POPULATION OF ENROLLED STUDENTS

Year Gryffendor Slytherin Hufflepuff Ravencalw

1985 380 388 561 323
1986 400 408 534 307
1987 404 396 550 255
1988 408 408 572 177
1989 408 412 561 267
1990 392 396 544 194
1991 416 392 533 295
1992 412 404 533 312
1993 408 392 533 196
1994 416 412 550 295
1995 396 392 561 300
1996 400 404 544 206
1997 388 388 522 280
1998 404 392 555 318
1999 420 392 577 277
2000 380 408 528 319
2001 380 388 561 253
2002 412 404 539 209
2003 404 396 544 237
2004 388 396 577 273
2005 380 392 533 235
2006 420 388 522 217
2007 400 408 539 194
2008 392 392 567 208
2009 392 388 561 301
2010 420 396 545 207
2011 384 400 550 284
2012 404 408 575 285
2013 404 392 577 278
2014 388 404 528 215
2015 380 396 565 306
2016 396 404 577 312
2017 412 404 535 219
2018 400 392 525 249
Student Prelim Finals
Research Problem: Is there a significant difference between the scores o
1 100 150
2 122 145
3 89 112 Step 1: Define your hypotheses.
4 99 129 H0: There is no significant difference between the scores of t
5 115 101 H1: There is a significant difference between the scores of th
6 109 145
7 96 121 Step 2: Know your variables, data design and type.
8 94 90 Independent variable: Type of Exam
9 112 99 Dependent Variable: Scores
10 134 142 Data Design: Related
11 127 150 Data Type: Scale
12 111 131
Step 3: Test Normality of Data
Data is normal (use JAMOVI)
Step 4: Decide what statistical test to use based on Step 2 and 3.
Paired-Sample t-test
Step 5: Analyze data and make inferences about your analysis.

t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means

Prelim
Mean 109
Variance 194.727273
Observations 12
Pearson Correlation 0.45587385
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 11
t Stat -3.06458076
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.00538178
t Critical one-tail 1.79588482
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.01076356
t Critical two-tail 2.20098516
ce between the scores of the students during the prelim and finals exam?

between the scores of the students during the prelim and finals exam.
etween the scores of the students during the prelim and finals exam

on Step 2 and 3.

your analysis.

Finals 0.010764
126.25
457.6591
12

-2.2 > t Stat < 2.2

Thus, Reject H0.
Organic Commercial
Fertilizer Fertilizer Comparison between the effects of an organic fertilizer and a commercial
52 51 the growth performance of the tomato plant in inches.
47 37
50 33 Research Problem: Is there a significant difference in the growth perform
44 48 Level of Significance: 5%
40 35
47 42
29 31 Step 1: Define your hypotheses.
22 25 H0: There is no significant difference in the growth performanc
19 10 H1: There is a significant difference in the growth performance
6 11
10 15 Step 2: Know your variables, data design and type.
Independent variable: Type of Fertilizer
Dependent Variable: Growth Performance
Data Design: Unrelated
Data Type: Scale

Step 3: Test Normality of Data

Normal

Step 4: Decide what statistical test to use based on Step 2 and 3.

Independent-Sample t-test

Step 5: Analyze data and make inferences about your analysis.

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

Mean
Variance
Observations
Hypothesized Mean Difference
df
t Stat
P(T<=t) one-tail
t Critical one-tail
P(T<=t) two-tail
t Critical two-tail
of an organic fertilizer and a commercial one by determining whether there exist a difference in
omato plant in inches.

ficant difference in the growth performance of the tomato plant between each fertilizer?

ant difference in the growth performance of the tomato plant between each fertilizer.
t difference in the growth performance of the tomato plant between each fertilizer.

design and type.

Type of Fertilizer
rowth Performance

t to use based on Step 2 and 3.

erences about your analysis.

uming Unequal Variances

Organic Fertilizer Commercial Fertilizer

33.272727272727 30.7272727272727 0.704066
280.21818181818 199.818181818182
11 11
0
19
0.385322722513
0.352139103486 The value of the t-statistic fell under the Acceptance region,
1.7291328115214 thus, we fail to reject the H0.
0.7042782069721
2.0930240544083
The p-value 0.7 is greater than 5% level of significance, thus, we
fail to reject the null hypothesis.
 Acceptance region,
e H0.

significance, thus, we
thesis.
ENTRANCE EXAM SCORES OF NEWLY ENROLLED STUDENTS Level of Significance: 5%
Gryffendor Slytherin Hufflepuff Ravenclaw
1 380 388 561 323 Research Problem:
2 400 408 534 307 Is there a significant difference in the entrance e
3 404 396 550 255
4 408 408 572 177 Step 1: Define your hypotheses.
5 408 412 561 267
6 392 396 544 194
7 416 392 533 295
8 412 404 533 312 Step 2: Know your variables, data design and ty
9 408 392 533 196
10 416 412 550 295
11 396 392 561 300
12 400 404 544 206
13 388 388 522 280
14 404 392 555 318 Step 3: Test Normality of Data
15 420 392 577 277
16 380 408 528 319
17 380 388 561 253 Step 4: Decide what statistical test to use based
18 412 404 539 209
19 404 396 544 237
20 388 396 577 273 Step 5: Analyze data and make inferences abou
21 380 392 533 235
22 420 388 522 217
23 400 408 539 194
24 392 392 567 208
25 392 388 561 301
26 420 396 545 207
27 384 400 550 284
28 404 408 575 285
29 404 392 577 278
30 388 404 528 215
31 380 396 565 306
32 396 404 577 312
33 412 404 535 219
34 400 392 525 249

Interpretation: The p-value 8.77 X 10^-

significance. This implies that there exis
enrolled learners betweeen each house
l of Significance: 5%

arch Problem:
ere a significant difference in the entrance exam scores of newly enrolled students between each houses?

1: Define your hypotheses.

H0: There is no significant diffrence in the entrance exam scores of newly enrolled students between each houses.
H1: There's a significant diffrence in the entrance exam scores of newly enrolled students between each houses.

2: Know your variables, data design and type.

Independent variable: Houses (4 groups)
Dependent Variable: Scores
Data Design: Unrelated
Data Type: Scale

3: Test Normality of Data

Data is normal (use JAMOVI)

4: Decide what statistical test to use based on Step 2 and 3.

One-way ANOVA

5: Analyze data and make inferences about your analysis.

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Gryffendor 34 13588 399.6471 161.326203
Slytherin 34 13532 398 59.3939394
Hufflepuff 34 18678 549.3529 312.962567
Ravencalw 34 8803 258.9118 2009.11319

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 1435057.66912 3 478352.6 752.482818 8.765E-83 2.673218
Within Groups 83912.2647059 132 635.699

Total 1518969.93382 135

Interpretation: The p-value 8.77 X 10^-83, which is approximately equal to 0.00, is less than the 5% level of
significance. This implies that there exist a signficant difference in the entrance exam scores of the newly
enrolled learners betweeen each houses.

POST-HOC TEST
Houses P-Value Significant? SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL CORRECTION FOR B
Gryffendor vs Slytherin 0.52023672638 No TEST ALPHA
Gryffendor vs Hufflepuff 4.69702022E-48 Yes ANOVA 0.05
Gryffendor vs Ravenclaw 1.21502606E-26 Yes POST-HOC 0.008333
Slytherin vs Hufflepuff 1.04770437E-51 Yes
Slytherin vs Ravenclaw 6.20652344E-27 Yes
Hufflepuff vs Ravencalw 1.87783766E-44 Yes
es?

between each houses.

etween each houses.

level of
ewly

NCE LEVEL CORRECTION FOR BONFERRONI

Test Type STEM ABM HUMSS Level of Significance: 5%
Pre-test 57 45 30 Research Problem:
Pre-test 64 43 27 Is there a significant difference in the test scores of the learners in terms
Pre-test 55 42 38
Pre-test 69 39 37 Step 1: Define your hypotheses.
Pre-test 41 42 39 H0: There is no significant diffrence in the test scores of the
Post-test 72 41 45 H1: There's a significant diffrence in the test scores of the le
Post-test 66 49 39
Post-test 55 54 41 Step 2: Know your variables, data design and type.
Post-test 67 55 45 Independent variable: Type of Test and Strand
Post-test 71 54 41 Dependent Variable: Scores
Data Design: Related
Data Type: Scale

Step 3: Test Normality of Data

Data is normal (use JAMOVI)

Step 4: Decide what statistical test to use based on Step 2 and 3.

Two-way ANOVA

Step 5: Analyze data and make inferences about your analysis.

Anova: Two-Factor With Replication

SUMMARY
Pre-test
Count
Sum
Average
Variance

Post-test
Count
Sum
Average
Variance

Total
Count
Sum
Average
Variance

ANOVA
Source of Variation
Sample
Columns
Interaction
Within

Total

Interpretation: Both p-values for each sample (i.e., types o

implies that there exist a signficant difference in the test s
est scores of the learners in terms of strand and type of test taken?

diffrence in the test scores of the learners in terms of strand and type of test taken.
ffrence in the test scores of the learners in terms of strand and type of test taken.

gn and type.
e of Test and Strand

use based on Step 2 and 3.

ces about your analysis.

STEM ABM HUMSS Total

5 5 5 15
286 211 171 668
57.2 42.2 34.2 44.53333333
113.2 4.7 28.7 139.2666667

5 5 5 15
331 253 211 795
66.2 50.6 42.2 53
45.7 34.3 7.2 130.8571429

10 10 10
617 464 382
61.7 46.4 38.2
93.12222222 36.93333333 33.73333333

SS df MS F P-value F crit
 537.6333333 1 537.6333333 13.79726262 0.001080501 4.259677273
2845.266667 2 1422.633333 36.50898204 5.25181E-08 3.402826105
1.266666667 2 0.633333333 0.016253208 0.983888983 3.402826105
935.2 24 38.96666667

4319.366667 29

alues for each sample (i.e., types of test staken) and columns (i.e., Strand) are less than the 5% level of significance. Hence, we reject H0. Th
signficant difference in the test scores of the learners in terms of strand and type of test.
of significance. Hence, we reject H0. This futher
 Student Prelim Finals Finals
Research Problem: Is there a significant difference in the scor
1 100 105 150
2 122 131 145
3 89 101 112 Step 1: Define your hypotheses.
4 99 90 129
5 115 101 101
6 109 119 145
7 96 100 121 Step 2: Know your variables, data design and type.
8 94 107 90
9 112 134 99
10 134 123 142
11 127 145 150
12 111 122 131
mean 109 114.8333 126.25 Step 3: Test Normality of Data
var 178.5 254.3056 419.5208
Step 4: Decide what statistical test to use based on Step 2 and

Step 5: Analyze data and make inferences about your analysis

Research Problem: Is there a significant difference in the scores of the students among the different sets of exam?

Step 1: Define your hypotheses.

H0: There is no significant difference between in the scores of the students among the different sets of exam.
H1: There is a significant difference between in the scores of the students among the different sets of exam.

Step 2: Know your variables, data design and type.

Independent variable: Type of Exam (3 groups)
Dependent Variable: Scores
Data Design: Related
Data Type: Scale

Step 3: Test Normality of Data

Data is normal (use JAMOVI)
Step 4: Decide what statistical test to use based on Step 2 and 3.
Repeated Measures ANOVA
Step 5: Analyze data and make inferences about your analysis.

Anova: Two-Factor Without Replication

SUMMARY Count Sum Average Variance

1 3 355 118.3333333 758.3333333
2 3 398 132.6666667 134.3333333
3 3 302 100.6666667 132.3333333
4 3 318 106 417
5 3 317 105.6666667 65.33333333
6 3 373 124.3333333 345.3333333
7 3 317 105.6666667 180.3333333
8 3 291 97 79
9 3 345 115 313
10 3 399 133 91
11 3 422 140.6666667 146.3333333
12 3 364 121.3333333 100.3333333

Prelim 12 1308 109 194.7272727

Finals 12 1378 114.8333333 277.4242424
Finals 12 1515 126.25 457.6590909

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value
Rows 6550.305556 11 595.4823232 3.56226113 0.005411043
Columns 1847.722222 2 923.8611111 5.526670393 0.011357442
Error 3677.611111 22 167.1641414

Total 12075.63889 35
of exam?

t sets of exam.
sets of exam.

F crit
2.258518357
3.443356779
 Hours Exam Research Problem: Is there a significant relationship between the number
Studied Grade of hours spent on studying and the exam grade of the participants?
8 82 level of Significance: 5%
11 94
3 70 Step 1: Define your hypotheses.
6 75 H0: There is no ssignificant relationship between the number of hours sp
14 98 H1: There's a significant relationship between the number of hours spen
9 80
2 68 Step 2: Know your variables, data design and type.
0 53 Independent variable: ---
7 76 Dependent Variable: ---
13 87 Data Design: Related
10 89 Data Type: Scale
4 83
9 72 Step 3: Test Normality of Data
----

Step 4: Decide what statistical test to use based on Step 2 and 3.

Pearson's Test for Correlation

Step 5: Analyze data and make inferences about your analysis.

Coefficient (r): 0.860462
n: 11
t statistic: 5.066373
df: 9
p-value: 0.000675

P-value is approximately equal to 0.01 which is less than 0.05, thus rejec
H0: The correlation value is 0.86046 which suggests a strong positive
correlation between variables. This indicates that there exist a positive
significant relationship between age and BMI.
 between the number
e participants?

etween the number of hours spent on studying and the exam grade of the participants.
ween the number of hours spent on studying and the exam grade of the participants.

Step 2 and 3.

hich is less than 0.05, thus reject

h suggests a strong positive
tes that there exist a positive
BMI.
 AGE BMI Rank Research Problem: Is there a significant relatio
(Years) (kg/m2) Age BMI level of Significance: 5%
35 26 3 3.5
29 22 1 1.5 Step 1: Define your hypotheses.
41 32 5 10 H0: There is no significant relation
66 28 10 6 H1: There's a significant relationsh
53 31 8 9
48 26 7 3.5 Step 2: Know your variables, data design and ty
60 30 9 7.5 Independent variable: ---
46 30 6 7.5 Dependent Variable: ---
30 22 2 1.5 Data Design: Related
36 27 4 5 Data Type: Scale

Step 3: Test Normality of Data

----

Step 4: Decide what statistical test to use base

Pearson's Test for Correlation

Step 5: Analyze data and make inferences abou

Coefficient:
N:
t statistic:
Df:
p-value:

Conclusion: There is a significant positive corr

em: Is there a significant relationship between the age and BMI of the participants?

our hypotheses.
: There is no significant relationship between the age and BMI of the participants.
: There's a significant relationship between the age and BMI of the participants.

ur variables, data design and type.

ependent variable: ---
pendent Variable: ---
ta Design: Related
ta Type: Scale

mality of Data

what statistical test to use based on Step 2 and 3.

arson's Test for Correlation

data and make inferences about your analysis.

0.629996
10
2.29449
8
0.050907

ere is a significant positive correlation between the ranks of age and BMI
 Observed Value (O)
Smokers Non-Smokers Sum Research Problem: Is there an association
Male 29 71 100
Female 16 84 100 H0: There is no association between sex a
Sum 45 155 200 H1: There exist an association between se

Expected Value (E) P-value: 0.027712

Smokers Non-Smokers
Male 22.5 77.5 Step 2: Know your variables, data design a
Female 22.5 77.5 Data Design: Related
Data Type: Nominal

Step 3: Test Normality of Data

----

Step 4: Decide what statistical test to use

Pearson's Test for Correlation

Step 5: Analyze data and make inferences

Formula:
(Observed Value-Expected Value)^2 x2 4.845878
Expected Value df 1 df=(# of rows-1)*(# of column-
Smokers Non-Smokers p-value 0.027712
Male 1.877778 0.5451612903
Female 1.877778 0.5451612903
Problem: Is there an association between sex and smoking status of the participants?

is no association between sex and smoking status.

exist an association between sex and smoking status.

now your variables, data design and type.

Data Design: Related
Data Type: Nominal

st Normality of Data

ecide what statistical test to use based on Step 2 and 3.

Pearson's Test for Correlation

nalyze data and make inferences about your analysis.

df=(# of rows-1)*(# of column-1)

Student Pre-test Post-test
1 78 90 Research Problem: Is there a significant difference between the s
2 88 81 students during the pre-test and post-test?
3 91 89
4 88 78 Step 1: Define your hypotheses.
5 86 79 H0: There is no significant difference between the scor
6 77 79 H1: There is a significant difference between the scores
7 88 76
8 92 88 Step 2: Know your variables, data design and type.
9 91 93 Independent variable: Type of Test
10 88 87 Dependent Variable: Scores
11 76 79 Data Design: Related
12 93 95 Data Type: Scale
13 89 90
14 83 81 Step 3: Test Normality of Data
15 75 78 Not Normal
16 72 85
Step 4: Decide what statistical test to use based on Step 2 and 3.
Wilcoxon Signed rank Test

Step 5: Analyze data and make inferences about your analysis.

USE JAMOVI SOFTWARE
fference between the scores of the
?

rence between the scores of the students during the pre-test and post-test.
nce between the scores of the students during the pre-test and post-test.

based on Step 2 and 3.

about your analysis.

Control Experimental
Group Group Research Problem: Is there a significant difference between the scores in eac
13 26 Level of Significance: 5%
17 19
14 15
16 24 Step 1: Define your hypotheses.
37 22 H0: There is no significant difference between the scores of the pa
14 22 H1: There is a significant difference between the scores of the par
13 33
19 22 Step 2: Know your variables, data design and type.
22 27 Independent variable: Group
18 21 Dependent Variable: Scores
22 35 Data Design: Unrelated
22 16 Data Type: Scale

Step 3: Test Normality of Data

Not Normal

Step 4: Decide what statistical test to use based on Step 2 and 3.

Mann-Whitney U-Test

Step 5: Analyze data and make inferences about your analysis.

USE JAMOVI SOFTWARE
etween the scores in each group?

een the scores of the participants in each group.

en the scores of the participants in each group.

tep 2 and 3.
A teacher wishes to test three different teaching methods: method A, method B, and method
chooses at random three groups of five students each and teaches each group by a differ
examination is then given to all the students, and the grades are obtained. Determine at the
whether there is a difference between the teaching methods.

Method A Method B Method C Research Problem: Is there a significant difference in the gr

78 76 74
62 85 79 Step 1: Define your hypotheses.
71 77 60 H0: There’s no significant difference in the grade
58 90 75 H1: There’s a significant difference in the grades
73 87 80
Step 2: Know your variables, data design and type.
Independent variable: Groups/Methods Applied
Dependent Variable: Grades
Data Design: Unrelated
Data Type: Scale

Step 3: Test Normality of Data

Not Normal

Step 4: Decide what statistical test to use based on Step 2 a

Kruskal-Wallis H test

Step 5: Analyze data and make inferences about your analy

USE JAMOVI SOFTWARE
A, method B, and method C. To do this, the teacher
hes each group by a different method. The same
obtained. Determine at the 0.05 significance level
the teaching methods.

a significant difference in the grades of the students in each group?

nificant difference in the grades of the students in each group.

ficant difference in the grades of the students in each group.

, data design and type.

e: Groups/Methods Applied

cal test to use based on Step 2 and 3.

ake inferences about your analysis.

 Swimming Speed per Water Temperature
Animal 20 C 24 C 27 C 32 C A group of 6 different mouse with their swimming
1 39 38 34 33 days as a result of a change in the water temperat
2 29 25 20 20
3 36 37 29 24 Research Problem: Is there a significant difference
4 25 29 18 19 the rats when the water temperature is changed?
5 31 27 24 22 Level of Significance: 5%
6 34 33 30 31
Step 1: Define your hypotheses.
H0: There is no significant difference am
H1: There is a significant difference amo

Step 2: Know your variables, data design and type.

Independent variable: Water Temperat
Dependent Variable: Swimming Speed
Data Design: Related
Data Type: Scale

Step 3: Test Normality of Data

Not Normal

Step 4: Decide what statistical test to use based on

Friedman's ANOVA

Step 5: Analyze data and make inferences about yo

USE JAMOVI SOFTWARE
 t mouse with their swimming speeds on different
change in the water temperature.

s there a significant difference among the speed of

ater temperature is changed?

hypotheses.
is no significant difference among the speed of the rats when the water temperature is changed.
is a significant difference among the speed of the rats when the water temperature is changed.

ariables, data design and type.

ent variable: Water Temperature
nt Variable: Swimming Speed
gn: Related

statistical test to use based on Step 2 and 3.

and make inferences about your analysis.

OVI SOFTWARE