Chapter 2

Displaying Variables
 Classify each as K
Nominal , Ordinal, Interval, or Ratio
M INSentence
a. Weights of air conditioners
Ratio
its Measurement Level

b. Rating of eight local players ( poor, fair, good,

excellent) ordinal
c. Age of students in the classroom
Ratio
d. Marital status of patients in a physician’s office.
Nominal
e. Temperatures inside 10 refrigerators.
interval
• Indicated which of the following variables are
quantitative and which are qualitative

Sentence quantitative qualitative

a. Times it takes to cut a lawn.
b. Colors of baseball caps in a store.
c. Weights of fish caught in Lake
George.
d. Marital status of faculty members in
a large university.
Objective:

• Organize and display qualitative “ categorical”

• Organize and display quantitative

• Represent data in frequency distributions

graphically using histograms, bar graph, and pie

chart
 g
Rowdat

Definition
A Row data is a data recorded in the sequence in which they
are collected and before they are processed or ranked
 2.2 Organizing & Graphing Qualitative Data
Definition
15J Distribution is the organization of data in data
A Frequency
form using frequencies

Example:
Example:

I 4
2 3
5

Solution:
Stress on Job Tally
Very HIM 10
Somewhat 1111 14
None
1 6
Sum= 30
Example:

Stress on Job Frequency

i visa
Relative frequency
100KEur
Percentage

Very 0.33 g 33 100

Somewhat 0.46
1,1 0.46 100
None 0.2 0.2 100
Sum=
Practice Time;
The following data give the results of a sample survey. The
letter A,B, and C represent the three categories

A B B A C B C C C A
C B C A C C B C C A
A B C C B C B A C A
• Prepare a frequency distribution table.
• Calculate the relative frequencies and percentage for all
categories.
• What percentage of the element in the sample belong to
category A or C?
Letter Frequency Relative Frequency Percentage
A 90 0.26 1100 261
B 8 2 0.26 100 267
C 14 0.46 100 461
Practice Time; 30 1001
Twenty-five army inductees were given a blood test
determine their blood type. The data set is
A B2 B4 AB 2 O
O O B5 AB 3 B7
BI B O A O
3
A O O O AB y
AB I A O B6 A
Construct a frequency distribution for the data

Blood type Frequency Relative Frequency Percentage

A 5 02 02 100 201

B 0 28 0.28 100 28
7
O 2 36 0 36 100 361
A
AB U
0.16 0.16 100
Gf
25 100
Graph of qualitative data
Is more
commonly used
to display
percentage
Bar graph Pie graph
Pie
Practice Time;
The following data give the results of a sample survey. The
letter A,B, and C represent the three categories

A B B A C B C C C A
C B C A C C B C C A
A B C C B C B A C A
• Draw a bar graph for the frequency distribution.
Letter Frequency

A 8
B 8
C 14
Practice Time;
Thirty adults were asked which of the following conveniences
they would find most difficult to do without: television (T),
refrigerator (R), air conditioning (A), public transportation (P), or
microwave (M). Their responses are listed below
R A R P P T R M P A
A R R T P P T R A A
R P A T R P R A P R
• Prepare a frequency distribution table.
• Calculate the relative frequencies and percentage
for all categories.
• What percentage of these adults named
refrigerator or air conditioning as the convenience
that they would find most difficult to do without?
• Draw a bar graph for the frequency distribution.
Example:

Solution:
Practice Time;
The following data give the results of a sample survey. The
letter A,B, and C represent the three categories

A B B A C B C C C A
C B C A C C B C C A
A B C C B C B A C A
• Draw a Pie graph for the frequency distribution.
Letter Frequency

A 8
B 8
C 14
Practice Time;
The following data give the results of a sample survey.
The letters Y, N, and D represent the three categories
D N N Y Y Y N Y D Y
Y Y Y Y N Y Y N N Y
N Y Y N D N Y Y Y Y
Y Y N N Y Y N N D Y
• Prepare a frequency distribution table.
• Calculate the relative frequencies and percentage
for all categories.
• What percentage of the element in this sample
belong to category “Y”?
• Draw a Pie chart for the percentage distribution.
Part 2
Display Quantitative
Variable
 JASSI
2.3.1 Frequency Distribution

900.5
1100.5
3 1300.5
1500.5

bondry
I 80114
i.am
Definition I

A Class boundary is given by midpoint of upper limit of

one class and lower limit of the next class.

Rules:

Note: number of classes usually between 5 to 20

200 801
Example;

29 y.ae
Ipod Sold Tally
4 bit
9 99 Mind of

25 29
Rules:

Example;
Ipod Sold
t Percentage

1 100

16
30 100
Practice Time;
The following table gives the frequency distribution of ages for
all 50 employees of a company
Age Number of Employee

18 to 30 12
31 to 43 19
44 to 56 14
57 to 69 5

• Find the class boundaries and midpoints.

• Do all classes have the same width? If yes, what
is the width?
• Prepare the relative frequency and percentage
distribution columns.
• What percentage of the employees of this
company are age 43 or younger .
Group Practice:
The following table gives the frequency distribution of times (to the nearest
hour) than 90 fans spent waiting in line to buy tickets to a rock concert.
Waiting Time
Frequency
(hour)
0 to 6 5
7 to 13 27
14 to 20 30
21 to 27 20
28 to 34 8

Circle the correct answer in each of the following

statements,
a. The number of classes in table is

is b. The class width is

Group Practice:
The following table gives the frequency distribution of times (to the nearest
hour) than 90 fans spent waiting in line to buy tickets to a rock concert.
Waiting Time
Frequency
(hour)
0 to 6
D
5
7 to 13
14 to 20
21 to 27
08,9 27
30
20
3

28 to 34 8

c. The midpoint of the third classis

m O
d. The sample size is

O
e. The relative frequency of the second class is

O
 Graph of quantative data

Histogram Polygons

mi
p
Practice Time;
The following table gives the frequency distribution of ages for
all 50 employees of a company
Age Number of Employee

18 to 30 12
31 to 43 19
44 to 56 14
57 to 69 5

• Construct a histogram for the frequency

distribution.

Number of employee

0 5 10 15 20

57 to 69 44 to 56 31 to 43 18 to 30
Practice Time;
Using the histogram shown here, do the following

3 3 2
1

• How many values are in the class 27.5-30.5.

0
• How many values fall between 24.5 and 36.5.
14
• How many values are below 33.5.
10
• How many values are above 30.5. 16
 Shape of histogram

Symmetric Skewed Rectangular

Wow 5141 w̅
Definition
A Cumulative Frequency Distribution gives the total
number of values that fall below the upper boundary of
each class.

Example:
34
1182541
5

Class Limit Cumulative Frequency

5 9 3

5 14 9
5 19 17
5 24 25
5 29 30
Rules:

Example;
Class Limit
t.INT W1
Cumulative Cumulative relative Cumulative
Frequency frequency Percentage

3 0.10 0.14100 to
0.3 0.3 100 30
0 5 100
of so
2 0.8 0 8 100580
3
I
Practice Time:
The following is study of the daily fat intake ( in grams) for a sample of
Saudi Arabia people. Answer the following questions:
Day Daily fat intake Frequency

0
Total
1. What is the number of adults in Saudi Arabia with daily
fat intake between (85-104) grams:…………………………..
2. What is the relative frequency of adults in Saudi Arabia
with daily fat intake greater than 104
grams:…………………………..
on a
 B
Practice Time:
The following is study of the daily fat intake ( in grams) for a sample of
Saudi Arabia people. Answer the following questions:
Day Daily fat intake Frequency

C C 38 10

Total

3. What is the precentage of adults in Saudi Arabia with daily

33.33
fat intake between (65-84) grams:…………………………..

a
4. What is the Cumulative frequency of adults in Saudi Arabia with
daily fat intake between (105-124) grams:…………………………..

2 90
Practice Time:
complete

Age
fry
Frequency Relative
Frequency
Cumulative
Frequency
Cumulative relative
Frequency

Total
 2.6 Stem-Leaf Display
d l
Advantage:
By preparing a stem-leaf display we don’t
g
lose information on individual observation

Example;
Solution:

The leaves for each stem of the stem-and-leaf display above are ranked
(in increasing order) and presented in Figure 2.15
Example;

Solution:
Example;

Solution: