Binomial Theorem

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BINOMIAL THEOREM
CONTENTS SYLLABUS
 A Binomial Expression 1
 Binomial Theorem 1 KARNATKA: History, statement and proof of the
binomial theorem for positive integral indices. Pascal’s
 Greatest Binomial Coefficient 3 triangle, general and middle term in binomial
expansion, simple applications.
 Exercise 1 6
 Properties of Binomial
Coefficient 6 IITJEE: Binomial theorem for a positive integral
 Exercise 2 9 index, properties of binomial coefficients.
 Miscellaneous Exercise 10
 Answers to Exercises 10
 Assignment 0 level with answers
11
 Solved Problems 13
 Assignment Problems 21
 Answers to Assignment 27
problems
A Binomial Expression
Any algebraic expression consisting of only two terms is known as a binomial expression. It's
expansion in powers of x is known as the binomial expansion.
1
For example: (i) a + x (ii) a2 + (iii) 4x – 6y
x2
Binomial Theorem:
Such formula by which any power of a binomial expression can be expanded in the form of a
series is known as binomial theorem. When n is a positive integer,
n n n n n–1 n n-2 2 n n–r r n n
(a + x) = C0a + C1a x + C2 a x + … + Cr a x + … + Cnx ,
n ,n ,n n
where C0 C1 C2 …. Cn are called Binomial co-efficients.
Proof: Let P(n) be the statement

P(n): (a + x)n = nC0an + nC1an – 1x + nC2an – 2 x2 + …. + nCn – 1axn – 1 + nCnxn.
For n = 1, we get (a + x)1 = 1C0a1 + 1C1a0x = a + x.
Hence P(1) is true. Let P (r) be true for some positive integers r.
That is (a + x)r = rC0ar + rC1ar – 1x + … + rCrxr.
For n = r + 1, P(r + 1): (a + x)r + 1 = (a + x)r (a + x)
= (rC0ar + rC1ar – 1x + rC2ar – 2x2 + …. + rCrxr) (a + x)
= rC0ar + 1 + (rC0 + rC1)arx + (rC1 + rC2)ar – 1x2 + …. + (rCr – 1 + rCr)axr + rCrxr + 1.
But rC0 = 1= r + 1C0, rCr = 1 = r + 1Cr + 1,
r
C0 + rC1 = r + 1C1, rCk + rCk – 1 = r + 1Ck.
Hence P(r + 1): (a + x)r + 1 = r+1C0ar+1+ r+1C1arx + r+1C2ar–1x2 + ...+ r+ 1Cr axr + r+1Cr + 1 xr + 1
Here P (r + 1) is true and by mathematical induction P (n) is true.
Writing n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, we get the following known formulae:

(a + x)0 = 1
(a + x)1 = a + x
(a + x)2 = a2 + 2ax + x2
(a + x)3 = a3 + 3a2x + 3ax2 + x3
(a + x)4 = a4 + 4a3x + 6a2x2 + 4ax3 + x4
(a + x)5 = a5 + 5a4x + 10a3x2 + 10a2x3 + 5ax4 + x5.
We list the coefficients in these expansions as
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 5 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
These coefficients (binomial coefficients) in combinatorial form may be rewritten as
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MA-BT-2
0
C0
1 1
C0 C1
2 2 2
C0 C1 C2
3 3 3 3
C0 C1 C2 C3
4 4 4 4 4
C0 C1 C2 C3 C4
5 5 5 5 5 5
C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
so that (a + x)4 = 4C0a4 + 4C1a3x + 4C2a2x2 + 4C3ax3 + 4C4x4 etc.
7
 1
Illustration 1. Expand  x   .
 x
7
 1
Solution: x  
 x
1 1
4 1 3 1 2 1 1 7
= 7C0x7+7C1x6 x + C2x x2 + C3x 3 + C4x 4 + C5x 5 + C6 x 6 + C7 1
7 5 7 7 7 7
x x x x x7
35 21 7 1
= x7 + 7x5 + 21x3 + 35 x + + 3+ 5+ 7.
x x x x
Properties of the Binomial Expansion

There are (n + 1) terms in the expansion of (a + b)n, the first and the last term being an and bn
respectively. If nCx = nCy, then either x = y or x + y = n
n !
 nCr = nCn - r = . e.g. 12C9 = 12C3.
r ! n  r  !
The general term (which is (r + 1)th term) is = nCr an - r br. It is usually denoted by Tr+1.
In the summation notation, the binomial theorem is written as
n
 a  b n   n
Cr anr br .
r 0
n is called the index of the binomial. The values of the binomial coefficients are symmetrically
placed about the middle value if the index n is even, and about two middle values (which are
equal) if the index is odd. For example, if n = 4, the number of terms is 5 and binomial coefficients
are 1, 4, 6, 4, 1. If n = 5, the number of terms is 6 and the binomial coefficients are 1,5,10,10,5, 1.
In any term, the sum of the indices of a and b is equal to n.
15
24  3a 
Illustration 2. Find the co-efficient of x in  x 2   .
 x 
Solution: The general term ((r + 1)th term) is

15 r
 2 3a  15 2 15–r  3a 
x   = Cr(x )  
 x   x 
r r
3 a
= 15Cr x30–2r xr = 15Cr 3rar x30–3r
If this term contains x24, then 30–3r = 24
MA-BT-3
 3r = 6  r = 2.
24 15 2
Therefore, the co-efficient of x = C2 9a .
th th
Illustration 3. If the binomial co-efficients of the (2r + 4) term and the (r – 2) term in the
18
expansion of (1 + x) are equal, find the value r.
th 18 18
Solution: The co-efficient of (2r + 4) term in (1 + x) = C2r+3 and the co-efficient of (r –
th 18 18 18
2) term = Cr–3, so that C2r+3 = Cr–3
 2r + 3 + r – 3 = 18  3r = 18  r = 6.
n
 1
Illustration 4. If the 4th term in the expansion of  px   is independent of x, find the value of
 x
th
n. Also calculate p if the 4 term is 5/2.
n3
 1
Solution: Here T4 = T3+1 = nC3(px)3   = nC3 p3 x6–n.
x
 
T4 is independent of x  6 – n = 0 or n = 6.
Now (given), T4 = 5/2  6C3 . p3 = 5/2
5 1 1 1
 p3 = . 6  p= .
2 C3 8 2
Middle term
(i) When n is even
th
n 
Middle term of the expansion is the   1 term
2 
i.e. Cn/2 a b in the expansion of (a + b)n.
n n/2 n/2
(ii) When n is odd

th th
 n  1 n  3
Middle terms of the expansion are the   term and the   term.
 2   2 
n+1 n-1 n-1 n+1
n
These are given by, n Cn 1 a 2 b 2 and n C n1 a 2 b 2 in the expansion of (a + b) .
2 2
e.g. middle term in the expansion of (1 + x) and (1 + x)5: 4
Expansion of (1 + x)4 have 5 terms, so that third term is the middle term, which is the
th
4 
  1 term.
2 
Expansion of (1 + x)5 have 6 terms, so that 3rd and 4th are the middle terms, which are the
th th
 5  1 53
  and the   terms.
 2   2 
Note:
n
 The binomial co-efficients in the expansion of (a+x) , equidistant from the beginning and
from the end are equal.
MA-BT-4
 The binomial coefficient of the rth term from the end = binomial coefficient of the
th
(n – r +2) term from the beginning.
 If there are two middle terms, then the binomial co-efficients of two middle terms will be
equal and those two co-efficients will be greatest.
2 n
Illustration 5. Find the middle term in the expression of ( 1 – 2x + x ) .
Solution: We have (1 – 2x + x2)n = [ (1 – x)2]n = (1 – x)2n.
Here 2n is an even integer
 2n 
   1 th i.e. ( n+1) th term will be the middle term.
 2 
 2n  !
Now (n + 1)th term in (1 – x) =
2n 2n
Cn (1)
2n-n n 2n
(–x) = Cn(–x) =
n
  x n .
n!n!
Greatest Binomial Coefficient

To determine the greatest coefficient in the binomial expansion, (1 + x)n, when n is a positive
integer.
T  C n r 1 n 1
Coefficient of  r 1   r  = 1
T
 r  Cr 1 r r
Now the (r + 1)th binomial coefficient will be greater than the rth binomial coefficient when
Tr+1  Tr
n 1 n 1
  1  1  r. .....(1)
r 2
But r must be an integer, and therefore when n is even, the greatest binomial coefficient is given
n
by the greatest value of r, consistent with (1) i.e., r = and hence the greatest binomial
2
coefficient is nCn/2.
Similarly if n be odd, the greatest binomial coefficient is given when,
n1 n+1
r or and the coefficient itself will be n C n 1 or n C n 1 .
2 2
2 2
To determine the numerically greatest term in the expansion of (a + x)n, when n is a positive
integer. Consider
n
Tr 1 Cr anr xr n
Cr x n r 1 x n 1 x

n n r 1 r 1

n
   1 .
Tr Cr 1a x Cr 1 a r a r a
n  1  x n+1 a n 1
Thus |Tr + 1| > |Tr| if   1  1. i.e,  1   r . …. (2)
 r a r x a
1
x
 n+1 
Note:   1 must be positive since n > r .
 r 
Thus Tr+1 will be the greatest term, if r has the greatest value as per relation (2).
9
Illustration 6. Find the greatest term in the expansion of (2 + 3x) if x = 3/2.
Tr 1  n  r  1   3x   10-r   3x   3
Solution: Here     =    ,  where x= 
Tr  r   2   r   2   2
MA-BT-5
 10-r   3  10-r 9 90-9r

=    3 / 2 =   .
 r  2 r 4 4r
Therefore Tr+1  Tr if, 90 - 9r  4r

90
 90  13r  r  and
13
r being an integer, r = 6.
313 . 7
Hence Tr+1 = T7 = T6+1 = 9C6 (2)3 (3x)6  .
2
10
 3 
Illustration 7. Given that the 4th term in the expansion of  2  x  has the maximum
 8 
numerical value, find the range of values of x for which this will be true.
10 10
 3   3 
Solution: Given 4th term in  2  x   210 1  x , is numerically greatest
 8   16 
T T
 4  1 and 5  1
T3 T4
10 10
C3 3 C4 3
 . x  1 and . x 1
10 16 10
C2 C3 16
64
 |x|  2 and |x| 
21
 64   64 
 x   , 2  2, .
 21   21 
Particular Cases
We have, (a + x)n = an + nC1 an–1 x+ nC2 an–2 x2 + …. + nCr an–r xr + ….+ xn. …. (1)
(i) Putting x = –x in (1) , we get
(a –x)n = an – nC1 an–1x+ nC2 an–2x2 – nC3 an–3 x3 + ….+ (–1)r nCr an–rxr+….+ (–1)n xn.
(ii) Putting a = 1 in (1), we get,
(1+ x)n = nC0 +nC1x + nC2x2 + …. + nCr xr +…..+ nCnxn. …. (A)
(iii) Putting a = 1, x = –x in (1), we get
(1– x)n = nC0 – nC1 x + nC2 x2 – nC3x3+….(–1)r nCr xr +….(–1)n nCnxn. ….(B)
Tips to Remember
Tr 1 n r 1 x n
(a)   for the binomial expansion of (a + x) .
Tr r a
(n + 1)
(b) Cr = nCr + nCr-1
(c) When n is even,
(x + a)n + (x – a)n = 2(xn + nC2 xn-2 a2 + nC4 xn-4 a4 + .... +nCn an).
MA-BT-6
When n is odd,
(x + a)n + (x – a)n = 2(xn + nC2 xn-2 a2+ ... +nCn-1 x an-1).
When n is even,
(x + a)n – (x – a)n = 2(nC1 xn-1a + nC3 xn-3a3 + ... +nCn-1 x an-1).
When n is odd
(x + a)n – (x – a)n = 2(nC1xn-1a + nC3xn-3 a3 + ... +nCn an).
Exercise 1.
10
 th 1
i) Find the 7 term of  3 x 2   .
 3
ii) Find the term independent of x in the expansion of
10 25
 x 3   2 3 
(a)   
2 
(b)  2 x  
 3 2x   x3 
iii) Find the middle term in the expansion of
6 7
 2x 3   1
(a)    (b)  2 x 2  
 3 2x   x
iv) Find the term which does not contain irrational expression in the expansion of
24
 5
3 72  .
v) Find the numerically greatest term in the expansion of (3 – 2x)9 when x = 1.
Properties of Binomial Coefficients

For the sake of convenience, the coefficients nCo, nC1,....nCr,…..nCn are usually denoted by Co,
C1,... Cr ... Cn respectively.
Put x = 1 in (A) and get, 2n = Co + C1 +......+Cn
or Co + C1+ ..... + Cn = 2n. ....(D)
Also putting x = – 1 in (A) we get,
0 = Co – C1 + C2 – C3 +.......
 C0 + C2 + C4 + ........= C1 + C3 + C5 +….
But from (D) Co + C2 + C4 + ....... + C1 + C3 + C5 +.......=2n.
n-1
Hence Co + C2 + C4 + ......... = C1 + C3 + C5 +.......= 2 .
For x = 2, (A) gives nC0 + 2 nC1 + 22 nC2 + … + 2n nCn = 3n .
Some Important results

n 2 n
Differentiating (1 + x) = C0 + C1x + C2x + ......+ Cnx , on both sides we have,
n-1 2 n-1
n(1 + x) = C1 + 2C2x + 3C3x +.......+ nCnx . ....(E)
n-1
Put x = 1in (E) so that n2 = C1 + 2C2 + 3C3 +.......+ nCn.
n-1
Put x = –1 in (E) so that 0 = C1 – 2C2 + …. + (–1) nCn.
n
Integrating (1 + x) , we have,
1  x n1 C1x2 C2 x3 Cn xn+1

 C  C0 x    ......... + (where C is a constant).
n1 2 3 n 1
MA-BT-7
1
For x = 0, we get C = – .
n  1
(1  x)n 1  1 C x 2 C x3 C x n1
Therefore  C0 x  1  2  .......  n . ....(F)
n 1 2 3 n 1
2n1  1 C C
Put x = 1 in (F) and get,  C0  1  .......  n .
n 1 2 n 1
1 C C
Put x = -1 in (F) and get,  C0  1  2  ...........
n 1 2 3
3n1  1 22 23 2n1
Put x =2 in (F) and get,  2 C0  C1  C2  .......  Cn .
n 1 2 3 n 1
Problems related to Series of Binomial coefficients in which each term is a product of an
integer and a binomial coefficient, i.e. in the form k.nCr.
n
Illustration 8. If (1+x)n = C x r
r
then prove that C1 + 2C2 + 3C3+ . . . + nCn= n2n-1.
r 0
Solution: Method (i): rth term of the given series

rth term of the given series, tr = r nCr
n n-1 n
 tr = r   Cr-1 = n  n-1Cr-1 ( because nCr = . n-1Cr-1 ).
r r
n n
n 1
Sum of the series = 
r 1
tr = n 
r 1
Cr 1 .
Put x =1 in the expansion of (1 + x)n-1, so that

 n1
C0  n1
C1  ..... n 1

Cn1 = 2
n-1
n n
n1
 t r n  Cr 1  n .2n1 .
r 1 r 1
Method (ii) By calculus
We have (1+ x)n = C0 + C1x + C2 x2 + .... + Cnxn. ….(1)
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. x, we get
n-1 2 n-1
n(1 + x) = C1 +2C2x + 3C3 x + .... + n Cnx . ….(2)
Putting x = 1 in (2), we have
n 2n-1 = C1 + 2C2 + .... + nCn.
n
n
Illustration 9. If (1+ x) = C x r
r
then prove that C0 +2.C1 + 3.C2 + ….+(n+1)Cn = 2n–1(n+2).
r 0

n n
rth term of the given series, tr = r. Cr–1 = [(r –1) +1] . Cr–1
n n-1
= (r – 1) nCr–1 + nCr–1 = n. n–1Cr–2 + nCr–1 (because nCr-1 = . Cr-2).
r 1
n1 n1 n1
n1 n
Sum of the series = t
r 1
r =n 
r 1
Cr  2  
r 1
Cr 1
MA-BT-8
= n[n–1C0 + n–1C1 + ….+n–1Cn–1 ] + [nC0 + nC1 + …+nCn]

n–1 n n–1
= n.2 + 2 = 2 (n + 2).
Method (ii) by Calculus.
n 2 n
We have (1 + x) = C0 + C1x + C2x + ….+Cnx . ….(1)
Multiplying (1) with x, we get
n 2 3 n+1
x(1 + x) = C0x + C1x + C2x + ….+Cnx . ….(2)
Differentiating (2) w.r.t. x, we have
n n–1 2 n
(1 + x) + n(1+ x) x = C0 + 2C1x + 3C2x + ….+ (n + 1)Cnx ….(3)
Putting x = 1 in (3), we get
2n + n. 2n–1 = C0 + 2C1 + 3C2 + ….+ (n + 1)Cn
 C0 + 2C1 + 3C2 + ….+ (n + 1)Cn
= 2n–1(n + 2).
Problems related to series of Binomial Coefficient in which each term is Binomial
coefficient divided by an integer, i.e. in the form of nCr / k.
n
C1 C 2 n 1  1
Illustration 10. If ( 1+ x)n = C x r
r
, show that C0 +   n  .
r 0
2 n 1 n 1

n
Cr 1 n  1 n 1 1
tr =  . Cr 1 .  .n1 Cr .
r r n 1 n 1
n1 n1 n1
Cr
Sum of the series = t =  n 1
r 1
r
r 1
1
=
n 1
 n 1
C1  n1
C2    n1
Cn1 
1 n 1 2n1  1
=
n 1

C0 n 1 C1 n1 C2   n1 Cn1  n1 C0 =
n 1
. 
Method (ii): By calculus
(1+x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + . . + Cnxn .... (1)
Integrating both sides of (1) w.r.t. x between the limits 0 to x, we get
x x
 1  x n1   C x 2 C x3 C xn 1 
   C0 x  1  2  n 
 n 1  2 3 n  1 
  0  0
1  x n1 1 C x2 C x3 C xn 1
   C0 x  1  2  n . ....(2)
n1 n 1 2 3 n 1
2n1  1 C C C
Substituting x = 1 in (2), we get  C0  1  2    n .
n 1 2 3 n 1
Problem related to series of binomial coefficients in which each term is a product of two
binomial coefficients.
(a) If sum of lower suffices of binomial expansion in each term is the same
n n n n n n n n
i.e. C0 Cn + C1 Cn–1 + C2 Cn–2 + ….+ Cn C0
i.e. 0 + n = 1 + (n – 1) = 2 + (n – 2) =….= n + 0.
Then the series represents the coefficient of xn in the multiplication of the following two
series
(1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + . . + Cnxn
and (x + 1)n = C0xn + C1xn–1 + C2xn–2 + . . + Cn.
MA-BT-9
 2n  !
Illustration 11. Prove that Co2 + C12 + …. + Cn2 = .
n!n!
Solution: Since
(1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2 x2 + …. + Cnxn, …. (1)
(x + 1)n = C0xn + C1xn-1 + C2xn-2 + …. + Cn, ….. (2)
(C0 + C1x + C2x2 + …. + Cnxn) (C0 xn + C1xn-1 +C2 xn-2 + ….+ Cn)= (1 + x)2n.
Equating coefficient of xn, we get
2n!
C02  C12  C22  .....  Cn2 2n Cn  .
n! n!
(b) If one series has constant lower suffices and other has varying lower suffices
Illustration 12. Prove that nC0.2nCn –nC12n –2Cn + nC2 .2n –4Cn – ….= 2n.
n 2n n 2n –2 n 2n –4
Solution: C0. Cn – C1. Cn + C2. Cn –……..
n n 2n n 2n –2 n 2n –4
= co-efficient of x in [ C0(1 + x) – C1(1 + x) + C2(1 + x) –……]
n
= co-efficient of x in
[nC0((1 + x)2)n – nC1((1 + x)2)n –1 + nC2((1 + x)2)n –2 –……]
= co-efficient of xn in [(1 + x)2 – 1]n
= co-efficient of xn in (2x + x2)n = co-efficient of xn in xn (2 + x)n = 2n.
Exercise 2.
If (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2 x2 + …. + Cnxn , prove that
i) 3Co – 8C1 + 13C2 – 18C3 + ... upto (n + 1) terms = 0.
C C C Cn 3 n 1  1
ii) 2C0 + 2 2 1  2 3 2  2 4 3  .....  2 n 1  .
2 3 4 n 1 n1
 2n  !
iii) C0Cr+C1Cr+1+C2Cr+2+….+Cn-rCn=C0Cr+C1Cr+1+C2Cr+2+….+CrC0 = .
n  r  ! n  r  !
C1 C2 n Cn 1
iv) C0    .....   1   .
2 3 n 1 n 1
v) 3. nC1  7. nC2  11. nC3    ( 4n  1).n Cn  ( 2n  1)2 n  1 .
MA-BT-10
Miscellaneous Exercise:
i) In the binomial expansion (1 + x)43, the coefficients of (2r + 1)th and the (r + 2)th
terms are equal. Find r.
ii) If three consecutive coefficients in the expansion of (1 + x) n are in the ratio 6 : 33 :
110, find n.
Find the ratio of the coefficient of x in (1  x2)10 and the term independent of x
10
iii)
10
in (2 + 2/x) .
iv) Find the greatest term in magnitude, in the expansion of (3  x)7 when x = 1.
v) Find the coefficient of x10 in he expansion of (x2  2)11.
vi) Show that the coefficient of the middle term in the expansion of (1 + x)2n is equal to
2n 1
the sum of the coefficients of the two middle terms in the expansion of (1 + x)  .
nd rd th th
vii) If C1, C2, C3, C4, …. are the coefficient of the 2 , 3 , 4 and 5 terms in the
C1 C3 2C2
expansion of (1 + x)n, prove that   .
C1  C2 C3  C4 C2  C3
viii) Find the values of m such that the coefficient of x2 in the expansion of (1  x)m is 3.
ix) Find the value of (0.99)5 correct to three decimal places.
x) Prove that a C0 + (a + d)C1 + (a + 2d)C2 + … (a + nd)Cn = (2a + nd)2n1, where C0, C1,
C2,… Cn are the binomial coefficient in the expansion of (1 + x)n.
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
Exercise 1.
70 8
i) x
3
5 25! 15 10
ii) (a). (b). 2 3
12 10! 5!
iii) (a). –20 (b). 560.x5 , 280x2
24! 2 2 th th
iv) 3 2 v) 4 and 5 i.e. 489888
10!14!
Miscellaneous Exercise:
i) 1, 14 ii) 12
iv) 7(36) v) 29568
viii) 3,  2 x) 16
MA-BT-11
ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
Level  0
1 1 1 1
1. Prove that    ...  2n1 .
n! 2! n  2 ! 4! n  4 ! n!
2. Find the 10th term in the expansion of

12
 1
(i)  2x2   (ii) (x – y2)15.
 x
10
 1 
3. Write the middle term in the expansion of  x   .
 2y 
4. If the middle term in the expansion of (1 + x)2n is the greatest, prove that
n n 1
x .
n1 n
9
 x3 2 
5. Find the fourth term from the end in the expansion of    .
 2 x2
 
6. Find the term independent of x in the expansion of

9 15 10
 1  3   x 3 
(i)  x2   , (ii)  x3  3  , (iii)    .
 x  x   3 2x2
 
7. In the binomial expansion of (1 + y)n, where n is a natural number, the coefficients of the
5th, 6th and 7th terms are in A.P. Find n.
8. How many terms are there in the binomial expansions
10 5 6
3 1/ 3
(i)  2x  5y  (ii)  2x  3y  
 
(iii)  x  y  
 
6 6
9. Expand (a + b)6  (a  b)6. Hence find the value of  2 1   
2 1 .
9
 1 
10. Find the coefficient of x9 and the term independent of x in the expansion of  x2   .
 3x 
n
m  1
11. Find the term independent of x in (1 + x)  1   .
 x
12. Prove that 62n  35n  1 is divisible by 1225.
13. Prove that (106)85  (85)106 is divisible by 7.
14. If the coefficients of rth, (r + 1)th and (r + 2)th terms in the expansion of (1 + a)n are in
A.P., prove that n2  21n + 98 = 0. Find n.
n
15. If the three successive coefficients in the expansion of (1 + x) are 36, 84 and 126, find n.
MA-BT-12
ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
Level  0
1. n = 4, a = 2
1760
2. (i) (ii)  5005x6y18
x3
63x5 672
3. 5
5.
8y x3
6. (i) 84 (ii)  15 C6  39 (iii) 5/12
7. n=7
8. (i) 6, (ii) 16, (iii) 3
9. 140 2
28 29 m+n
10. , 11. Cn
9 243
14. n = 7, 14 15. n=9
MA-BT-13
SOLVED PROBLEMS
Subjective:
9
3 1 
Problem 1. Find the term independent of x in the expansion of (1+x+2x 3 )  x 2   .
2 3x 
9
3 3 1 
Solution: (1 + x + 2x )  x 2  
 2 3x 
 9 8 7 2
 3  3  1
 C2  3 x 2   1 
9
= (1  x  2x 3 )  x 2  9 C1  x 2    
 2   2  3x 2   3x 
6 3 5 4 4 5
 9C3  3 x 2    1  9 C4  3 x2   1  9C5  3 x 2   1 
 2   3x   2   3x   2   3x 
3 6 2 7 
3   1  9 3   1 
9 C6  x 2      C7  x 2     ..... .
 2   3x   2   3x  
3 2 7
Hence term independent of x = 9C6  3   1  2.9 C7  3    1 
 2  36  2 3
1 1 9! 1 9! 1
= 9 C6   2.9 C7 5
=   2 
8  27 4.3 6! 3! 8  27 7! 2! 4.243
789 1 8 9 1 17
=   2.   .
6 8.27 2 4.243 54
Problem 2. If a1, a2, a3, a4 are the coefficients of any four consecutive terms in the expansion
a1 a3 2a2
of (1+x)n , prove that + = .
a1  a2 a3  a4 a2  a3
Solution: Let a1,a2, a3,a4 be the coefficients of the consecutive terms tr+1, tr+2, tr+3 and tr+4 in
the expansion of (1+x)n so that, a1= nCr , a2 = nCr+1, a3 = nCr+2 , a4 = nCr+3
 a1 + a2 = nCr + nCr+1 = n+1Cr+1,
a2 + a3 = nCr+1 + nCr+2 = n+1Cr+2
n n n+1
and a3 + a4 = Cr+2 + Cr+3 = Cr+3.
n
a1 C n! (r  1)!(n  r)! r  1
Now, = n1 r = = .
a1  a2 Cr 1 r !(n  r)! (n  1)! n 1
a2 r2 a3 r3
Similarly, = , = .
a2  a3 n  1 a3  a4 n 1
a1 a3 r 1 r3 2 r  2  2a2
Hence + = + = = .
a1  a2 a3  a4 n 1 n 1 n 1 a2  a3
Problem 3. Let n be a positive integer. If the co-efficients of 2nd, 3rd and 4th terms in the
expansion of (1+x)n are in A.P., then find the value of n.
Solution: Here t2 = nC1 x, t3 = nC2 x2, t4 = nC3 x3.

Since the coefficients are in A.P,
2 nC2 = nC1 + nC3
MA-BT-14
n  n  1 n (n  1)(n  2) n(6  n2  3n  2)
2 = n  n(n–1) =
2 ! 3 ! 6
 6(n – 1) = n2 – 3n + 8  n2 – 9n + 14 = 0  n = 7 as n can not be 2.
1  5 1 5
  
Problem 4. Find the degree of the expression  x  ( x 3  1) 2    x  ( x 3  1)2  .
   
1 5 1 5
 
Solution: Since  x  (x3  1) 2    x  (x3  1)2 
   
  1 2  1 4 
3  3  
= 2 x  10x (x  1)   5x (x  1) 2  
 5 2 3
 
     
= 2  x5  10x 3 (x3  1)  5x(x3  1)2  , degree is 7.
Problem 5. Find the larger of 99 50 + 100 50 and 10150 .
Solution: We have (101)50 = (100 + 1)50

50.49
= 10050 + 50.10049 + 10048 + ….
1.2
and 9950 = (100–1)50
50.49
= 10050 – 50. 10049 + . 10048 – …..
1.2
Subtracting, we get
 50.49.48 
(101)50 – 9950 = 2 50.100 49  100 47  ....
 1.2.3 
 50.49.48  50
= 10050  2 100 47  ..... > 100 .
 1.2.3 
Hence, (101)50 > 9950 + 10050.
Problem 6. Using Binomial Theorem show that 32n+2– 8n– 9 is divisible by 64,  nN.
Solution: The given expression 32n+2 – 8n – 9 = 32(32)n – 8n – 9

= 9(1 + 8)n–8n – 9
= 9 1 n C1 8 n C2 .82  .....  8n   8n  9
n 2 n 3 n
= 64 n + 9( C28 + C3.8 + …. +8 )
n n n-2
= 64 [n+9( C2+ C3.8 + …. + 8 )]
= 64K, where K is an integer.
Hence 32n+2 – 8n – 9 is divisible by 64.
Problem 7. Find the remainder when 599 is divided by 13.
Solution: We can write 599 = 5.2549 = 5(26  1)49

49 48 47 46
= 5(C026  C126 + C226  C326 +   C48 26  C49)
49 48
= [5 (C026  C126 +   C48 26 )  13] + 8.
Hence on dividing by 13, remainder is 8.
MA-BT-15
Problem 8. If n be any positive integer, show that the integral part of (7 + 4 3 )n is an odd
number. Also if (7 + 4 3 )n = I + f where I is a positive integer and f is a proper
fraction, show that (1 – f) (I + f) = 1.
n
Solution: 
Let 7  4 3   I  f where I is a +ve integer and f is a proper fraction.
Clearly 0 < 7  4 3 < 1  0 < (7  4 3 )n < 1.
Let (7  4 3 )n = f1 where 0 < f1 < 1.
Now I + f = 7n + nC1 7n1(4 3 ) + nC2 7n2 (4 3 )2 ++ (4 3 )n, …. (1)
and f 1 = 7n  nC1 7n1(4 3 ) + nC2 7n2 (4 3 )2 +(4 3 )n. …. (2)
Adding (1) and (2), we get
2
I + f + f 1 = 2 7n n C2 7n 2 4 3   = an even integer
 
 
 f + f1 = even integer  integer = an integer.
Since 0 < f < 1, 0 < f 1 < 1,
0 < f + f1 < 2  f 1 + f = 1
 I = even integer – 1 = Odd integer.
n n
Now, I + f = (7 + 4 3 ) and f 1 = (7  4 3 )
n
 (I + f) (1  f) = (49  48) = 1.
n
2
Problem 9. If p + q = 1, then show that r Cr p r q n r  npq  n 2 p2 .
r 0
Solution: Here tr = r2 nCr prqn–r = r.n. n–1Cr–1 pr qn–r

= n[ (r –1) + 1] n–1Cr–1 pr qn–r
= n[ (r –1) n–1Cr–1 + n–1Cr–1] pr qn–r
= n [ (n –1) n–2Cr–2 + n–1Cr–1] pr qn–r
= n (n –1) n–2Cr–2 pr qn–r + n .n–1Cr–1 pr qn–r
= n (n –1) p2 n–2Cr–2 pr–2 qn–r + n p n–1Cr–1 pr–1 qn–r.
n
Now sum S = t r = n(n –1)p2 [n–2C0 qn–2 + n–2C1 pqn–3 + ….+ n–2Cn–2pn–2]
r 0
+ np[n–1C0 qn–1 + n–1C1 pqn–2 + ….+ n–1Cn–1 pn–1]
= n(n –1)p ( p + q) + np( p + q)n–1
2 n–2
= n(n –1)p2 + np( p +q =1)

2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= n p – np + np = n p + np(1 – p) = n p + npq.
Alternative Solution:
n
We know that (1 + x)n =  n
Cr xr .
r 0
Differentiate both sides w.r.t x and get
n n
n(1 + x)n – 1 = r n
Cr xr 1  nx(1 + x)n – 1 = r n
Cr xr .
r 0 r 0
Differentiate both sides again, w.r.t x. We get
n
n(1 + x)n – 1 + n(n – 1)x(1 + x)n – 2 = r 2 n
Cr xr 1
r 0
n
 nx(1 + x)n – 1 + n(n – 1)x2(1 + x)n – 2 = r 2 n
Cr xr .
r 0
MA-BT-16
p
Write x = in this equation, so that
q
n
np(p  q)n 1 n(n  1)p2 (p  q)n2 2 n pr
qn

qn
 r
r 0
Cr
qr
n
2 2 n
 np + n(n – 1)p = r Cr pr qnr (as p + q = 1)
r 0
n
2 n 2 2 2 2
 r Cr pr qnr = n(1 – p)p + n p = npq + n p .
r 0
2n 2n
r
Problem 10. If  ar  x  2   b r  x  3 r and ak = 1 for all k  n,
r 0 r 0
then show that bn = 2n+1Cn +1.
2n 2n
r r
Solution: Writing x - 3 = y, we get 
r 0
ar 1  y   b y
r 0
r . We have to find the coefficient
of yn in the left hand side as the coefficient of yn in the right hand side is bn. And
we will start getting coefficient of yn only when r  n in the left hand side.
Coefficient of yn in (1 + y)n + (1 + y)n + 1 + ... + (1 + y)2n = bn.
 n 1
n n  1  y   1
Coefficient of y in (1 + y)    bn
y
 
 Coefficient of yn + 1 in 1  y  2n1
 1  y 
n
 =b n  2n+1Cn+1 = bn.
MA-BT-17
Objective:
Problem 1. The total number of terms in the expansion of (x + a)100 + (x – a)100 after
simplification is
(A) 50 (B) 202
(C) 51 (D) none of these
Solution: Total number of terms in the expansion of (x + a)100 is 101, of which 50 terms get
cancelled.
Hence (C) is the correct answer.
2 5
Problem 2. The co-efficient of y in the expansion of (y +c/y) is
3 2
(A) 10 c (B) 20 c
(C) 10 c (D) 20 c
5 r
r c
Solution: General term in the expansion = Cr y 5
 
2
 
y
= 5 Cr y3r 5 c 5 r
For coefficient of y, put r = 2.

Hence (A) is the correct answer.
9
 1
Problem 3. The term independent of x in  x 2   is
 x
(A) 1 (B) –1
(C) 48 (D) 84
r 9 r
 1 
Solution: General term in the expansion is 9 Cr x2    
 x 
9 r
= 9 Cr x 3r 9  1
For constant term, put r= 3.
Hence (D) is the correct answer.
n n
Problem 4. If (1 + x)n =  n
Cr x r , then  r
Cm is equal to
r 0 r m
(A) n + 1Cm (B) n + 1Cm + 1
(C) n + 2Cm + 1 (D) none of these
r
Solution: Cm is coefficient of xm in (1 + x)r
n
m m m+1
  r
Cm is coefficient of x in (1 + x) + (1 + x) + …… + (1 + x)n
r m
i.e. coefficient of x in m 
(1  x)m (1  x)n 1m  1 
x
or coefficient of xm + 1 in (1 + x)n + 1 = n + 1Cm + 1.
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
n
7 8  x
Problem 5. If the co-efficients of x and x in  2   are equal, then n is
 3 
(A) 56 (B) 55
(C) 45 (D) 15
MA-BT-18
2n 7 2n 8
Solution: Here n C7  n
 n = 55.
C8
37 38
2n
 1 
Problem 6. If xm occurs in the expansion of  x  2  , then the co-efficient of xm is
 x 
 
2n !  2n  !
(A) (B)
 2n  m   4n  m  n !  2n  m  !
  !   !
 3   3 
 2n  ! 3 ! 3 !
(C) (D) none of these
 2n  m  !
2n 1
Solution: General term in the expansion is Cr x2n r 2r
= 2n
Cr x 2n3r
x
m 2n  m
For x , 2n  3r = m  r 
3
so that the coefficient of xm is 2n C 2n m .
3
Problem 7. The positive integer which is just greater than (1+0.0001)1000 is

(A) 3 (B) 4
(C) 5 (D) 2
Solution: The given expression on expansion gives

1000  999 8
1 + 1000  104 + 10  1000 C3 1012 + …….
2
1 1 1 1 10
< 1+    = 
10 100 1000 1 9
1
10
so that the integer just greater than the given expression must be 2.
th th
Problem 8. Given the integers r>1, n> 2, and co-efficients of (3r) and (r+2) term in the
2n
binomial expansion of (1+x) are equal, then
(A) n = 2r (B) n =3r
(C) n = 2r+1 (D) none of these
th th 2n 2n
Solution: Coefficients of (3r) and (r + 2) terms will be C3r1 and Cr+1.
These are equal
 (3r  1) + (r + 1) = 2n n = 2r.
Problem 9. The co-efficient of the middle term in the expansion of (1+x)2n is

n 1.3.5. ....(2n  1) n
(A) 2 Cn (B) 2
n !
(C) 2. 6. …. (4n – 2) (D) none of these
MA-BT-19
2n 2n!
Solution: Coefficient will be Cn 
(n!)2
1.3.5  (2n  1). 2.4.6.8  2n 1.3.5  (2N  1) n
= 2
= 2 .
(n!) N!
2 n 2 2n
Problem 10. If (1–x+x ) =a0+a1x+a2x + …. + a2nx then a0 + a2 + a4 + …. +a2n equals
3n  1 3n  1
(A) (B)
2 2
1  3n 1
(C) (D) 3 n 
2 2
Solution: Put x = 1  1 = a0 + a1 + a2 +  + a2n.

Put x = 1  3n = a0  a1 + a2  a3 +  + a2n.
Adding, 3n + 1 = 2 (a0 + a2 + a4 + + a2n).
Problem 11. The co-efficients of xp and xq (p and q are positive integers) in the expansion of
(1 + x)p+q are
(A) equal (B) equal with opposite signs
(C) reciprocals to each other (D) none of these
Solution: The coefficients of xp and xq are p q

Cp and p q
Cq both of which will be equal.
10
Problem 12. The sum of the rational terms in the expansion of  2  31 / 5  is
(A) 46 (B) 42
10 10 r
10
Solution: The given expansion  2  31/ 5  =  10
C2 2 2 3r / 5 .
r 0
The rational terms correspond to r = 0, r = 10. Hence the sum of rational terms =
10
C0 25 + 10C10 32 = 32 + 9 = 41.
Hence (C) is the correct answer.
Problem 13. The value of (n+2)C02n+1 – (n+1)C12n+ nC22n-1+ . . . is equal to

(A) 4n (B) 4
(C) 2n+4 (D) 4(1+n)
Solution: Since (x-1)n = C0xn – C1xn-1+ . . .
x2(x-1)n = C0xn+2 – C1xn+1+ . . .
Differentiating w.r.t. x we get
n 2 n -1 n+1 n
2x(x-1) - x n(x-1) = (n+2)C0x – (n+1) C1x + . . .
Put x=2 and the result is 4(n+1).
n
Problem 14. The number of terms in the expansion of (a + b + c) , where nN, is
( n  1)( n  2 )
(A) (B) n+1
2
(C) n+2 (D) (n+1)n
MA-BT-20
Solution: (a + (b+c))n = an +nC1 an1(b + c)1+nC2an2 (b + c)2 + + nCn (b + c)n.

Further expanding each term of R.H.S.,
first term on expansion gives one term,
second term on expansion gives two terms,
third term on expansion gives three terms and so on
(n  1) (n  2)
 Total no. of terms = 1 + 2 + 3 +  + (n + 1) = .
2
Problem 15. The value of the expression

n 1  x  n  n  1 1  2x  n( n  1)(n  2 ) (1  3x )
1 .    ........ is
1 1  nx 1.2 1  nx 2 1.2.3 1  nx 3
(A) 2 (B) 1
(C) 3 (D) 0
Solution: The expression can be divided into two parts as

 n 1 n(n  1) 1 n(n  1)(n  2) 
 1     
1 (1  nx) 2 (1  nx)2
1  2  3 (1  nx) 3 
 
 nx n(n  1)x n(n  1)(n  2) x 
+     
 1  nx (1  nx)2 1.2 (1  nx) 3 
 
n
 1  nx  (n  1) (n  1)(n  2) 
= 1     1    
 1  nx  1  nx  1(1  nx) 1.2(1  nx)2 

n n 1 n n1
 nx  nx  1   nx   nx   nx 
=    1   =      = 0.
 1  nx  1  nx  1  nx   1  nx   1  nx   1  nx 
MA-BT-21
ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
Subjective:
Level – I
8
1 
1(i). Find the term independent of x in the expansion of  x1/ 3  x 1/ 5  .
 2 
11 11
 1  1 
(ii). Find the coefficient of x7 in  ax 2  -7
 and of x in  ax- 2  and find the relation
 bx   bx 
between a and b so that their coefficients are equal.
(iii). Find the middle term in the expansion of

12 9
a   x3 
(a)   bx  , (b)  3x   .
x   6 
2. Determine the value of x in the expression (x + xlog10 x )5 if the third term in the expansion
is 10,00,000.
n
 1 
3. Find n in the binomial  3 2  3  , if the ratio of 7th term from the beginning to 7th term
 3
from the end is 1/6.
4. If x4r occurs in the expansion of (x + 1/x2)4n, prove that its coefficient is
 4n  !
.
4  4 
 (n  r)  !  (2n  r)  !
3  3 
5. Prove that the coefficient of (r + 1)th term in the expansion of (1 + x)n+1 is equal to the
sum of the coefficient of rth and (r + 1)th terms in the expansion of (1 + x)n.
6. In the expansion of (x+a)n, if the sum of odd terms be P, and sum of even terms be Q,
prove that
(a) P2  Q2  (x2  a2 )n , (b) 4PQ  (x  a)2n  (x  a)2n .
21
  a  b 
7. Which term in the expansion of the binomial  3    contains same power on
  b  3
a 

‘a’ and ‘b’.
8. Prove that 10  10  1 
100
  
10  1
100
 is a whole number.
20
 1 
9 (i). Find the value of greatest term in the expansion of 3 1   .
 3
8
(ii). If x = 1/3, find the greatest term in the expansion of (1 + 4x) .
C1 C2 C3 Cn n(n  1)
10. Prove that + 2 + 3 + …. + n = .
C0 C1 C2 Cn-1 2
MA-BT-22
Level – II
1. If n is an in integer greater than 1, prove that

a – C1(a – 1) + C2(a – 2) + ….. + (–1)n Cn (a – n) = 0.
15 2 15
2. If (1 + x) = C0 +C1x +C2x +......+C15x , find the value of
C2 + 2C3 + 3C4 +......+14C15.
C0 C2 C4 2n
3. Prove that    ......  .
1 3 5 n 1
C1 C3 C5 2n  1
4. Prove that    ......  .
2 4 6 n 1
5 (i). Show that (1 + x)n – nx – 1 is divisible by x2 ,  n  N.
(ii). Show that 23n – 7n – 1 is divisible by 49. Hence show that 23n+3 – 7n – 8 is divisible by 49.
6. If a, b, c are three consecutive coefficients in the expansion of (1 + x)n then prove that
2ac  b(a  c)
n .
b2  ac
7. If (1+ x –2x2)6 = 1+ a1x+ a2x2 +….+a12x12, then prove that a2 + a4+ …+ a12 = 31.
n4
8. Let (1 + x2)2 (1 + x)n = a x k
k
. If a1, a2 and a3 are in A.P., find n.
k 0
n 2
n  C 
9. If n is a positive integer and Ck = Ck then find the value of k  k  .  3
k 1  Ck 1 
6 6 6
10. Show that  2 1  +  2 1  = 198. Hence show that the integral part of  
2 1
is 197.
MA-BT-23
Objective:
Level – I
n
1. If the second, third and fourth terms in the expansion of (a+b) are 135, 30 and 10/3
respectively, then the value of a is
(A) 3 (B) 4
(C) 5 (D) 7
14
2. If the binomial co-efficient of rth, (r+1)th and (r+2)th terms in the expansion of (1+x) are
in A.P., then the value of r is
(A) 10 (B) 6
(C) 7 (D) 9
3. If (1 + ax)n = 1 + 8x + 24x2 + ….. then

(A) a= 3 (B) a = 4
(C) a= 2 (D) a = 5
4. If in the expansion of (1 + x)m(1 – x)n, the coefficients of x and x2 are 3 and –6

respectively, then m is
(A) 6 (B) 9
(C) 12 (D) 24
5. The two successive terms in the expansion of (1+x)24 whose coefficients are in the ratio 1
: 4 are
(A) 3rd and 4th (B) 4th and 5th
th th
(C) 5 and 6 (D) 6th and 7th
6. The sum nC0 +nC1 +nC2+…..+nCn is equal to
2.4.6......2n
(A) (B) nn
n !
(C) n! (D) 3n
7. The co-efficient of xk (0kn) in the expansion of E = 1+(1+x) +(1+x)2+…..+(1+x)n is

(A)n+1Ck+1 (B) nCk
n+1
(C) Cn–k–1 (D) n+1Cn-k-1
8. The ratio of the co-efficient of x15 to the term independent of x in [x2+2/x]15 is
(A) 12: 32 (B) 1:32
(C) 32 :12 (D) 32:1
n log3 8
 1   1 
9. The last term in the binomial expansion of  3 2   is  3  . Then the 5th term
 2  3. 9 
from the beginning is
10 10
(A) 4. C6 (B) 2. C4
1
(C) .10 C4 (D) none of these
2
2003
10. The remainder when 2 is divided by 17 is
(A) 1 (B) 2
11. The co-efficient of x in the expansion of (1-2x3+3x5)[1+(1/x)]8 is

(A) 56 (B) 65
(C) 154 (D) 62
MA-BT-24
12. The greatest value of the term independent of x in the expansion of (xsin p +x–1cosp)10,
p R, is
10!
(A) 25 (B)
(5!)2
1 10!
(C) 5
. (D) none of these
2 (5!)2
5 2 5 4
13. The co-efficient of x in the expansion of (1+x ) (1+x) is
(A) 40 (B) 50
(C) 30 (D) 60
100
14. The co-efficient of x53 in the expansion  100
Cm (x  3)100m 2m is
m 0
(A) 100C53 (B) - 100C53
(C) 65C53 (D) 100C65
15. The term independent of x in the expansion of (x+1/x)2n is

1.3.5. .....(2n  1).2n 1.3.5.....(2n  1).2n
(A) (B)
n ! n ! n !
1.3.5. .... (2n  1) 1.3.5. ....(2n  1)
(C) (D)
n ! n ! n !
MA-BT-25
Level – II
1. In the binomial expansion of (a – b)n, n  5, the sum of the 5th and 6th terms is zero. Then
a
equals
b
n4 n5
(A) (B)
5 6
5 6
(C) (D)
n4 n5
8
 1 
2. If 6th term in the expansion of  8 / 3  x2 log10 x  is 5600, then x is equal to
x 
(A) 5 (B) 4
(C) 8 (D) 10
n
 1 
3. If in the expansion of  2x  x  , T3/T2 = 7 and the sum of the co-efficients of 2nd and
 4 
rd
3 terms is 36, then the value of x is
(A) –1/3 (B) –1/2
(C) 1/3 (D) 1/2
4. The two consecutive terms in the expansion of (3+2x)74 whose coefficients are equal is
(A) 30th and 31st term terms (B) 29th and 30th terms
st nd
(C) 31 and 32 terms (D) 28th and 29th terms
n n
r
5. If  Cm  n 1Cm1 , then  (n  r  1) C r
m is equal to
r m r m
(A) n + 3Cm + 2 (B) n + 2Cm + 2
(C) n + 2Cm + 1 (D) none of these
6. In the expansion of [71/3+111/9] 6561 , the number of terms free from radicals is
(A) 730 (B) 715
(C) 725 (D) 750
2m
7. The integer next above  3 1  contains
m+1
(A) 2 as a factor (B) 2m+2 as a factor
(C) 2m+3 as a factor (D) 2m as a factor
8. If 13Cris denoted by Cr, then the value of C1+C5+C7+C9+C11 is equal to

(A) 212-287 (B) 212-165
12
(C) 2 -C3 (D) 212-C2-C13
9. Let n be an odd natural number greater than 1. Then the number of zeros at the end of
the sum 99n +1 is
(A) 3 (B) 4
n
n
10. If x +y =1, then r Cr xr ynr equals
r 0
(A) 1 (B) n
(C) nx (D) ny
MA-BT-26
4 2 3 11
11. The co-efficient of x in the expansion of (1+x+x +x ) is
(A) 330 (B) 990
(C) 900 (D) 895
12. The co-efficient of xn in (1+x+2x2+3x3+ …. + nxn)2 is
(A)

n n2  11  (B)
n n2  10  
6 6
(C)

n n2  11  (D)

n n2  10 
4 4
10
 k 
13. If the term independent of x in  x  2  is 405, then value of k is
 x 
(A) 2 (B) –2
14. The coefficient of x11 in the expansion of (2x2 + x – 3)6 is

(A) 384 (B) 192
(C) 572 (D) 64
Pn1
15. If Pn denotes the product of all the co-efficients in the expansion of (1+x)n, then is
Pn
equal to
n  2 n n  1
n 1
(A) (B)
n ! n  1 !
n 1 n
n  1 n  1
(C) (D)
n ! n  1 !
MA-BT-27
ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
Subjective:
Level - I
11 a6 a5
1 (i). j r = 5, t6 = 7 (ii) C5 , 11 C6
b5 b6
189 17 21 19
(iii) (a) 7th term, T7 = 924 a6b6 (b) T5  x , T6  x
8 16
2. x = 10 or 10–5/2 3. n=9
25840
7. 10th term. 9 (i) t8 = (ii) r = 5
9
Level – II
2. 214.13  1 8. n = 2, 3, 4
2
n  n  1 n  2 
9.
12
Objective:
Level – I
1. A 2. D
3. C 4. C
5. C 6. A
7. A 8. B
9. A 10. C
11. C 12. C
13. D 14. B
15. A
Level – II
1. B 2. D
3. A 4. A
5. B 6. A
7. A 8. A
9. C 10. C
11. B 12. A
13. C 14. B
15. B
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FIITJEE

Proof: Let P(n) be the statement

Writing n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, we get the following known formulae:

so that (a + x)4 = 4C0a4 + 4C1a3x + 4C2a2x2 + 4C3ax3 + 4C4x4 etc.

Properties of the Binomial Expansion

Solution: The general term ((r + 1)th term) is

If this term contains x24, then 30–3r = 24

(ii) When n is odd

Greatest Binomial Coefficient

 10-r   3  10-r 9 90-9r

Therefore Tr+1  Tr if, 90 - 9r  4r

Properties of Binomial Coefficients

Some Important results

1  x n1 C1x2 C2 x3 Cn xn+1

Solution: Method (i): rth term of the given series

Put x =1 in the expansion of (1 + x)n-1, so that

Solution: Method (i): rth term of the given series

= n[n–1C0 + n–1C1 + ….+n–1Cn–1 ] + [nC0 + nC1 + …+nCn]

Solution: Method (i): rth term of the given series

iii) (a). –20 (b). 560.x5 , 280x2

2. Find the 10th term in the expansion of

6. Find the term independent of x in the expansion of

12. Prove that 62n  35n  1 is divisible by 1225.

13. Prove that (106)85  (85)106 is divisible by 7.

ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

6. (i) 84 (ii)  15 C6  39 (iii) 5/12

8. (i) 6, (ii) 16, (iii) 3

14. n = 7, 14 15. n=9

Solution: Here t2 = nC1 x, t3 = nC2 x2, t4 = nC3 x3.

Problem 5. Find the larger of 99 50 + 100 50 and 10150 .

Solution: We have (101)50 = (100 + 1)50

Solution: The given expression 32n+2 – 8n – 9 = 32(32)n – 8n – 9

Problem 7. Find the remainder when 599 is divided by 13.

Solution: We can write 599 = 5.2549 = 5(26  1)49

Solution: Here tr = r2 nCr prqn–r = r.n. n–1Cr–1 pr qn–r

= n(n –1)p2 + np( p +q =1)

For coefficient of y, put r = 2.

Problem 7. The positive integer which is just greater than (1+0.0001)1000 is

Solution: The given expression on expansion gives

Problem 9. The co-efficient of the middle term in the expansion of (1+x)2n is

Solution: Put x = 1  1 = a0 + a1 + a2 +  + a2n.

Solution: The coefficients of xp and xq are p q

Problem 13. The value of (n+2)C02n+1 – (n+1)C12n+ nC22n-1+ . . . is equal to

Solution: (a + (b+c))n = an +nC1 an1(b + c)1+nC2an2 (b + c)2 + + nCn (b + c)n.

Problem 15. The value of the expression

Solution: The expression can be divided into two parts as

(iii). Find the middle term in the expansion of

1. If n is an in integer greater than 1, prove that

5 (i). Show that (1 + x)n – nx – 1 is divisible by x2 ,  n  N.

3. If (1 + ax)n = 1 + 8x + 24x2 + ….. then

4. If in the expansion of (1 + x)m(1 – x)n, the coefficients of x and x2 are 3 and –6

7. The co-efficient of xk (0kn) in the expansion of E = 1+(1+x) +(1+x)2+…..+(1+x)n is

11. The co-efficient of x in the expansion of (1-2x3+3x5)[1+(1/x)]8 is

15. The term independent of x in the expansion of (x+1/x)2n is

8. If 13Cris denoted by Cr, then the value of C1+C5+C7+C9+C11 is equal to

12. The co-efficient of xn in (1+x+2x2+3x3+ …. + nxn)2 is

14. The coefficient of x11 in the expansion of (2x2 + x – 3)6 is

ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

Regards from Learnaf team