Khams, The Five Jewels). The book mentioning the life and miracles of Gaus named " Heaven's witness"
was written by Kugle.
 With Shaikh Ghaus :- a boy named Tansen was connected who gave the melody.
 Tansen (c. 1493/1500 – 26 April 1589), also referred to as Miyan Tansen and commonly known
as Sangeet Samrat (lit. 'Monarch of Music') , was a Hindustani classical musician. Born in a Hindu Gaur
Brahmin family, he learnt and perfected his art in the northwest region of modern Madhya Pradesh.
He began his career and spent most of his adult life in the court and patronage of the Hindu king
of Rewa, Raja Ramchandra Singh (r.1555–1592)
 QALANDARS:- (WONDERERS = IN STAGE-2) {Don’t have stage 3 but have stage 1,2 and 4)
 They will never have MURID (Disciple)
 Their belief is in Love. (don’t believe in friendship). They gave their relationship a name.
 In India, total number of Qalandars got popularised are 2 PIR:- (not in exact number)
1) Shah Baz Qalandar
2) Bu-Ali Shah
3) Rabia Basiri:- means in sufism a women is
…………………………10th ended…………………

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NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022

 (RS) HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL INDIA BY ROHAN SRIVASTAVA SIR

 ANCIENT INDIA  EARLY MEDIEVAL

 THE POLITICAL ECONOMY IN EARLY MEDIEVAL PERIOD

2. BHUKTI= PROVINCE LEVEL

4. VETTHI, PATAKA= BLOCK LEVEL

 KING AND BRAHMIN RELIGION CONNECTION& RELATION:-

 HOW HUNS CAME TO INDIA + RAJPUTS + MYTH + THE REALITY

 HUNS CAME TO INDIA IN TWO GROUPS

A. LEADERS, HOW THEY BECAME INDIANS

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B. NON-LEADERS (PEOPLE LEFT AFTER LEADERS), (MYTH + REALITY OF OUTSIDERS)

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2) MERCHANT CORPORATIONS OF SOUTH INDIA IN EARLY MEDIEVAL TIME

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 THE TIME PERIOD OF “DECCAN” (600AD-1000AD)

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2) Krishna I (756-774AD) :-Kalishnath temple , Ellora

 THAT - TIME IN - SOUTH

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 THAT TIME IN THE NORTH

 THAT TIME IN THE EAST

 PALA DYNASTY (BENGAL 750-1161AD)

 THAT TIME IN THE WEST DECLINE OF GUPTAS

 AFTER DISCUSSING LONG NOW SEE THE REALITY ABOUT HUNS

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NOW LET DISCUSS RAJPUTAS CLANS

 SOUTH: FEUDALISM OF SOUTH CALLED VENDAR VELIR SYSTEM

A. VENDAR B. VELIR C. KUDUMBU

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 How to Choose (1) one ember for 30 member Sabha

THE RISE OF ISLAM AND THE ADVENT OF TURKS IN INDIA

 MUHAMMAD IBN ABDULLAH (570 BIRTH MECCA-632 AD DEATH MEDINA)& ISLAM

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 DIFFERENCE OF OPINION AFTER DEATH OF MUHAMMAD (SHIA, SUNNI)

ISLAMIC LAWS = FIQH TO THE SHARIAT

1. Dar-ul-Harb {House of war}

 TURKISH INVASION IN INDIA

NOW SOME BRIEF ABOUT SLAVE DYNASTY RULERS

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NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022 22

1) Alauddin Khalji introduced 2) Muhammad bin Tughlaq 3) Feroz shah Tughlaq

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NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022 25

 THE KHILJI DYNASTY (1290-1320)

NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022 26

THE PERIOD OF :-TUGHLAQ {1320-1414}:-

 MOROCCO- IBN BATTUTA

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FEROZ SHAH TUGHLAQ (1352-88)

SAIYYIDS (1414-1452) (SHIA KINGDOM DELHI 30 YEARS)

NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022 29

NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022 30

NOW ANALYZE THE MEDIEVAL HISTORY BY MAPS

 EXPLANATION OF THE ABOVE MAP IS NOW WRITTEN BELOW:-

NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022 31

KAKATIYAS {1163-1323} {SHUDRA KINGDOM}

NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022 32

 AT TIME OF ALAUDDIN KHILJI MAP IS NOW WRITTEN BELOW:-