POLYGON

A polygon is a plane figure with three or more angles. It has as many sides as
angles. The sides of the polygon are straight lines

Regular Polygon
A polygon having all sides equal and all angles equal

Convex Polygon
A polygon having each interior angle less than 180°

Concave Polygon
A polygon having each interior angle greater than 180°
Diagonal
The diagonal of a polygon is the line connecting two opposite vertices. The
number of diagonals in a polygon can be calculated using the following
formula:
Diagonals, 𝑑

𝒏
𝒅= 𝒏−𝟑
𝟐

𝑛 = number of sides
Interior angles of the polygon
Sum of interior angles

𝑺 = 𝒏 − 𝟐 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
Areas of Regular Polygons
Given the length of one side

𝑥 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝑨 = 𝒏𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭
𝟒 𝒏

𝑛 = number of sides
Areas of Regular Polygons
Given radius of the inscribed circle

𝟐
𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝑟 𝑨 = 𝒏𝒓 tan
𝒏

𝑛 = number of sides
Areas of Regular Polygons
Given radius of the circumscribing circle

𝑟 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑𝟔𝟎
𝑨 = 𝒏𝒓 sin
𝟐 𝒏

𝑛 = number of sides
QUADRILATERAL
A polygon with four sides • Parallelogram
Types of quadrilaterals: Given base and altitude
• Square 𝐴 = 𝑥2 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
• Rectangle 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ Given two diagonals
1
• Rhombus 𝐴 = 𝑑1 𝑑2 sin 𝜃
2
Given base and altitude Given sides 𝑎 and 𝑏 and
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ included angle
Given two diagonals
1
1 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃
𝐴 = 𝑑1 𝑑2 2
2
Given side and included angle
1 2
𝐴 = 𝑥 sin 𝜃
2
QUADRILATERAL
1
• Trapezoid 𝐴 = 𝑏1 + 𝑏2 ℎ
2
• Trapezium (General quadrilateral)
1
𝐴 = 𝑑1 𝑑2 sin 𝜃
𝑑1 2
𝜃
𝑑2
QUADRILATERAL
1
• Trapezoid 𝐴 = 𝑏1 + 𝑏2 ℎ
2
• Trapezium (General quadrilateral)
1
𝑏
𝐶 𝐴 = 𝑑1 𝑑2 sin 𝜃
2
𝐵 𝑐
𝑎 𝑎 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑) −𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 cos 2 𝜑
𝐴 = (𝑠
𝐷
𝐴
𝑑 𝐴+𝐶 𝐵+𝐷 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
𝜑= = 𝑠=
2 2 2
QUADRILATERAL
• Cyclic quadrilateral

𝑏
𝑎 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑)
𝐴 = (𝑠
𝑐
𝑎 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
𝑠=
2
𝑑
Radius of the circumscribing circle:
(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑐𝑑)(𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑)(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)
𝑟=
4𝐴
QUADRILATERAL
• Quadrilateral circumscribing a circle

𝑏
𝐴 = 𝑟𝑠 = 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑

𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
𝑎 𝑐 𝑠=
2

𝑑
CIRCLES
• Arc of a Length of circle between two points on the circle or
circle between two radii
• Tangent of a Line touching the circle in one place. A tangent is
circle perpendicular to the radius of the circle
• Secant of a Line cutting the circle in two places
circle
• Chord Segment of a secant bounded by the circle
• Diameter Longest chord of a circle that passes through the
center
CIRCLES
CIRCLES
𝜋 2
Area of a circle: 𝐴= 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐴= 𝐷
4
Circumference: 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 𝐶 = 𝜋𝐷

Sector of a circle: Segment of a circle:

1 2 1 2
𝐴 = 𝑟 𝜃𝑟 𝐴 = 𝑟 𝜃𝑟 − sin 𝜃
𝑟 𝜃 𝑟 2 𝑟 𝜃 𝑟 2
THEOREMS INVOLVING A CIRCLE
1. If a central angle and a peripheral angle are subtended by the same arc,
then the central angle is twice as large as the peripheral angle

2𝜃
THEOREMS INVOLVING A CIRCLE
2. Inscribed angles subtend the same arc are equal

𝜃
𝜃
THEOREMS INVOLVING A CIRCLE
3. Inscribed angles subtended by the diameter of a circle are right angles

𝑂
THEOREMS INVOLVING A CIRCLE
3. Inscribed angles subtended by the diameter of a circle are right angles

𝑂
THEOREMS INVOLVING A CIRCLE
3. Inscribed angles subtended by the diameter of a circle are right angles

𝑂
THEOREMS INVOLVING A CIRCLE
3. Inscribed angles subtended by the diameter of a circle are right angles

𝑂
THEOREMS INVOLVING A CIRCLE
4. Chord theorem

𝑐 𝑏

𝑎 𝑑

𝒂𝒃 = 𝒄𝒅
THEOREMS INVOLVING A CIRCLE
5. Secant theorem

𝑐
𝑑
𝑎

𝒂 𝒂+𝒃 = 𝒄 𝒄+𝒅
THEOREMS INVOLVING A CIRCLE
6. Secant – Tangent theorem

𝒕𝟐 = 𝒂(𝒂 + 𝒃)
One side of a regular octagon is 2. Find the
area of the region inside the octagon
a. 19.3 c. 21.4
b. 13.9 d. 31

Solution:
1 2 180
𝐴 = 𝑛𝑥 cot
4 𝑛
1 2
180
𝐴= 8 2 cot = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟑
4 8
Find the area of a quadrilateral having sides
AB = 10 cm, BC = 5 cm, CD = 14.14 cm and
DA = 15 cm, if the sum of the opposite angles
is equal to 225°
a. 79 c. 94
b. 100 d. 98
Solution:
10 + 5 + 14.14 + 15
𝐴= 𝑠 − 𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑏 𝑠 − 𝑐 𝑠 − 𝑑 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 cos2 𝜑 𝑠= = 22.07
2

225
𝐴= 22.07 − 10 22.07 − 5 22.07 − 14.14 22.07 − 15 − 10(5)(14.14)(15) cos2
2
𝑨 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 sq. cm
The sides of a triangle are 8 cm, 10 cm, and
14 cm. Determine the radius of the inscribed
circle
a. 2.25 c. 2.45
b. 2.35 d. 2.55
Solution:
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 8 + 10 + 14
𝑠= = = 16
2 2
𝐴= 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) = 16(16 − 8)(16 − 10)(16 − 14) = 39.19 cm2

𝐴 = 𝑟𝑠
39.19 = 𝑟(16)
𝒓 = 2.45
A swimming pool is constructed in the shape
of two partially overlapping identical circles.
Each of the circles has a radius of 9 m and
each circle passes through the center of the
other. Find the area of the swimming pool
a. 380 c. 400
b. 390 d. 410
Solution:
𝐴𝑝𝑜𝑜𝑙 = 2 𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 − 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
4.5 2
cos 𝜃 = 𝐴𝑝𝑜𝑜𝑙 = 2 𝜋 9 − 49.75
9 9
𝜃
𝐴𝑠
4.5 𝜃 = 60° 𝐴𝑝𝑜𝑜𝑙 = 409.44 ≈ 𝟒𝟏𝟎 m2

𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 − 𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

1 2
120°𝜋 1 2 sin 120°
𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 9 − 9 = 49.75
2 180° 2
A road is tangent to a circular lake. Along the
road and 12 miles from the point of tangency,
another road opens towards the lake. From
the intersection of the two roads to the Solution:
periphery if the lake, the length of the new
road is 11 miles. If the new road will be 𝑥
prolonged across the lake, find the length of 11
the bridge to be constructed
12
a. 2.112 c. 2.103
b. 2.091 d. 2.512 122 = 11 11 + 𝑥

𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝟏 miles