ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ

វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា

ិ

EpñkTI1
karbgðajBIEpndIviTüa
tamry³ExSeBlevla
CMBUkTI1
kareFVIEpnTIKMrUEpndI
Maps as Models of the Earth

cUrRsémKit
sUmRsém:KitfamitþPRk½rbs;GñkkMBugmkBIsalaedIm,ImkelgpÞHrbs;Gñk. Gñkmincg;[BYkeKvegVg
pøvÚ eT dUecñHGñkseRmccitKþ UrEpnTImYy[BYkeK. etIGñkeFVIEpnTIénkEnøgEdlGñkrs;enAdUcemþc? etIGñkbBa©ÚlGVI
epSg²EdlenACitpÞHrbs;GñkEdrb¤eT? etImansmÖarHGVIxøHEdlGñkeRbIedIm,IeFVIEpnTIrbs;Gñk?
GñkEdleFVIEpnTIdbM UgeK RbEhlCaeRbIeQIedIm,IKUsEpnTIenAelId.I EpnTIEdlcas;CageKmYyRtUv)aneK
RbTHeXIjenAÉTIRkugcMNas;mYykñgú tMbn; Mesopotamia EdlCaTwkdIRbeTsGIura:k;bc©úb,nñ. EpnTImYyEdlmanGa
yuCit 5000qñaM RtUv)aneKqøak;enAelIpÞaMgdI\dæ. snøkw EpnTIdbM UgeKRtUv)aneKe)aHBumÖkúñgRbeTscinenAkMLúgqñaM
1155 én K>s.
kñúgmCÄwmsmy½ EpnTIBiPBelak)anplitedayBYkGWrub KW)anBwgEp¥kelIkarRsemIRsém: karTsSn¾Tay
nigdMeNIrerOgénkareFVIdMeNIr. EpñkkNþalénEpndI KWCaTVIbGWrbu . kEnøgEdlminTan;)anCYb nigminTan;)aneFVIkar
rukrkCYnkalRtUv)anbMeBjedayTsSnIyPaB eTv nig virbU kay.
bc©úb,nñbec©kviTüakMBu üÚTr½ nigrUbPaBtamryHpáayrNb pþl[; eyIgeFVEI pnTI)anya:gRtwmRtUv. kñúgCMBUk
enHGñknwgeronGMBIRbePTepSg²KñaénEpnTI rebobEdlEpnTIbgðaj nigGVIEdlRtUvdak;cUlkñúgEpnTI.
ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 1 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

etIGñkKitdUcemþc? ‫‏‬

edayBwgEp¥kelIcMeNHdwgmUldæanviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk cUrBüayameqøIysMNYrdUcxageRkamenH
1-etIEpnTIEdltMNag[BiPBelakTaMgGs;manlkççNHRtwmRtUvEdrb¤eT?
2-etIBt’manenAelIEpnTIRtUv)anbgðajdUcemþc?
3-etIBt’manGVxI øHEdlRKb;EpnTITaMgGs;RtUvman?
karsegát
sUmeFVdI MeNIrtampøÚv\dæBN’elOg
etIGñkFVab;vegVgpøÚvEdrb¤eT? etIEpnTIGacCYyeyIg)anEdrb¤eT? EpnTImansarHsMxan;Nas;sRmab;CIvitRbcaM
éf¶rbs;Gñk. kñgú skmµPaBenH GñknwgKUr ehIyeFVIkarpøas;bþÚrEpnTICamYyédKUrbs;Gñk. enAkñúgskmµPaBenHGñk
nwgminRtwmEteronGMBIrebobGanEpnTIb:eu NÑaHeT b:Eu nþEfmTaMgeronKUsEpnTIEdleKGacGan)aneTotpg.
dMeNIrkar
1> CamYynwgexµAèdBN’ nig Rkdas; cUrKUrEpnTImYyEdlbgðajBITItaMgmYyedIm,IeFVdI MeNIrBIfñak;rbs;
GñkeTAkan;TItaMgmYyeTotkñúgsalarbs;Gñk dUcCa bgÁn; b¤kEnøghat;R)aN. sUmR)akdfa GñkbBa¨ÚlnUvBt’man
RKb;RKan;sRmab;nrNamñak;GacrkeXIjpøÚvrbs;;BkY eK.
2-bnÞab;BIGñkbBa©b;karKUrEpnTIrbs;Gñk sUmeFVkI arpøas;bþÚr EpnTIKñaeTAvijeTAmkCamYyédKUrbs;Gñk.
cUrsikSaGMBIEpnTIrbs;mitPþ kþiGñk ehIyBüayamrkrUbPaBTIkEnøgEdlEpnTInaMGñkeTA.
karviPaK
3-etIEpnTIEdltMNag[salarbs;GñkmanPaBRtwmRtUvEdrb¤eT? cUrBnül;.
4-etIGñkKitfaEpnTIrbs;GñkmanlkçNHl¥RbesIrehIyb¤enA? etIGxVI øHEdlGñkKitfaenAxVHxat?
5-cUreRbobeFobEpnTIrbs;GñkCamYyEpnTIédKUGñk. etIEpnTIrbs;BYkGñkdUcKñaEdrb¤eT? etIvaxusKñaRtg;
kEnøgNaxøH?
sUmeFVIbnÞab;eTAeTot
eFVItamskmµPaBdUcKña b:uEnþeBlenHRtUvedIrtampøÚvsin muneBleFVIkarKUrEpnTIehIyeFVkI arkt;cMNaMBIépÞdI
nig cm¶ayrvag TItaMgenAelIpÚøv. etIkareFVIEbbenH)aneFVI[EpnTIrbs;Gñkb¤tEtRbesIreLIgb¤eT? etIGVIxøHEdl
RtUvbEnßmedIm,I[EpnTIrbs;GñkmanPaBgayRsYlGanCagmun?

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 2 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

emeronTI1
GñkenATIenH
BaküKnøwH
- EpnTI (Map)
- TisxageCIgBitR)akd (True north)
- ExSeGkVaTr½ (Equator)
- ryHTTwg (Latitude)
-lMgakma:ej:Tic (Magnetic declination)
-ryHbeNþay (Longitude)
-ExSbeNþayeKal (Prime meridian)
GVIEdlGñknwgsikSa
-Bnül;rebobEdlRtIvisy½maej:TicRtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IrkTisenAelIEpndI.
-dwgnUvlkçNHxusKñarvagTisxageCIgBitR)akd nig Tism:aej:Tci xageCIg.
-dwgnUvlkçNHxusKñarvag ExSénryHTTwg nigExSénryHbeNþayenAelIPUeKal b¤enAelIEpnTI.
-Bnül;GMBIrebobEdlryHTTwg nigryHbeNþayGacRtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IkMNt;TItaMgTIkEnøgenAelIEpndI.

enAeBlGñkedIkat;épÞEpndI EpndImni manlkçNHekageT KWvamanépÞrab. kalBIGtItkal CMenOGMBIRTg;

RTayEpndImankarpøas;bþÚr. EpnTIqúøHbBa©aMgBIIcMeNHdwgtamsmy½kal nigTsSn³énBiPBelakmuneBlman
bec©kviTüabc©úb,nñ. EpnTI KWCaKMrU b¤CatMNagépÞEpndI. RbsinebIGñkRkeLkemIlEpnTIBiPBelakrbs;elak
Ptolemy enAstvtSTI2 dUcmanbgðajkñúgrUbTI1 GñkRbEhlCaminsÁal;GEVI dlGñkkMBugemIlenaHeT. bc©úb,nñ

páayrNbkñúglMhpþl;[eyIgnUvrUbPaBCak;EsþgBIGVIEdlmanenAelIEpndI. enAkñúgemeronenHGñknwgsikSaGMBI
rebobEdlGñkviTüasaRsdMbUgeK)anrkeXIjfa EpndImanragmUlRTEvgmuneBlEdlmanrUbPaBBIlhM Gakas.
GñknwgsikSapgEdrGMBIrebobkMNt;TItaMg nigTisenAelIépÞEpndI.
1> etIEpndImanlkçNHBitR)akddUcemþc?
munelak Cristopher Columbus )aneFVIdMeNIrCMuvijEpndIkgñú qña1M 492 CnCatiRkic)anKitfaEpndImanrag

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 3 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

Es‘rV Cit2000qñaM. tamkarsegàteXIjfa ekþagrbs;nava)anlic)at;enAeBlEdlnavacakecjeTAq¶aytam

kMeNagTwksmuRTEdlCaRTwsþIKaMRTGMBrI agmUlrbs;EpndI. RbsinebIEpndImanragsMEb:teyIgenAEtGacemIleXIj
vakan;EttUceTA²enAeBlEdlvacakecjeTAq¶ay.
elak Eratosthenes (ER uh TAHS thuh NEEZ) KWCaGñkKNitviTüa CnCatiRkiccg;dwgfa etIEpndImanTM
hMFMb:uNÑa. RbEhl240qñaMmunK>s Kat;)anKNnaExSv½NÐrbs;EpndIedayeRbIvFi IFrNIviTüa nigkarsegáténRBH
GaTitü. \LÚveyIgdwgfakarTsSn¾Tayrbs;Kat;kalBImun ExSv½NÐmanRtwmEt 6250K>m lMeGog 15%. enaH
minEmnCakarKitxussRmab;GñkEdlrs;enAkalBI 2000qñaMmunenaHeT eRBaHfaeBlenaHbec©kviTüa nigpáayrNb
minTan;manenAeLIy.

rUbTI1 EpnTIenHbgðajGMBIRTg;RTayrbs;EpndIEdlmnusS)anKitkalBI1800qñamM un.

2> karEsVgrkTisenAelIEpndI
etIGñkR)ab;Tisdl;mitþPRk½rbs;GñkdUcemþcGMBkI areFVdI MeNIrBIsalaeroneTApÞHrbs;Gñk? GñkRbEhlCa
manKMnitedABIkMNt;smÁal;epSg²dUcCa hag b¤ePaCnIydæan. kMNt;smÁal; KWCaTItaMgCak;lak;enAelIépÞEpndI
GMBIGEVI dlTItaMg nigTisGacBiBN’na)an.
edaysarEtEpndImanragmUl vaminmanEpñkxagelI xageRkam b¤CMehogsRmab;mnusSeRbIkMNt;smÁal;
edIm,IkN M t;TItaMgenAelIépÞrbs;vaeT. eTaHCaya:gNa EpndIvilCMuvji G½kSrbs;va. G½kSrbs;EpndI KWCaExSRbDit
mYyEdlkat;EpndI. cMENkÉEpñkxagcugrbs;G½kS KWCab:UlPUmisaRsþ. b:UlxageCIg nigb:Ulxagt,ÚgEdlmankñúg
ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 4 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

rUbTI2 RtUv)aneRbICakMNt;smÁal;enAeBlmankarBN’naGMBITis nigTItaMgenAelIEpndI.

b:UlxageCIg

b:Ulxagt,Úg ExSeGkVaT½r

rUbTI2 ExSeGkVaT½rRtUv)aneKeRbIkMNt;smÁal;dUcb:lU TaMgLayEdr.

2>1> lMdab;énTisrbs;EpndI
TisxageCIg xagt,Úg xaglic xagekIt ehAfa lMdab;énTisrbs;EpndI ( Cadinal Directions). rUbTI3
bgðajBItemoblMdab;énTisFM² nig lMdab;énTistUc². kareRbIR)as;Tsi TaMgenH KWmanlkçN³Cak;lak;Cagkar
eRbITis dUcCakarbt;eqVg eTARtg; nigkarbt;sþa.M b:uEnþ CaTUeTAeyIgEsVgrkTisedayeRbIR)as;RtIvis½y.

rUbTI3 RtIvis½yCYyGñkkñgú karEsVgrk

TisedayxønÜ ÉgenAelIEpnTI.

karBiesaFn_xøI
karEsVgrkTisedayeRbIRtIvis½y
1> kargarenHKYEteFVIBei saFenAxageRkA. cUrkan;RtIvis½ymYydak;epþkvaenAkñgú édrbs;GñkrhUtTal;EtRTnicrbs;
vaQb;lMgak. cUrbgVli muxRtIvis½yluHRtaEtGkSr N cg¥lú Rtg;cMRTnicRtIvis½yEdlmanlabBN’.
ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 5 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

2> kñgú karkan;RtIvsi ½yRtUv[nwg edIm,IkMNt;favtßúenaHenARtg;cMNuclMdab;énTis. cUrkt;RtavacUlkñúgesovePA

kMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk.
3> cUremIlfa etIGñkGackMNt;TItaMgénvtßeú pSgeTAtamlMdab;énTisb¤eT dUcCa SW nig NE. cUrkt;Rtakarsegát
eTAkñúgesovePAkMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk.

2>2> kareRbIR)as;RtIvis½y
viFmI YykñúgkarkMNt;TisxageCIg KWedaykareRbIR)as;RtIvis½yma:ej:Tic. RtIvis½yeRbIR)as;ma:ej:Tic
FmµCatirbs;EpndIedIm,IkMNt;Tis. RTnicmYyrbs;RtIvisy½cg¥lú eTAb:Ulma:ej:TicxageCIg. EpndImanb:lU BIrxus
Kña KWb:lU PUmisaRsþ nigb:Ulma:ej:Tci . dUcGñk)aneXIjkñúgrUbTI4 b:Ulma:ej:TicmanTItaMgeRTtCagb:UlPUmisaRsþ.

b:UlPUmisaRsþxageCIg b:Ulm:aej:Tci xageCIg

b:Ulm:aej:Tci xagt,Úg b:UlPUmisaRsþxagt,Úg

rUbTI4 mindUcCab:UlPUmisaRsþeTEdlCanic©kalsßitkñúgTItaMgdEdl pÞúyBIb:Ulm:aej:Tci EdlERbRbYlTItaMgtam
Rbvtþéi nEpndI.
sVy½ RtYtBinitü³ etIEpndIvilCMvu ijb:UlPUmisaRsþ b¤CvMu ijb:lU ma:ej:Tic?

2>3> bU:lxageCIgBitR)akd nig b:Ulm:aej:Tic

edaysarEtb:lU PUmisaRsþxageCIgminEdlpøas;bþÚr vaRtUv)aneKehAfab:lU xageCIgBitR)akd (True
North). PaBxusKñarvagTItaMgénb:UlxageCIg nig b:lU ma:ej:Tci xageCIg KWedIm,ICMnYykñúgkareRbIR)as;RtIvis½y.
enAeBleRbIR)as;RtIvis½yenAelIEpnTI b¤karrukrkenAelIépÞEpndI GñkRtUvEtdwg[c,as;BIPaBxusKñarvagPUmisaRsþ
xageCIg nigma:ej:TicxageCIg. mMuEdl)anenHehAfa lMgakma:ej:Tic (magnetic declination). lMgakma:ej:Tic
ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 6 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

RtUv)anKitCadWeRkBIekIteTAlicénb:lU xageCIgBitR)akd.
lMgakma:ej:TicRtUv)aneKkMNt;tamcMnucepSgKñaenAelIépÞEpndI. RbsinebIGñkFøab;dgw mMulgM akéntMbn;
rbs;Gñk enaHGñkGaceRbIRtIvis½yedIm,IkMNt;b:UlxageCIgBitR)akd)an.

3> karEsVgrkTItaMgenAelIEpndI
pÞH nig GaKar kñúgsgáat;rbs;GñkTaMgGs;manGas½ydæanEdlkMNt;TItaMgrbs;va. b:uEnþ etIGñkGacEsVg
rkTItaMgrbs;xøHepSgeTot dUcCa TIRkug b¤ekaH)anya:gdUcemþc? kEnøgTaMgenHRtUv)aneK[TItaMgedayeRbIryH
TTwg nigryHbeNþay. ryHTTwg nigryHbeNþay KWCaExSEdlkat;elIEpnTI b¤enAelIPeU Kal EdleFVI[eyIg
EsVgrkTItaMgBitR)akd)an. ExSEdlkat;KñaTaMgenaHRtUv)aneKeRbIrYmKñaedIm,IkMNt;TItaMgepSg²rbs;EpndI.
3>1> ryHTTwg
ExSRbDitEdlKUsCMuvijEpndIRsbnwgExSeGkVaTr½RtUv)aneKehAfa ExSénryHTTwg b¤ ExSRsb . ExS
eGkVaTr½CaExSEdlB½T§CuvM ijEpndI EckEpndICaGDÆeKalxageCIg nigGDÆeKalxagt,ÚgCaBIrEpñkesµKI ña tag[ryH
TTwg0º. ryHTTwg KWCacMgayxageCIg b¤xagt,ÚgBIeGkVaTr½EdlRtUv)aneKKitCadWeRk dUc)anbgðajkñúgrUbTI6.
b:UlxageCIgmanryHTTwg 90º xageCIg ehIyb:Ulxagt,ÚgmanryHTTwg 90ºxagt,Úg.

rUbTI6 rgVas;dWeRkénryHTTwg KWCamMuEdl

ekIteLIgedayExSeGkVaT½r p¢ti énEpndI
nig TItaMgenAelIépÞEpndI.

TMnak;TMngCamYynwgtaraviTüa
manviFICaeRcInEdleyIgGacEsVgrkb:lU xageCIgedaymin)ac;eRbIRtIvis½y. enAeBlRBwk RBH GaTitürH
enATisxagekIt. enAeBll¶acvarHenATisxaglic. RbsinebIGñkcg¥lú édsþaMrbs;Gñkeq<aHeTAkEnøgEdlGñkeXIj
RBHGaTitürHenAeBlRBwk ehIyédeqVgrbs;Gñkcg¥lú eTAEpñkEdlRBHGaTitülic enAeBlyb; enaHGñknwgEbrmux
eTATisxageCIg.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 7 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

3>2> ryHbeNþay
ExSRbDitEdlkat;tamb:UlTaMgBIRtUv)aneKehAfaExSryHbeNþay b¤ExSbeNþay. ryHbeNþay KWCa
cMgayEdlvas;BIExSbeNþayeKaleTATisxagekIt nigTisxaglicEdlKitCadWeRk dUc)anbgðajkñúgrUbTI7.
edaymankic©RBmeRBogCaGnþrCati ExSbeNþaymYyRtUv)ankMNt;yk 0 dWeRk. ExSbeNþayEdlkat;tamRKinvic
RbeTsGg;eKøs KWCaExStMNag[ryHbeNþay 0dWeRK. xusBIExSryHTTwg ExSénryHbeNþayTaMgGs;minRsb
KñaeT ehIyvaCYbKñaenAbU:l nigXøatKñaenAeGkVaT½r.
ExSbeNþayeKalminB½TC§ MuvijEpndIdUcExSeGkVaT½reT. vart;BbI :UlxageCIgkat;tamRKinvicRbeTs
Gg;eKøseTAb:Ulxagt,Úg. ExSTI180dWeRk sßitenAQmnwgExSbeNþayeKalénEpndI. ExSbeNþayeKal
nigExSbeNþayTI180 rYmKña EckEpndICaBIrEpñkesµIKña KWGDÆeKalxagekIt nigGDÆeKalxaglic. ExS
beNþayxagekItsßti enAEpñkxagekIténExSbeNþayeKalBI 0º eTA 180º . ExSbeNþayxaglicsßit
enAEpñkxaglicénExSbeNþayeKal BI 0º eTA 180º.

rUbTI7 rgVas;dWeRkénryHbeNþay KWCamMuEdl

ekIteLIgedayExSbeNþayeKal p¢ti énEpndI
nig TItaMgenAelIépÞEpndI.

3>3> kareRbIR)as;ryHTTwg nig ryHbeNþay

cMnucTaMgLayelIépÞEpndIGacRtUv)aneKkMNt;TItaMgedayeRbIryHTTwg nigryHbeNþay. ExSénryH
TTwg nigryHbeNþaypÁúMKñabegáIt)anCaRbBn§½mYyenAelIEpnTI b¤PUeKal. RbBn§é½ ncMnucRbsBVenaHRtUv)aneKeRbI
edIm,IEsVgrkTItaMgPaKxageCIg b¤xagt,ÚgExSeGkVaTr½ nig PaKxagekIt b¤ xaglicénExSbeNþayeKal.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 8 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

karEsVgrkpøÚvrbs;Gñk
etIGñkFøab;vegVgpøÚvEdrb¤eT? minmankarRBYy)armµN¾teTAeToteT.
CamYynwg]bkrN¾RbBn§k½ MNt;TItaMgelIBPi Belak (Global Positioning
System) GñkGacEsVgrkkEnøgEdlGñksßitenAelIépÞEpndI. GPSmanpáay

rNbcMnYn25 pþl;sBaØaviTüú eTAkan;]bkN¾TTYlenAelIEpndIedIm,IbBa¢a[

KNnaTItaMgryHTTwg ryHbeNþay nigryHkm<s;. GPS RtUv)anbegáIt
eLIgkñúgqñaM1970edayRksYgkarBarCatiénshrdæGaemrickñgú eKalbMNg
bMerI[vis½yeyaFa. kñúgkMLúg20qñacM ugeRkayenH bec©kviTüaenHRtUv)an
pliteLIgedIm,IbMerI[eRcInEpñksRmab;CIvitRbcaMéf¶rbs;mnusS. bcú©ub,nñ
GPS KWRtUv)aneKeRbIkñúgmeFüa)ayeRcInya:g. GñkebIkynþehaH nig nava

eRbIvasRmab;kareFVIdMeNIr nigkñgú ]sSahkmµeRbIvaCamYynwgEpnTIEr: nig

FnFan k¾dUcCaKMeragbrisßan. manrfynþxøHbMBak;eday]bkN¾enHEdlGacbgðajTItaMgedayBiessenAelI
kMuBüÚTr½.
edIm,IEsVgyl;GMBIrebobkMNt;ryHTTwg nigryHbeNþaycUrEsVgrkTItaMgraCFanIénRbeTsrbs;Gñk.
TItaMgdMbUg KWnimitþsBaØapáaytMNag[raCFanIrdærbs;GñkenAelIEpnTI. cUrEsVgrkExSénryHTTwg nig ryH
beNþayEdlenACitbMputeTAnwgraCFanIrbs;Gñk. BITIenHGñkGacRbmaNtémøRbEhlénryHTTwg nig ryH
beNþayrdærbs;Gñk)an.
eFVIskmµPaB
eRbIR)as;esovePAEpnTIBiPBelak b¤PUeKaledIm,IEsVgrkryHTTwg nigryHbeNþayénTIRkugdUcteTAenH³
New York, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Sydney, Australia, Madrid, Spain, Cairo, Egypt .
sMNYrrMlwk
1> Bnül;BPI aBxusKñarvagb:UlxageCIgBitR)akd nig b:Ulma:ej:Tci xageCIg.
2> enAeBlmankareRbIR)as;RtIvis½yenAelIEpnTIéntMbn;mYy ehtuGVIcaM)ac;RtUvdwgBImMulgM akma:ej:Tic ?
3> etIGVICameFüa)ayTaMgbIEdlbgðajfaExSeGkVaTr½xusBIExSbeNþayeKal?
4> etIExSryHTTwg nigExSryHbeNþayCYyGñkdUcemþcxøHkñúgkarEsVgrkTItaMgenAelIépÞEpndI?
5> karpþl;CaTsSnH eBlmYyGñkCIk)anhibcas;mYy GñkRbTHeXIjEpnTIkMNb;mYy. EpnTIbgðajfa rtn³
sm,tþei naH KWenAkñgú kEnøgmYy enA97º xageCIg nig 188º xagekIt. Bnül;fa ehtuGVIerOgenH minGacekItman.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 9 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

emeronTI2
kareFVIEpnTItMNagépÞEpndI
BaküKnøwH
- cMenalEmrexTr ½(Mercator Projection)
- cMenalekaN (ConicProjection)
- cMenalGasImu uytal; (Azimuthal Projection)
- rUbftBIGakas (Aerial photograph)
- karRbmUlBt’manBIcm¶ay ( Remote sensing)
GVIEdlGñknwgsikSa
-eRbobeFobEpnTI nigPUeKal.
-BN’nakareFVcI MenalTaMgbIRbePT.
-BN’nabec¨keTsbc¨úb,nñd¾TeM nIbEdl)anCYyGPivDÆn¾viTüasaRsþènkareFVIEpnTI.
-rayEpñksMxan;²énEpnTImYy.
KMrCU aeRcInRtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,ItMNag[vtßúBit. ]TahrN¾ sßabtükmµ eRbIR)as;KMréU nGaKaredIm,Ipþl[;
GtifiCnrbs;eKCaKMnitkñúgkarsegátrUbragGaKarmuneBleFVkI arsagsg;. cMENkÉGñkviTüasaRsþEpndIviTüak¾)an
eFVIGBM IKMrUrbs;EpndIEdr. KMrUTaMgenHmanPUeKal nig EpnTI.
edaysarEtPUeKal KWCaEsV‘r vaKWCavtßúKMrUEdlsuRkitCageKrbs;EpndI. PUeKalk¾CatMNag[PaBsuRkit
pgEdrnUvTMhM nigRTg;RTayénTVIb nigmhasmuRTkñúgTMnak;TnM gKñaeTAvijeTAmk. b:uEnþ PUeKalminEmnCaKMrUl¥bMput
kñúgkareRbIR)as;edIm,IsikSaGMBéI pÞEpndICanic©kalenaHeT. ]TarNh¾ PUeKalmanlkçNHtUcNas;kúñgkarbgðajnUv
PaBlMGitdUcCa pøvÚ nigTenø . vamanPaBgayRsYlCagkñúgkarbgðajlkçNHlMGitenAelIEpnTI. EpnTIGacbgðaj
nUvEpndITaMgmUl b¤EpñkxøHrbs;EpndI. b:uEnþ etIGñkeFVItMNagépÞkMeNagrbs;EpndIeTAelIépÞrabdUcemþc? sUmGan
dUcteTAedIm,Irk[eXIj.
1> etIvaCaEs‘VrsMEb:tb¤?
EpnTI KWCatMNagépÞEpndIenAelIépÞrabesµ.I eTaHCaya:gNak¾edayenAeBlEdlGñkepÞrBt’manBIèpÞkM
eNageTAépÞrabesµI GñkR)akdCa)at;bg;nvU PaBCak;lak;xøH. karERbRbYlenHehAfaPaBlMeGogBIlkçNHedImekIt

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 10 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

mancMeBaHRTg;RTay nigTMhMéndI nigmhasmuRT. karERbRbYlenHeFVI[TMhMdIxøHmanlkçNHFMCagPaBBit. Tis

nigcMgayGacmanPaBlMeGogpgEdr. sUmBicarNanUv]TahrN¾énsMbkRkUcEdl)anbgðajkñgú rUbTI8enH.

rUbTI8 RbsinebIGñkbksMbkRkUcBIRkUcmYyehIyRtdagva[rabesµI va nigRtdag ehIyrEhkdac;ecjBIKña.

cUrkt;smÁal;faRTg;RTayRtUv)anlMeGog dUcCacMgayrvagcMnucmYycMnYnenAelIsMbkRkUc.

1>1> kareFVIcMenalEpnTI
GñkeFVEI pnTIeRbIR)as;cMenalEpnTIedIm,IepÞrrUbPaBBIépÞekagrbs;EpndIeTAelIépÞrab. KµancMenalNamYy
énEpndIGactag)annUvPaBCak;lak;énragEsVrbs;va)aneLIy. RKb;épÞrabénEpnTI manPaBlMeGogCanic©. kar
bgðajBItMbn;tUc dUcCaTIRkugmYymanPaBlMeGogticCagkarbgðajBItMbn;FM dUcCaBiPBelakTaMgmUl.
edIm,Iyl;BIrebobénkareFVIcMenalEpnTI RtUvKitfaEpndI KWCaPUeKalføamanBnøeW nAxagkñúg. RbsinebIGkñ
ykRkdas;mYysnøkw eTARKbelIPUeKal RsemalelceLIgenAelIRkdas;EdlbgðajBIsBaØaepSg²enAelIPUeKal
dUcCaTVIb ExSryHTTwg nigExSryHbeNþay. rebobénkardak;Rkdas;enAelIPeU KalkMNt;BIRbePTcMenalEdlRtUv
)aneFVeI LIg. cMenalPaKeRcInRtUvQrelImUldæanRTg;RTayFrNImaRtTaMgbI dUcCa sIuLaMg ekaN nigépÞrab.
1>2> cMenalEmrexTr½½ ( Mercator Projection )
cMenalEmrexTr½ KWCacMenalEpnTIEdllT§plTTYl)anenAeBlEdlEpñkTaMgGs;énPUeKalRtUv)anepÞreTA
elIRkdas;ragsIuLaMg dUc)anbgðajkñgú rUbTI9.
cMenalEmrexTr½ bgðajryHTTwg nig ryHbeNþayénEpndICaExSRtg; ehIyRsb. ExSénryHbeNþay
RtUv)anGUs CaTMhMesµI²KñarvagExSnImYy². ExSénryHTTwgmanTMhMFMenAEpñkb:UlxageCIg nig b:Ulxagt,ÚgénExS
eGkVaTr½. kareFVIcMenal)aneFVI[rIkTMhM nigRbEvgéntMbn;enACitb:lU . ]TahrN¾ enAelIcMenalEmrexTr½Edl)an
ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 11 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

bgðajenAEpnTIxagelI RKIneln ¬Greenland ) rIkFMb:unTVbI GaRBic. tamkarBit TVbI GaRBicmanTMhMFMCagRKIneln

15dg.

rUbTI9 cMenalEmrexTr½manlkçN³suRkitenACiteGkVaTr½ b:uEnþmanPaBlMeGogcMgay nig TMhMéntMbn;enAEk,r

b:Ul.

1>3> cMenalekaN
cMenalekaN KWCacMenalEpnTIEdlRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayepÞrEpñkTaMgLayenAelIPUeKaleTAelIsnøkw
Rkdas;ragekaN dUc)anbgðajkñúgrUbTI10. snøwkekaNenH KWRtUv)anRtdagbegáIt)anCaépÞrabesµI.

rUbTI10 RbePTéncMenalekaNGacRtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IeFVIEpnTIéntMbn;EdlFM eRBaHekaNb:HnwgPUeKal

nUvryHTTwgepSgKña vakat;bnßynUvPaBlMeGog.

ekaNb:HnwgPUeKalenARKb;ExSryHbeNþay b:uEnþ vab:HnwgExSryHTTwgEtmYyKt;. vaminmanPaBlMeGog

tamExSryHTTwgRtg;kEnøgEdlPUeKalb:HCamYyekaNenaHeT. tMbn;EdlenACitExSénryHTTwgenHmanPaBlM
eGogbnþci bnþÜcb:ueNÑaH. edaysarEtekaNb:HExSryHbeNþayeRcIn ehIyb:HEtExSryHTTwgmYy cMenalekaNl¥

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 12 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

bMputsRmab;kareFVIEpnTItbM n;EdlmanépÞdFM BIekIteTAlic dUcCa shrdæGaemricCagBIeCIgeTAt,Úg dUcCaTVIbGaem

ricxagt,Úg.
1>4> cMenalGasIumuytal;
cMenalGasIumuytal; (AZ i MYOOTH uhl) KWCacMenalEpnTIEdlRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayepÞrEpñkTaMg
LayénPUeKaleTAelIépÞrab dUc)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI11.
enAelIcMenalGasIumuytal; épÞrabbHnwgPUeKalEtmYycMNucb:eNÑaH. PaBlMeGogtictYcekItmanRtg;
cMNucEdlb:H EdlCaTUeTAenARtg;b; :UlTaMgBIr. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday PaBlMeGogénTis cMgay nigRTg;RTay
ekIneLIgenAeBlEdlcMgayBIcMNucEdl)anb:HekIneLIgEdr.

rUbTI11 enAelIcMenalGasIumyu tal;enH PaBlMeGogekIneLIg

enAeBlEdlGñkrMkilkan;Etq¶ayBIbl:U xageCIg.

2> kareFVIEpnTITMenIb
viTüasaRsþénkareFVIEpnTI)anpøas;bþrÚ eRcIntaMgBIedImTsvtSqñaM1990 Cagkñúgsm½yepSgeToténRbvtþi
saRsþ. TaMgenH KWedaysarkarrIkcMerIneTAmuxénbec©kviTüakñgú stvtSTI20 dUcCa ynþehaH karftrUb kMuBüÚTr½
nig karRsavRCavkñúglMh.
2>1> ynþehaH nigma:sIunft
karGPivDÆn¾énynþehaH nigkarrIkcMerInénbec©kviTüaftrUb man\T§Bi lFMeFgeTAelIkareFVIEpnTI[TMenIb.
ynþehaHpþl[; mnusSnUveTsPaBénépÞEpndIBIelIGakas. rUbft)anmkBIelIGakas ehAfa rUbftBIGakas
(Aerial Photographs). rUbftTaMgenHmansarHsMxan;kg ñú karCYyGñkbegáItEpnTI[manPaBsuRkit.
2>2> páayrNbbB¢aaBIelIlMhGakas
bec¨keTsrYmKñaènkareRbIynþehaH nigkarftrUbnaMeTArkviTüasaRsþènkareFIV]bkrN¾pþl;Bt’manBIelIlM
hGakas. karRbmUlBt’manBIcm¶ay ¬Remote sensing¦ KWCakarRbmUlBt’manGMBGI VIEdleyIgemIlmineXIj.
ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 13 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

karRbmUlBt’manBIcm¶ayGacEp¥kelIma:sIunftelIynþehaH b¤EdlmanlkçNHeCOnelOndUcCa páayrNbCaedIm

CamYy nig]bkrN¾bBa¢ÚnBt’man (Sensors)EdlGacep¤I nigftGVIEdlEPñkeyIgemIlmineXIj. rUbPaBEdlbB¢aÚn
BIlhM Gakaspþl;[GñkeFVIEpnTIkúñgkareFVItMNagépÞEpndI[kan;EtmanPaBsuRkiteLIg.
EPñkrbs;eyIgGaccab;)anRtwmEtEpñktUcénfamBlRBHGaTitüb:ueNÑaH. EpñkEdleyIgemIleXIjehAfa
BnøEW dlGacemIleXIj (Visible light). ]bkrN_bBa¢nÚ Bt’manBIcm¶ay ¬Remote sensors) enAelIpáayrNb
Gaccab;)anfamBlEdleyIgminGacemIleXIj. páayrNbminftrUbPaBCamYynwghVIldUcma:snIu fteT. páay
rNbRbmUlBt’manGMBIfamBlEdl)anmkBIèpÞEpndI ehIybBa¨ÚnvaRtLb;eTAsßanIyTTYlenAelIEpndIvij.
bnÞab;mkkMBu üÚTr½RtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IbegáItrUbPaBEdleyIgGacemIleXIj dUc)anbgðajkñúgrUbTI12.

rUbTI12 páayrNbGaccab;ykrUbPaBénBhukILadæan . páayrNb)anftrUbPaB

enHBIelIépÞEpndIkm<s;220KILÚEm:t.
3> Bt’manbgðajelIEpnTI
dUcEdlGñk)ansikSarYcmkehIy manviFCI aeRcInkñúgkareFVIEpnTI. CakarBitNas;EdlEpnTIk¾maneRcIn
RbePTEdr. GñkGacFøab;)andwgrYcxøHmkehIyGMBIEpnTI dUcCaEpnTIbgðajpøÚv b¤EpnTIneya)ayénshrdæGaemric
bu:Enþmni )andwgGMBIRbePTrbs;vaeT. EpnTInmI Yy²manbgðajBIBt’manrbs;va dUcmankñúgrUbTI13.
-cMNgeCIgEpnTI R)ab;GñkGMBItMbn;Edl)anbgðajenAelIEpnTI b¤R)ab;GñkGMBIRbFanbTénEpnTI.
-maRtdæanEpnTI bgðajBITMnak;TMngrvagcm¶ayenAelIépÞEpndI nigcMgayenAelIEpnTI.
-maRtdæanRkit manragdUcbnÞat;. cm¶ayenAelIépÞEpndIRtUv)anbgðajedaykMNt;RkitEdlbgðajCaxñat
cm¶ay.
-maRtdaænGkSr KWCakarBN’nargVas;cm¶ayenAelIEpnTI manTMnak;TMngCamYycm¶ayenAelIèpÞEpndI.
ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 14 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

-nimitþsBaØaRtIvisy½ bgðajGñkBITItaMgEdlmanTMnak;TMngnwgb:lU xageCIgBitR)akd.

-nimitþsBaaØEpnTI KWCataragsBaØaeRbIkñúgEpnTI nigkarBnül;rbs;va.
-kalbriecäTrbs;EpnTI pþln; UveBlevlaEdlEpnTImantémøGaceRbIR)as;)an.
karGanEpnTI
cUrKitfa GñkKWCaGñkeFVIKeRmagkarN¾eFVIdeM NIrtamrfynþrbs;kbøw mYy. KUesñh¾mYyKUcg;eFVIdMeNIr
BI Torringtonénrdæ Connecticut eTAkan; BristolénrdæConnecticut. eRbIR)as;EpnTIkñuúgrUbTI14 edIm,IBN’naGMBI
pøvÚ énkareFVIdMeNIrCitbMputmYyrvagTIRkugTaMgBIr [BYkeKeFVdI eM NIr. bgðajpøÚvEdlBYkeKGaceFVdI MeNIr TisEdlBYk
eKeFVIdMeNIr nigTIRkugEdlRtUvkat;tam. eRbIR)as;maRtdæanEpnTIedIm,IkMNt;cm¶ayRbhak;RbEllKitCa miles
rvagTIRkugTorrington nigTIRkugBristol.

sMNYrrMlwk
1> PUeKal KWCaKMrUEpndIEdlmanlkçNHsuRkit bu:EnþvaenAEtmancMNuclMeGogxøH. etIcMnuclMeGogmYyenaHKWCaGVI?
2> etIPaBlMeGogenAelIEpnTIKWCaGVI? ehIy ehtuG)VI anCamanPaBlMeGogekIteLIg?
3> etIkarRbmUlBt’manBIcm¶ay KWCaGVI? etIva)anpøas;brþÚ nUvviFIeFVEI pnTIdUcemþcxøH?
4 > karsegçbTinñny½ cUrraycMnucTaMgR)aMenAelIEpnTI? Bnül;faBt’mannImYy²mansarHsMxan;kñúgkarGanEpnTI
dUcemþcxøH.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 15 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

emeronTI3
EpnTIzanelx
BaküKnøwH
- EpnTIzanelx (Topographic map)
- ryHkm<s; (Elevation)
- ExSkm<s; (Contour lines)
- cenøaHExSkm<s; (Contour interval)
- sNæandI (Relief)
- BN’dutrbs;ExSkm<s; (Index contour)
GVIEdlGñknwgsikSa
-BN’naGMBIrebobEdlExSkm<s;bgðajryHkm<s; nigsNæandIenAelIEpnTI.
-bgðajc,ab;énryHkm<s;.
-bkRsayEpnTIzanelx.

cUrKitfaGñksßitkñúgkareFVIdMeNIrmYy. eKalbMNgénkareFVIdeM NIr KWedIm,IeFV[I mankarrIkcMerInnUvCMnaj

mYycMnYntamryHkareFVIdMeNIrqøgkat;TItaMgmYyEdlminTan;mankarGPivDÆn ¾edayP¢ab; eTACamYynUvRtIvsi y½ nig
EpnTImYyb:ueNÑaH. etIRbePTEpnTIGVEI dlGñknwgRtUveRbI? vaminEmnCaEpnTIbgðajpøÚveT eRBaHGñknwgminGaceXIj
pøvÚ EdlGñkRtUveTAeT. GñknwgRtUvkarEpnTIzanelx. EpnTIzanelx KWCaEpnTIEdlbgðajlkçNHBiessénépÞ
EpndI b¤zanelxsaRsþenAelIEpndI. EpnTIzanelxbgðajTaMgGs;nUvlkçNHBiessrbs;FmµCati dUcCa Tenø bwg
PñM nig eTsPaBbegáIteLIgedaymnusS dUcCaTIRkug pøvÚ s<an. l. EpnTIzanelxbgðajpgEdrGMBIryHkm<s;.
ryHkm<s; KWCakm<s;rbs;GgÁmYyEdlKitcab;BInIvUTkw smuRT. ryHkm<s;énTwksmuRT KW 0. enAkñúgEpñenH GñknWg
eronGMBIrebobbkRsayEpnTIzanelx.
1> ryHkm<s;
CaPñak;garshBn§½rbs;rdæaPi)al )aneFVIEpnTIzan
The United Sates Geological Survey (USGS)

elxsRmab;shrdæGaemricTaMgGs;. EpnTITaMgenHmanBN’nalMGitTaMgGs;taMgBItMbn;tUc²énépÞEpndI. eday

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 16 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

sarEtEpnTIzanelxeFVeI day USGS eRbIR)as;xñatrgVas;Ca feet eRcInCagrgVas;xñatKitCaEm:Rt eyIgnigman

]TahrN¾GMBvI adUcteTAenH.
1>1> ExSkm<s;
enAelIEpnTIzanelx ExSkm<s; RtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IbgðajryHkm<s;. ExSkm<s; KWCaExS EdlP©ab;cnM uc
TaMgLay nUvryHkm<s;dUcKña. ]TahrN¾ ExSkm<s;mYyP©ab;cnM uc enAelIEpnTIEdlman ryHkm<s; 100 feet.
ExSkm<s;mYyeTotP©ab;cMnucenAelIEpnTIEdlmanryHkm<s;200 feet. rUbTI14 Bnül;BIrebobEdlExSkm<s;elc
eLIgenAelIEpnTI.

rUbTI14 edaysarExSkm<s;P©ab;cMnucEdlmanryHkm<s;dcU Kña RTg;RTayénExSkm<s;ERbRbYltamRTg; RTayén

sNæandI.

1>2> cenøaHExSkm<s;
PaBxusKñaénExSkm<s;rvag ExSkm<s;mYy eTAExSkm<s;mYyehAfa cenøaHExSkm<s;. ]TahrN¾ EpnTImYy
mancenøaHExSkm<s;20feet dUecñHcenøaHBIExSkm<s;mYyeTAExSkm<s;mYyman 20feet dUcCa 0 feet, 20feet, 40
feet, 60feet. l . GñkeFVIEpnTIeRCIiserIscenøaHExSkm<s;edayEp¥kelIRTg;RTaysNæandItamtMbn;. sNæandI

KWCaPaBPaBxusKñaénryHkm<s;rvagcMnucx<s;bMput nigcMnucTabbMputéntMbn;Edl)aneFVIelIEpnTI. edaysar

sNæandIéntMbn;PñmM anryHkm<s;x<s; vaRtUv)aneKbgðajenAelIEpnTI edayeRbIcenøaHExSkm<s;FM dUcCa 100 feet
. eTaHbICayagNa tMbn;TMnabEdlmanryHkm<s;Tab nigRtUv)aneKbgðajenAelIEpnTIedaykareRbIR)as;cenøaH
ExSkm<s;tUc dUcCa10feet.
cenøaHénExSkm<s;bgðajpgEdrGMBcI MeNat dUcbgðajkñúgrUbTI15. ExSkm<s;EdlCit²Kña mancenøaHtUc²
CaTUeTAbgðajcMeNatxøaMg ExSkm<s;EdlmancenøaHregVIlCaTUeTAbgðajcMeNatFmµta.
ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 17 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

1>3> ExSkm<s;em
PaKeRcInenAelIEpnTIzanelx GñkeFVEI pnTIeRbIR)as;ExSkm<s;emedIm,IeFVI[karGanEpnTImanPaBgay
RsYl. ExSkm<s;em KWCaExSEdldutCageK manerogral;5ExSmþg nigmandak;témøryHkm<s; enAelIExS. cUrEsVg
rkExSkm<s;emenAelIEpnTIzanelxTaMgBIr.

rUbTI15 EpnTIzanelxEpñkxageqVg bgðajBIPñM Pikes Peak kñúgrdæ Colorado . EpnTIxagelIbgðajBIRClg

mYykñúg Big Bend Ranch State Park kñúgrdæ Texas.
sV½yRtYtBinitü RbsinebIryHkm<s;minRtUv)aneKdak;elxenAelIEpnTIeT etIGñkGackMNt;)aneTfavaCa
EpnTItMbn;cMeNatb¤Gt;?

2> karGanEpnTIzanelx
EpnTIzanelx k¾dUcCaEpnTIdéTeTotEdr eRbIR)as;nimitþsBaØaedIm,IbgðajEpñkepSg²énépÞEpndI. sBaØa
EpnTIzanelxrbs; USGSkñúgrUbTI16 bgðajBInimitþsBaØamYycMnYnEdl)aneRbIedIm,IbgðajlkçNHBiessxøH²kñúg
EpnTIzanelx .
BN’epSgKñak¾RtUv)aneKeRbIpgEdredIm,ItMNag[lkçNHxusKñaènèpÞEpndI. CaTUeTA GaKar pøvÚ s<an nig
pøvÚ Edk manBN’exµA. ExSkm<s;manBN’etñat. pøvÚ HightwaysmanBN’Rkhm. TIRkug nig raCFanImanBN’páa
QUk. èpÞTenø bwg nigmhasmuRTmanBN’exov ehIytMbn;èRBeQItag[BN’èbtg.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 18 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

rUbTI16 RKb;EpnTIzanelxrbs; USGSeRbIR)as;sBaØadUcKñatag[lkçNHBiessénFmµCati nig eTsPaB

begáItedaymnusS.

2>1> c,ab;sMxan;²énExSkm<s;
ExSkm<s; KWCaKnøHw edIm,IbkRsayTMhM nigRTg;RTayénsNæandIenAelIEpnTIzanelxmYy. enAeBlEdl
GñkRkeLkemIlelIEpnTIzanelxdMbUg vahak;dcU CamankarPN½ÐRclM. kñúgkarGanEpnTIzanelx[)anRtwmRtUv
eTomTa[mankarhVwkhat; nigmankarGnuvtþn¾. c,ab;xageRkamenHnwgCYy[Gñkyl;GMBIkarGanEpnTIzanelx.
1-ExSkm<s;minEdlkat;KñaeT. RKb;cnM ucenAelIExSkm<s;mYytMNag[ryHkm<s;EtmYy.
2-cenøaHénExSkm<s;GaRsy½elIlkçNHéncMeNat. ExSkm<s;Edljwktag[cMeNatxøaMg. ExSkm<s;
EdlTUlaytag[cMeNatFmµta.
3-ExSkm<s;Edlkat;tamRClgPñM b¤pøvÚ TwkmanragGkSr V. cMnucVeq<aHeTAkan;tMbn;EdlmanryHkm<s;
x<s;. RbsinebImaneRCaH b¤Tenø hUrkat;RClg cMnuc V KWCaEpñkxagelIéneRCaHenaH.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 19 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

EpñkxagelIénRbPBTwk manryHkm<s;x<s;

EpñkxageRkaménRbPBTwk manryHkm<s;TabCag
4-ExSkm<s;begáIt)anCargVg;biTCit CMuvijkMBlU kUnPñM PñM nig dITMnab dUcCabwg CaedIm. viFImYyedIm,IR)ab;
GMBIkUnPñM nigdITMnab KW dITnM abRtUv)ankMNt;cMNaMedayKMnUsRtg;x²øI enAxagkñúgExSrgVg;cg¥úlR)ab;GMBIkEnøgEdl
Tabeq<aHeTAkan;EpñkkNþalénTMnab.
kUnPñM dITMnab

sMNYrrMlwk
1> etIEpnTIzanelx bgðajBIépÞEpndIdUcemþc?
2> RbsinebIExSrgVgE; pnTI KWCaeRCaH etIGñkGacR)ab;BIkEnøgEdlx<s;CageK)aneTebIelxExSRtUv)anpøas;bþÚr?
3> ehtuGVI)anCaExSkm<s;TaMgGs;minkat;Kña?
4> pþln; Uvkarsnñdi æan faehtuGVI)anCaExSkm<s;minRtUv)anbgðajcMeBaHcMNucEdlx<s;bMputénPñM b¤kUnPñM ?

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 20 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

segçbcMnucsMxan;rbs;CMBUk

emeronTI1
Bakübec©keTs
-EpnTI
-b:UlxageCIgBitR)akd
-lMgakma:ej:Tic
-ExSeGkVaT½r
-ryHTTwg
-ryHbeNþay
-ExSbeNþayeKal
kMNt;sMKal;xøwmsar
 b:UlxageCIg nigb:Ulxagt,Úg RtUv)aneKeRbICacMnuctageyagsRmab;BN’naTis nigTItaMgenAelIEpndI.
 lMdab;énTis- xageCIg xagt,Úg xagekIt xaglic RtUv)aneKeRbIsRmab;BN’naGMBITis.

 RtIvisy½ma:ejTicRtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IkMNt;TisenAelIépÞEpndI. RTniccg¥úlTisxageCIgenAelIRtIvisy½cg¥l ú
cMbU:lma:ejTicxageCIg.
 edaysarEtb:l U PUmisaRsþxageCIgminpøas;bÚþrTItaMg vaRtUv)aneKehAfa b:lU xageCIgBitR)akd. b:Ulma:ejTic
xusBIb:lU PUmisaRsþrbs;EpndI ehIyFøab;)anpøas;bþÚrTItaMgtamRbvtþirbs;EpndI.
 lMgakma:ejTicERbRbYl b¤xusBIma:ejTicxageCIg nigPUmisaRsþxageCIg.

 ryHTTwg nigryHbeNþayCaExSkat;Kña EdlCYyGñkkñúgkarEsVgrkTItaMgenAelIEpnTI b¤enAelIPUeKal. ExSén

ryHTTwgrt;BIekIteTAlic. ExSénryHbeNþayrt;BIeCIgeTAt,Úgkat;tamb:UlTaMgBIr.
kargarBiesaF
mUl b¤sMEb:t?
EsVgrkTisedayxønÜ Ég

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 21 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

emeronTI2
Bakübec©keTs
-cMenalEmrexT½r
-cMenalekaN
-cMenalGasImu uytal;
-rUbftBIGakas
-]bkrN¾pþl;BN’manBIlMhGakas
kMNt;sMKal;xøwmsar
 PUeKal KWCatMNagépÞEpndIEdlmanlkçN³suRkitCageK.
 EpnTIRtUv)anbegàIteLIgedaymanPaBlMeGog edaysarBt’manxøHRtUv)an)at;enAeBlGñkeFVIEpnTIepÞrrUbPaB

BIépÞkeM NageTAelIépÞrab.
 GñkeFVEI pnTI eRbIR)as;cMenalEpnTIedIm,IepÞrrUbPaBBIépÞkMeNagrbs;EpndI eTAelIépÞrab.

 cMenalEpnTIEdleKeRbIjwkjab;manbIRbePTedayEp¥kelIragFrNImaRtmansIuLaMg ekaN nig épÞ rab.

 karRbmUlBt’manBIGakas)anpþl;[GñkeFVIEpnTI eFVIEpnTI)ankan;EtsuRkit.

 RKb;EpnTITaMgGs;RtUvmancMNgeCIg kalbriecäT maRtdæan nimitþsBaØa nigTisRtIvisy½.

emeronTI3
Bakübec©keTs
-EpnTIzanelx
-ryHkm<s;
-ExSkm<s;
-cenøaHExSkm<s;
-sNæandI
-ExSkm<s;em
kMNt;sMKal;xøwmsar
 EpnTIzanelx eRbIExSkm<s;edIm,Ibgðajkm<s;rbs;tMbn;enAelIEpnTI RTg;RTay nigTMhMrbs;sNæandI.
 RTg;RTayrbs;ExSkm<s; qøHú bBa©aMgBItamRTg;RTayrbs;d.
I
ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 22 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

 cenøaHExSkm<s; nigRbelaHExSkm<s;bgðajBIcMeNatrbs;dI.
 dUcCaEpnTIepSg²eTotEdr EpnTIzanelx eRbIsBaØaedIm,ItMNag[lkçN³BiessénépÞEpndI.

 ExSkm<s;TaMgGs;minkat;KñaeT. ExSkm<s;Edlkat;tamRClg b¤pÚvø TwkmanragGkSr V. ExSkm<s;begáIt)anCa

ExSrgVg;biTCitCMuvji kMBUlkUnPñM PñM nigTMnab.

RtYtBinitücMeNHdwg
KMnitEbbKNitviTüa
maRtdæanRbPaK
RbePTmYyrbs;maRtdæanEpnTI KWmaRtdæanRbPaK. maRtdæanRbPaK KWCaRbPaK b¤ pleFobEdlbgðaj
TMnak;TnM grvagcMgayenAelIEpnTI nigcMgayenAelIépÞEpndI. maRtdæanrgVas;enHERbRbYleTAtamkaeRbIR)as;rbs;
eyIg. ]TahrN¾ kareRbImaRtdæanRbPaK 1³12/000. RbsinebIGñkkMBugvas;cMgayenAelIEpnTICasg;TEI m:Rt
enaH 1sg;TIEm:RtenAelIEpnTI RtUvCa 12/000sg;TIEm:RtenAelIépÞEpndI. rgVas; 3s>m enAelIEpnTIRtUvCa
12/000 x 3s>m=36 000s>m enAelIépÞEpndI.
karyl;tamkaremIleXIj
b:Ul EpndImanb:UlBIrRbePTepSgKña KW b:UlPUmisaRsþ nigb:lU ma:ejTic. cUremIlrUbTI4 edIm,IrMlkw eLIg
vij BIPaBxusKñarvagb:lU PUmisaRsþ nigb:Ulma:ejTic.
Bt’manbgðajenAelIEpnTI cUrsikSarUbTI14 edIm,IrlM wkBIBt’mansMxan;² EdlEpnTInImYy²KYEtman.

sMnYrRtYtBinitü
kareRbIR)as;BaküKnøwH
cUrBnül;BIPaBxusKñarvagRkumBaküxageRkamenH
1-TisxageCIgBitR)akd nig Tism:aejTicxageCIg
2-ryHTTwg nigryHbeNþay
3-ExSeGkVaTr½ nigExSbeNþayeKal
4-cMenalEmrexT½r nigcMenalGasImu uytal;
5-cenøaHExSkm<s; nigExSkm<s;em
ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 23 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

6-ryHkm<s; nigsNæandI
karEsVgyl;cMnucsMxan;²
cUrKUsrgVg;CMuvijcMelIymYyEdlRtwmRtUv
7-cMnucmYyEdlmanryHTTwg 0dWeRksßitenAelI
k> b:lU xageCIg x> ExSeGkVaT½r
K> b:Ulxagt,Úg X> ExSbeNaþayeKal
8-cMgayKitCadWeRkxagekIt b¤xaglic énExSbeNþayeKalKWCa
k> ryHTTwg x> lMgakma:ejTic
K> ryHbeNþay X> cMenal
9-RTnicrbs;RtIvis½ycg¥lú eq<aHeTA
k> ExSbeNþay x> ExSRsb
K> b:UlPUmisaRsþxageCIg X> b:Ulma:ejTicxageCIg
10-cMenalEpnTIEdleKeRcIneRbI KWEp¥kelIragFrNImaRtbIya:g. etIragFrNImaRtTaMgLayxageRkam
en³mYyNaminEmnCaragFrNImaRtEdleK)aneRbI?
k> sIuLaMg x> kaer
K> ekan X> épÞrab
11-cMenalEmrexT½rmanPaBlMeGogenACit
k> eGkVaT½r x> b:Ul
K> ExSbeNþayeKal X> ExSElVgema:g
12-etIRbePTmaRtdæanGVIEdlminRtUv)aneKsresrCaxñatrgVas;?
k> maRtdæanRbPaK x> maRtdæanGkSr
K> maRtdæanRkaPic X> maRtdæanKNitviTüa
13-etITMnak;TMngrvagcMgayenAelIEpnTI nigcMgayenAelIEpndIeKehAfaGVI?
k> nimitþsBaØa x> ryHkm<s;
K> sNæandI X> maRtdæan
14-ryHTTwgénb:UlxageCIgKW
k> 100dWeRkxageCIg x> 90dWeRkxageCIg
K>180dWeRkxageCIg X> 90dWeRkxagt,Úg
15-RbelaHFMrbs;ExSkm<s;bgðajBI
ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 24 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

k> cMeNatx<s; x> cMeNatFmµta

K> kUnPñM X> Tenø
16->>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>KWCakm<s;rbs;vtßúKitcab;BInIv:UTwksmuRT.
k> cenøaHExSkm<s; x> ryHkm<s;
x> lMgak X> ExSkm<s;em
cUreqøIycMelIyxøI²
17-etIRtIvsi y½ma:ejTicRtUv)aneKeRbIdUcemþckñúgkarEsVgrkTisenAelIépÞEpndI?
18-ehtuGV)I anCanimitþsBaØaEpnTImansarsMxan;?
19-ehtuGVI)anCaRKInElnelceLIgnUvépÞdIFMenAelIEpnTIeBleKeFVIcMenalEmrexT½r?
20-etIExSkm<s;mantYnaTIGVxI øHenAkñúgEpnTIzanelx?
EpnTIKMnit
21-cUreRbIR)as;BaküKnøHW xageRkamenHedIm,IbegáItEpnTIRkab³ EpnTI nimitþsBaØaEpnTI cMenalEpnTI
EpñkepSg² rbs;EpnTI maRtdæan ragsIuLaMg cMNgeCIg ragekan épÞrab kalbriecäT TisRtIvsi ½y.
karKitEbbTieTon nigkaredaHRsaybBaða
cUreqøIysMnYrxageRkamen³
22-EpñksMxan;mYykñúgcMenamEpñksMxan;d¾éeTotkñúgEpnTI KwkalbriecäT. ehtuG)VI anCavamansarsMxan;
dUecñ³?
23-GñkeFVIEpnTImañk;)anKUrEpnTImYysRmab;RbeTsbIepSgKñaEdlminmanEckxñatrgVas;. etIRbePT
maRtdæanGVIEdlGñkeFVEI pnTIrUben³KYEtykmkeRbI? ehtuGVI?
24-etIEpTIzanelxrbs;PñMsilamYy xusBIEpnTIzanelxrbs;TMnabdUcemþc?
viTüasaRsþKNitviTüa
25-EpnTImYymanmaRtdæanGkSr 1 s>m esµInwg 200m. RbsinebIcgM ayBitR)akdrvagcMnucBIr KW
12 000m etIcnM ucTaMgBIrmancMgayb:unµanenAelIEpnTI?
26-enAelIEpnTIzanelxmYYy cenøaHExSkm<s;KW 50ft. eCIgPñMcab;epþImkMNt;BItémø1050 ft. enAEpñk
kMBUlPñM KWmanExSkm<s;x<s;CageCIgPñM12ExS. etIkMBUlPñmM anryHkm<s;b:unµan?
karbkRsayRkaPic
cUreRbIR)as;EpnTIzanelxxageRkamedIm,IeqøIysMnYrdUcteTA³

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 25 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

27-etIryHkm<s;ERbRbYlrvagExSEdljwk Cab;²KñaKWCaGVI?
28-etItbM n;enHmansNæandIdUcemþc?
29-etIlkçN³épÞdIGVIEdl)anbgðajenAelIEpnTIenH?
30-etIkMBlU PñM Ore Hill manryHkm<s;bn:u µan?

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 26 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

viTüasaRsþ bec©kviTüa nigsgÁm

kar)at;bg;TIRkugG‘uy)a (Ubar)
etIGñkKitfarukçrsrbs;edImeQImantémøéføCagmas)anEdrb¤eT? Emn KW enARbEhl2 000qñaMmun rukçrs
rbs;edImeQIEdlmaneQµaHfaxøwmcnÞRKwsña. xømw c½nRÞ KwsñaRtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IBüa)alCMgW nigCaeRKOgRkGUblab
elIxøÜn. GarüFm’smy½bUraN BIr:UmeTA\NÐa)an[témøxøs;GMBvI a. enAeBl eQµaHrbs;TRI kug EdlCamCÄ
mNÐlplit nignaMecj xøwmcnÞRKwsña RtUv)aneKsÁal;CaeRcInCMnan;mkehIy KWTRI kugG‘uy)a ehIybc¨úb,nñen³BMuman
nrNamñak;dwgfavasßitenAkEnøgNaeT. b:Eu nþ\LÚven³GafkM)aMgRtUv)aneKrkeXIjehIy. edaykareRbIR)as;kar
RbmUlBt’manBIelI lMhGakas GñkviTüasaRsþ)anrkeXIjtMruyEdllak;enAxageRkamBMnUkénvalxSac;.

enAelIrUbPaBen³ pøÚvlM nigpøÚvCati manExSBN’sVayQUkRtUv)anbegàItedaykMuBüÚT½redaykarbBa¢ÚnrUbPaBBIlhM

Gakas.
1>kareRbIEPñkBIelIemX
dMeNIkarénkarbBa¢ÚnrUbPaBBIlhM Gakas KWedaykareRbIR)as;páayrNbedIm,IftrUbPaBtMbn;FMéndI.
páayrNb ftrUbPaB CabNþMúTinñn½y ehIybBa¢ÚnTinñn½yTaMgenaHeTA]bkrN¾TTYlenAelIEpndI. kuBM üÚTr½ eFVIkar
bMElgTinñn½y ehIybgðaj[eXIjCarUbPaBepSg². bnÞab;mkrUbPaBbBa¢ÚnBIlMhGakasTaMgenH GacRtUv)an
eKeRbIedIm,Ibgðaj edaylkçN³epSg²KñaEdlGacemIleXIjedayEPñkTeT)an.
rUbPaBbBa¢ÚnBIelIlhM GakasbgðajR)ab;BIpvøÚ CatiTMenIb²TaMgLay nigk,ÜnTUrcrnasm½ybUraNEdl)an
ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 27 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

kb;enAxageRkamBMnUkxSac;kñúgvallMhsaharapgEdr. b:uEnþetIGkñ RsavRCavGacR)ab;eyIgdUcemþcGMBPI aBxus

KñaTaMgBIrenH? GV²I enAelIEpndImankarC³RtLb; b¤rMPayCafamBl. dI rukçCati TIRkug nigpøÚv suT§EtepÞrCaRbEvg
rlkfamBlEtmYydUcKñaTaMgGs;. bBaðaKW eBlxøH pøÚvsm½yfµI nigpøÚvsm½ybUraN mankarBi)akkñúgkarEbgEck
PaBxusKña. PaBxusKñarvagvtßúBIrEdlmanlkçNHRsedogKña KWGacRtUv)aneKeFVI[kan;EtRbesIedaykarkMNt;
BN’eTAelItMbn;mYy ehIybnÞab;mk edaykarbgðajtMbn;enaHenAelIkBa¨kk; BMu üÚT½r. GñkRsavRCav )aneRbIPaBxus
KñaènBN’kgñú karkMNt;PaBxusKñarvagpøÚvènTIRkugG‘uy)a nigpøÚvsm½yfµI. enAeBlEdlGñkRsavRCavrkeXIjpøvÚ k,Ün
TUrcrsm½ybUraN ehIy)anrkeXIjfa pøÚvTaMgGs;CYbKñakñúgTItaMgEtmYy eBlenaHBYkeK)andwgfa BYkeK)anrk
eXIjTIRkugG‘uy)aEdl)an)at;.

2>karbnþrbkkMehIj
buraNviTUbnþeFVkI arGeg¥ttMbn;CMvijTIRkugG‘uy)a. BYkeKeCOfa TIRkugd¾FMen³GacRtUv)anRsuteTAkñúgl¥agfµ
kMe)arxageRkam. GñkRsavRCavkMBugbnþeRbIR)as;]bkrN¾bBa¢aBIlMhGakasedIm,IsikSa[)anrUbPaBeRcIn
sRmab;CaKnøHw edIm,ICYyBYkeKkñgú kareFVGI egát.
cUreFVIkarKit
etIGarüFm’smy½TMenIb mantèmøplitpl b¤manFnFanRKb;RKan;edIm,IbegáItCapøvÚ BaNiC¢kmµya:gFM
sRmab;
kardwkCBa¢Únrbs;eK)anEdrb¤eT? RbsinebIman etIGVIEdleFV[I plitplTaMgenHmantémødeU cñH? cUrkt;Rta
karKitrbs;GñkcUlkñúgesovePAkMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 28 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

kargarGaCIB
Nancy Charbeneau rIkraykñúgkareRbIR)as;karbeRgonrbs;nagkñúgCMnajCIvviTüa nigCMnajsßabtükmµ
xageTsPaBFmµCati kñúgGaCIBfµmI Yyrbs;nag CaGñkeFVIkMeragtMbn;EckTwk. tMbn;EckTwk KWCatMbn;dI EdlCa
kEnøgmanTwkhUrcuHeTAkñgú GUr Tenø bwg b¤mhasmuRT. Charbeneau cMNayeBlCaeRcInedIm,Isresrr)ay
karN¾ pSBVpSay nigGPivDÆn¾kmµviFIEdlBnül;BIplb:HBal;énkareRbIR)as;dI nigKuNPaBTwk.
dIRtUv)aneKeRbItammeFüa)ayrab;ryya:g. kareRbIR)as;dIxøHGacmanplGviC¢mancMeBaHFnFanTwk.
Charbeneau plit ]bkrN¾sikSaedIm,IpþlB ; t’man CasaFarN³GMBkI arKMramcMeBaHKuNPaBTwk.

1>bBaðakñúgkareFVIEpnTI
Charbeneau eRbIRbB½n§Bt’manPUmisaRsþ (GIS) eFVIEpnTIedIm,IkMNt;RbePTepSg²énrukCç ati nigmuxgar
énnanaPaBrbs;dI. GIS Ca]bkrN¾kMBu üÚTr½ d¾sMxan;mYyEdlpþl;[eyIgpÞkú Bt’man begàItBt’man nigbgðaj
Bt’man PUmisaRsþEdl RbmUl)antamryHkarbBa¢ÚnBIlMhGakas BITvI al BIRbBn§k½ MNt;TItaMgelIBPi Belak
(GPS) nig tamRbPBepSg²eTot. EpnTI nigRbB½n§begáItEpnTI edIrtYnaTIya:gsMxan;kg ñú karkMNt;GtþsBaØaN
tMbn;dI nigbBaðaTwk.
EpnTIbgðajR)ab; Charbeneau fa tMbn;mYymanbBaða CamYynwgkarhUreRcaHdI EdlGacKMramkMEhg dl;
KuNPaBTwk. CaerOy²RbePTdI edIrtYsMxan;kñúgkarhUreRcaH. dIesþIg b¤dIxSac; minGacpÞúkTwk)anl¥eT CaehtueFVI
[ TwkhUrelOn nigmankarhUreRcaH. dITMnabEdlmanrukCç atiduHeRcIn pÞúkTwk)anl¥ nigmankarhUreRcaHyWt.

2>karEsVgyl;BIcMnucsMxan;
karxMRbwgERbgd¾FMbMputrbs; Charbeneau KWkarbegánI karEsVgyl;GMBITnM ak;TMngrvagkareRbIR)as;dI
nigKuNPaBTwk. RbsinebI sarFatumaneRKaHfñak;cUleTAkñúgtMbn;EckTwk vaGaceFVI[kkVk;dl;RbPBTwkeRkam dI
b¤k¾ GNþÚg. enAeBlEdl Charbeneau ecjesckþIRbkasmYyfa mnusSesÞIrEtTaMgcg;eFVIerOgEdlRtwmRtUv
b:uEnþBYkeKRtUvkarBt’man GMBIkarGnuvtþn¾RKb;RKgdI EdlnwgkarBarKuNPaBTwk b:uEnþenAEteFV[I BYkeKTTYl
)anR)ak; kéRmtic GMBIdIrbs;BYkeK.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 29 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

karGanEdlGacTTYlyk)an
cUreFVIEpnTI tMbn;EckTwkEdlsßti enACitlMenAsßanrbs;Gñk. etIGñkGacrkeXIjRbPBxøHEdlbgár[
mankgVk); anEdrb¤eT?

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 30 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

kareRbIR)as;viFIviTüasaRsþ
mUl b¤ k¾sMEb:t
elakEratosthenes)anKitfaKat;Gacvas;ExSvNнrbs;EpndI)an. Kat;manKMnitenAeBlEdlKat;)anemIl
eTAkñúgGNþÚgmYyenAPaKxagt,ÚgénRbeTseGhSIbuú )aneXIjRBHGaTitümþgkñúgmYyqñaMenAeBléf¶Rtg;. Kat;dwgfa
karekItmanEbbenHKWedaysarRBHGaTitüRtUvEtenAcMBIelIGNþÚgedaypÞal;enAxN³enaH. b:uEnþkñúgeBlCamYyKña
enaHEdr enAkñgú TIRkúgsßitenAPaKxageCIgénGNþÚgenHbnþci manGaKarx<s;mYy)anecalRsemal. elak Eratos-
thenes)anmanehtuplfa RBHGaTitüminGacenAcMBIelIedaypÞal;TaMgGaKa nigGNþÚgenAeBléf¶Rtg;kñúgéf¶dc U Kña
)aneT. kñugkareFVIBiesaFn¾enH Gñknwgsakl,gyl;GMBIKMnitrbs;Kat; ehIyeXIjedayxønÜ Égfa kargarBiesaFn¾
rbs;Kat;manlkçN³dUcemþc.
sMParHBiesaFn¾
-)al;e)aHmYy
-esovePAkt;RtaBIrk,al
-dI\dæsRmab;biT
-exµAéd EdlminTan;citBIredIm
-bnÞat;Em:RtmYy
-Em:RteQImYy
-bg;s¥it
-BilbBa©agM
-ExS¬RbEvg10 s>m¦
-ra:b;Br½T½r
-Em:RtsMBt;
-masIunKitelx
sYrsMNYrmYy
1-etI´GaceRbIR)as;bTBiesaFn¾rbs;elak EratosthenesedIm,Ivas;TMhMrbs;EpndIdUcemþc?
dMeNIrkareFVIBiesaFn¾
2-dak;)al;enAelItu ehIydak;esovePATb;)al;[enAes¶ommYykEnøg. )al;tN M ag[EpndI.
3-eRbIR)as;dIbiT edIm,IbiTexµAédp©ab;eTAnwg)al;Rtg;kEnøgeGkVaTr½[Rtg;.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 31 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

4-biTexµAédTIBIrBIelI)al;cMgayRbEhl5s>mBIexµAédTImYy. exµAédTIBIrenHKYEtbiT[Rtg;dcU )anbgðaj

enAelITMBr½bnÞab;.
5-eRbIR)as;eQIEm:Rt edIm,IkN M t;TItaMg1Em:RtBI)al; CamYynwgbg;s¥itbiTenAelItu. TItaMgenHtMNag[
RBHGaTitü. cUrdak;BilenARtg;TItaMgenH.
6-enAeBlEdlRKUrbs;GñkbiTePøIg sUmebIkePøIgBilrbs;Gñk ehIybBa©aMgva enAeBlenaHexµAédEdl)anbiT
enARtg;eGkVaTr½minmanCHRsem:aleT. esñIreTAédKUmñak;rbs;GñkedIm,IIkan;Bli enARtg;TItaMgenH. exµAédTIBIr
KYrEtmanRsem:alenAelI)al;.
7-cgcugmçagénExSeTAnwgcugexµAédTIBIr. kan;cugmçageToténExSpÞb;eTAnwg)al;tamRsemalrbs;exµAéd.
sUmR)akdfaExSrbs;Gñk)anTajtwgehIy b:uEnþsmU Rbytñk½ [Mu exµAédrebIkecj.
8-eRbIR)as;ra:b;Br½Tr½edIm,Ivas;mMurvagExSnigexµAéd. sUmkt;mMuenHeTAkñugesovePAviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk.
9-eRbIR)as;rUbmnþxageRkamenHedIm,IKNnaExSvNÐr½ bs;)al;³
360º X 5 s>m
ExSvNÐ+³½
mMru vagexµAéd nig ExS

sUmkt;RtarUbmnþenHkñgú esovePArbs;Gñk.
10-cUrykExSEm:RtsMBt;rbs;Gñk rMuCMuvijExSeGkVaTr½rbs;)al; edIm,Ivas;ExSvNÐB½ itR)akdrbs;)al;.
cUrkt;RtaRbEvgExSvNнenHkñúgesovePArbs;Gñk.
karviPaKlT§pl
11- enAkñúgesovePArbs;Gñk cUreRbobeFob ExSvNÐE½ dl)aneFVIBiesaFn¾nigExSvNнBitR)akdrbs;)al;.
12-etImanGVGI acbgá[karBiesaFn¾ExSvNнrbs;GñkRtUvxusBItémøBitR)akdEdrb¤eT?
13-etIGVIxøHCaKuNsm,tþi nigKuNvibtþiénkarvas;tamviFIenH?
karsnñidæan
14-etIviFIsaRsþenH manRbsiTP§ aBsRmab;elakEratostheneskñúgkarvas;ExSvNнrbs;EpndIEdrb¤eT?
cUrBnül;nUvcMelIyrbs;Gñk.

karEsVgrkTisedayxøÜnÉg
GñkFøab;)anRtUveKGeBa¢jI [cUlrYm kñúgdMeNIrkarEsVgrkTisCamYyGñkCitxagrbs;Gñk.
kñúgdMeNIrkarénkarEsVgrkTis GñkcUlrYm eRbIR)as;EpnTI nig RtIvisy½edIm,IEsVgrkpøvÚ tamryHkareFVIdeM NIrmYy.
ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 32 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

mancMnucRtYtBinitüCaeRcIn EdlGñkcUlrYmnImYy²RtUveTAdl;. vtßbú MNg KWedIm,IQandl;cMnucRtYtBinitünImYy²

ehIybnÞab;mk KWQaneTAdl;cMnuccugeRkay. dMeNIrkarénkarRbkYtEsVgrkTis KWRtUv)ankMNt;eBlevlac,as;
las;. edIm,IEsVgrkTis[)anelOnbMputtamryHkareFVIdMeNIr GñkcUlrYmRtUvEtecHGanEpnTI nigecHeRbIR)as;
RtIvisy½rbs;BYkeK[)anRtwmRtUv. GñkEdl rt;)anelOnCageK minR)akdfa KWCaGñkEdlmkdl;TImuneKeT.
GñkRtUvecHeRCIserIspøvÚ Rtg;pgEdrkñúgkareFVdI MeNIr.
GñkCitxagrbs;Gñk cUlrYmkñúgRBwtþikarEsVgrkTis bIeTAbYndgénqñaMnImYy². BYkeKEtgEtmk dl;pHÞ
edaymankarrayrab;R)ab;GMBIerOgGs;sMeNIcEdlBYkeK)anCYb. Gñkcg;eTAcUlrYmCamYyBYkeK b:Eu nþCadMbUg Gñk
RtUvEteroneRbIR)as;RtIvisy½rbs;GñkCamunsin.

dMeNIrkar
1-rYmKñamYyfñak; ecjeTAxageRkAedIm,IeFVIkarsikSaEsVgrkTistamEdlRKUrbs;Gñk)anerobcMeLIg.
2-dak;RtIvisy½epþkelIédrbs;Gñk. bgVilRtIvisy½rhUtTal;EtTisxageCIgcg¥úlRtg;cMBImuxrbs;Gñk
¬RTnicenAkñúgRtIvsi y½rbs;Gñk nigcg¥úleTATisxageCIgCanic©¦. bgVilxøÜnrbs;GñkrhUtTal;EtRTnicRtIvsi y½
cg¥úlcMTisxageCIgenAelIRtIvisy½rbs;Gñk. \LÚvenH GñkEbrmuxeTATisxageCIg.
3-edayminKitGMBITisNamYyEdlGñkcg;EbrmuxeTA Canic©kal GñkKYEtdak;RTnicRtIvisy½[Rtg;
cMTisxageCIgelIRtIvsi y½rbs;Gñk. RbsiebIGñkEbrmuxeTATisxagt,Úg RTnicRtIvisy½ nigcg¥lú eq<aHeTAkan;xøÜn
rbs;Gñk. enAeBlEdlTisxageCIg RtUv)ancg¥úlRtg;edayRTnicRtIvisy½enaH Tisxagt,Úg nwg enAcMBImuxGñk
ehIyGñknwgEbrmuxeTATisxagt,Úg.
4-cUreRbIR)as;RtIvisy½rbs;GñkedIm,Icg¥úlTisxagekIt. cUrdak;RTnicRtIvisy½[Rtg;cMTisxageCIg.
etIxagNaKWCaTisxagekIt? cUrEbrmuxeTArkTis enaH. enAeBlEdlRTnicRtIvisy½ nigTisxageCIgRtUv)ancg¥lú
cMehIy TisxagekItKWenAcMBImuxrbs;Gñk enaHGñknwgEbmuxeTArkTisxagekIt.
5-kñúgkarRbkYtEsVgrkTis GñknigRtUvkardwgGMBrI ebobkMNt;Tsi EdlGñkRtUveFIVdMeNIr. \LÚv cUrEbreTA
rkTisNamYyEdlGñkeRCIserIs.
6-cUrkMueFVIclna bu:Enþ cUrbgVilRtIvisy½rbs;Gñk[RTniccg¥lú cMTisxageCIg. etIGñkkMBugEbreTArk
TisGVI? GñkRbEhlCaminEbrmuxRtg;cMTisxageCIg xagt,Úg xagekIt b¤xagliceLIy.

RbsinebIGkñ kMBgu EbrmuxcenøaHTisxageCIgnigTisxaglic enaHGñkkMBugEbrmuxeTArkTisBay½Bü. RbsinebIGñk

EbrmuxcenøaHTisxageCIg nigTisxagekIt enaHGñknwgEbrmuxeTATis|sanþ.
7-cUrEsVgrkédKUmñak; b¤eRcInGñk edIm,IeFVItamkareFVIdMeNIEdlRKUrbs;Gñk)anerobcMeLIg. cUrTTYlyk
ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 33 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

EpnTIftcMlgénkareFVIdMeNIrmYysnøkw BIRKUrbs;Gñk. vanwgbgðajR)ab;cMnucRtYtBinitümYycMnYn. GñkRtUvEtQb;

enAerogral;cMnucnImYy². GñkRtUvEteFVIdMeNIrtamEpnTIenHkñgú kaEsVgrkpøvÚ . cUrEsVgrkpøÚv ehIyQrenARtg;
cMnuccab;epþIm.
8-cUrEbeTArkcMNucRtYtBinitübnÞab;enAelIEpnTIrbs;Gñk. cUrbgVli RtIvisy½rbs;GñkedIm,ItMrg; RTnicén
RtIvisy½rbs;GñkcMTisxageCIg. etIGñkkMBgu EbreTArkTisGVI?
9-cUrreRbIR)as;bnÞat;edIm,IKUsbnÞat;rvagcMnucTaMgBIrenAelIEpnTIrbs;Gñk. cUrsesrTisrvagcMnuccab;
epþmI nigcMnucbnÞab;enAelIEpnTIrbs;Gñk.
10- cUredIreq<aHeTArkcMnucRtYtBinitü. cUrrkSakarsMLwgeq<aHeTAmux kMusMLwgemIleTArkRtIvsi y½rbs;
Gñk. GñknigCYbnUv]bsKÁmYycMnYndUcCa rbg b¤ GaKar CaedIm. cUreRbIEpnTIedIm,IEsVgrkpøvÚ
EdlgayRsYlbMput.
11-cUrkt;cMNaMCaBN’ b¤ elxkUtEdlGñkEsVgrkenARtg;cMnucRtYtBinitübnÞab; eTACasBaØacMnucRtYtBinitü
enAelIEpnTIrbs;Gñk.
12-cUreFVICMha‘nTI8dl;TI11mþgeTot enAral;RKb;cnM ucRtYtBinitünImYy². cUreFVItamcMncu TaMgLaytam
lMdab;leM daydUcEdleK)ankMNt;. ]TahrN¾ cUrkMNt;Tsi BIcMnucRtYtBinitüTImYyeTAcMnucRtYtBinitüTIBIr. sUm
R)akdfa )anbBa©ÚlTisrvagcMnucRtYtBinitücugeRkay nig cMnuccab;epþImrYcral;ehIy.
karviPaK
13-vtßúbMNgénkarRbkYtEsVgrkTis KWedIm,Imkdl;cMnuccugeRkaymuneK. EpnTIEdl)an[kñúgkar
RbkYtenH KWmintMrvU [GñkcUlrYmeFVIdMeNIrtampøÚvEtmYyCak;lak;enaHeT. EbbbTénkarEsVgrkTis
RtUv)aneKehAfa BinÞúénkarEsVgrkTis. GñkRbkYtGacEsVgrkcMnucRtYtBinitütamkarkM Nt;Edl)an[.
cUrRkeLkemIlEpnTIrbs;Gñk. RbsinebIkarRbkYtenHRtUveRbIsRmab;karRbkYtEsVgrkTisedayykBinÞú
etIGñkGac
bþÚrpøÚveFVIdMeNIrrbs;Gñk)anEdb¤eT? cUrBnül;.
14- RbsinebImaneBl cUreFVItamEpnTImþgeTot. mþgenH cUrEsVgcMnucRtYtBinitüedayeRbIpvøÚ edayxøÜn
Ég. cUrKUpøÚvenH nigTisTaMgLayenAelIEpnTIrbs;Gñk CaBN’epSg². etIGñkeCOfapøvÚ enH elOnCageT? ehtuGVI?
karyl;dwgbEnßmeTot
cUreFVIkarRsavxøH²edIm,IEsVgrkTiskñúgtMbn;rbs;Gñk. GiunFWENt nigkaEstkñúgRsukGacCaRbPBpþl;Bt’
manl¥bMput. etImanRBwtþikarN¾GVIeTotEdlGñkcg;cUlrYm?

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 34 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា