Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE

F. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. 2, Daet, Camarines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
EE 104 – ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1
AC AND
Mid-Year Term DC MACHINERY
Semester AY 2020-2021
LEARNING HANDOUT
DC Motor: Force Developed on a Conductor Carrying Current
A dc motor is an electrical machine that converts 𝐹 = 𝛽𝐼𝐿
electrical energy to mechanical energy. Where:
F = force in newton
Speed of a DC Motor Β = flux density in Tesla
In SI: I = current in a conductor in ampere
60𝑎𝐸𝑐 L = length of the conductor in meter
𝑆=
𝑃𝛷𝑍
Where: 𝛽𝐼𝐿
S = speed in rpm 𝐹=
10
a = number of parallel paths Where:
Ec = counter EMF in volts F = force in dynes
P = number of poles Β = flux density in Gauss
Φ = flux per pole in Weber I = current in a conductor in ampere
Z = number of armature conductors L = length of the conductor in cm

In CGS: 𝛽𝐼𝐿
60𝑎𝐸𝑐 𝐹= × 10−7
1.13
𝑆= × 108 Where:
𝑃𝛷𝑍
Where: F = force in pound
Φ = flux per pole in maxwells Β = flux density in lines per sq. inch
I = current in a conductor in ampere
After the machine has been assembled, a, P, Z could L = length of the conductor in inch
be taken as a constant, thus:
𝐸𝑐 DC Motor Armature Torque
𝑆=𝑘 𝛷𝑃𝑍𝐼𝑎
𝛷
Where: 𝑇=
2𝜋𝑎
60𝑎 Where:
𝑘=
𝑃𝑍 T = torque in Nm
Φ = flux per pole in Weber
The armature’s speed of a dc motor is proportional to Ia = armature current in ampere
the counter emf Ec and is inversely proportional to the
flux Φ produced by the field circuit. 𝛷𝑃𝑍𝐼𝑎
𝑇=
20𝜋𝑎
Since the flux is produced by the field circuit, thus Where:
𝛷 = 𝑘𝐼𝑓 𝑁𝑓 T = torque in dyne-cm
Where: Φ = flux per pole in maxwell or line
K = proportional constant
If = field current in ampere 𝛷𝑃𝑍𝐼𝑎
𝑇 = 0.1173 × 10−8
Nf = number of turns of a field winding 𝑎
Where:
Speed Regulation T = torque in lb-ft
𝑆𝑁𝐿 − 𝑆𝐹𝐿 Φ = flux per pole in maxwell or line
%𝑆𝑅 = × 100
𝑆𝐹𝐿
Where: After the machine has been assembled, a, P, Z could
SNL = no load speed be taken as a constant, thus:
SFL = full load speed 𝑇 = 𝑘𝑡 𝛷𝐼𝑎
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE
F. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. 2, Daet, Camarines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
EE 104 – ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1
AC AND DC MACHINERY
Mid-Year Term Semester AY 2020-2021
LEARNING HANDOUT
The torque is proportional to the armature current Ia Sample problem:
and the strength of the magnetic field Φ. A 20 HP, 1,400 rpm motor operating at full-load is
tested using a Prony-brake test. The length of the
Mechanical Output of a DC Motor brake arm is 3 ft and the tare weight of the brake is
Power available on the shaft 3.75 lbs. Calculate the force that will be exerted on
2𝜋𝑇𝑆 the scale.
𝐻𝑃 =
33,000
Where: Solution:
T = torque in lb-ft The force on the motor is:
S = speed in rpm 𝐹𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 − 𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑡
2𝜋𝑇𝑆 𝐹𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 − 3.75
𝐻𝑃 =
44,760
Where: The torque is
T = torque in N-m 𝑇 = 𝐹𝑟 = (𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 − 3.75)(3)
S = speed in rpm
From the equation
Sample problem: 2𝜋𝑇𝑆
𝐻𝑃 =
The armature of a dc motor has 648 conductors, 65% 33,000
of which are directly under the poles where the flux (20)(33,000)
𝑇= = 75 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡
density is 48,000 lines per square inch. If the core 2𝜋(1,400)
diameter is 7 inches and its length 4 inches and the
current in each conductor is 20 amperes, calculate the Therefore, the force on the scale is:
torque exerted by the armature in lb-ft. 75
𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 = + 3.75
3
Solution: 𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 = 28.76 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡
From the equation of
𝛽𝐼𝐿 Starting DC Motor
𝐹= × 10−7 Without the starting resistor R’:
1.13

(648)(48,000)(0.65)(20)(40)
𝐹= × 10−7
1.13
𝐹 = 143 𝑙𝑏𝑠

7 1
𝑇 = 𝐹𝑟 = (143) ( ) ( )
2 12
𝑇 = 41.7 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡

Sample problem:
A dc motor has an armature resistance of 0.25Ω. 𝑉 − 𝐸𝑐
𝐼𝑎𝑠 =
Calculate the counter emf if it is connected to a 460 V 𝑅𝑎
dc source and takes 120 A on full load. At the instant of applying V across the armature
terminals, the counter emf Ec = zero. The only current
Solution: limiting factors are the armature (internal) resistance
Since IF cannot be solved, it is thus assumed that: Ra = and the brush resistance Rb. The starting current.
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼 = 120𝐴
𝐸𝑐 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 = 460 − (120)(0.25) = 430 𝑉 Ias is many times the rated armature current that may
cause damage in the motor.
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE
F. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. 2, Daet, Camarines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
EE 104 – ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1
AC AND
Mid-Year Term DC MACHINERY
Semester AY 2020-2021
LEARNING HANDOUT
With the starting resistor R’: TYPES OF DC MOTORS

Shunt Motor

𝑉 − 𝐸𝑐
𝐼𝑎𝑠 =
𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅 ′ 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝐼
Where: 𝑃𝑎 = 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑎
Ias = armature current at starting in amperes 𝑃𝑜 = 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑅𝐿
V = terminal voltage in volts 𝐸𝑐 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
Ec = counter emf in volts 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑓 + 𝐼𝑎
Ra = armature resistance in ohms 𝑉
R’ = starting resistor in ohms. 𝐼𝑓 =
𝑅𝑓
Where:
Sample problem:
Pin = power input
A 500 V, 50 hp, 1,000 rpm shunt motor is operating at
Pa = power developed in the armature
90% efficiency when delivering its full-load capacity.
Po = power output
The armature resistance in 0.24Ω, field current is 1.8 A
RL = rotational loss
and the brush drop is 2V. Determine the motor starter
V = input (terminal) voltage)
resistor to be connected in series with the armature to
Ec = counter emf
limit the starting current to 1.5 times the full-load
I = line current
current.
If = field current
Ia = armature current
Solution:
Rf = shunt field resistance
The power input to the motor is:
Ra = armature resistance
𝑃𝑜 (50)(746)
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = = = 41,444.44 𝑊
%𝑛 0.9 Characteristics of a Shunt Motor
Solving for the full-load current:
𝑃𝑖𝑛 41,444.44
𝐼𝑖𝑛 = = = 82.9 𝐴
𝑉 500

The starting current is:

𝐼𝑠 = 1.5𝐼𝐹𝐿 = (1.5)(82.9) = 124.3 𝐴

The armature current at starting is:

𝐼𝑎𝑠 = 𝐼𝑠 − 𝐼𝐹 = 124.3 − 1.8 = 122.53 𝐴

Solving the starting resistor:

𝑉 − 𝑉𝐵𝑅 500 − 2
𝑅′ = − 𝑅𝑎 = − 0.24 = 3.825Ω
𝐼𝑎𝑠 122.53
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE
F. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. 2, Daet, Camarines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
EE 104 – ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1
AC AND
Mid-Year Term DC MACHINERY
Semester AY 2020-2021
LEARNING HANDOUT
𝑇2 𝑘𝐼𝑎2 𝛷2
=
𝑇1 𝑘𝐼𝑎1 𝛷1
1/3(𝑇1 ) 𝐼𝑎2
=
𝑇1 50
𝐼𝑎2 = 25 𝐴

𝐸𝑐1 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎1 𝑅𝑎 = 220 − (50)(0.1) = 215 𝑉

𝐸𝑐2 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎2 𝑅𝑎 = 220 − (25)(0.1) = 217.5 𝑉

From the relationship:

𝑆2 𝑘𝐸𝑐2 𝛷1
=
𝑆1 𝑘𝐸𝐶1 𝛷2
217.5
𝑆2 = 500 = 505.8 𝑟𝑝𝑚
In a shunt motor, the flux Φ is substantially constant, 215
thus:
Series Motor
𝑇 = 𝑘𝑡 ′𝐼𝑎 and 𝑆 = 𝑘𝑠 ′𝐸𝑐

It follows that:
𝑇2 𝐼𝑎2 𝑆2 𝐸𝑐2
= and =
𝑇1 𝐼𝑎1 𝑆1 𝐸𝑐1

Sample problem:
A 220 V, 4 pole, duplex ap shunt motor takes 32 A from
a dc source. The motor has 540 conductors embedded
on its armature. The armature resistance is 0.9Ω and
the field takes 1A as it develops 5.3 x 106 maxwell per 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝐼
pole. Calculate the speed at which the motor operates. 𝑃𝑎 = 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑎
𝑃𝑜 = 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑅𝐿
Solution: 𝐸𝑐 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 (𝑅𝑠 − 𝑅𝑎 )
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼 − 𝐼𝑓 = 32 − 1 = 31 𝐴 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑎
𝐸𝑐 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 = 220 − 31(0.9) = 192.1 𝑉 Where:
𝑎′ = 𝑚𝑃 = (2)(4) = 8 Rs = series field resistance in ohms

From the equation: Characteristics of a Series Motor

𝑃𝛷𝑍𝑆
𝐸𝑐 = × 10−8
60𝑎
(192.1)(60)(8)
𝑆= × 108 = 805 𝑟𝑝𝑚
(4)(5.3 × 106 )(540)

Sample problem:
A 220V dc shunt motor runs at 500 rpm with an
armature current of 50a and the armature resistance
of 0.1Ω. Calculate the speed if the torque is halved?

Solution:
For a shunt motor Φ1 = Φ2
From the equation:
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE
F. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. 2, Daet, Camarines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
EE 104 – ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1
AC AND
Mid-Year Term DC MACHINERY
Semester AY 2020-2021
LEARNING HANDOUT
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝐼
𝑃𝑎 = 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑎
𝑃𝑜 = 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑅𝐿
𝐸𝑐 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 (𝑅𝑠 + 𝑅𝑎 )
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑓 + 𝐼𝑎
𝑉
𝐼𝑓 =
𝑅𝑓

Short Shunt Compound Motor

In a series motor, the flux Φ produced by the series

field is proportional to the armature current Ia, thus:
𝐸
𝑇 = 𝑘𝑡 ′𝐼𝑎 2 and 𝑆 = 𝑘𝑠 ′ 𝐼 𝑐
𝑎

It follows that:
𝑇2 𝐼 2 𝑆2 𝐸𝑐2 𝐼𝑎1 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝐼
= ( 𝑎2 ) and = 𝑃𝑎 = 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑎
𝑇1 𝐼𝑎1 𝑆1 𝐸𝑐1 𝐼𝑎2
𝑃𝑜 = 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑅𝐿
𝐸𝑐 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑅𝑠 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
Sample problem:
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑓 + 𝐼𝑎
A 460 V series motor takes 40 A as at it drives a load at 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑠
500 rpm. Determine the new speed if the load is 𝐼𝑓 =
𝑅𝑓
reduced so that the motor takes 30 A. The resistance of
the motor is 0.1Ω.
Characteristics of Compound Motors
Solution:
For a series motor
𝐸𝑐1 = 𝑉 − 𝐼1 𝑅𝑎 = 460 − (40)(0.1) = 456 𝑉
𝐸𝑐2 = 𝑉 − 𝐼2 𝑅𝑎 = 460 − (30)(0.1) = 457 𝑉

From the equation:

𝑆2 𝑘𝐸𝑐2 𝐼1
=
𝑆1 𝑘𝐸𝑐1 𝐼2
(457)(40)
𝑆2 = 500 = 668 𝑟𝑝𝑚
(456)(30)

Long Shunt Compound Motor:

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE
F. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. 2, Daet, Camarines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
EE 104 – ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1
AC AND
Mid-Year Term DC MACHINERY
Semester AY 2020-2021
LEARNING HANDOUT

In a compound motor, the flux produced by the series Solution:

field Φs may be of the same direction (cumulative) or The counter emf at no-load is:
of opposite direction (differential) as of the flux 𝐸𝑁𝐿 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎𝑁𝐿 (𝑅𝑠 + 𝑅𝑎 ) = 440 − (5)(0.25 + 0.56)
produced by the shunt field Φf. 𝐸𝑁𝐿 = 435.95 𝑉

If follows: The counter emf at full-load is:

𝑇2 𝛷2 𝐼𝑎2 𝑆2 𝐸𝑐2 𝛷1 𝐸𝐹𝐿 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎𝐹𝐿 (𝑅𝑠 + 𝑅𝑎 )
= and = = 440 − (50)(0.25 + 0.56)
𝑇1 𝛷1 𝐼𝑎1 𝑆1 𝐸𝑐1 𝛷2
Where: 𝐸𝑁𝐿 = 399.5 𝑉
Φ = Φf ± Φs
Plus (+) = cumulatively compounded 𝛷𝑁𝐿 = 80%𝛷𝐹𝐿
Minus (-) = differentially compounded
From the relationship:
Sample problem: 𝑆𝑁𝐿 𝐸𝑐𝑁𝐿 𝛷𝐹𝐿
=
Determine the internal power developed in hp of a 220 𝑆𝐹𝐿 𝐸𝑐𝐹𝐿 𝛷𝑁𝐿
V long shunt compound motor if it takes a line current (435.95)(1)
𝑆𝑁𝐿 = 1500
of 25 A. The armature series-field resistance, and (399.5)(1 − 0.2)
shunt-field resistance are 0.483Ω, 0.35 Ω and 220 Ω,
respectively. Computing for the speed regulation:
𝑆𝑁𝐿 − 𝑆𝐹𝐿 2046 − 1500
%𝑆𝑅 = × 100 = × 100
Solution: 𝑆𝐹𝐿 1500
Solving for the field current %𝑆𝑅 = 36.4%
𝑉 220
𝐼𝑓 = = =1𝐴 Motor’s Efficiency
𝑅𝑓 220
𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕
%η = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Solving for the armature current 𝑷𝒊𝒏
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼 − 𝐼𝑓 = 25 − 1 = 24 𝐴 But Pout = Pin – Losses, thus
𝑷𝒊𝒏 − 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔
%η = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
The counter emf is: 𝑷𝒊𝒏
𝐸𝑐 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 (𝑅𝑠 + 𝑅𝑎 ) = 220 − (24)(0.35 + 0.483)
𝐸𝑐 = 200 𝑉 Losses:
1. Electrical Losses
The internal power developed in the armature is: 2. Rotational Losses - Stray Power Loss, Friction and
𝑃𝑎 = 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑎 = (200)(24) = 4,800 𝑊 Windage Loss (F & WL), Brush Friction Loss, Core
Loss
Converting watts to horsepower: 3. Stray Load Loss = 1% of the input
1ℎ𝑝 Measurement of Stray Power Loss
𝐻𝑃 = 4800 𝑊 = 6.43 ℎ𝑝 The dc machine is run light without a mechanical load
746 𝑊
on its shaft at rated speed.
Sample problem: 𝑅𝐿 = 𝑉𝐼𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎
A 440 V long shunt compound motor takes an armature Where:
current of 50 A at full-load with a speed of 1,500 rpm. RL = rotational loss in watts
At no-load the armature current draws 5 A with a V = terminal voltage in volts
reduction of field flux of 20%. Determine the speed Ia = armature current in amperes
regulation of this machine. The armature resistance Ra = armature resistance in ohms
and series-field resistance are 0.56Ω and 0.25 Ω,
respectively.
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE
F. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. 2, Daet, Camarines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
EE 104 – ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1
AC AND
Mid-Year Term DC MACHINERY
Semester AY 2020-2021
LEARNING HANDOUT
Sample problem:
A shunt on no-load takes 5A at 200V. The field
resistance is 150Ω and armature resistance is 0.1Ω.
Calculate the efficiency of the motor if it takes 120A at
Solve the following:
the same terminal voltage.
1. A 230 V shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.26 ohm.
Solution: Assuming a 2-volt brush drop, calculate the counter emf when
the armature current is 35.4 A.
𝑉 200
𝐼𝑓 = = = 1.333 𝐴
𝑅𝑓 150 2. A 240-volt shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.38
ohm. What current will flow in the armature when the counter
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼 − 𝐼𝑓 = 5 − 1.333 = 3.67 𝐴 emf is 227.5 V? Assume a 2-volt brush drop.

From the equation: 3. A series motor develops 164 lb-ft of torque wwhen the current
is 94 Amp. If the load increases the 50% with the flux increase of
𝑅𝐿 = 𝑉𝐼𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎 = (200)(3.67) − (3.67)2 (0.1) 20%, calculate the torque at the second value of current.
𝑅𝐿 = 732.65 𝑊
4. Calculate the force that will be exerted on the scale in a prony-
brake test when a 20HP, 1400 rpm motor operating at full-load.
At 120 A The length of the brake arm is 3 ft., and the tare weight of the
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼 − 𝐼𝑓 = 100 − 1.333 = 98.67 𝐴 brake is 3.75 lbs.

5. The shaft power of a shunt motor is 7.8 HP. It draws 50A from
Shunt field loss: 120-V. The field winding draws 1.2 A. What is the efficiency of
= 𝐼𝑓 2 𝑅𝑠ℎ = (1.333)2 (150) = 266.67 𝑊 the motor?

Armature loss:
= 𝐼𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎 = (98.67)2 (0.1) = 973.51 𝑊

Total Loss:
= 266.67 + 973.51 + 732.65 = 1972.83 𝑊

𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝐼 = (200)(120) = 24,000 𝑊

The percent efficiency is:

𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒊𝒏 − 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔
%η = = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑷𝒊𝒏 𝑷𝒊𝒏
𝟐𝟒, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏, 𝟗𝟕𝟐. 𝟖𝟑
%η = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟒, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
%η = 𝟗𝟏. 𝟕𝟖%