'

Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System 13

The pressure-enthalpy (ph) diagram and the temperature

entropy (Ts) diagram are the diagrams frequently used in
Chapter 2 refrigeration cycle analysis. Of the two, the ph diagram is the
one most commonly used.

The process which comprise the standard vapor-compression

cycle are:
Simple Vapor Compression 1-2, reversible and adiabatic compression from saturated
Refrigeration Systems vapor to the condenser pressure
2-3, reversible rejection of heat at constant pressure
desuperheating and condensation
3-4, irreversible expansion at constant enthalpy from
Refrigeration is that branch of science which deals with the saturated liquid to the evaporator pressure
4-1, reversible addition of heat at constant pressure
process of reducing and maintaining the temperature of a space in
or material below the temperature of the surroundings. evaporation to saturated vapor
Refrigerant is the working substance in a refrigeration
Analysis of the Vapor Compression Cycle

|
system.

3 2 1. Compressor

| o

|| Expansion

w=hg—-hy, W = m(he ~— hy) Vi, = mv,

= work of compression, kJ/kg

rs
= enthalpy entering the compressor, kJ/kg
enthalpy leaving the compressor, kJ/kg

u
SBP
= mass flow rate, kg/s
= theoretical compressor power, kd/s or kW
Temperature. K

Vv, = specific volume of vapor, m*/kg or L/kg

kPa

V, = volume flow rate, ms

Pressure,

or L/s

2. Condenger
oF de at Q,

a —“ lkg nT I a“ =
hy
Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kg K
q,=h,-h, Q, = m(h,-h,)
Pig, 2-2. The p-h and T-s diagrams of standard vapor
heat rejected, kJ/kg
I

compression cycle
2
 14 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System 15

h, = enthalpy entering the condenser, kJ/kg 5. Coefficient of Performance (COP)

h, = enthalpy leaving the condenser, kJ/kg
The coefficient of performance is the ratio of the refrigerating
Q. = total heat rejected, kJ/s
cffect to the work of compression.

COPE TRB Ry
3. Expansion valve h, i h, h, i h,
h,
The power per kW of refrigeration is the inverse of the
coefficient of performance, and an efficient refrigeration system
has a low value of power per kW of refrigeration but a high
coefficient of performance.

6. Efficiency
hy

hg=hy
V,, = displacement rate of compressor
h, = enthalpy entering the expansion valve, kJ/kg D_ = diameter of cylinder (bore)
enthalpy leaving the expansion valve, kd/kg L_ = length of stroke
=

il

N =number of cycles completed per unit time

SO tee,

4. Evaporator N_ =(n) (1) (number of cylinders) for single-acting

compressor i
N_ =(n) (2) (number of cylinders) for double-acting
compressor
n = compressor speed
— a }—_— h; n> a -—
hy hy A single-acting compressor makes one complete cycle in one
revolution.
q, = h,-h, Q, = mth, —h,) A double-acting compressor makes two complete cycles in
q, = h,-h, Q, = m (h, ~— h,) one revolution.
The actual volumetric efficiency n,, is defined as

_ volume flow rate entering compressor

q, = refrigerating effect, kJ/kg va
displacement rate of compressor
h, = enthalpy entering the evaporator, kJ/kg
h, = enthalpy leaving the evaporator, kJ/kg
Q, = refrigerating capacity, kJ/s niva ==Vv,
Vi

Displacement rate is the volume swept through by the pistons

in their suction strokes per unit time.
 16 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System 17

The clearance volumetric efficiency n,, is given by The mechanical efficiency n, is given by

Py v, Vv, — indicated work = W, _ JHP

n= 1+c-c [=] =1+c-c [=] = 1-c [= - ™ ~"prake work “W,, ~ BHP
1

c = per cent clearance where THP = indicated horsepower of the compressor

Vv, = specific volume of vapor after isentropic BHP = brake horsepower of the compressor
compression to p, 7 '
‘! k = 1.304 for ammonia (2-1)
2-1) si
Asimple 2Ssaturated refrigeration cycle
frigerati ycle forfor R-12 system
R-12 syste
j operates at an evaporating temperature of —5°C and a condensing
| temperature of 40°C. Determine (a) the refrigerating effect per
100 kg, (b) the work per kg, (c) the heat rejected at the condenser
i 20) Clearance volumetric efficlency per kg, (d) the COP. For a refrigerating capacity of 1 kW,
| determine (e) the total heat rejected at the condenser, (f) the
0 work, and (g) the volume flow rate.
x
> 70) SOLUTION
} 5 @ Actual volumetric efficiency
zy

:
s
e
3
5 r
|
2 “T g
> » F Le
‘ g)
2 |

| >F 2|
Ae
5)

i ade 1 i

2 3 4 5 6 ?
Discharge-to-suction pressure ratio LL
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
Fig. 2-3 Clearance and actual volumetric efficiency ofa an 7
Refrigerant 22 high-speed compressor. h, =h, at 40°C = 238.5 kJ/kg
h, =h, at-5°C = 349.3 kJ/kg
; .
The adiabatic compression efficiency or simply compression ¥,y, =v,
=v, at—5°C
ab -5°C == 0.06496
0.06496 m‘/k
mvkg
efficiency nc is defined as: h, =h at 961 kPa and s, equal to s, = 372 kJ/kg
isentropic work of compression
c actual work of compression ' Refrigerating effect = h, - h, = 349.3 ~ 238.5 = 110.8 kJAg
thr Work = h— h, = 372 ~ 349.3 = 22.7 kJ/kg
ter Heat rejected = h, ~h, = 372 — 238.5 = 133.5 kJ/kg
 18 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration :

Vv, =v, at 0°C = 0.05539 m/kg

h,-h, — 110.8
(d) COP ==—— = = 4.88 h, =h at 847.7 kPa and s, equal tos, = 368 kJ/ky:
h,-h, 22.7
h,, ie =h,at 0°C = 200 J/kg
For a refrigerating capacity of 1 kW
h., = h, at 0°C = 351.48 kJ/kg
Qe 1 kJ/s
UX__by-h, —h,-h, _B51
233.5
48 ~ 200 ae
(e) m = Th = 7108 kd/ke = 0.00903 kg/s
= aR 200 = 0.2212
‘ea

Q. = (m) th, ~ h,) = (0.00903 kg/s) (372 — 238.5) kJ/kg

Mass of flash gas = 0.2212 kg/kg
= 1.206 kJ/s
() W =(m)th, ~ h,) = (0.00903 kg/s) (372 - 349.3) kJ/kg
b) m= -—__350kS/s____ 9 97 kegs
= 0.205 kJ/s h,-h, ~ (351.48- 233.5) kd/kg
(g) V, = (1m) (v,) = (0.00903 kg/s) (0.06496 m*/kg) ‘co Vi = (m) (v,) = (2.97 kg/s) (0.05539 m/kg)= 0.1645 m/s
= 0.0005866 m*/s “dD we- (m) (h, — h,) = (2.97 kg/s) (368 — 351.48) kJ/kg
= 49.06 kw
(2-2) An air conditioning system of a high rise building
has a capacity of 350 kW of refrigeration, uses R-12. The
h,-h 351.48 — 233.5
: COP =—+—+. = ———__—_=7.14
evaporating and condensing temperatures are 0°C and 35°C, h, -h, 368 — 351.48
respectively. Determine the following: (a) Mass of flash gas per
(2-3) Arefrigeration system using refrigerant 22 is to have
kg of refrigerant circulated, (b) Mass of R-12 circulated per
refrigerating capacity of 60 kW. The evaporating temperature
second, (c) Volumetric rate of flow under suction condition,
is -10°C and the condensing temperature is 42°C. Determine,
(d) Work of compression in kW, and (e) COP.
‘atthe volume flow rate of refrigerant at inlet to the compressor,
ee

) the power required by the compressor, and (c) the fraction of

SOLUTION
\apor in the mixture at entrance to the evaporator expressed
hoth on a mass basis and a volume basis.
ame

SOLUTION
Pressure, kPa

3
2

»
s
&
> X

x
o°c 4 354 kPa 1
N
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
\
--10°C

h, = h, at 35°C = 233.5 kJ/kg

Enthalpy, kIkg
h, =h at 0 C = 351.48 kJ/kg
h, sh, at 42°C = 252.4 kJ/kg
20 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System 21

h, =h, at -10°C = 401.6 kd/kg “OLUTION

v, =v, at -10°C = 65.34 Likg
h, =hat 1610 Pa and s, equal to s, = 440 kJ/kg

Q, 60k J/s
(a) m= = —$————————_ = 0.4021 kes
h,-h, ~ (401.6 ~ 252.4) kJ/kg 8

Pressure, kPa
V, = (m) (v,) = (0.4021 kg/s) (65.34 L/Kg) = 26.27 L/s

(b) W= (m) (h, — h,) = (0.4021 kg/s) (440 - 401.6) kJ/kg

= 15.44 kW
x
) h,--h 4 =
=—4 h,-h,
4 ff 252.4
. coe
eae - 188.4 = 03 -18°C
(0) X= oh, ~ 401.6- 188.4 002 Enthalpy, kJ/kg
Vz=Vqt X Ving =VytX, (v,, - Vig) h, = h,at 24°C = 312.87 kJ/kg
= 0.7588 + (0.3002) (65.34 — 0.7588) = 20.146 L/kg h, = h, at —18°C = 1439.94 kJ/kg

For 1 kg of refrigerant entering the evaporator, point 4, the v, =v, at -18°C = 0.5729 m*/kg
volume of vapor is, (0.3002 kg/kg) (65.34 L/kg) = 19.615 L/kg , = h at 974 kPa and s, equal to 8, = 1657 kJ/kg
,

Fraction of vapor, volume basis = 19.615. = 0.9736 or 97.36%

20.146 \ Refrigerating effect = h,— h, = 1439.94 - 312.87
= 1127.1 kJ/kg
(2-4) Asimple vapor-compression cycle develops 13 tons
of refrigeration. Using ammonia as refrigerant and operating at ‘ot Q.= (13 tons) (211 kJ/min. ton) = 2743 kJ/min
a condensing temperature of 24°C and evaporating temperature
of —18°C and assuming that the compression are isentropic and Perera er 2743 kJ/min
that the gas leaving the condenser is saturated, find the following:
(a) Draw the ph diagram, (b) refrigerating effect in kJ/kg,
h,—h, ~ (1439.94-912.87) kd/kg > 74° Ke/min
(c) circulation rate of refrigerant in kg/min, (d) power requirement,
(e) volume flow in cubic meter/(min) (ton), (f) coefficient of 4) W = (m) (h, - h,) = (2.43 kg/min) (1657 ~ 1439.94) kJ/kg
performance, and (g) power per ton. = 527.5 kJ/min or 8.79 kW

co Vy e LOD) _ (2.43 keg/min) (0.5729 mi/kg)

13 13 tons

= 0.1071 m*/ (min) (ton)

4) COP
= iT hs _ 1439.94
- 312.87 _ 5 19
h,-h, 1657 —- 1439.94
° ]
ww. BIIRW
13 tons
_ 4 676 KWiton
22 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System 23

(2-5) <A refrigeration system is to be used to cool 45,000

kg of water from 29°C to 18°C in 5 hours. The refrigerant is Letm, = mass flow rate of cooling water circulated in the
ammonia and the operation conditions are 616 kPa evaporating condenser
pressure and 1737 kPa liquefaction pressure. Determine (a) the Heat to water = Heat from refrigerant
coefficient of performance, (b) the quantity of cooling water in
the condenser for an increase in temperature of 7°C, (c) the (m,,) (c,) (At,) = (m) (h, — h,)
compressor power, and (d) the volume of flow rate entering the
(0.1085 kg/s) (1620 — 410.4) kJ/kg
compressor. The specific heat of water is 4.187 kJ/kg C°. m, = (4.187 kJ/kg. C°) (7 C°)

SOLUTION = 4.48 kg/s

(c) W =(m) (h, — h,) = (0.1085 kg/s) (1620 — 1471.6) kJ/kg

pee = 16.10 kW
(d) V, = (m) (v,) = (0.1085 kg/s) (205.2 L/kg) = 22.3 L/s
1737 kPa
(2-6) An ammonia simple saturation cycle operates
Pressure, kPa

between evaporator and condenser temperatures of —20°C and

35°C, respectively. The system is to be used in producing 5000
kg of ice at -12°C from water at 29°C in 20 hours. Assuming
Josses to be 20 per cent of the heat to be absorbed from the water,
determine (a) the mass flow rate, (b) the heat rejected at the
condenser, and (c) the power required by the compressor. The
specific heat of ice is 2.094 kJ/kgeC° and the heat of fusion is
Enthalpy, kJ/kg 335 kJ/kg.

SOLUTION
h, = h, at 1737 kPa = 410.4 kJ/kg
h, = h, at 616 kPa = 1471.6 kJ/kg
Vv, =v, at 616 kPa = 205.2 Lihkg
h, = h at 1737 kPa and s, equal to s, = 1620 kJ/kg

Pressure, kPa
h,-h, 1471.6- 410.4 z
(a) COP = Fa = qe20-1471.6 = 7)

&Q
191 kPa
(45,000 kg) (4.187 kJ/kgeC®) (29 — 18) C°
= = 115.1kJ/s
(b) Q, (5 h) (3600 s/h) \
-20°C

m=—&_ 2 ___5.1kJ/s___ 9.1085 kg/s Enthalpy, kJ/kg

h-h, (1471.6
= 410.4) kJ/kg
“) Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System 25

h, = h, at 38°C = 366.1 kJ/kg SOLUTION

h, =h, at -20°C = 1437.2 kJ/kg
h, = hat 1352 kPa and
s, equal tos, = 1735 kd/kg

(a) Theoretical heat to be absorbed per kg of water

Pressure, kPa
= (1 kg) (4.187 kJ/kg #C°) (29- 0) C? + (1 kg) (335 kJ/kg)
+ (1 kg) (2.094 kd/kgeC”) [0 - (-12)] C° = 481.6 kJ

Actual heat to be absorbed = (1.20) (481.6) = 577.9 kJ/kg

(500 kei (577.9 kJ/kg) = 40.13 kJ/s

&. = 30 hy (3600 sh)
Enthalphy, kJ/kg

too 40.15 kell = 0.03747 ke/s

h,-h, ~ (1437.2 - 366.1) kJ/kg
, =h,at 1200 kPa = 346.1 kJ/kg

=
, =h,at 247 kPa = 1445.2 kJ/kg
(b) Qe = (m) (h, = h,) = (0.03747 kg/s) (1735 — 366.1) kd/kg

a
, = hat 1200 kPa and s, equal to s, = 1675 kJ/kg

>
51.29 kJ/s
‘Ply 20017*
(c) W =(m) (h, ~ h,) = (0.03747 kg/s) (1735 ~ 1437.2) kd/kg pa n= 1+e-¢[-]
P;
= 1+ 0.05 ~ (0.05) [250°]
247
11.16 kW = 0.882 or 88.2%
(2-7) An ammonia refrigerating cycle operates at 247 kPa
isentropic work h, -h, 1675 ~ 1445.2
suction pressure and 1200 kPa condenser pressure. Other data ib) Actual work =
are the following: n, n. 0.80
refrigerating capacity 28 kW = 287.3 kJ/kg
compressor clearance 5%
compression efficiency 80%
at, * 1446.2
Ideal COP ==h=h, 346.1
mechanical efficiency 75% 1675-1445. 4"8
actual volumetric efficiency 74%

Determine (a) the clearance volumetric efficiency, (b) the ideal

Actual COP = —Pu—hs__
actual work
_ 1445.2287.3346.1 _——5 95
and actual COP, (c) the mass flow rate of ammonia, and (d) the
brake work. jettles 28 kJ/s
hh, ~ (1445.2 346.1) kd/kg ~ 90247 Ke’s
‘d) Indicated work = (0.02547 kg/s) (287.3 kJ/kg) = 7.318 kW
26 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System 27

indicated work 7.318 Vo =a

m,, (81.32 Seeman
see kg/min) (60 min/h)
min’! = 4.879 :
m3
Brake . work =
7 = 0.75 = 9 TE KW
Py 1000 kg/m fate
b) W = (m) (h, ~ h,) = (1.52 kg/min) (1677 — 1445.2) kJ/kg
(2-8) An ammonia simple saturation cycle operates at
= 352.3 kJ/min or 5.87 kW
247.1 kPa suction pressure and 1169 kPa condenser pressure.
For a load of 1688 kJ/min, determine (a) the m*/h of cooling water
chn, sl+e-e Py
=| = 1+ 0.05 - (0.05 1169 ]Jem
| 528 G00
in the condenser if the water temperature is increased by 6 C°,
p ! ; Loam
(b) the compressor work, and (c) the piston displacement if
= 0.8854
clearance is 5%.
Vv 7
n, =1l-c |+-]=
v, 1- 0.05 | 9.4878.
0.15 _]1 = 0.8874
SOLUTION

0.8854 is the more accurate value, since 0.15 m*/kg is just

‘i approximation from the Mollier diagram.
Assume n.ve =n va

vy owe M9) _ 53 kg/min) (0.4878 msg)

Pressure, kPa

"Ds Mya 0.8854

0.843 m/min

(2-9) A six-cylinder, 6.70 x 5.70-cm, refrigerant 22

compressor operating at 30 r/s indicate a refrigerating capacity
| “14°C
\
»f 96.4 kW and a power requirement of 19.4 kW at an evaporating
temperature of 5°C and a condensing temperature of 35°C.
Enthalpy, kJ/kg Compute (a) the clearance volumetric efficiency if the clearance
volume is 5 per cent, (b) the actual volumetric efficiency, and (c)
h, =h, at 30°C = 341.77 kJ/kg the compression efficiency.
h, =h, at -14°C = 1445.2 kJ/kg
SOLUTION
v, =v,at -14°C = 0.4878 m‘/kg
h, = hat 1169 kPa and s, equal to s, = 1677 kJ/kg
v, =v at 1169 kPa and s, equal tos, = 0.15 mi/kg

Q 1688 kJ/min = 1.53 kg/min

‘ = =
MSR, ~ (1445. 2 kdlkg
— 341.77)
_(m)(h,—h,) _ (1.53 kg/min)
(1677 - 341.77) kJ/kg
m
(eat (4.187 kJ/kg C°) (6 C°) \
BC
- $1.32 kg/min
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
 28 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System 29

h, =h, at 35°C = 243.1 kJ/kg SOLUTION

h, =h, at 5°C = 407.1 kJ/kg
v, =v, at 5°C = 40.36 L/kg
h, = h at 1355 kPa and s, equal tos, = 428 kJ/kg
v, =v at 1355 kPa and s, equal to s, = 20 L/kg

Pressure, kPa
(a) n= 1 e[— 1] =1 ~ (0.05)[ 49:36 | 1
“e . Vv 7 .
20
9

= 0.9491 or 94.91% 2916 kPa

(b) m ecw
h-hh, *= 1407.1 -6 243.)
Q
SKINS ___
kd/kg 0.5878
ke/s
96.4kd/s
“
V, =(m) (v,) = (0.5878 kg/s) (40.36 L/kg) = 23.72 Lis Enthalpy, kJ/kg
Tt (1) (6.70 em)? (5.70 cm) (30 x 6 cycles/s)
V,=—D*LN=
rn 4 (4) (1000 em3/L) h, = h,1204 kPa = 346.6 kJ/kg
= 36.17 L/s h, = h, at 291.6 kPa = 1450.2 kJ/kg
Vv 937 Vv, =v, at 291.6 kPa = 417.5 L/s
<—_——-_

nva = wb = 23:22 _ 0.6558 or 65.58%

Vi, 36.17 , = hat 1204 kPa and s, equal to s, = 1653 kJ/kg

(c) Actual work of compression =

19.4 kJ/s
= 33.00 kJ/kg de = (1.05) (m,) (¢,) (At,) = (1.05) (102) (3.14) (8) = 2690 kJ/min
0.5878 kg/s. or 44.83 kW
Isentropic work of compression = h,— h, = 428 — 407.1 Q, = 44.83 kJ/s
mo=
= 0.0406 kg/s
= 20.9 kJ/kg ,7h, (1450.2
— 346.6) kJ/kg
20.9
Compression efficiency, n, = 33.00 = 0.63.33% or 63.33% W = (m) (h, -h,) = (0.0406) (1653 - 1450.2) = 8.23 kW

8.23 8.23
ludicated work = = 10.29kW
(2-10) A 100 x 200-mm ammonia compressor with a n, 0.80
compression efficiency of 80 per cent operates with a suction
Urake work = output of motor = (14.33) (0.92) = 13.18 kW
pressure of 291.6 kPa and a condenser pressure of 1204 kPa at
23 r/s. The refrigerant cools 102 kg/min of brine by 8 degrees in
the brine cooler. The specific heat of the brine is 3.14 kJ/kgeC’. —
Moechinical , 10.29
efficiency = Bie"
Electric input to the motor driving the compressor is 14.33 kW. 0.781 or 78.1%
Motor efficiency at this load is 92 per cent. Assuming 5 per cent
of the useful refrigerating effect is lost by brine cooler from the \ ‘md (v.) = (0.0406)
(417.5) = 16.96 L/s
room, determine the mechanical and volumetric efficiencies of \ + D, LN = x (10cm)? (20 em) (23 cycles/s)
the comipressor.
(4) (1000 em/L) = 21.68 Lis
 30 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System 31

V, _ 16.95 = 0.7818 or 78.18%

Piston speed = 2L (rpm)
n= TW
w Vy 216

oO
Le (213 m/min) (100 cm/m)
(2-11) A four-cylinder refrigerant 12 compressor operates (2) (1200) rev/min ~ 9-875 cm
between evaporator and condenser temperatures of 4°C and 43°C.
It is to carry a load of 20 tons of refrigeration at 1200 rpm. If the qT
Vv q—_ D?2 LN
average piston speed is 213 m/min and the actual volumetric D

efficiency is 80 per cent, what should be the bore and stroke of

the compressor. : Tt
2.314 x eee ae em)? (8.875 cm) (1200 x 4 cycles/min)
SOLUTION
D =8:315 cm

ag
a

E
ee

Enthalpy, kJ/kg
—_——_—

h, =h, at 43°C = 241.6 kJ/kg

h, at 4°C = 353.18 kJ/kg
=

"

v, =v, at 4°C = 0.04895 m*/kg

=h at 1034 kPa and s, equal to s, = 372 kJ/kg

Q,_ _ (20 tons) (211 kJ/min ¢ ton) _ 37.82 kg/min

h, -h, (353.18 - 241.6) kJ/kg

V, = (m) (v,) = (37.82 kg/min) (0.04895 m*/kg) = 1.851 m/min

v, = = 4851 _ 9314 m/min or 2.314 x 10° cm*/min

32 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System “4/1

Effects of Operating Conditions a) Refrigerating effect

Effects of Increasing the Vaporizing Temperature For the ~-10°C evaporating cycle, the refrigerating effect
=h, —h, = 347.1 - 238.5 = 108.6 kJ/kg
(2-12) A R-12 simple saturated refrigerating cycle operates
at an evaporating temperature of -10°C and a condensing For the 5°C evaporating cycle, the refrigerating effect
temperature of 40°C. Show the effects of increasing the
= h,. ~ h, = 353.6 - 238.5 = 115.1 kJ/kg
vaporizing temperature to 5°C.
)) Effect on mass flow rate per ton
SOLUTION
For the —10°C evaporating cycle, the mass flow rate,

211 =-—_
4 —_
___ = 1.943 kg/(min) (ton)
h, ~-h, 347.1 — 238.5

For the 5°C evaporating cycle, the mass flow rate,

Pressure, kPa

,
m'= h, -h,
211 211
= 3536-2385 1.833 kg/(min) (ton)

'' Effect on compressor volume capacity

For the -10°C evaporating cycle, the volume flow rate,

Enthalpy, kJ/kg V, = (m) (v,) = (1.943) (0.07665) = 0.1489 m%/(min) (ton)

For the 5°C evaporating cycle, the volume flow rate,

h, , ==h, A, =h,=h,at 40°C = 238.5 kJ/kg V,. = (m') (v,) = (1.833) (0.04749) = 0.087 m*/(min) (ton)
For the —10°C evaporating cycle (cycle 1-2-3-4-1) d+ Effect on COP
v, =v, at —10°C = 0.07665 m*/kg
"or the -10°C evaporating cycle,
h, =h, at -10°C = 347.1 kJ/kg
h, =hat 961 kPa and s, equal tos, = 373 kJ/kg h,—h, 347.1 - 238.5
Cc
OP= =—hh, 42.~~ 373 73a71 72, 19
For the 5°C evaporating cycle (cycle 1' -2' -3'-4'-1') For the 5°C evaporating cycle,
v,. = vg at 5°C = 0.04749 ms/kg h.—h, 353.6 - 238.5 ig
COP =——_4+= ————*
h, 1 =hg at 5°C = 353.6 kJ/kg PoRo oh, 371735367 7 661
h, =hat 961 kPa and s, equal tos, = 371 kJ/kg
 Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System 35
34 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

Effects of Increasing the Condensing Temperature

(e) Effect on work per ton of refrigeration
(2-13) A simple saturated refrigerating cycle using R-12
For the —10°C evaporating cycle, the work,
as the refrigerant, operates at a condensing temperature of 40°C
and an evaporating temperature of -10°C. Show the effects of
W = (m) (h,-h,) = (1.943) (873-347.1)
increasing the condensing temperature to 50°C. /
ree ee:

= 50.32 kJ/(min) (ton) or 0.839 kW/ton

SOLUTION
Forthe 5°C evaporating cycle, the work,
a

W' = (m) (h,- h,) = (1.833) (371 - 353.6)

ee

3 1219 kPa 2
a 3 961 kPa X
= 31.89 kJ/min) (ton) or 0.532 kW/ton
&g eo\ 60°C
(f) Effect on condenser performance

For the -10°C evaporating cycle, the heat rejected at the 4 zig kPa _/,
condenser, 4 \
\
-10°C
Qc =(m)(h, —h,) = (1.948) (373 — 238.5)
Enthalpy, ki/kg
= 261,3 kJ/min) (ton) or 4.355 kW/ton
h, =h, at~10°C = 347.1 kd/kg
For the 5°C evaporating cycle, the heat rejected at the
Vv, =v, at—10°C = 0.07665 m*/kg
condenser,
For the 40°C condensing cycle (cycle 1-2-3-4-1)
Q'c = (m’) (hy - h,) = (1.833) (371 ~ 238.5)
h, = h, = h, at 40°C = 238.5 kJ/kg
= 242.9 kJ min) (ton) or 4.05 kW/ton h, = h at 961 kPa and s, equal to s, = 373 kJ/kg

Effects of increasing the vaporizing temperature For the 50°C condensing cycle (cycle 1-2'-3'-4'-1)
s.
(1) The refrigerating effect per unit mass increase h, = h,.=h, at 50°C = 248.9 kJ/kg
(2) The mass flow rate per ton decreas es. h, = hat 1219kPa and s,, equal to 8, = 378 kd/kg
(3) The volume flow rate per ton decreases.
a! Refrigerating effect
(4) The COP increases.
(5) The work per ton decreases. For the 40°C condensing cycle, the refrigerating effect
es.
(6) The heat rejected at the condenser per ton decreas
= h, ~h, = 347.1 — 238.5 = 108.6 kJ/kg
Kor the 50°C condensing cycle, the refrigerating effect

=h, ~h, = 347.1 - 248.9 = 98.2 kJ/kg

 36 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration Sy~ten:

(b) Effect on mass flow rate per ton !) Effect on condenser performance

For the 40°C condensing cvcle, the heat rejected at the

For the 40°C condensing cycle, the mass flow rate, condenser,

m =
211
=-
211
= 1.943 kg min) (ton) Q. = (m) th, ~h,) = (1.943) (373 - 238.5)
h,-h, 347.1 —- 238.5 = 261.3 kJ/A min) (ton) or 4.355 kW/ton
For the 50 C condensing cycle. the heat rejected at th.
For the 50°C condensing cycle, the mass flow rate, condenser,
{ m 2
, “hh, 211
3712480
: ;
= 2.149 kg/(min) (ton) Q'... = (m') th,.— h,) = (2.149) (378 — 248.9)
277.4 kJ min) (ton) or 4.623 kW/ton
(c) Effect on compressor volume capacity
!.lfects of increasing the condenser temperature
For the 40°C condensing cycle, the volume flow rate,
‘1) The refrigerating effect per unit mass decrease.
(2) The mass flow rate per ton increases.
V,, =(m)(v,} = (1.943) (0.07665) = 0.1489 m?/( mim) (ton) (3) The volume flow rate per ton increases.
(4) The COP decreases.
For the 50°C condensing cycle, the volume flow rate, (5) The work per ton increases.
(6) The heat rejected at the condenser per ton increases
| Vy = (m') (v,) = 2.149) (0.07665)
= 0.1647 m'/(min) (ton) (2-14) A 150 x 150-mm, twin-cylinder, single acting
‘efrigerant 12 compressor running at 25 r/s carries a
| (d) Effect on COP « fvigerating load of 39.4 kW while operating at 340 kPa suction
ud 1277 kPa discharge pressures. If the discharge pressure
' For the 40 °C condensing cycle, ‘here raised to 1397 kPa, at what speed should the compressor

| copa Bat «BABES 419 run to carry the same load assuming the volumetric efficiency
' remain the same? ,
For the 50°C condensing cycle, “OLUTION

COP =
h,-h, _ 347.1
~ 248.9
h,-h, 1 378
- 347.1 reer
(e) Effect on work per ton of refrigeration z
- 3
For the 40°C condensing cycle, the work,
4
r
i:
W «(m) (h, ~h,}-= (1.943) (373 — 347.1)
= 50.32 kJ/(min) (ton) or 0.839 kW/ton ‘
f: | h, =h, at 340 kPa = 352.8 kJ/kg
F 1h, =h,at 1277 kPa = 251 kJ /ke
For the 50°C condensing cycle, the work,
h, = h, at 1397 kPa = 255.3 kJ/Kg
W’ = (m’) (h,. — h,) = (2.149) (378 - 347.1)
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
= 66.40 kJ Amin) (ton) or 1.107 kW/ton
 38 Refrigeration and Air Condstioning Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System 30

Let m= = old mass flow rate ‘or the saturated cycle (cycle 1-2-3-4-1)
m' = new mass flow rate
v, = V, at —-5°C = 0.06496 mi/kg
n = old compressor speed
no = new compressor speed h, =h, at -5°C = 349.3 kJ/kg

m= Q, 39.4 kS/s = 0.3870 kg/s h, =h at 961 kPa and s, equal tos, = 312 kJ/kg
h,-h, (352.8 — 251) kd/kg
“or the superheated cycle (cycle 1'-2'-3~4-1')
| me = 39.4 kd/s = 0.4041 kg/s
“h-hh, 352.8- 255.3) kd/kg Vv, =v at 261 kPa and 15°C = 0.071 m#/kg
volume flow rate entering compressor
volumetric efficiency = h,. = h at-261 kPa and 15°C = 362 kJ/kg
displacement rate of compressor

| (m') tv) (m) (vy) h, =h at 961 kPa and S, equal to S).= 387 kJ/kg
EPL2) in’) ~ EDL) m)
4 4 vu Refrigerating effect

, im) (ni (0.4041) (25) For the saturated cycle, the refrigerating effect is
n =—— =a
m 0.3870
owe ee

=h, -—h, = 349.3 — 238.5 = 110.8 kJ/icg

Effects of Superheating the Suction Vapor

(2-15) A simple saturated refrigerating cycle for R-12 For the superheated cycle,
system operates at an evaporating temperature of —5°C and a (1) When superheating of suction vanor occurs inside the
condensing temperature of 40°C. Show the effects of superheating 'trigerated space, useful cooling results and the refrigeratir<
Heetis
the suction vapor from —5°C to 15°C.

SOLUTION = h,.—h, = 362 ~ 238.5 = 123.5 kJ/kg

(2) When superheating of suction vapor occurs in the
ction line, no useful cooling results and the refrigerating
i tleet is
Pressure, kPa

/h,~h, = 349.3 — 238.5 = 110.8 ki/kg

' fect on mass flow rate per ton

! or the saturated cycle, the mass flow rate,

=
211 = 211 -1 ( ; { )
‘"hy-h, ~ 349.3 236.5, ~ 1904 keMmin) (ton)
Enthalpy, kJ/kg

h,=h,
' =h, at 40°C = 238.5 kd/kg
 1) Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System 41

For the superheated cycle,

(1) With useful cooling, the mass flow rate,
h, —h,
(2) Without useful cooling, COP = ikeh
211 211
= 1.709 kg/(min) (ton)
m= oh, > 362-2385 349.3
~ 387-5
(2) Without useful cooling, the mass flow rate,
2 ann «) Effect on work per ton of refrigeration
= 1.904 kg/min) (ton)
me" Th, 349.5 — 238.5 For the saturated cycle, the work,
|
(ce) Effect on compressor volume capacity W= (m) (h, — h,) = (1.904) (372 - 349.3)
= 43.22 kJ/ (min) (ton) or 0.720 kW/ton
Yor the saturated evele, the volume flow rate, For the superheated cycie,

¥ =(miv}=(1.904) (0.06496) = 0.1237 m*/(min) (ton) (1) With useful cooling, the work,

W' = (m') (hy= h,.) = (1.709) (387-362)

\ For the superheated cycle,
} ii) With useful cooling, the volume flow rate, = 42.73 kJ/M min) \ton) or 0.712 kW/ton
(2) Without useful cooling. the work,
V,.= (md ‘v,.) = (1.709) (0.071 )
W" = (m') (hy ~ h,) = (1.904) (887 - 262)
| = 0.1213 mi min) (ton)
= 47.6 kJ/ (min) (ton) or 0.793 kW/ton
(2) Without useful cooling, the volume flow rate, '. Effect on condenser performance
‘
lor the saturated cycle, the heat rejected at the condenser,
| Vis (mt (vb = ¢ 1.904) (0.071 )
0.1352 m*/( min) (ton) Q, = (m) th,- h,) = (1.904) (372 - 238.5)
u

= 254.2 kJ/ (min) (ton) or 4.24 kW/ton

(di) Effect on COP
lor the superheated cycle,
h, -h, 349.3 — 238.5 = 4.88
for the saturated cycle, COP = = (1) With useful cooling, the
h,-h, 372 — 349.3 heat rejected at the
condenser,

For the saturated cycle, Q'e = (m') (h,. — h,) = (1.709) (387 - 238.5)
h,. -h, 362—238.5 = 253.8 kJ/ (min) (ton) or 4.23 kW/ton
‘1) With useful cooling, COP = bob >
h, 387 — 362 (2) Without useful cooling, the heat rejected at the
condenser,
= 4.94
Q’c'= (m) (h, — h,) = (1.904) (387- 238.5)
= 282.7 kJ/ (min) (ton) or 4.71 kW/ton
42 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration >\ --

Effects of superheating the suction vapor For the saturated cycle (cycle 1-2-3-4-1)
When superheating produces useful cooling: h, =h, =h,at 40°C = 238.5 kI/kg
(1) The refrigerating effect per unit mass increases.
(2) The miss tlow rate per ton decreases.
For the subcooled cycle (cycle 1-2-3'-4'-1)
(3) The voluiic flow rate per ton decreases.
(.) The COP increases. h, =h, =h, at 30°C = 228.5 kJ/kg
(5) The work per ton decreases.
u Refrigerating effect
When superheating occurs without useful cooling: For the saturated cycle, the refrigerating effect =h, bh
(6) The retrizcrating effect per unit mass remains the = 349.3 — 238.5 = 110.8 kJ/kg
same
(7) The mass flow rate per ton remains the same. For the subcooled cycle, the refrigerating effect = h, h
(8) The velune flow rate per ton increases. = 349.3 - 228.5 = 120.8 kJ/kg
(9) The COP decreases.
(10) The work per ton increases. ib) Effect on mass flow rate per ton
(21) The heat re’ected at the condenser per ton increases.
For the saturated cycle, the mass flow rate,
er
ects of Sudceooli...x the Licuid
21 211 = 1.918 kg(min) (ton)
(2-16) A simple saturated refrigerating cycle using R-12 h,-h, ~ 349.3
- 238.5
as the refrigerant operates at an evaporating temperature of
—5°C and a condensing temperature of 40’C. Show the effects of
For the subcooled cycle, the mass flow rate,
sudcooling the licuid from 40°C to 30°C before reaching the
ex vension valve. 211 211
n = = = 1.747 kg min) (ton!
h,-h, 349.3
- 228.5
SOLUTION
I'ffect on compressor volume capacity
30°C
lor the saturated cycle, the volume flow rate,
343 961 kPa 2 V, =(m) (v,) = (1.918) (0.06496) = 0.1246 m*/ (min) (ton)

_£ as
s

lor the subcooled cycle, the volume flow rate,

3 / 40°C V, = (m')(v,) = (1.747) (0.06496) = 0.1135 m*min) (ton)
“ 7 261 kPa 1 i tect on COP
4 \
x
| or the saturated cycle, COP =
h
| -6°C .
h,—-h, ~ 372-3493
Enthalpy, kJ/kg ' = 4.88
Vv, =v, at -5°C = 0.06496 m/kg low the subcooled eyele, COP = h~h, = 349.3
— 228.5
bh, =h, at -5°C = 349.3 kJ/kg
; h,-h, ~ 372—349.3
!
= 5.32
ho = hat 961 kPa and s, equal to s, = 372 kJ/kg
42 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System 43

Effects of superheating the suction vapor For the saturated cycle (cycle 1-2-3-4-1)
When superheating produces useful cooling: h, =h, = h, at 40°C = 238.5 kJ/kg
(1) The refrigerating effect per unit mass increases.
(2) The mass flow rate per ten decreases. For the subcooled cycle (cycle 1—2-3'—4'-1)
(3) The volume flow rate per ton decreases
(.) The COP increases. h,, = h,. = h, at 30°C = 228.5 kJ/kg
(5) The work per ton decreases.
(a) Refrigerating effect
When superheating occurs without useful cooling: For the saturated cycle, the refrigerating effect = h, — h,
(6) The refrigerating effect per unit mass remains the = 349.3 — 238.5 = 110.8 kJ/kg
same
(7) The mass flow rate per ton remains the same. For the subcooled cycle, the refrigerating effect = h, —h,
(8) The velusne flow rate per ton increases. = 349.3 — 228.5 = 120.8 kJ/kg
(9) The COP decreases.
(10) The work per ton increases. (b) Effect on mass flow rate per ton
(21) The heat re/ected at the condenser per ton increases.
For the saturated cycle, the mass flow rate,
=ects of Sudcooli..2 the Licuid
211 211
m =———
hh, ==
349.3 22385 _ = 1.918kgg/min)min) (t (ton)
(2-16) A simple saturated refrigerating cycle using R-12
as the refrigerant operates at an evaporating temperature of
-5°C and a condensing temperature of 40°C. Show the effects of
For the subcooled cycle, the mass flow rate,
stbcooling the licuid from 40°C to 30°C before reaching the
ex oansion valve.
m
; oe:
211 - OO
211 = 1.747 kg/(min) (ton)
h,-h, 349.3 - 228.5
SOLUTION

(c) Effect on compressor volume capacity

30°C
For the saturated cycle, the volume flow rate,
“ 3|. 961 kPa 2 V, = (im) (v,) = (1.918) (0.06496) = 0.1246 m*/ (min) (ton)
& TA
g wi For the subcooled cycle, the volume flow rate,
? 40°C V, = (m') (v,) = (1.747) (0.06496) = 0.1185 m*/(min) (ton)

261 kPa (d) Effect on COP

2 1
4 \ h -h 5
-6°C
X\
For the saturated cycle, COP = ———+ = 349.3 — 238.5
h,-h, ~ 372-3493
Enthalpy, kJ/kg = 4.88
v, =v,at-5°C = 0.06496 m‘/kg For the subcooled cycle, COP = h—hy
h,-h,
_ 349.3
372
~ 228.5
— 349.3
nae h, at -5°C = 349.3 kJ/kg
h, = hat 961 kPa ands, equal tos, = 372 kd/kg = 5.32
44 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Simple Vapor Compression Retrigeration System 45

(e) Effect on work per ton of refrigeration SOLUTION

For the saturated cycle, the work,

W =(m) th, ~ h,) = (1.918) (372 - 349.3)
= 43.53 kJ min) (ton) or 0.726 kW/ton

For the subcooled cycle, the work,

W' =(m') (h, ~h,) = (1.747) (372 — 349.3)

= 39.66 kJ/Amin) (ton) or 0.661 kW/ton

if) Effect on condenser performance

For the saturated cycle, the heat rejected at the condenser,

Q. =(m) th, -h,) = (1.918) (372 — 238.5) Enthalpy, kJ/kg

= 256.1 kJ/(min) (ton) or 4.268 kW/ton h, =h,at 33°C = 240.5 kJ/kg

h, =h at 5°C and 466 kPa
= 410 kJ/kg
For the subcooled cycle, the heat rejected at the condenser,
v, =vat5°C and 466 kPa = 53 Lhkg
Q'. =(m’) (h, - h,) = (1.747) (372 — 228.5)
h, =h at 1460 kPa and s, equal tos, = 440 kJ/kg
= 250.7 kJ/(min) (ton) or 4.178 kW/ton
Qemne = 112 kJ/s
Effects of subcooling the liquid ia) n= = 0.6608 kg/s
(1) The refrigerating effect per unit mass increases. h,-h, (410 - 240.5) kd/kg
(2) The mass flow rate per ton decreases.
(3) The volume flow rate per ton decreases. V. = my, = (0.6608) (53) = 35.02 L/s
(4) The COP increases. V, = a DLN = (nm) (8.5 cm)* (7.0 cm) (28 x 4 x cycles/s)
(5) The work per ton decreases. 4 (4) (1000 em/L)
(6) The heat rejected at the condenser per ton decreases.
= 44.49 L/s
SUBCOOLING AND SUPERHEATING V rg
nva = = 35.02 _ 9.7871 or 78.71%
> 44.49
(2-17) A refrigerant 22, four cylinder, 85 x 70-mm,
compressor operating at 28 r/s, a condensing temperature of
38°C, and an evaporating temperature of -2°C carries a ‘b}) Isentropic work = (m) (h, — h,) = (0.6608) (440 - 410)
refrigerating load of 112 kW. The motor driving the compressor
has an efficiency of 92 per cent and draws 32.5 kW. There is a = 19.82 kW
5°C subcooling and 7°C superheating of the suction gas entering
the compressor. Compute (a) the actual volumetric efficiency and Actual work = (32.5) (0.92) = 29.90 kW
(b) the compression efficiency. 19.82
Compression efficiency, n. = 5 = 0.6629 or 66.29%
46 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System 47

(2-18) An ammonia compressor operates at an Seas (0) V, = (m) (v,) = (0.07877 kg/s) (410 L/kg) = 32.3 Lis
pressure of 316 kPa and a condenser pressure of 1514.2 kPa.
The refrigerant is subcooled 5 degrees and is superheated 8 Assume n,, = 100%, then, V,, = V = 32.3 L/s
degrees. A twin-cylinder compressor with bore to stroke cae
0.85 is to be used at 1200 rpm. The mechanical efficiency is 77%.
Vi = Zp: LN = (mt) (0.85L em)? (L cm) (20x2 cycles/s)
For a load of 87.5 kW, determine: -
(a) the quantity of cooling water in the condenser if the aa (4) (1000 cm/L)
increase in temperature is 7 degrees,
(b) the bore and stroke, = 0.0227 L* L/s
(c) the size of the driving motor, and
(d) the quality of the refrigerant entering the evaporator. 0.0227L* = 32.3

SOLUTION: L = 11.25 cm

D = (0.85) (11.25) = 9.56 cm

(s) W = (m) (h, ~ h,) = (0.07877 kg/s) (1715 -1472) kJ/kg

1514.2 kPa
Pressure, kPa

= 19.14 kW
' . _ : 19.14
Power input to compressor = power output of motor = 0.77
316 kPa

= 24.86kW

h,-h 361.2 —
(d) x,2—t Aa = 3612~ 1682 _ 9 1596 oF 15.36%
Enthalpy, kJ/kg hy, 1289.44

, =h, at 34°C = 361.2 kJ/kg (2-19) A 10-ton vapor compression refrigeration system is
h, = h at 316 kPa and 0°C = 1472 kJ/kg to evaporate R-12 at-20°C and to condense it at 40°C. The twin-
v, =v at 316 kPa and 0°C = 0.41 m/kg cylinder vertical compressor is to run at 900 rpm; it is single
acting, has the bore equal to the stroke, and has 2% clearance.
h, = hat 1514.2 kPa and s, equal to s, = 1715 kJ/kg
Vapor enters the compressor at —-10°C and liquid enters the
expansion valve at 30°C.
a) Me Q a ee87.5 kJ/s = 0.07877
0, kg/sgis (a) What refrigeration flow rate is required?
ey mM= Fh, (1472
— 361.2) k/kg (b) What would be the bore and stroke of the compressor?
(c) What power is required by the compressor?
(m) (h, — h,) (0.07877 kg/s) (1715 — 361.2)
kJ/kg (d) What is the quantity of the cooling water required in the
me TEAL) 4.187 kJ/kg. C°) (7 C°) condenser for a 8-degree increase in temperature?

= 3.64 kg/s
 Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System 49
48 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

SOLUTION
(c) W) = (m) th, ~h,) = (0.2947 kg/s) (383 - 348) kJ/kg
10.31 kW
30°C
id) m= 2m th, = hy) _ (0.2947 kg/s) (383 — 228.5kJ/ke
4)
7 3 2
: (c.) (At) (4.187 kJ/kg.C*)
a = 1.36 kg/s
(8 C°)
£ ‘
i 40°C
150.9 kPa Liquid-Suction Heat Exchanger
4 Res

20°C \ The functions of the heat exchanger are:

-10°C
1. To ensure that no liquid enters the compressor, and
Enthalpy, kJ/kg 2. To subcool the liquid from the condenser to prevent
bubbles of vapor from impeding the flow of refrigerant through
h, =h,at 30°C = 228.54 kJ/kg the expansion valve.
h, -= hat 150.9 kPa and —-10°C = 348 kJ/kg
(2-20) A simple saturated refrigerating cycle using R-12 as
v, =vat 150.9 kPa and -10'C = 0.12 m‘/kg
refrigerant operates at an evaporating temperature of -5°C and
h, = hat 960.7 kPa and s, equal to s, = 383 kJ/kg a condensing temperature of 40°C. Show the effects of installing
v,2 = v at 960.7 kPa and s, equal to s, = 0.021 m*/kg a heat exchanger that would superheat the suction vapor from -
5°C to 15°C in the heat exchanger.
a Q, _ (10 tons) (3.52 kW/ton) _ 0.2947 ke/s
ay m= Fh —h, (348 — 228.54) kd/kg SOLUTION

For the saturated cycle: COP = 4.88 (See problem 2-1)

faa = 1-0.02 F222 -1] = 0.9057
(b) n= lion a] = 1-002) For the heat exchanger cycle:

V, =(m)

Assume
(v=

n,, =n
(0.2947 kg/s) (0.12 m*/kg) = 0.03536 m*/s
3

—_——_»—___
:
1
Vi = Ni = ase = 0.03904 m*/s or 2.3424 m‘/min Compressor
To" T., 0.09057

AAAAAA
AAAAA
Heat

VA
WW
exchanger

-2pLn = m)? (D m) (900x2 cycles/min)

4

a
-@ [rm]
= 1413.7 D’ m*/min
1413.7 D® = 2.3424 5

D 0.1183 m or 11.83 cm
Expansion
"i

1, = 11.83 ¢m valve
50 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System 51

(2-21) Arefrigerant 22 vapor compression system includes

a liquid-to-suction heat exchanger in the system. The heat
exchanger cools saturated liquid coming from the condenser from
32°C to 21°C with vapor which comes from the evaporator at —
10°C.

(a) Calculate the COP of the system without the heat

exchanger but with the condensing temperature a 32°C and an
evaporator temperature at —10°C.
(b) Calculate the COP of the system with the heat exchanger.
(c) If the compressor is capable of pumping 20 L/s measured
at the compressor suction, what is the refrigerating capacity of
the system without the heat exchanger?
Enthalpy, ki/kg (d) With the same compressor capacity as in (c), what is the
refrigerating capacity of the system wifh the heat exchanger?

h, =hat 26! kPa and 15°C = 362 kJ/kg SOLUTION

h, =hat 961 kPa and s, equal tos, = 387 kJ/kg
(a)
h, =h,at 40°C = 238 5 kJ/kg

Heat balance of the heat exchanger

h,+h,=h, +h,

Retrigerating effect = h, -h, =h,-h,

h,-h, 362 — 2385

COP =——+ = 4.94
h,—-h, = ———_
387 —362 °
XN
The coefficient of performance of the heat exchanger cycle -10°C
differs than that of the saturated cycle by only
Enthalpy, kJ/kg

4.94 — 4.88
= 123% h, = h, at 32°C = 239.2 kJ/kg
4.88
1
=h, at -10°C = 401.6 kJ/kg
=v, at -10°C = 65.34 Likg
Depending upon the particular case, the coefficient of M 1

performance of a heat exchanger cycle may be either greater h, = h at 1255 kPa and s, equal tos, = 433 kJ/kg
than, less than, or the same as that ofasaturated cycle operating
between the same pressure limits.
h,-h, 401.6
- 239.2
0) le eee 7
h,-h, 433-4016 -
52 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System 53

(b) PROBLEMS

. (1) An ammonia vapor refrigeration cycle operates at an

evaporator temperature of —16°C and a condensing temperature
of 32°C. Determine the coefficient of performance (a) for an ideal

Pressure, kPa
saturation cycle, (b) for wet compression with saturated vapor
leaving the compressor, and (c) if the vapor at suction to the
compressor is superheated 6 degrees.

Ans. (a) 4.50, (b) 4.70, (c) 4.28

415.5
v (2) Astandard vapor compression system produces 20 tons
of refrigeration using R-12 as a refrigerant while operating
Enthalpy, k/cg
between a condenser temperature of 41.6 C and an evaporator
h, = h, at 32°C = 239.2 kJ/kg temperature of -25°C. Determine (a) the refrigerating effect in
h, =h, =h,at 21°C = 225.3 kJ/kg kJ/kg, (b) the circulating rate in kg/s, (c) the power supplied,
(d) the COP, (e) the heat rejected in kW, and (f) the volume flow
h, = h, at ~10°C = 401.6 kJ/kg
rate in L/s.
h,+h,=h,+h,

kJ/kg Ans. (a) 100.26 kJ/kg, (b) 0.7022 kg/s, (c) 25.69 kW,
h, = 239.2 + 401.6 — 225.3 = 415.5

v, = 72 Like
(d) 2.74, (e) 96.09 kW, (f) 92.18 L/s
h, = hat 1255 kPa and s, equal to s, = 450 kJ/kg
(3) A manufacturing company is intending to use its water
h,-h, _401.6-225.3 _. 1, cooled condenser for its proposed cold storage room. The name
COP= Th, 450-4155 plate of the condenser gives the following specifications:
refrigerant ammonia
(c) Without the heat exchanger. condenser water inlet , 30°C
condenser water outlet 40°C
me ot = OMS _ 9 3061 kg/s condensing temperature 35°C
Vv, ~ 65.34L/kg refrigerant flow 3.84 kg/min
circulating water flow 120 kg/min
Q =(m) (h, —h,) = (0.3061 kg/s) (401.6 - 239.2) kd/kg
(a) If the company decided to purchase a new compressor and
= 49.71 kW evaporator, find the tonnage of the system and the temperature
in the evaporator, (b) what is the COP? (c) find the theoretical
. hp required.
(d) With the heat exchanger.
Vv,
ale 20 Lis = 0.2777 kg/s Ans. (a) 19.73 TR; -8°C, (b) 4.83, (c) 19.26 hp -
m=
Vv 72 Likg
(4) Astandard ammonia vapor-compression cycle developing
1.6
— 225.3)
Q = (m) (h, — h,) = (0.2777 kg/s) (40 kd/kg
20 tons of refrigeration operates with a condensing temperature
= 48.96 kW of 32°C and an evaporating temperature of -14°C. Calculate the
54 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System 55

(a) refrigerating effect, (b) circulating rate of refrigerant, (c) (8) Arefrigerant 12 refrigeration system requires a load of
54 kW at an evaporator pressure of 270 kPa and a condenser
theoretical power, (d) COP, (e) gallons per minute of cooling water
in the condenser, if At is 8C°, (f) quality of the refrigerant entering pressure of 1009 kPa. The refrigerant is subcooled 10 degrees
the evaporator, and (g) temperature of the refrigerant leaving the before entering the expansion valve and vapor is superheated
compressor. (1 gallon contains 8.33 lb. of water) 14 degrees before entering the compressor. A twin-cylinder
compressor with stroke equal to 1.25 times the bore is to be used
Ans. (a) 1093.7 kJ/kg, (b) 3.86 kg/min., at a speed of 27 r/s. The volumetric efficiency is 84 per cent.
Determine (a) the quantity of cooling water in the condenser for
(c) 15.44 kW, (d) 4.56, (e) 40.6 gpm
an 11-degree increase in temperature, (b) the bore and stroke,
and (c) the compressor power.
(5) Asingle-acting, twin-cylinder 15.25 x 15.25-cm. compressor
receives saturated ammonia vapor at -18°C and discharges it at Ans. (a) 1.40 kg/s, (b) 8.58 x 10.73 cm, (c) 10.5 kW
1514.3 kPa. The system is used to produce ice at afinal temperature
of -10°C from water at 27°C. The compressor runs at 450 rpm with (9) Arefrigerant 22 refrigeration system carries a load of
an actual volumetric efficiency of 78%. Assume compression and 82 kW at an evaporator pressure of 354 kPa and a condenser
mechanical efficiencies to be 82% and 88%, respectively. Calculate pressure of 1460 kPa. The liquid refrigerant is subcooled by 4
the following: (a) capacity of the system in tons of refrigeration, (b) degrees before entering the expansion valve and the vapor is
brake hp required by the compressor, (c) tons of ice produced per superheated by 5 degrees before entering the compressor. The
day if compressor runs only 20 hours a day. Assume losses to be compressor operates at 28 r/s. The stroke-to-bore ratio of the
10% of the refrigeration required to produce the ice, and (d) ideal twin-cylinder compressor is 1.20 and the actual volumetric
and actual COP. efficiency is 82 per cent. Determine (a) mass flow rate of
refrigerant, (b) mass flow rate of cooling water in the condenser
Ans. (a) 17.04 TR, (b) 32 hp, (c) 8.37 tons, (d) 3.4, 2.79 for a 7-degree change in temperature, and (c) the bore and stroke.

(6) An R-12 standard refrigeration cycle operates at an Ans. (a) 0.5025 kg/s, (b) 3.43 kg/s, (c) 9.2 x 11 cm
evaporating pressure of 386 kPa and a condensing pressure of 1009
kPa. Show the effects of decreasing the vaporizing pressure to 270 (10) Arefrigerant 22 refrigerating system is operating with
kPa on the following: For a unit mass, (a) refrigerating effect, (b) a condenser temperature of 42°C and an evaporating
COP, and (c) work. For a refrigerating capacity of 1 kW, (d) temperature of 0°C. (a) If the liquid line from the condenser is
power, (e) mass flow rate, (f) heat rejected, and (g) volume flow
soldered to the suction line from the evaporator to form a simple
rate.
heat exchanger and if as a result of this the saturated vapor
leaving the evaporator is superheated 10 degrees, how many
(7) An industrial plant has available a 4-cylinder, 76-mm bore degrees will the saturates liquid leaving the condenser be
by 102-mm stroke, 800 rpm, single-acting compressor for use with subcooled? Determine (b) the volume flow rate, and (c) the
Refrigerant 12. Proposed operating conditions for the compressor compressor work.
are 38°C condensing temperature and 5°C evaporating temperature.
It is estimated that the refrigerant will enter the expansion valve
Ans. (a) 5.3°C, (b) 1.102 L/s/TR, (c) 0.662 kW/TR
as a saturated liquid, that the vapor will leave the evaporator at a
temperature of 7°C, and will enter the compressor at a temperature
(11) In a conventional refrigeration cycle which uses Freon-
of 13°C. Assume a compressor volumetric efficiency of 70 per cent.
12 as the refrigerant, the temperature of the evaporating fluid
Assume frictionless flow. Calculate the refrigerating capacity in
is -20°C. It leaves the evaporator as saturated vapor at —20°C
kW for a system equipped with this compressor.
and enters the compressor. The pressure in the condenser is 1.30
MPa. The liquid leaves the condenser and enters the expansion
Ans. 40.96 kW
valve at 40°C. It is proposed to modify this cycle by adding a
56 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

vapor to 25°C.
heat exchanger that would superheat the suction
cycles. What
Compare the coeffici ent of perform ance of these two
the expansion valve
Chapter 3
is the temperature of the refrigerant entering
determine the
with the heat exchanger? For a load of 50kW,
volume flow rate for both cycles.

Ans. 2.79, 2.80, 12°C, 0.0522m*/s, 0.0523 m*/s

Actual Vapor Compression Cycle

As the refrigerant flows through the system there will be

pressure drops in the condenser, evaporator, and piping. Heat
losses or gains will occure depending on the temperature
difference between the refrigerant and the surroundings.
Compression will be polytropic with friction and heat transfer
instead of isentropic. The actual vapor compression cycle may
have some or all of the items of departure from the simple
saturation cycle as shown on the p-}, diagram in Fig. 3-1.

7 Lo»
86 5 1
3
4

Pressure, kPa
Enthalpy, kJ/kg

Fig. 3-1. Actual vapor compression cycle