Possible Questions in Unit II

1.Briefly classify the small-scale fading effect on multipath scenario.(or)

What are the factors influencing small scale fading?
2.Discuss the impact of time dispersion parameter, coherence bandwidth, Doppler spread and
coherence time on small scale fading.
(or)
Explain fading effects due to multipath time delay spread and fading effects due to Doppler
spread
3.Explain about Frequency-selective fading? ii) Enumerate frequency-non- selective (Flat)
fading / Fading effects due to multipath time delay spread
4. With a neat sketch explain and derive the received power for a two-ray ground reflection
model.
5.Derive the received power in dBm for a free space propagation model.
+Problems (PTO)

Answers:
Question:1
1.Briefly classify the small-scale fading effect on multipath scenario.
(or)
What are the factors influencing small scale fading?

SMALL SCALE FADING DEFINTION:

Small-scale fading, or simply fading, is used to describe the rapid fluctuations of the
amplitudes, phases, or multipath delays of a radio signal over a short period of time or travel
distance, so that large-scale path loss effects may be ignored.

Fading in Wireless Communication

In wireless communication, fading is a phenomenon in which the strength and
quality of a radio signal fluctuate over time and distance. Fading is caused by a
variety of factors, including multipath propagation, atmospheric conditions, and the
movement of objects in the transmission path. Fading can have a significant impact
on the performance of wireless communication systems, particularly those that
operate in high-frequency bands.

Small Scale Fading

 Small-scale fading is a common issue in wireless communication.
  It happens when a signal is transmitted from a transmitter to a receiver and
it experiences multiple signal paths due to reflection, diffraction, and
scattering from objects in the environment.
 These signal paths can cause interference and distortion to the signal,
resulting in fluctuations of the signal strength at the receiver.
 Small-scale fading is called “small-scale” because the variations occur
over short distances, such as a few centimeters to a few meters.
 Small-scale fading can happen very quickly, sometimes in microseconds
or less.
 It is primarily caused by the multipath propagation of the signal.
 Overall, small-scale fading is a common issue in wireless communication
that affects the quality of the received signal. However, with proper
mitigation techniques, it is possible to maintain reliable communication
even in the presence of small-scale fading.

Multipath delay spread

 Multipath delay spread is a type of small-scale fading that occurs when a

transmitted signal takes multiple paths to reach the receiver.
 The different components of the signal can arrive at the receiver at
different times, causing interference and rapid variations in signal
amplitude and phase.
 Multipath delay spread can cause Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI), where
symbols in the transmitted signal overlap and interfere with each other,
leading to errors in the received signal.
 The root means square (RMS) delay spread is a measure of the dispersion
of the signal and determines the frequency-selective characteristics of the
channel.
 A higher RMS delay spread indicates a more frequency-selective channel,
while a lower RMS delay spread indicates a flatter, more frequency-
invariant channel.
 Multipath delay spread can be mitigated by using techniques such as
equalization, diversity, and adaptive modulation.
 Equalization techniques are used to compensate for the time dispersion
caused by multipath delay spread.
 Diversity techniques are used to combine multiple signal paths to mitigate
the effects of fading.
 Adaptive modulation techniques are used to adjust the modulation scheme
and data rate based on the channel conditions, allowing the system to
adapt to changes in the channel and maintain a reliable communication
link.

Doppler Spread

 Doppler spread is a type of small-scale fading that occurs when there is

relative motion between the transmitter and the receiver.
 The relative motion causes a shift in the frequency of the transmitted
signal, known as the Doppler shift.
 The Doppler shift causes different frequency components of the signal to
arrive at the receiver with different phases and amplitudes.
 This results in rapid variations in signal amplitude and phase, which can
cause fading and errors in the received signal.
  The Doppler spread is a measure of the rate of change of the Doppler shift
and determines the time-varying characteristics of the channel.
 A higher Doppler spread indicates a faster time variation in the channel,
while a lower Doppler spread indicates a slower time variation.
 Doppler spread can be mitigated by using techniques such as equalization,
diversity, and adaptive modulation.
 Equalization techniques are used to compensate for the time dispersion
caused by Doppler spread.
 Diversity techniques are used to combine multiple signal paths to mitigate
the effects of fading.
 Adaptive modulation techniques are used to adjust the modulation scheme
and data rate based on the channel conditions, allowing the system to
adapt to changes in the channel and maintain a reliable communication
link.
 Doppler spread is an important consideration in the design of wireless
communication systems, particularly for mobile applications where there
is often significant relative motion between the transmitter and the
receiver.

Comparison between Small Scale fading and Large Scale fading:

Question:2
Discuss the impact of time dispersion parameter, coherence bandwidth, Doppler spread and
coherence time on small scale fading.
(or)
Explain fading effects due to multipath time delay spread and fading effects due to Doppler
spread

Answers:
(or) Explain about Frequency-selective fading?
Enumerate frequency-non- selective (Flat) fading / Fading effects due to multipath time delay
spread
Answer:Students kindly refer from fast fading and slow fading in above notes pl.

Question:3
With a neat sketch explain and derive the received power for a two-
ray ground reflection model.

Answers: In Unit II Notes, from page no.21 to page no.31

Question:4
Consider transmitter which radiates the sinusoidal carrier frequency of
1850 MHZ for a
vehicle Moving at 60 km/hr. Compute the Received carrier frequency
if (i) the vehicle is moving towards the transmitter (ii) the vehicle is
moving away from transmitter (iii) the vehicle is moving the direction
of transmitter.

Answers:

. Question:5
i)Explain the advantages and disadvantages of two ray ground reflection model.
In the following cases, tell whether the two-ray model could be applied, and justify why or
not? (ii)Prove that in the two-ray ground reflected model that path difference is

if ht and hr are height of the antennas at transmitting and receiving antennas separated by
distance, ‘d’
(iii) In the following cases, tell whether the two-ray model could be applied, and justify why
or not? h1=35m h2= 3m d=250
h1=30m h2= 1.5m d=450 m
Answers:
(i)The two-ray ground reflection model in the analysis of path loss has the
following advantages and disadvantages:

Advantages:
It provides a quick solution when using hand-held calculators or computers because it is
mathematically easy to manipulate. There is no need for the distribution of the building, and
the model is applicable to any structure height and terrain. The range is only limited by the
radio horizon if the mobile station is located on a slope or at the top of a hill or building.

Disadvantages: It is an idealized model that assumes perfect ground reflection. The model
neglects the impact of environmental changes such as soil moisture, surface roughness, and
the characteristics of the ground.

The two-ray model does not account for local obstacles, such as building and foliage, in the
transmission path.
Two ray model is useful when a single ground reflection of signal dominates multipath
effect. The main reasons due to which multipath effect is generated could be reflection,
diffraction and scattering. Because of this, multiple replicas of a signal are generated and
power gain decreases.

(ii)Kindly Refer the derivation in unit II notes from page no.21 to page no.31

Question:6
(i)Derive the received power in dBm for a free space propagation model.
(ii)Determine the Fraunhofer distance for an antenna with maximum dimension of 1m and
operating frequency of 950MHz. If the antennas have unity gain calculate the path loss.

Answer for (i) Received Power in dBm

Answer for Problem (ii)
Question:7
If 50 w power is applied with unity gain antenna with the carrier frequency of 900 MHZ
(i) Find the Received power in dBm at the free space distance of 100 m?
(ii)Find the Received power in dBm at the free space distance of 10 km?
(iii)Comment on the results based on the two power values.

Answers:
Question:8
If a signal to interference ratio of 15 dB is required for satisfactory forward
channel performance of a cellular system, what is the frequency reuse factor and cluster size
that should be used for maximum capacity if the path loss exponent is (a) n= 4, (b) n= 3?
Assume that there are 6 co-channels cells in the first tier, and all of them are at the same
distance from the mobile. Use suitable approximations.

Answers:
Question:9
A hexagonal cell within a four-cell system has a radius of 1.387 km. A total of 60 channels
are used within the entire system. If the load per user is 0.029 Erlang and = 1 call/ hour.
Compute the following for an Erlang C system that has a 5% probability of a delayed call.
(i) How many users per square kilometer will support this system?
(ii) What is the probability that a delayed call will have to wait for more than 10 s?
(iii) What is the probability that a call will be delayed for more than 10s?

Answers:
Question:10
A spectrum of 33 MHZ is allocated to a wireless FDD cellular system which uses two
25KHZ Simplex Channels to provide full duplex voice and control channels, compute the
number of Channels available per cell if a system uses (a)four-cell reuse (b)seven-cell reuse,
and (c)12-cell reuse. If 1 MHZ of the allocated spectrum is dedicated to control channels,
determine an equitable distribution of control Channels and voice channels in each cell for
each of systems?

Answers: