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For other uses, see Management (disambiguation). "Manager" redirects here. For other uses, see
Manager (disambiguation).

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Management (or managing) is the administration of organizations, whether they are a business, a
nonprofit organization, or a government body through business administration, nonprofit management,
or the political science sub-field of public administration respectively. It is the process of managing the
resources of businesses, governments, and other organizations.

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Larger organizations generally have three hierarchical levels of managers,[1] in a pyramid structure:

Senior management roles include the board of directors and a chief executive officer (CEO) or a
president of an organization. They set the strategic goals and policy of the organization and make
decisions on how the overall organization will operate. Senior managers are generally executive-level
professionals who provide direction to middle management.

Middle management roles include branch managers, regional managers, department managers, and
section managers. They provide direction to the front-line managers and communicate the strategic
goals and policy of senior management to the front-line managers.

Line management roles include supervisors and front-line team leaders, who oversee the work of
regular employees, or volunteers in some voluntary organizations, and provide direction on their work.
Line managers often perform the managerial functions that are traditionally considered the core of
management. Despite the name, they are usually considered part of the workforce and not part of the
organization's management class.

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Management is taught across different disciplines at colleges and universities. Prominent major degree
programs in management include Management, Business Administration and Public Administration.
Social scientists study management as an academic discipline, investigating areas such as social
organization, organizational adaptation, and organizational leadership.[2] In recent decades, there has
been a movement for evidence-based management.[3]

Etymology

The English verb manage has its roots in the fifteenth-century French verb mesnager, which often
referred in equestrian language "to hold in hand the reins of a horse".[4] Also the Italian term
maneggiare (to handle, especially tools or a horse) is possible. In Spanish, manejar can also mean to rule
the horses.[5] These three terms derive from the two Latin words manus (hand) and agere (to act).

The French word for housekeeping, ménagerie, derived from ménager ("to keep house"; compare
ménage for "household"), also encompasses taking care of domestic animals. Ménagerie is the French
translation of Xenophon's famous book Oeconomicus[6] (Greek: Οἰκονομικός) on household matters
and husbandry. The French word mesnagement (or ménagement) influenced the semantic development
of the English word management in the 17th and 18th centuries.[7]

Definitions

Views on the definition and scope of management include:

Fredmund Malik (1944– ) defines management as "the transformation of resources into utility".[9]

Management is included[by whom?] as one of the factors of production – along with machines,
materials and money.

Ghislain Deslandes defines management as "a vulnerable force, under pressure to achieve results and
endowed with the triple power of constraint, imitation, and imagination, operating on subjective,
interpersonal, institutional and environmental levels".[10]

Peter Drucker (1909–2005) saw the basic task of management as twofold: marketing and innovation.
Nevertheless, innovation is also linked to marketing (product innovation is a central strategic marketing
issue).[citation needed] Drucker identifies marketing as a key essence for business success, but
management and marketing are generally understood[by whom?] as two different branches of business
administration knowledge.

Theoretical scope

Management involves identifying the mission, objective, procedures, rules and manipulation[11] of the
human capital of an enterprise to contribute to the success of the enterprise.[12] Scholars have focused
on the management of individual,[13] organizational,[14] and inter-organizational relationships. This
implies effective communication: an enterprise environment (as opposed to a physical or mechanical
mechanism) implies human motivation and implies some sort of successful progress or system outcome.
[15] As such, management is not the manipulation of a mechanism (machine or automated program),
not the herding of animals, and can occur either in a legal or in an illegal enterprise or environment.
From an individual's perspective, management does not need to be seen solely from an enterprise point
of view, because management is an essential[quantify] function in improving one's life and relationships.
[16] Management is therefore everywhere[17] and it has a wider range of application.[clarification
needed] Communication and a positive endeavor are two main aspects of it either through enterprise or
through independent pursuit.[citation needed] Plans, measurements, motivational psychological tools,
goals, and economic measures (profit, etc.) may or may not be necessary components for there to be
management. At first, one views management functionally, such as measuring quantity, adjusting plans,
and meeting goals,[citation needed] but this applies even in situations where planning does not take
place. From this perspective, Henri Fayol (1841–1925)[18][page needed] considers management to
consist of five functions:

planning (forecasting)

organizing
commanding

coordinating

controlling