4.

PARALLELOGRAM LAW OF FORCES

Both&ido
VExperiment No.4
AR TO find weight of a glven body using the law of
the
( Line amcl plamesid) parallelogram of vectors.
Apparatus Both idk
Gravesand's apparatus, slotted weights, thread, hangers a
stip, mete Scale, set square and protector, a wodden blockspring balance, plane
with hook mirror,
Theory Line i d

that if two forces acting simuitaneously on a body can be

t state
represented in magnitude
and direction by the two adjacent side of a parallelogram then their
resultant is completely
represented both in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the
through the point of intersection of these two sides. parallelogram passing
Procedure: Liu side
(1) Place the Gravesand's PamaAida WOODEN
PULLEY
BOARD
apparatus vertically on the table and|
test it with the help of spirit level.
(2) Oil are used if pulley are not
frictionless. SHEET OF
PAPER
(3) Fix a drawing sheet on vertical
board with the help of THREAD
drawing CLAMP CLAMP
pins. STAND STAND
(4) Pass the thread carrying two
hangers over the two pulleys.
(5) Take another piece of thread UNKNOWN
WEIGHT
and tie an unknown weight to Fig. Experimental set yp to verifty parallelogram lawOi vectors
it. Attach free end of
thread in
the middle of the thread
(
passing over the pulleys.
iace slotted weight to the hanger till the knot lies approx at the centre of the sheet
and none of the
hanger or body touches the board.
s y s t e m of weights is steady. It means it is point of equilibrium under the
action of three
forces.
odcehe mirror strip below one string and adjust the position of eye in such a way
thatt image of the
d
thread in the strip is covered by the thread itself. Similarly for
Second string.
(9) Remove the paper and join each pair of points. It meets at a points.
plete the parallelogram by choosing convenient scale (50gm weight=-1cm).
(11) Repeat the (periment three times.
(12) Find th
the weight using spring balanc
17
bide O
a m

Observation and Calculations

Zero error of the spring balance = NA gwt
Scale Chosen 1 cm = gwt

PAantaid TABLE
S.No. Force Resultant force represented by AD
AB , AC Diagonal unknown wt = AD (cm)x n
AD (cm gwt
gwt (cm gwt cm
5x So 25 gra
5o 5 So 5 5
6-2xS 31 9m+
2 5c 5 6 6.2

4
P o i d

gwt 2Sot31oSot31o
Mean value of unknown weight = --

2
28 m
Mean Value ofwt. of given body x gm wt. °
unknown wt. of given body by spring balance = y gm wt
Difference =X-y 250-28o2 -3o
%error X*V x 100
. .lg.%

Precautions -lo 7 7
(1) Pulleys should be friction less.
(2) Apparatus should be set vertically
(3) Weight should be set vertically.
(4) Weight should not touch the board
5) Mark the point with the help of mirror strip using shap pencil. tria
(6) Proper scale should be choosen so that rrgm formed as large as possible.

V Source of error:
L i n

0 Callibration on scale is not correct

() Pulleys may not be frictionless.
(Gi) Weights may not be accurate.
 95. SIMPLE PENDULUM

B e t hi u
Experiment No.5J
AIM: Using a simple pendulum plot L-T and L-T graphs. Hence find the effective
of second pendulum using appropriate graph.
length a

Gh
B.th Apparatus: inextensible thread, vemier callipers,
with hook, split cork, fine
Clamp stand, metallic bob of chalk.
clock (watch), meter rod and a piece
stop
Line Theory be its acceleration due to gravity then time
of simple pendulum and g
Aidu If L be the lengh
period
2 T
T

94r

between T and L is straight

line. Seco
L is parabola and graph
Graph between T and whose time period is 2s.
pendulum is that pendulum
Procedure: of a vemier calliber as previous experime
zero error
Vemier constant and
bidu
(1) Find the
no.1.
bob with help of a
vernier calliper three times at t
Measure the diameter of
(2) find its mean.
different position and of long thread
of the bob to one end
a
thread and tie the hook
(3) Take a long
Clamp
Split
cork
S
P 130cm
Stand
Thread P 120 cIm

Table
Ps 110 cm

P. 100 cm

P 90 cm
P2 80cm
P 70 cm

Hook Gra
O
C5cm6 5cm B C.G. of G
L = /'*h+r the bob

Flg. SImple pendulum Fig. Effective length

20
 5. SIMPLE PENDULUM

B o t h6 i u l
Experiment No.5
AIM: Using a simple pendulum plot L-T and L-T graphs. Hence find the effective
length of a second pendulum using appropriate graph.
Bot Apparatus
sids Clamp stand, metalic bob with hook, split cork, fine inextensible thread, vernier callipers,
stop clock (watch), meter rod and a piece of chalk.

Lin Theory: then time

and g be its acceleration due to gravity
pids If L be the lengh of simple pendulum
period

T 2 TL
g

T2
and graph between T? and L is straight line. Secong
Graph between T and L is parabola
time period is 2s.
pendulum is that pendulum whose
Procedure:
a vemier calliber as previous experime
id
(1) Find the Vemier constant and zero error of
no.1.
vernier calliper three times at thre
(2) Measure the diameter of bob with help of a
different position and find its mean.
Take a long thread and tie the hook of the bob to one end
of a long thread a
(3)
Clamp
n Aid Split
cork
S S
Stand P130cm
Thread
Table Ps 120cm
P 110 cm
P. 100 cm
P 90 cm

P. 80 cm

P70 cm
Hook
o
B
C5cm/0 5cm L '+h+r
C.G of G
the bob

FRg. Simple pendulum Fig. Effective length

20
 pass the other end
other en through the two halves of the split cork.
Hold the cork in
placed
placed oonn the table.
Adjust the length of
a clamp
stand thread in this way such that bob
at least 1-2 cm above the floor.
e
With
he help of chalk mark two lines perpendicular to each other just below the
(4)
bob.
ink
ink spot on
spot on the thread in such a way such that L=(r+mark of ink the spot) lies
Mark a n
(5)
near80 cm from the cork point.
Take the bob along the line at a distance 2 to 3cm from point of intersection and
(6)
release it.
t starts oscillate.
Amplitude of oscilations is small.
7
AMeasure the time for 20 oscillations with stop watch when bob crosses the mean
position.
cm and measure the time period for 20 oscillations.
9)Increase the length by 10
Do this process upto length 120
cm.
(10) between L and T. Which is straight line
(11) Plot a graph
between L and T. t is parabula.
(12) Plot a graph
its length corresponding to T=2 Sec
(13) From L-T graph find
Observation:PRone Aioe
Vernier constant of vernier callipers =..:0.. cm

Zero erTor of vernier callipers NIA....= . . . .

cm

Zero correction of vernier callipers ...N.. = cm

Diameter of bob =
(1) 1:82. cm (i)_L:83 cm (i)8|_cm 8 2Cm
Mean observed diameter =
. Cm. 82+)83+L8)
-S4
ht D= . . .

3
Corected diameter = D. + C 82
(D) =

Radius of the bob = r = cm.=0 | Cm

Least count of stop watch = 1s.
Standard value of 'g = 980 cm/s
TABLE Plans di'de

Time for 20 vibrations

T
Sr.No. Total effective
Length of t(s) cm s)
pendulum Lit T ( ts ) (s)

36- 8 3 8o ,97
80 cm fO.91 34 36 36 32
90cm D 31 31 31 381o 9o S-23-92
100 cm o . 1 31 1S 3 8
NOem 4 14
128 c 2 0
23-93
Graph onu &ide+ oph ou pap pef
Oa graph L-T,T? along x-axis and L alone Y-axis
Plot a graph L T

21
Result Bthoid ongaph

Graph between L and T? is a straight line

Graph between L and T is a parabola.
From-LTEraph
Length corresponding to T=2S is = wwww.eCm
.cm
Lengthof seeends pendutum- T* (8*)

n Precautions the bob.

Graph of Tv/a L

(1) An inextensible and strong thread should be used for suspending

(2) The amplitude of oscillations should be small.
(3) Laboratory fans should be switched off.
(4) The bob should not spin during vibration.
(5) The time should be measured carefully corrected upto smallest value.
(6) Length of pendulum should include length of hook and radius of bob.
Source of error
(1) The bob may spin.
(2) Elasticity of thread.
(3) The time measured with stopwatch may not be accurate (Cm)

(4) There may be delay in starting and stopping the stop watch.
T (B) >
Graph ofT V/s L
 6. FRICTION

Experiment No. 6Jap

AIM To study the relation ship between force of limiting frictlon and noma
reaction and to find the co-efficient of friction between a clock and a horenl
surface.

Apparatus:
A frictionless pulley, a flat plate of glass, wooden block with a hook, a light scale pan, a
weight box, a spring balance, sprit level and thread.

Theory Sliding friction

It is the friction acting on the body when it just starts moving. According to law of limiting
friction force of limiting friction is directly prop to normal reaction.
FaR
F= uR - (1)
F
R
Where is called constant
of friction
depends on nature of surface in contact. Also
graph between F and R is straight line as from 24
Procedure:
(1) Clean the horizontal table, Wooden
R (W+ P)
make it dust free and block (W) Additiona
checkthe pulley if it is not weights (P)
frictionless than use oil. Pultey
Glass topP
(2) Find the least count and
zero error of the spring W+P

balance.
(3) Weight the wooden block
and place it on the table
top. The table should be
Pan (w)
horizontal. Check it by
using sprit level. F (w)x
-Weights (x)
(4) Find the weight of pan and
note it down.
(5) Tie one end of thread with the hook of wooden block block and
and other
other encd .
end with
it verticaly on pulley.
pan
an and
and hang
(6) Put some weight inthe pan and adjust their value so that hang
the wooden block just move
over the surface gently on
tapping the plane. ight pla block
Note the weight
placed inust
(7) Total weight (weight
of pan+weight in pan) gives force of in move
normal reaction is given by weight of block. pan(w).
limiting friction
iction and
and
24
 t one 100gm weight over the
wooden block and report the
steps.
neat above procedure five to six times by changing weights on wooden block.
4Plot the graph befween F and R. Slope of graph gives the cofficient of friction.

Observation and Calculations

Least count of the spring balance = . . . gm
Zero error of spring balance = gm
Weight of wooden block W
= =
.0...
.
* .
g
gm

Weight of scale pan = P .l.g.gm

TABLE
Weights on Total weight being |Weight placed in al Total weight (free
S.No wooden pulled (W + w)
o r=m a pan (p) (gwt) pulling block
block (w)
(gwt) Normal weight (P+ p) (gwt) =sliding =
(gwt.) reaction (R) (gwt) friction (F) (gwt)
1. W
2.1 100 W+100 2D 35 m 35tlo 45 Co22S
3. 200
W+200-3 0d- 45 Jm 45+1 S S 5S-o183
5.
300
400
W+300=4 00
W+4000
55 3m 55+1o 6 5
6
3UD
o-162
6. 500 W+500
0

Graph
Graph between F and R is straight line and slope of graph gives coefficient of friction
between the two surface in contact.
55
Force of limiting friction F . 2 . . g - S +5StS 15
66
Nomal reaction R = t 4 = S °6 0D+3oD
Coefficient of limiting friction =
BE
AC
Fo1
Result:
Graph shows that limiting friction is directly
proportional to the normal reaction.
on gaPh acCoAdig
Precautions
(1) The s:irface should be horizontal and
use sprit level for levelling the surface.
smooth
(2)Weightin the pan increased in small steps.
C B

(3) Pulley should be frictionless.

F
4)The
the table.
pan and thread should not touch any part
o
(5) Tapping should be done
gently. D
Source of error
(1) Weight may not be
(2) Table may notbe accurate E R9
(3) Pulley may not behorizontal. Graph of F
V/s R

frictionless.
25
5
 3 , ExTENSION OF SPRING

Experiment No.3 -?
load extension graph.
AIM: To find the spring
constant
of helical spring using

Apparatus
with 50 g slotted weight, wooden scale, a hook etc.
Soing clamp stand, hanger

Theory end is subjected to a load (F = at its lower end its length

mg)
When a spring fixed at one i.
increase in length depends upon the force or the load applied
increases. The
Fal

or
= K =constant
constant or force constant of the spring.
K is called the spring
This constant
Mg measuring.
K= Kis determined by

end.
Procedure
support. Attach a pointer to its lower
Suspend the spring
from a rigid
(1) to the hook.
(2) Hang 50 g hanger scale.
of the pointer on the
(3) Note the reading note the reading again
on the scale.
wt to the hanger,
(4) Gently add 50 g 50 g in each step
adding
(5) Repeat the steps by and note the pointer readings.
step by step
(6) Now unload the hanger

ppam obh
donolingupIng dunsien
ongrel Cm) Con) om)
LOm

0
3 0
60 105
105 10
 LM
Slope ... cm/gf
Rigid support

KL Spring
Vertical
&cste

K =
gt/cm
Slope Pointer

Reciprocal of the slope of the graph will give us the value Hook
of K of the spring. Hanger ()

Resultt:
Sioted
The spring constant the force
spring iss
or
----- gf/cm.
constant of the given 10
9 weighha

Precautions Fly. Extension of Hetcal spring

(1) The spring should be suspended freely.

(2) The support from which spring is suspended, should Scale used on
be rigid one. X-axis: 1 Cm =.... cm
Yaxs:1 cm 9w
(3) Tip of the pointer should be sharp.
(4) The tip of pointer
should be just in front of scale but
should not touch the socale.
(5) Wait for some time after suspending / removing a
mass from thé spring.
should be done gently and
(6) The loading and unloading Extension x (cm)-
M

in equal steps. Ag. Graph

ahowing the variabOn
batween load and extenskon