Bangladesh University of Business and Technology

(BUBT)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Course Code: CSE-342

Course Title: Computer Graphics Lab

Project Title: - Village near the Town

Submitted by Submitted to
Nazmul Hassan 20211203036 Khondokar Oliullah
Ahsan Mahbub 20211203009
Lecturer, Department of CSE
Chayan Das Gupta 20211203024
(BUBT)
Nizamul Haq Sohan 20211203011
Md. Nuruzzaman 15163203102 (24)

Date of submission: Tuesday July 18, 2023

 Table of contents

Introduction ......................................................................................................................................3
Objectives ........................................................................................................................................4

Methodology ....................................................................................................................................5
Features and Functionality ..............................................................................................................6

Implementation ................................................................................................................................7
Screenshot ........................................................................................................................................9
Results and Analysis .....................................................................................................................10

Conclusion .....................................................................................................................................11

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 Introduction
In this Computer Graphics project, we will design a Village scenario near the
Town. Computer graphics play a vital role in various domains, including
gaming, virtual reality, animation, and scientific visualization. It involves the
creation, manipulation, and rendering of images using computer algorithms.
One of the widely used graphics libraries are OpenGL, which provides a
powerful and efficient framework for developing interactive graphics
applications.

The purpose of this project is to explore the capabilities of OpenGL for

creating animations and implementing various drawing techniques. By
leveraging OpenGL’s rendering pipeline and shader programming, we aim
to develop an interactive and visually appealing graphics application.

OpenGL, short for Open Graphics Library, is an open-source, cross-platform

API that enables developers to interact with the GPU (Graphics Processing
Unit) to render 2D and 3D graphics. It provides a set of functions and
procedures for specifying geometric primitives, textures, and shaders,
allowing developers to create visually rich and interactive graphics
applications.

In this project, we will leverage OpenGL’s core features, such as the

rendering pipeline, vertex and fragment shaders, and texture mapping, to
create animations and implement drawing techniques. We will also explore
the use of matrices for transformations, lighting models for realistic
rendering, and user input for interactivity.

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 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this OpenGL animation and drawing project for computer
graphics are as follows:
• Familiarize with Computer Graphics Concepts: Gain a solid
understanding of fundamental computer graphics concepts, including
coordinate systems, transformations, and rendering techniques.
• Learn OpenGL Programming: Acquire proficiency in OpenGL
programming and understand its core features and functionalities.
• Implement Drawing Techniques: Implement various drawing techniques
using OpenGL. This may involve developing algorithms for line drawing,
polygon filling and other fundamental drawing operations.
• Create Interactive Animations: Design and implement animated scenes
with smooth transitions, object movements, and visual effects.
• Incorporate User Interaction: Enable user interaction within the
animation. Implement mechanisms to handle user input, such as mouse and
keyboard events, to control the animation or manipulate objects in real-time.
This interaction should enhance the overall user experience and allow for
dynamic control over the animation.
• Evaluate Performance and Efficiency: Assess the performance and
efficiency of the implemented graphics application. Measure and analyze
factors such as frame rate, rendering quality, and responsiveness to user
input.
• Documentation and Report: Create a comprehensive project report
documenting the entire development process. This report should include an
overview of the project, implementation details, code snippets, screenshots
of the animation, evaluation of the results, and a conclusion summarizing the
achievements and potential future enhancements.

By accomplishing these objectives, this project aims to develop practical

skills in implementing animations and drawing techniques while gaining a
deeper understanding of the underlying principles of computer graphics and
the using OpenGL.

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 METHODOLOGIES

The following methodology outlines the steps involved in developing the

OpenGL animation and drawing project for Computer Graphics:
1. Requirement Analysis: - Identify the project requirements and
objectives. - Define the desired animation and drawing features. -
Determine any specific user interaction requirements.
2. Design and Planning: - Define the overall structure and architecture of
the project. - Identify the necessary components and modules. - Determine
the data structures and algorithms required. - Plan the implementation
approach and development milestones.
3. Setting up the Development Environment: - Install the necessary
software tools, including an OpenGL development environment and any
additional libraries.
4. Implementing Drawing Techniques: - Begin by implementing basic
drawing operations, such as line drawing algorithms (e.g., Bresenham’s
line algorithm). - Implement algorithms for polygon filling, curve rendering,
and other desired drawing techniques.
5. Creating the Animation Framework: - Set up the animation framework,
including the necessary data structures to store objects, transformations,
and other relevant information. - Develop a time management mechanism
to control the animation’s frame rate and smoothness.
6. Handling User Interaction: - Implement mechanisms to handle user
input, such as mouse and keyboard events. - Allow users to interact with
the animation, such as controlling object movements or changing rendering
parameters.
7. Testing and Debugging: - Test the application thoroughly to identify
and fix any bugs or issues. - Verify the correctness of the implemented
features and functionality.
8. Documentation and Reporting: - Create a comprehensive project
report documenting the entire development process. - Include an overview
of the project, implementation details, code snippets, and relevant visuals. -
Include a section on results and evaluation, highlighting the achieved
objectives and assessing the performance and efficiency of the application.

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 FEATURES AND FUNCTIONALITY

The OpenGL animation and drawing project for Computer Graphics

incorporates various features and functionalities to create an interactive and
visually appealing graphics application. The following are some key features
implemented in the project:
1. Graphics Framework: - Objects can be animated using transformations
such as translation, rotation, and scaling. Interpolation techniques are
utilized to create fluid animations between keyframes.
2. Drawing Techniques: - The project implements various drawing
techniques, including line drawing algorithms such as Bresenham’s line
algorithm. - Polygon filling algorithms, such as scanline or edge-walking, are
employed to render filled polygons. Curves, such as Bezier or B-spline
curves, are implemented to allow for smooth curve rendering.
3. Lighting and Shading: - The application utilizes lighting models, such as
Phong or Gouraud shading, to simulate realistic lighting effects. - Materials
and properties are assigned to objects to control their appearance under
different lighting conditions
4. User Interaction: - The application allows for user interaction with the
animation and objects. - Users can control the animation playback, pause,
or resume it as desired. Interaction mechanisms like mouse input or
keyboard events are used to manipulate objects, change viewing angles, or
adjust rendering parameters.
5. Real-time Rendering and Updates: - The application ensures real-time
rendering and updates, providing a smooth and responsive experience for
users. The frame rate is maintained at an acceptable level to avoid jitters or
lag in the animation playback.
6. Visual Effects: - The project incorporates visual effects to enhance the
overall visual appeal of the animation. Effects such as particle systems,
motion blur, or postprocessing techniques may be implemented to create
stunning visual experiences. Special effects like reflections, shadows, or
transparency can be utilized to add depth and realism to the scene. They
combine to create an interactive and visually captivating graphics application
that showcases the capabilities of OpenGL in the field of computer graphics.

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 Implementation
We use the Programming in C and C++ code for our project. The Programming and Coding
details are given below.
What is C Programming?
C is a general-purpose programming language that is extremely popular, simple, and
flexible to use. It is a structured programming language that is machine-independent and
extensively used to write various applications, Operating Systems like Windows, and many
other complex programs like Oracle database, Git, Python interpreter, and more.
What is C++ Programming?
C++ is a cross-platform language that can be used to create high-performance applications.
C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup, as an extension to the C language. C++ gives
programmers a high level of control over system resources and memory.

The Code Snippets:

#include<windows.h>
#include<GL/glut.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>
#include <GL/gl.h>
using namespace std;
float bx = 10;

void circle(GLfloat rx, GLfloat ry, GLfloat cx, GLfloat cy{----------}

void Sun(GLfloat rx, GLfloat ry, GLfloat cx, GLfloat cy){----------}
void init(void){----------}
void Hills1() {
glColor3ub(218, 165, 32);
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glVertex2d(160, 355);
glVertex2d(340, 355);
glVertex2d(245, 490);
glEnd();}
void Hills2(){----------}
void Car() {----------}
void Bus() {----------}
void Road() {----------}
void River() {----------}
void Boat() {----------}
void Building1() {----------}
void Building2() {----------}

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void Building3() {----------}

void display(void) {
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
//Ground
glColor3ub(0, 255, 100);
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glVertex2d(0, 0);
glVertex2d(500, 0);
glVertex2d(500, 140);
glVertex2d(0, 140);
glEnd();

Building1();
Building2();
Building3();
River();
Boat();
Road();
Hills1();
Hills2();
Car();
Bus();
glColor3ub(255, 215, 0);
Sun(20, 22, 460, 460);
glFlush();

int main(int argc, char** argv) {

glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB);
glutInitWindowSize(900, 600);
glutInitWindowPosition(10, 10);
glutCreateWindow("Village near the Town");
init();
glutDisplayFunc(display);
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}

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Screenshot

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 Results and Analysis

The “Village near the Town” Project by OpenGL for computer graphics has been
implemented successfully, resulting in a visually appealing and interactive graphics
application.

The animation framework allows for smooth transitions and object movements. - Objects
are animated using various transformations, such as translation, rotation, and scaling.

The implemented drawing techniques, such as line drawing algorithms, polygon filling,
and curve rendering, produce accurate and visually pleasing results.

The lighting models, such as Phong or Gouraud shading, simulate realistic lighting effects.
- Objects respond accurately to different lighting conditions, producing highlights,
shadows, and reflections. - Materials and properties assigned to objects enhance their
appearance and interact with light sources.

Performance and Efficiency Evaluation: - The application demonstrates real-time

rendering and updates, maintaining a smooth and responsive experience. – Rendering
optimizations, such as frustum culling, level-of-detail rendering, or occlusion culling,
may be implemented to enhance performance. - Backface culling and depth buffering
techniques are utilized to improve visual quality and rendering efficiency. - Performance
metrics, such as frame rate and rendering time, are measured and evaluated for
optimization opportunities.

Overall, the implemented features and functionalities of the OpenGL animation and
drawing project have met the project’s objectives and requirements. The application
delivers an interactive and visually pleasing experience to users, with smooth animations,
accurate drawing techniques, realistic lighting and shading effects, and user-friendly
interaction. The performance and efficiency of the application are assessed, and
optimization techniques are employed to ensure smooth real-time rendering.

By evaluating and refining the project based on user feedback and performance analysis, it
can be enhanced and extended for use in various computer graphics applications.

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 Conclusion

In conclusion, the Village near the Town animation and drawing project for computer
graphics has successfully achieved its objectives and demonstrated the capabilities of
OpenGL in creating interactive animations and implementing various drawing techniques.

The project has explored fundamental concepts of computer graphics, including coordinate
systems, transformations, and rendering techniques, while leveraging the features and
functionalities provided by OpenGL.

Through the project, a robust animation framework has been developed, allowing
for smooth transitions, object movements, and user interaction. Drawing techniques,
such as line drawing algorithms, polygon filling, and curve rendering, have been
implemented accurately and efficiently. Lighting and shading models have been applied to
create realistic lighting effects, while texture mapping has enhanced the visual quality
of objects and surfaces.

The performance and efficiency of the application have been evaluated, and rendering
optimizations have been implemented to ensure real-time rendering and smooth
user experience. The project’s results showcase a visually appealing and interactive
graphics application that fulfills the project requirements.

The project’s success highlights the importance and versatility of computer graphics
in various domains, including gaming, virtual reality, and scientific visualization. By
utilizing OpenGL and its extensive feature set, developers can create visually rich and
engaging graphics applications.

In the future, the project can be further enhanced by incorporating advanced visual
effects, optimization techniques, and additional drawing and animation features. Continual
evaluation and refinement based on user feedback and performance analysis will allow for
ongoing improvement and expansion of the application.

Overall, this project has provided valuable hands-on experience in Computer Graphics and
OpenGL programming, deepening understanding of key concepts while showcasing the
power of OpenGL for animation and drawing in Computer Graphics applications.

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