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Module 1 Unit 1 Paragraph Structure

The topic of the paragraph is gold. 2. The two main points the writer makes about gold are: - It has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion, making it suitable for jewelry and ornamental purposes. - It is useful to industry and science, having many industrial applications like photography and dentistry. 3. The writer indicates there are two main points in the sentences "First of all, gold has a lustrous beauty..." and "Another important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science." 4. The examples used to support the first point about gold's beauty are that it never needs polishing and will remain beautiful forever, and the example of an ancient Macedonian coin that remains unt

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
94 views40 pages

Module 1 Unit 1 Paragraph Structure

The topic of the paragraph is gold. 2. The two main points the writer makes about gold are: - It has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion, making it suitable for jewelry and ornamental purposes. - It is useful to industry and science, having many industrial applications like photography and dentistry. 3. The writer indicates there are two main points in the sentences "First of all, gold has a lustrous beauty..." and "Another important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science." 4. The examples used to support the first point about gold's beauty are that it never needs polishing and will remain beautiful forever, and the example of an ancient Macedonian coin that remains unt

Uploaded by

safir Lorenzo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GEN 0206

English for Academic


Purposes
Lecturer: Dr. Siripen Yiamjanya (Ph.D.)
Course Description

English for study skills; giving academic


opinions, writing reports with citing
references, electronic information retrieval
using a variety of media included printed
as well as electronic materials for academic
presentation in various forms.
Knowledge expected to gain

I. Be able to highlight important aspects of English language


for academic purposes.
II. Be able to describe definitions of terms used in English for
academic purposes.
III. Be able to summarize the general process of writing and
presenting academic works using English.

Cognitive skill expected to gain

I. Be able to identify words, phrases and sentences used


English for academic purposes and correctly use them.
II. Be able to interpret, giving opinions and discuss for given
texts/ media with relevant supporting details.
III. Be able to give example of English work for academic
purpose with students’ interpretations.
Lesson Plan
• Unit 1: Paragraph Structure
• Unit 2: Unity and Coherence Technique
Module 1 Writing a • Unit 3: Supporting Details, Facts,
Paragraph Quotations and Statistics
• Unit 4: Supporting Details, Facts,
Quotations and Statistics (Continued)

Module 2: Writing an • Unit 5: Three Parts of an Essay


Essay in an Academic • Unit 6: Chronological Order: Process Essay
Style

• Unit 7: Cause/ Effect Essay


Module 3: Expressing
Opinions • Unit 8: Comparison/ Contrast Essay
Scoring Proportion

Class Attendance and 10%


Participation

Assignments 40%

20% Midterm
Examinations 50% Examination

30% Final
Examination
Grading Student’s score as Grade
percentage
86 - 100 A
82 - 85 A-
78 - 81 B+
74 - 77 B
70 - 73 B-
66 - 69 C+
62 - 65 C
58 - 61 C-
54 - 57 D+
50 - 53 D
46 - 49 D-
0 – 45 F
I
W
Module 1: Writing a Paragraph

Unit 1: Paragraph Structure

▪ Principle for topic sentence


▪ Principle for supporting sentence
▪ Principle for concluding sentence
What is English for academic purposes?

Simply it is the type of English you need for:

▪ Reading and understanding your study materials


▪ Writing about your subject

Academic English is different from everyday spoken


English. It may be used to:

▪ Describe an object or situation


▪ Describe a process or how something works
▪ Explain something/ Expressing the relationship
between ideas
Academic English is the genre of English used in the world of research, study, teaching
and universities. If you read an article in an academic journal or listen to someone giving a
presentation or a talk about an academic subject in an academic environment, Academic
English is probably being used (English for university, 2016).

Academic English also called English for Academic Purposes (EAP) entails training
students, usually in a higher education setting, to use language appropriately for study. It
is one of the most common forms of English for specific purposes (Wikipedia, 2017)

Academic language is the language needed by students to do the work in universities. It


includes, for example, discipline-specific vocabulary, grammar and punctuation, and
applications of rhetorical conventions and devices that are typical for a content area (e.g.,
essays, lab reports, discussions of a controversial issue) (Csun, 2017).

Academic Language is the language needed by students to understand and communicate


in the academic disciplines. Academic language includes such things as specialized
vocabulary, conventional text structures within a field such essays and lab reports and other
language-related activities typical of classrooms, such as expressing disagreement,
discussing an issue, or asking for clarification (CWU, 2017).
Key things!

Non-
Discriminatory
Language
Logic
Accuracy Politically-
and correct
language
Evidence
(PC language)
Formality
Simplicity,
Conciseness
and Clarity
Simplicity, Conciseness and Clarity

✓ Write short sentences.


✓ Be as clear as possible.
✓ Avoid repetitions.
✓ Help the reader to follow your points.
✓ Remove any clutter (wordiness), so your good points
will stand out (getting rid of what’s unnecessary to
convey your point).
Formality
✓ Use formal expressions and use impersonal in style (do not personalize)
✓ Use the third person or declarative statements

I think that... → This essay argues that...

Example of declarative statement:


In my opinion, sleep supports cognitive functions and is therefore an
important factor of healthy living → Sleep supports cognitive functions and
is therefore an important factor of healthy living.

 Avoid personal pronouns such as I, me, you, your.

You need to sleep in order to remember better → Sleep is essential to


help memory.

 Avoid contraction or shortened forms of verbs, such as won’t, doesn’t or it’s


 Avoid verbs that are composed of multiple words, such as ‘give
up’, ‘put up with’

✓ Start a sentence with a more sophisticated conjunction

But there are other reasons... → However, there are other reasons...
And it has to be considered that... → Moreover, it has to be considered that..

A lot of / huge → Considerable


Nonsense → Implausible / Incorrect / Unreasonable

✓ Tend to employ a cautious way of explaining findings, using


expressions such as ‘may’, ‘it is possible that...’, ‘could’

✓ May use specialized vocabulary


Accuracy and Evidence

“the reliability, truthfulness and


correctness of the content”

✓ Grammatical accuracy
✓ Based on reading and research
✓ Review and edit
✓ Referencing
Logic

✓ Logical organization in texts (structured (essay


structure/ report structure)
✓ Need outline and plan
✓ Reasonable
✓ Providing causes and effects
✓ Arranged in logical sequence
✓ Each paragraph of the writing piece are related to
each other.
Non-Discriminatory Language

Non- discriminatory language is the inclusive language used to


address and describe all people, regardless of sex, race, ethnicity
and physical or intellectual characteristics1.

Use acceptable, inclusive language for:


1. Gender and/or sexual orientation
2. Indigenous peoples
3. Physical and/or intellectual disability
4. Race, ethnicity and/or religion
5. Other examples such as age

1. https://www.une.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/13261/WC_Language-usage-Non-discriminatory-language.pdf
Some examples

Air hostess > flight attendant


Headmaster/ head mistress > principal/ head

Policemen > police officer Craftsman > craftsperson/ artisan

Man hour > working hour


Transexuals > transgender people

Spokesman > spokesperson


Avoid unnecessary reference to the
physical and or intellectual ability of
a person or a group.
Never use negative, discriminatory
or stereotypical terms that would
be offensive to the Indigenous Blind musician > a musician with a
peoples vision impairment
Paragraph Structure

Topic Supporting Concluding


sentence sentences sentence

A paragraph contains:

One topic sentence that states the Sentences that develop the topic
main idea and contains the sentence, that explain or prove
controlling idea the topic sentence by giving
more information about it.

Sentences that give signals of the ending of the paragraph


and that leave the reader with important points to remember
Gold

Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics.


First of all, gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion.
Therefore, it is suitable for jewelry, coins and ornamental purposes.
Gold never needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever.
For example, a Macedonian coin remains as untarnished today as
the day it was made 25 centuries ago. Another important
characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science. For
many years, it has been used in hundreds of industrial applications,
such as photography and dentistry. The most recent use of gold is in
astronauts’ suits. Astronauts wear gold- plated heat shields for
protection when they go outside spaceship in space. In conclusion,
gold is treasured not only for its beauty but also for its utility.
Writing Technique Questions

1. What is the topic of the paragraph?

2. What two main points does the writer make about the
topic?

3. In which two sentences does the writer say that there are
two main points?

4. What examples does the writer use to support each


point?
Topic Sentence
Topic

Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two


important characteristics.

Controlling
Idea
Supporting
Sentences

First of all, gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to


corrosion.

For example, a Macedonian coin remains as untarnished


today as the day it was made 25 centuries ago.

Another important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to


industry and science.

The most recent use of gold is in astronauts’ suits.


Concluding
Sentences

In conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty


but also for its utility.
Principle for Topic Sentence

(1) A topic sentence is a complete sentence, and contains


at least one subject and one verb.

Driving on freeways How to register for college classes

The rise of indie films


(2) A topic sentence contains both a topic and a controlling
idea. It names the topic and then limits the topic to a
specific area to be discussed in a single paragraph.

Topic Controlling Idea

Driving on freeways requires skill and alertness.

Topic
Controlling Idea
Registering for college classes can be a frustrating
experience for new students.

Topic Controlling Idea

The rise of indie films is due to several factors.


(3) A topic sentence is the most general statement in the paragraph
because it gives only the main idea (specific idea), not any specific
details.

Tea is delicious. Too general

Green tea has many health benefits. More specific

Too general
Thailand is a beautiful country located in the Southeast Asia region.

Too specific

Thailand, which recorded almost 40 million tourist arrivals in 2019, is a


beautiful country of nice weather, delicious food and the friendly locals.

Thailand is a beautiful country in many ways. Good one!


Principle for Supporting Sentence

(1) Specific details, thorough and convincing

(2) Several kinds of specific supporting details:


- examples
- statistics
- quotations

(3) Example words and phrases that can be used to mark they are
supporting sentences, for example:
- for example
- for instance
- such as…
Step 1: Read Paragraph A and B about red-light running. Notice the
different specific supporting details that have been added to
Paragraph B.

Step 2: Locate the topic sentence in Paragraph B. Circle the topic


and underline the controlling idea.

Step 3: Which supporting sentences in Paragraph B contain the


kinds of details listed below? Give the sentence numbers of each
kind.

An example: …………………………………
A statistic: ……………………………………
A quotation: ………………………………….
Paragraph A:
Paragraph
without Support Red-Light Running

Although some people think red-light running is a minor traffic


violation that is no worse than jaywalking, it can, in fact, become a
deadly crime. Red-light runners cause accidents all the time.
Sometimes people are seriously injured and even killed. It is
especially a problem in rush hour traffic. Everyone is in a hurry to
get home, so drivers run red lights everywhere. The police do not do
much about it because they are too busy. The only time they pay
attention is when there is an accident, and then it is too late. In
conclusion, running a red light is a serious offense.
Paragraph B:
Paragraph with Red-Light Running Topic Controlling idea
Support
Although some people think red-light running is a minor traffic
violation that is no worse than jaywalking, it can, in fact, become a
deadly crime. Red-light runners cause hundreds of accidents,
including deaths and injuries as well as millions of dollars in
damages. Each year more than 900 people die, and nearly 200,000
are injured in crashes that involve red-light running. Motorists run
red lights all the time. For example, in Fairfax, Virginia, a five-
month-long survey at five busy intersections revealed that a motorist
ran a red light every 20 minutes. Red-light runners are seldom
caught. According to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety,
“Communities do not have the resources to allow police to patrol
intersections as often as world be needed to ticket all motorists who
run red lights” (“Q&A”)1.
1. “Q&A” Red-Light Running.” Insurance Institute for Highway Safety June 2003. <http://www.hwysafety.org/safety_facts/qanda/rlc.htm>.
Paragraph B:
Paragraph with Example Statistic
Support
Although some people think red-light running is a minor traffic
violation that is no worse than jaywalking, it can, in fact, become a
deadly crime. Red-light runners cause hundreds of accidents,
including deaths and injuries as well as millions of dollars in
damages. Each year more than 900 people die, and nearly 200,000
are injured in crashes that involve red-light running. Motorists run
red lights all the time. For example, in Fairfax, Virginia, a five-
month-long survey at five busy intersections revealed that a motorist
ran a red light every 20 minutes. Red-light runners are seldom
caught. According to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety,
“Communities do not have the resources to allow police to patrol
intersections as often as world be needed to ticket all motorists who
run red lights” (“Q&A”)1.
Quotation
1. “Q&A” Red-Light Running.” Insurance Institute for Highway Safety June 2003. <http://www.hwysafety.org/safety_facts/qanda/rlc.htm>.
Principle for Concluding Sentence

(1) It signals the end of the paragraph.


(2) It leaves the reader with the most important ideas to remember.
It can do this by 2 ways:

- By summarizing the main - By repeating the topic


points of the paragraph sentence in different words.

(3) Never introduce a new idea in the concluding sentence.

Be noted that:

▪ Paragraphs that are parts of a longer piece of writing usually do not


need concluding sentences.
▪ Many times, there is no word “In conclusion,..” to mark the end of
writing.
• Finally,
• In brief,
• In conclusion,
• Indeed,
End-of-Paragraph Signals
Followed by a Comma • In short,
• Lastly,
• Therefore,
• Thus,
• To sum up

• The evidence suggests that …….


End-of-Paragraph
Signals Not Followed • There can be no doubt that…….
by a Comma • These examples show that…….
Greeting Cards

Have you noticed how many different kinds of greeting cards you can buy these
days? In the old days, the local drugstore had one rack displaying maybe five or
six basic kinds of cards. You could walk into the store and choose an appropriate
card in five minutes or less. Nowadays, however, the display space for greeting
cards is as big as a soccer field, and it may take an hour or two to hunt down
exactly the right card with exactly the right message. There are at least 30
categories of birthday cards alone: birthday cards for different ages, from different
ages, for different relatives, from different relatives, for different genders, from
different genders, from a couple, from the office, for dog owners, for cat owners,
and so on. There are cards for getting a job, for retiring from a job, for acquiring a
pet, for losing a pet, for becoming engaged, for breaking up. There are also
greeting cards to send for no reason- “Thinking of you” or “Just because” cards.
The newest type of card is the “encouragement card.” An encouragement card
offers comforting thoughts and helpful advice to someone who is sad or distressed
in these troubled times. In short, there is now a greeting card for every possible
life event and for a few nonevents as well.
A Hawaiian Legend

Native people create legends to explain unusual phenomena in their


environment. A legend from the Hawaiian island of Kauai explains
how the naupaka flower, a flower that grows on beaches there, got
its unusual shape. The flower looks like half a small daisy-there are
petals on one side only. The legend says that the marriage of two
young lovers on the island was opposed by both sets of parents. The
parents found the couple together on a beach one day, and to prevent
then from being together, one of the families moved to the
mountains, separating the young couple forever. As a result, the
naupaka flower separated into two halves; one half moved to the
mountains, and the other half stayed near the beach. The story is a
good example of a legend invented by native people to interpret the
world around them.
Writing Technique Questions

1. In which paragraph does the concluding sentence


summarize the main points of the paragraph, which are not
specifically stated in the topic sentence?

2. In which paragraph does the concluding sentence


paraphrase (repeat in different words) the topic sentence?

3. Circle the conclusion signals in each paragraph.


Greeting Cards
Summarize the main
Concluding sentence not specifically points of the paragraph
stated in the topic sentence?
Have you noticed how many different kinds of greeting cards you can buy these
days? In the old days, the local drugstore had one rack displaying maybe five or
six basic kinds of cards. You could walk into the store and choose an appropriate
card in five minutes or less. Nowadays, however, the display space for greeting
cards is as big as a soccer field, and it may take an hour or two to hunt down
exactly the right card with exactly the right message. There are at least 30
categories of birthday cards alone: birthday cards for different ages, from different
ages, for different relatives, from different relatives, for different genders, from
different genders, from a couple, from the office, for dog owners, for cat owners,
and so on. There are cards for getting a job, for retiring from a job, for acquiring a
pet, for losing a pet, for becoming engaged, for breaking up. There are also
greeting cards to send for no reason- “Thinking of you” or “Just because” cards.
The newest type of card is the “encouragement card.” An encouragement card
offers comforting thoughts and helpful advice to someone who is sad or distressed
in these troubled times. In short, there is now a greeting card for every possible
life event and for a few nonevents as well.
A Hawaiian Legend The concluding sentence uses
paraphrase (repeat in different words)

Native people create legends to explain unusual phenomena in their


environment. A legend from the Hawaiian island of Kauai explains
how the naupaka flower, a flower that grows on beaches there, got
its unusual shape. The flower looks like half a small daisy-there are
petals on one side only. The legend says that the marriage of two
young lovers on the island was opposed by both sets of parents. The
parents found the couple together on a beach one day, and to prevent
then from being together, one of the families moved to the
mountains, separating the young couple forever. As a result, the
naupaka flower separated into two halves; one half moved to the
mountains, and the other half stayed near the beach. The story is a
good example of a legend invented by native people to interpret the
world around them.
No new idea in the concluding sentence!

In conclusion, we now have more variety of greeting cards


to choose from, but they are also becoming very
expensive. (This is a new idea.)
Incorrect

In conclusion, there are many other legends like this one


in Hawaii. (This is new idea.)

Incorrect

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