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Well Posed Learning Problem

A well-posed learning problem has three key elements: a task, a performance measure, and experience. Examples of well-posed learning problems include classifying emails as spam, playing checkers games to maximize wins, recognizing handwritten words and images of fruits/faces, driving a robot car safely, and translating between languages. Normalizing data helps machine learning algorithms by scaling feature values to a common range like 0-1, which improves performance, numerical stability, and equalizes feature importance. Common normalization techniques are min-max scaling, standard scaling, and decimal scaling. The best technique depends on the dataset and algorithm. Normalization should be done separately for training and testing sets.

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Prakhar Arora
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188 views

Well Posed Learning Problem

A well-posed learning problem has three key elements: a task, a performance measure, and experience. Examples of well-posed learning problems include classifying emails as spam, playing checkers games to maximize wins, recognizing handwritten words and images of fruits/faces, driving a robot car safely, and translating between languages. Normalizing data helps machine learning algorithms by scaling feature values to a common range like 0-1, which improves performance, numerical stability, and equalizes feature importance. Common normalization techniques are min-max scaling, standard scaling, and decimal scaling. The best technique depends on the dataset and algorithm. Normalization should be done separately for training and testing sets.

Uploaded by

Prakhar Arora
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Well Posed Learning Problem – A computer program is said to learn from

experience E in context to some task T and some performance measure P, if its


performance on T, as was measured by P, upgrades with experience E.
Any problem can be segregated as well-posed learning problem if it has three traits
–
 Task
 Performance Measure
 Experience
Certain examples that efficiently defines the well-posed learning problem are –
1. To better filter emails as spam or not
 Task – Classifying emails as spam or not
 Performance Measure – The fraction of emails accurately classified as
spam or not spam
 Experience – Observing you label emails as spam or not spam
2. A checkers learning problem
 Task – Playing checkers game
 Performance Measure – percent of games won against opposer
 Experience – playing implementation games against itself
3. Handwriting Recognition Problem
 Task – Acknowledging handwritten words within portrayal
 Performance Measure – percent of words accurately classified
 Experience – a directory of handwritten words with given classifications
4. A Robot Driving Problem
 Task – driving on public four-lane highways using sight scanners
 Performance Measure – average distance progressed before a fallacy
 Experience – order of images and steering instructions noted down while
observing a human driver
5. Fruit Prediction Problem
 Task – forecasting different fruits for recognition
 Performance Measure – able to predict maximum variety of fruits
 Experience – training machine with the largest datasets of fruits images
6. Face Recognition Problem
 Task – predicting different types of faces
 Performance Measure – able to predict maximum types of faces
 Experience – training machine with maximum amount of datasets of
different face images
7. Automatic Translation of documents
 Task – translating one type of language used in a document to other
language
 Performance Measure – able to convert one language to other efficiently
 Experience – training machine with a large dataset of different types of
languages
Data Normalization in Python: Simplified Explanation

Normalization is a data preprocessing technique that helps prepare your data for machine learning
algorithms. It involves scaling the values of your features (numerical attributes) to a common range,
usually between 0 and 1 or -1 and 1. This ensures that features with larger absolute values don't
dominate those with smaller values, leading to fairer competition and potentially better model
performance.

Why Normalize?

 Equalizes Feature Importance: Normalization prevents features with larger magnitudes from
unfairly influencing the learning process.

 Improves Numerical Stability: Some learning algorithms are sensitive to the scale of
inputs, and normalization can help prevent numerical issues.
 Improves Performance: In many cases, normalization can lead to faster convergence and
better accuracy for your machine learning models.

Common Normalization Techniques in Python:

1. Min-Max Scaling: Scales values to the range [0, 1] using the minimum and maximum values
across all features.

Python

from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler

scaler = MinMaxScaler()

X_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(X)

2. Standard Scaling (Z-score): Subtracts the mean and divides by the standard deviation of each
feature.

Python

from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler

scaler = StandardScaler()

X_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(X)

3. Decimal Scaling: Scales values by dividing by a power of 10 based on the maximum absolute
value across all features.

Python

def decimal_scaling(X):

max_abs = np.max(np.abs(X))

divisor = 10**np.ceil(np.log10(max_abs))

return X / divisor

Use code with caution. Learn more

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How to Choose a Normalization Technique:

 If your data contains outliers, Min-Max Scaling may be preferable as it's less sensitive to
them.

 If your features have different units or meanings, Standard Scaling can be helpful as it
normalizes based on relative magnitudes.

 Decimal Scaling can be useful if you're concerned about preserving integer values or using a
specific scaling factor.
Important Considerations:

 Choose the normalization technique that best suits your dataset and machine learning
algorithm.

 Normalize your training and testing datasets separately to avoid information leakage.

 Normalize only numerical features; leave categorical features intact.

 If you have missing values, handle them before normalization (e.g., imputation).

Remember: Data normalization is just one step in the data preprocessing pipeline. Consider
visualizing your data and exploring other preprocessing techniques like encoding categorical features
for optimal machine learning results.

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