B.Sc.

(General) Degree Program

Faculty of Applied Sciences
University of Sri Jayewardenepura

CSC209 2.0 Database Management Systems

Presented By:
Surani Tissera(PhD)
Department of Computer Science
 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

You will learn

● About data modeling and why data models are important
● About the basic data-modeling building blocks
● What business rules are and how they influence database design
● How the major data models evolved
● How data models can be classified by level of abstraction

This is a property of Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Applied Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura.
 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

You will learn

● 2.1 Data Modeling and Data Models

● 2.2 The Importance of Data Models

● 2.3 Data Model Basic Building Blocks

● 2.4 Business Rules

● 2.5 Evaluation of Data Model

This is a property of Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Applied Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura.
 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

Data Modeling and Data Models

Data models
–Relatively simple representations, usually graphical, of complex real-world data
structures
–Facilitate interaction among the designer, the applications programmer, and the
end user

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 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

Data Model Basic Building Blocks

● Entity -anything about which data are to be collected and
stored
● Attribute -a characteristic of an entity
● Relationship -describes an association among entities
–One-to-many (1:M) relationship
–Many-to-many (M:N or M:M) relationship
–One-to-one (1:1) relationship
● Constraint -a restriction placed on the data

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 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

Business Rules
● How do modelers go about modeling data? –By understanding
Business Rules!
● Brief, precise, and unambiguous descriptions of a policies,
procedures, or principles within a specific organization
○ –E.g. a student may take up to 21 credits at a time
○ –E.g. each computer account may only be used by one student
● Any organization that stores and uses data to generate information
has business rules (whether they know it or not)
● Business rules are a description of the organization’s operations
● They help to create and enforce actions within that organization’s
environment
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 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

Business Rules
● Must be rendered in writing
● Must be kept up to date
● Sometimes are external to the organization
● Must be easy to understand and widely disseminated
● Describe characteristics of the data as viewed by the
company

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 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

Business Rules and Data Modeling

● May identify entities and/or types of relationships
○ E.g. “E.g. each computer account may only be used by one
student (the account owner)”
■ identifies the STUDENT and ACCOUNT entities (if we didn’t
already have them) and
■ helps to identify that the relationship is 1:1
■ (to fully get that we need another rule how many accounts
may a student have?)
● Some business rules don’t impact data modeling (but may impact
application development)
○ E.g. students cannot sign up for more than one section of the
same course (in same semester (may repeat))
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 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

Discovering Business Rules

Sources of Business Rules:
● Company managers
● Policy makers
● Department managers
● Written documentation
○ –Procedures
○ –Standards
○ –Operations manuals
● Direct interviews with end users
Frequently must resolve conflicts between different sources

This is a property of Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Applied Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura.
 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

Translating Business Rules into Data Model

Components
● Standardize company’s view of data
● Constitute a communications tool between users and designers
● Allow designer to understand the nature, role, and scope of data
● Allow designer to understand business processes
● Allow designer to develop appropriate relationship participation rules
and constraints
● Promote creation of an accurate data model

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 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

Translating Business Rules into Data Model

Components
Generally, nouns translate into entities
Verbs translate into relationships among entities
Relationships are bi-directional

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 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

The Evolution of Data Models

Hierarchical
Network
Relational
Entity relationship
Object oriented (OO)

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 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

The Hierarchical Model

● Developed in the 1960s to manage large amounts of data for complex

manufacturing projects
● Basic logical structure is represented by an upside-down “tree”

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 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

A Hierarchical Structure

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 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

The Network Model

● Created to
○ –Represent complex data relationships more effectively
○ –Improve database performance
○ –Impose a database standard

● Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL)

● Database Task Group (DBTG)

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 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

The Network Model

● Resembles hierarchical model

● Collection of records in 1:M relationships

● Set
○ Relationship
○ Composed of at least two record types
■ Owner –Equivalent to the hierarchical model’s parent
■ Member–Equivalent to the hierarchical model’s child
■ A set represents a 1:M relationship between the owner and the member

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 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

The Network Model

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 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

The Network Model - Disadvantages

● Too cumbersome

● The lack of ad hoc query capability put heavy pressure on

programmers
● Any structural change in the database could produce havoc in all

application programs that drew data from the database

● Many database old-timers can recall the interminable information

delays

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 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

The Relational Model

● Developed by Codd (IBM) in 1970

● Considered ingenious but impractical in 1970

● Conceptually simple

● Computers lacked power to implement the relational model

● Today, microcomputers can run sophisticated relational database

software

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 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

The Relational Model

● Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

● Performs same basic functions provided by hierarchical and network

DBMS systems, in addition to a host of other functions

● Most important advantage of the RDBMS is its ability to hide the

complexities of the relational model from the user

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 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

The Relational Model

● Table (relations)

○ Matrix consisting of a series of row/column intersections

○ Related to each other through sharing a common entity
characteristic
● Relational diagram

○ Representation of relational database’s entities, attributes within

those entities, and relationships between those entities

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 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

The Relational Model

● Relational Table

○ Stores a collection of related entities

■ Resembles a file
● Relational table is purely logical structure

○ How data are physically stored in the database is of no concern to

the user or the designer
○ This property became the source of a real database revolution

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 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

The Relational Model

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 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

The Relational Model

● Rise to dominance due in part to its powerful and flexible query

language
● Structured Query Language (SQL) allows the user to specify what

must be done without specifying how it must be done

● SQL-based relational database application involves:
○ User interface
○ A set of tables stored in the database
○ SQL engine

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 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

The Entity Relational Model

● Widely accepted and adapted graphical tool for data modeling

● Introduced by Chen in 1976

● Graphical representation of entities and their relationships in a

database structure

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 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

The Object Oriented Model

● Modeled both data and their relationships in a single structure known

as an object
● Object-oriented data model (OODM) is the basis for the object-

oriented database management system (OODBMS)

● OODM is said to be a semantic data model

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 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

The Object Oriented Model

● Object is an abstraction of a real-world entity

● Attributes describe the properties of an object

● Objects that share similar characteristics are grouped in classes

● Classes are organized in a class hierarchy

● Inheritance is the ability of an object within the class hierarchy to

inherit the attributes and methods of classes above it

This is a property of Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Applied Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura.
 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

The Object Oriented Model

This is a property of Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Applied Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura.
 CSC 209 2.0 Database Management Systems

This is a property of Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Applied Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura.