Continuity and Differentiability

Previous Years Questions

Based on Continuity
1. The function 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥], where [𝑥] is the greatest integer function that is less than or
equal to x, is continuous at

(a) 4 (b) – 2 (c) 1.5 (d) 1

[CBSE 2021-22]

Solution

(c): Since, greatest integer function i.e., [x] is continuous at all points except at integers.

∴ 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 1.5.

3𝑥 − 8 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 5
2. If the function 𝑓(𝑥) = { continuous, then the value of k is
2𝑘 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 5
(a) 2/7 (b) 7/2 (c) 3/7 (d) 4/7

[CBSE 2021-22]

Solution

(b): Since 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at x = 5,

⇒ lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(5)

𝑥 →5 𝑥 →5
7
⇒ 3(5) − 8 = 2𝑘 ⇒ 7 = 2𝑘 ⇒ 𝑘 =
2

1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤3
3. If 𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑖𝑓 3 < 𝑥 < 5, find the values of a and b so that 𝑓(𝑥) is a
7, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥5
continuous function.

[CBSE 2013C]

Solution

1
Continuity at x = 3

∵ 𝒇(𝒙) is continuous at x = 3
∴ 𝒇(𝟑) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝒇(𝒙) … (𝟏)
𝒙 →𝟑 𝒙 →𝟑

Now, 𝑓(3) = 1
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim(ℎ → 0) 𝑓(3 − ℎ) = lim 1 = 1
𝑥 →3− ℎ →0

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(3 + ℎ)

𝑥 →3+ ℎ →0

= lim [𝑎(3 + ℎ) + 𝑏] = 3𝑎 + 𝑏
ℎ →0

∴ From (1), 3𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1 ...(2)

Continuity at x = 5
∵ 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at x = 5
∴ 𝑓(5) = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) … (3)
𝑥 →5 𝑥 →5

Now, 𝑓(5) = 7
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(5 + ℎ) = lim 7 = 7
𝑥 →5+ ℎ →0 ℎ →0

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(5 − ℎ)

𝑥 →5+ ℎ →0

= lim [𝑎(5 − ℎ) + 𝑏] = 5𝑎 + 𝑏
ℎ →0

∴ From (3), 5𝑎 + 𝑏 = 7 ...(4)

Solving (2) and (4) we get
𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = −8.

4. Determine the value of 'k' for which the following function is continuous at 𝑥 = 3.

(𝑥+3)2 −36
, 𝑥≠3
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥−3
𝑘 , 𝑥=3

[CBSE 2017]

Solution

Given, 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 3.

(𝑥 + 3)2 − 36
𝑆𝑜, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(3) ⇒ lim =𝑘
𝑥 →3 𝑥 →3 𝑥−3

2
 (𝑥 + 3)2 − 62
⇒ lim =𝑘
𝑥 →3 𝑥−3
(𝑥 + 3 + 6)(𝑥 + 3 − 6)
⇒ lim =𝑘
𝑥 →3 𝑥−3
⇒3+3+6 =𝑘
⇒ 𝑘 = 12

5. Find the value of k, for which

√1+𝑘𝑥 −√1−𝑘𝑥
, 𝑖𝑓 − 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0.
2𝑥+1
, 𝑖𝑓 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
𝑥−1

[CBSE 2013]

Solution

∵ 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at x= 0

∴ lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) … (1)

𝑥 →0 𝑥 →0
2 ×0+1
Now, 𝑓(0) = = −1
0−1

2ℎ + 1
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(0 + ℎ) = lim = −1
𝑥 →0 ℎ →0 ℎ →0 ℎ − 1

√1 − 𝑘ℎ − √1 + 𝑘ℎ
lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (0 − ℎ) = lim
𝑥 →0 ℎ →0 ℎ →0 −ℎ
√1 − 𝑘ℎ − √1 + 𝑘ℎ √1 − 𝑘ℎ + √1 + 𝑘ℎ
= lim ×
ℎ →0 −ℎ √1 − 𝑘ℎ + √1 + 𝑘ℎ
(1 − 𝑘ℎ) − (1 + 𝑘ℎ)
= lim
ℎ →0 −ℎ[√1 − 𝑘ℎ + √1 + 𝑘ℎ]

2𝑘 2𝑘
= lim = =𝑘
ℎ →0 √1 − 𝑘ℎ + √1 − 𝑘ℎ 2
∴ From (1), we get 𝑘 = −1
6. The value of k(k < 0 ) for which the function f defined as
1−cos 𝑘𝑥
, 𝑥≠0
𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = { 1 is continuous at x= 0 is
2
, 𝑥=0
1 1
(a) ± 1 (b) – 1 (c) ± 2 (d) 2

[CBSE SQP 2021-22]

3
 Solution

1−cos 𝑘𝑥
, 𝑥≠0
𝑥 sin 𝑥
(b) : We have, 𝑓(𝑥) = { 1
, 𝑥=0
2

∵ 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at x = 0
𝑘𝑥
1 − cos 𝑘𝑥 1 2 sin2 2 1
∴ lim = ⇒ lim =
𝑥 →0 𝑥 sin 𝑥 2 𝑥 →0 2 sin 𝑥 2
𝑥 𝑥
2
𝑘𝑥
𝑘 2 sin ( 2 ) 1 1 𝑘2 1
⇒ lim 2. { } = ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑘 = ±1
𝑥 →0 4 𝑘𝑥 (sin 𝑥) 2 2 2
2 2
But k < 0 ∴ 𝑘 = −1

7. The point(s), at which the function f given by

𝑥
,𝑥 <0
𝑓(𝑥) = { |𝑥| is continuous is/are
−1, 𝑥 ≥ 0
(a) x ∈ R (b) x = 0 (c) x ∈ R – {0} (d) x = – 1 and 1
[CBSE SQP 2021-22]

Solution
𝑥
, 𝑥<0
(a) : We have, 𝑓(𝑥) = {|𝑥|
−1, 𝑥 ≥ 0

𝑥
= −1 , 𝑥<0
⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) = {−𝑥 ⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) = −1 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
−1 , 𝑥 ≥0
⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 as it is a constant function.
𝑥 2 −1
, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 ≠ 1
8. If the function 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥−1 is given to be continuous at x = 1, then
𝑘, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1
the value of k is________.
[CBSE SQP 2019-20]

Solution

4
 𝑥 2 −1
, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 ≠ 1
We have, 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥−1
𝑘, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1

𝑥2 − 1
∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim = lim (𝑥 + 1) = 2 and 𝑓(1) = 𝑘
𝑥 →1 𝑥 →1 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 →1

Since, the function is continuous at x =1

∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(1) ⇒ 𝑘 = 2
𝑥 →1

9. Find the value(s) of k so that the following function is continuous at x = 0.

1−cos 𝑘𝑥
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = { 1
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
2

[CBSE SQP 2020-21]

Solution
𝑘𝑥
1−cos 𝑘𝑥 2 sin2 ( )
2
We have, lim = lim
𝑥 →0 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑥→ 𝑥 sin 𝑥

𝑘𝑥
2 sin2 ( 2 ) 𝑘 2
lim × (2 )
𝑥 →0 𝑘𝑥 2 𝑘2
( ) 2 ×1 × 2
= 2 = 4 =𝑘
sin 𝑥 1 2
lim
𝑥 →0 𝑥

∵ 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 0.
∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0)
𝑥 →0

𝑘2 1
= ⇒ 𝑘 2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑘 = ±1
⇒
2 2
𝜆𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
10. The value of λ so that the function f defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = { is
cos 𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 𝜋
continuous at 𝑥 = 𝜋 is______________.

[CBSE 2020]

Solution

∵ 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at x = π

∴ 𝑓(𝜋) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚+ 𝑓(𝑥) … (𝑖)

𝑥 →𝜋 𝑥 →𝜋

Here, 𝑓(𝜋) = 𝜆𝜋 ...(ii)

5
 𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝜋 + ℎ)
𝑥 →𝜋 ℎ →0

= lim cos(𝜋 + ℎ) = −1 … (𝑖𝑖𝑖)

ℎ →0

From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get

1
𝜆𝜋 = −1 ⇒ 𝜆 = − 𝜋

𝑘𝑥
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥<0
11. Determine the value of the constant 'k' so that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = { |𝑥| is
3, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
continuous at 𝑥 = 0.

[CBSE 2017]

Solution

𝑘𝑥
, 𝑥<0
We have, 𝑓(𝑥) = {|𝑥|
3, 𝑥 ≥0

𝑘𝑥
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐿. = 𝑙𝑖𝑚− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = −𝑘
𝑥 →0 𝑥 →0 −𝑥

𝑅. 𝐻. 𝐿. = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 3 = 3

𝑥 →0 𝑥 →0

Since, 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at x = 0.

∴ L.H.L. = R.H.L. = 𝑓(0)
⇒ −𝑘 = 3 ⇒ 𝑘 = −3

12. Find the values of p and q, for which

1−sin3 𝑥
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 𝜋/2
3 cos2 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑝, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 𝜋/2 is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝜋/2.
𝑞(1−sin 𝑥)
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 𝜋/2
{ (𝜋−2𝑥)2

Solution

∵ 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at π/2.

∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝜋2) … (1)

𝑥 →𝜋/2− 𝑥 →𝜋/2+
𝜋
Now, lim − 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓 ( − ℎ)
𝑥 →𝜋/2 ℎ →0 2

6
 𝜋
1 − sin3 (2 − ℎ) 1 − cos3 ℎ
= lim 𝜋 = lim
ℎ →0 ℎ →0 3 sin2 ℎ
3 cos2 ( 2 − ℎ)

(1 − cos ℎ)(1 + cos 2 ℎ + cos ℎ)

= lim
ℎ →0 3(1 − cos ℎ)(1 + cos ℎ)
(1 + cos 2 ℎ + cos ℎ) 1 + 1 + 1 1
= lim = =
ℎ →0 3(1 + cos ℎ) 3(1 + 1) 2
𝜋
𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim + 𝑓(𝑥) = lim ( + ℎ)
𝑥 →𝜋/2 ℎ →0 2
𝜋
𝑞 [1 − sin ( 2 + ℎ)] 𝑞(1 − cos ℎ)
= lim 2 = lim
ℎ →0 𝜋 ℎ →0 4ℎ2
[𝜋 − 2 ( 2 + ℎ)]
ℎ
𝑞 2 sin2 2 𝑞 2 𝑞 1 𝑞
= × lim 2 = × = and 𝑓(𝜋/2) = 𝑝 ∴ = = 𝑝
4 ℎ →0 ℎ 4 4 8 2 8
4 ×4
1
= 𝑝 = and 𝑞 = 4 [𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (1)]
2

13. Find the value of the constant k so that the function f, defined below, is continuous at
𝑥 = 0, where

1−cos 4𝑥
( ) , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = { 8𝑥 2
𝑘, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0

[CBSE 2014C]

Solution

∵ 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at x = 0.

∴ 𝑓(0) = 𝑘
1 − cos 4𝑥
and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim
𝑥 →0 𝑥 →0 8𝑥 2
1 − sin2 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 2
= lim = lim ( ) =1
𝑥 →0 8𝑥 2 𝑥 →0 2𝑥
∵ 𝑓 is continuous at x = 0
∴ 𝑓(0) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) ⇒ 𝑘 = 1
𝑥 →0

7
 1−cos 4𝑥
, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 < 0
𝑥2
14. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0
√𝑥
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 > 0
{(√16+√𝑥)−4

and f is continuous at 𝑥 = 0, find the value of a.

[CBSE 2013C]

Solution

∵ 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at x = 0.

∴ lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) … (1)

𝑥 →0 𝑥 →0

Now, 𝑓(0) = 𝑎
√ℎ
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(0 + ℎ) = lim
𝑥 →0 ℎ →0 ℎ →0 √
16 + √ℎ − 4

√ℎ √16 + √ℎ + 4
= lim ×
ℎ →0 √ √16 + √ℎ + 4
16 + √ℎ − 4

√ℎ (√16 + √ℎ + 4)
= lim = lim (√16 + √ℎ + 4) = 8
ℎ →0 16 + √ℎ − 42 ℎ →0

1 − cos 4 (−ℎ)
lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(0 − ℎ) = lim
𝑥 →0 ℎ →0 ℎ →0 (−ℎ)2
1 − cos 4ℎ 2 sin2 2ℎ
= lim = lim
ℎ →0 ℎ2 ℎ →0 ℎ2
sin 2ℎ 2
= 8. lim ( ) =8
ℎ →0 2ℎ
∴ From (1), we get 𝑎 = 8

Based on Differentiability

𝑥2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 1
15. The function 𝑓(𝑥) = {
2−𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 1

(a) not differentiable at x = 1

(b) differentiable at x = 1
(c) not continuous at x = 1
(d) neither continuous nor differentiable at x = 1

8
 [CBSE 2021-22]

Solution

(a) : At x = 1

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑥 2 = 1

𝑥 →1− 𝑥 →1

𝐴𝑛𝑑 lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 2 − 𝑥 = 1

𝑥 →1 𝑥 →1

𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜, 𝑓(1) = 2 − 1 = 1
∵ lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 →1 𝑥 →1

∴ 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at x =1
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(1)
𝑁𝑜𝑤, 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐷. = lim−
𝑥 →1 𝑥−1
𝑥2 − 1
= lim = lim (𝑥 + 1) = 2
𝑥 →1 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 →1

𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(1) (2 − 𝑥) − 1
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝐷. = lim+ = lim = −1
𝑥 →1 𝑥−1 𝑥 →1 𝑥−1
∵ 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐷. ≠ 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝐷.
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) is not differentiable at x= 1

16. Show that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 1| + |𝑥 + 1|, for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, is not differentiable
at the points 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 1.

[CBSE 2015]

Solution

The given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 1| + |𝑥 + 1|

−(𝑥 − 1) − (𝑥 + 1), 𝑥 < −1 −2𝑥, 𝑥 < −1

= { −(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑥 + 1, −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 = { 2 , −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑥−1+𝑥+1, 𝑥>1 2𝑥, 𝑥>1
At x = 1,
𝑓(1 − ℎ) − 𝑓(1) 2−2
𝑓 ′ (1− ) = lim = lim =0
ℎ →0 −ℎ ℎ →0 −ℎ

𝑓(1 + ℎ) − 𝑓(1) 2(1 + ℎ) − 2 2ℎ

𝑓 ′ (1+ ) = lim = lim = lim =2
ℎ →0 ℎ ℎ →0 ℎ ℎ →0 ℎ

∴ 𝑓 ′ (1− ) ≠ 𝑓 ′ (1+ )

9
 ⇒ 𝑓 is not differentiable at x = 1.
⇒ 𝑥 = −1,
𝑓(−1 − ℎ) − 𝑓(−1)
𝑓 ′ (−1− ) = lim
ℎ →0 −ℎ
−2(−1 − ℎ) − (2) 2ℎ
= lim = lim = −2
ℎ →0 −ℎ ℎ →0 −ℎ

(𝑓 − 1 + ℎ) − 𝑓(−1) 2−2
𝑓 ′ (−1+ ) = lim = lim =0
ℎ →0 ℎ ℎ →0 ℎ

∴ 𝑓 ′ (−1− ) ≠ 𝑓 ′ (−1+ )
⇒ 𝑓 is not differentiable at 𝑥 = −1.

17. Find whether the following function is differentiable at 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 2 or not.

𝑥, 𝑥<1
𝑓(𝑥) = { 2 − 𝑥, 1 ≤𝑥 ≤2
−2 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑥>2

[CBSE 2015]

Solution

At 𝑥 = 1 :

𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(1) 𝑥−1

𝑓 ′ (1− ) = lim− = lim =1
𝑥 →1 𝑥−1 𝑥 →1 𝑥 − 1

𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(1) 2−𝑥−1 1−𝑥

𝑓 ′ (1+ ) = lim+ = lim = lim = −1
𝑥 →1 𝑥−1 𝑥 →1 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 →1 𝑥 − 1

Since, 𝑓 ′ (1− ) ≠ 𝑓 ′ (1+ )

∴ 𝑓(𝑥) is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 1.
At x = 2:
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(2) 2−𝑥−0
𝑓 ′ (2− ) = lim− = lim = −1
𝑥 →2 𝑥−2 𝑥 →2 𝑥 − 2

𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(2)
𝑓 ′ (2+ ) = lim+
𝑥 →2 𝑥−2
−2 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 0 (1 − 𝑥)(𝑥 − 2)
= lim = lim = −1
𝑥 →2 𝑥−2 𝑥 →2 𝑥−2
Since, 𝑓 ′ (2− ) = 𝑓 ′ (2+ )
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable at x =2.

10
 𝜆(𝑥 2 + 2), 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 0
18. For what value λ of the function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = [ is
4𝑥 + 6, 𝑥>0
Continuous at x = 0 ? Hence check Differentiability of f(x) at x =0

[CBSE 2015C]

Solution

𝜆(𝑥 2 + 2), 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 0
Here 𝑓(𝑥) = {
4𝑥 + 6, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0

At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓(0) = 𝜆(02 + 2) = 2𝜆
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐿. = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(0 − ℎ)
𝑥 →0 ℎ →0
2
= lim 𝜆[(0 − ℎ) + 2] = 2𝜆
ℎ →0

𝑅. 𝐻. 𝐿. = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(0 + ℎ)

𝑥 →0 ℎ →0

∴ For 𝑓 to be continuous at x = 0
2𝜆 = 6 ⇒ 𝜆 = 3.
Hence the function becomes
3(𝑥 2 + 2), 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = {
4𝑥 + 6 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
𝑓(0 − ℎ) − 𝑓(0) 3(ℎ2 + 2) − 6
𝑓 ′ (0− ) = lim = lim = lim (−3) = 0
ℎ →0 0−ℎ ℎ →0 −ℎ ℎ →0

𝑓(0 + ℎ) − 𝑓(0) 4ℎ + 6 − 6
and 𝑓 ′ (0+ ) = lim = lim =4
ℎ →0 0+ℎ ℎ →0 ℎ
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (0− ) ≠ 𝑓 ′ (0+ )
∴ 𝑓 is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 0.

19. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥|𝑥|, for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 check its differentiability at 𝑥 = 0.

[CBSE 2020]

Solution

To check the differentiability of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥|𝑥| at x = 0.

𝑓(0 + ℎ) − 𝑓(0)
Consider, lim
ℎ →0 ℎ
𝑓(ℎ) − 𝑓(0) ℎ|ℎ| − 0
= lim = lim = lim |ℎ| = 0
ℎ →0 ℎ ℎ →0 ℎ ℎ →0

11
 Hence, 𝑓 ′ (0) exists, so 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥|𝑥| si differentiable at x = 0.

𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝑎, 𝑥 ≤1
20. Find the values of a and b, if the function f defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑏𝑥 + 2 , 𝑥>1
is differentiable at 𝑥 = 1.

[CBSE 2016]

Solution

Given that 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable at x = 1. Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at x = 1

⇒ lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(1)

𝑥 →1 𝑥 →1

⇒ lim−(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝑎) = lim+(𝑏𝑥 + 2)
𝑥 →1 𝑥 →1

⇒ 1+3+𝑎 = 𝑏+2
⇒ 𝑎−𝑏+2=0 ...(1)
Again, 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable at x = 1. So,
(L.H.D. at x = 1) = (R.H.D. at x = 1)
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(1) 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(1)
⇒ lim− = lim+
𝑥 →1 𝑥−1 𝑥 →1 𝑥−1
(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝑎) − (4 + 𝑎) (𝑏𝑥 + 2) − (4 + 𝑎)
⇒ lim− = lim+
𝑥 →1 𝑥−1 𝑥 →1 𝑥−1
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 𝑏𝑥 − 2 − 𝑎
⇒ lim− = lim+
𝑥 →1 𝑥−1 𝑥 →1 𝑥−1
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 1) 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏
⇒ lim− = lim+ [𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (1)]
𝑥 →1 𝑥−1 𝑥 →1 𝑥 − 1

𝑏(𝑥 − 1)
⇒ lim−(𝑥 + 4) = lim+ ⇒5=𝑏
𝑥 →1 𝑥 →1 𝑥−1
Putting b = 5 in (1), we get 𝑎 = 3
Hence, 𝑎 = 3 and b = 5

21. Show that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 3|, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, is continuous but not differentiable at
𝑥 = 3.

[CBSE 2013]

Solution

12
 𝑥−3, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 3
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 3| = {
−(𝑥 − 3), 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 3

We have 𝑓(3) = |3 − 3| = 0
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(3 + ℎ) = lim (3 + ℎ) = lim ℎ = 0
𝑥 →3+ ℎ →0 ℎ →0 ℎ →0

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(3 − ℎ) = lim [−(3 − ℎ − 3)] = lim ℎ = 0

𝑥 →3− ℎ →0 ℎ →0 ℎ →0

∵ lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(3) = 0

𝑥 →3 𝑥 →3

So, 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at x = 3.

𝑓(3 + ℎ) − 𝑓(3)
Now, 𝑅𝑓 ′ (3) = lim
ℎ →0 ℎ
(3 + ℎ − 3) − 0 ℎ
= lim = lim = 1
ℎ →0 ℎ ℎ →0 ℎ

𝑓(3 − ℎ) − 𝑓(3)
𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑓 ′ (3) = lim
ℎ →0 −ℎ
[−(3 − ℎ − 3)] − 0 ℎ
= lim = lim = −1
ℎ →0 −ℎ ℎ →0 −ℎ

Thus, 𝑅𝑓 ′ (3) ≠ 𝐿𝑓 ′ (3)

∴ 𝑓(𝑥) is not differentiable at x = 3.

22. Prove that the greatest integer function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥], 0 < 𝑥 < 2 is not
differentiable at 𝑥 = 1.
[CBSE SQP 2020-21]

Solution

We have, 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥], 0 < 𝑥 < 2.

𝑓(1 + ℎ) − 𝑓(1) [1 + ℎ] − [1]

𝑅. 𝐻. 𝐷. (𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1) = lim = lim
ℎ →0 ℎ ℎ →0 ℎ
(1 − 1)
= lim =0
ℎ →0 ℎ
𝑓(1 − ℎ) − 𝑓(1) [1 − ℎ] − [1]
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐷. (𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1) = lim = lim
ℎ →0 −ℎ ℎ →0 −ℎ
0−1 1
= lim = lim = ∞
ℎ →0 −ℎ ℎ →0 ℎ

Since, R.H.D. ≠ L.H.D.

Therefore 𝑓(𝑥) is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 1.

13
23. The greatest integer function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥], 0 < 𝑥 < 2 is not differentiable
at x = ________.

[CBSE 2020]

Solution

The greatest integer function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥], 0 < 𝑥 < 2 is not differentiable at x =
1.

𝑥=1

Based on Differentiation

𝑑𝑦
24. If 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 , then 𝑑𝑥 is

(a) 𝑒 𝑦−𝑥 (b) 𝑒 𝑦+𝑥 (c) – 𝑒 𝑦−𝑥 (d) 2𝑒 𝑥−𝑦

[CBSE SQP 2021-22]

Solution

(c) : We have, 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦

⇒ 𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑥 = 1
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
−𝑒 −𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑥 = 0 ⇒ = −𝑒 𝑦−𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
25. If 𝑦 = log(cos 𝑒 𝑥 ), then is
𝑑𝑥

(a) cos 𝑒 𝑥−1 (b) 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑒 𝑥 (c) 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑒 𝑥 (d) – 𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑒 𝑥

[CBSE SQP 2021-22]

Solution

(d) : We have, 𝑦 = log(cos 𝑒 𝑥 )

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

14
 𝑑𝑦 1
= . (− sin 𝑒 𝑥 ). 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = −𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

26. Differentiate sin2(√2) with respect to x.

[CBSE 2020]

Solution

Let 𝑦 = sin2 (√𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 1 1
∴ = 2 sin(√𝑥) . cos(√𝑥) . = sin(2√𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 2√𝑥
Key Points
⇒ sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x

𝑑𝑦
27. If 𝑦 2 (2 − 𝑥) = 𝑥 3 , then (𝑑𝑥 ) is equal to
(1,1)

(a) 2 (b) – 2 (c) 3 (d) – 3/2

[CBSE 2021-22]

Solution

(a) : Given, 𝑦 2 (2 − 𝑥) = 𝑥 3

2
𝑥3 𝑑𝑦 (2 − 𝑥) × 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 (−1)
⇒𝑦 = ⇒ 2𝑦. =
2−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (2 − 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑦 6𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 𝑑𝑦 6−2
⇒ = 2
⇒( ) = =2
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦(2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (1,1) 2 × 1

𝑑𝑦 𝜋
28. Find 𝑑𝑥 at 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = if sin2 𝑦 + cos 𝑥𝑦 = 𝐾.
4

[CBSE 2017]

Solution

We have, sin2 𝑦 + cos 𝑥𝑦 = 𝐾

15
 2 sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ (− sin 𝑥𝑦) (𝑥 + 𝑦) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(∵ 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒓𝒖𝒍𝒆 ∶ (𝝁𝒗)′ = 𝝁′ 𝒗 + 𝝁𝒗′ )
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 sin 𝑥𝑦
⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 sin 2𝑦 − 𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑦
𝜋 𝜋
𝑑𝑦 sin 𝜋
⇒[ ] 𝜋 = 4 4 =
𝜋
𝑑𝑥 (1, ) sin − sin 𝜋 4(√2 − 1)
4 2 4

𝑑𝑦
29. If 𝑦 = tan1 𝑥 + cot −1 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, then 𝑑𝑥 is equal to __________

[CBSE 2020]

Solution

We have, 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥 + cot −1 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 1
⇒𝑦= = 2 − 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑦
⇒ =0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
30. If cos (𝑥𝑦) = 𝑘, where k is a constant and 𝑥𝑦 ≠ 𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍, then 𝑑𝑥 is equal

to________.

[CBSE 2020]

Solution

We have, cos(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑘

𝑑𝑦
⇒ − sin(𝑥𝑦) (𝑦 + 𝑥 )=0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑦+𝑥 =0 [∵ 𝑥𝑦 ≠ 𝑛𝜋]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
⇒ =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

1+cos 𝑥
31. Differentiate tan−1 ( ) with respect to x.
sin 𝑥

[CBSE 2018]

16
 Solution

1+cos 𝑥
Let, 𝑦 = tan−1 ( )
sin 𝑥

𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2 cos2 2
−1
⇒ = [tan ( 𝑥 𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 sin 2 cos 2
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 cos 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥
⇒ = tan−1 ( 𝑥 ) ⇒ = tan−1 (cot )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sin 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝜋 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝜋 𝑥 1
⇒ = tan−1 [tan ( − )] ⇒ = ( − )=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2 2

√1+𝑥 2 +√1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
32. If 𝑦 = tan−1 (√1+𝑥 2 ) , 𝑥 2 ≤ 1 then find .
−√1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

[CBSE 2015]

Solution

We have,

√1 + 𝑥 2 + √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑦 = tan−1 ( ) , 𝑥2 ≤ 1
√1 + 𝑥 2 − √1 − 𝑥 2
Putting 𝑥 2 = cos 𝜃 ⇒ 𝜃 = cos −1 (𝑥 2 ) we get
√1 + cos 𝜃 + √1 − cos 𝜃
𝑦 = tan−1 ( )
√1 + cos 𝜃 − √1 − cos 𝜃
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
cos 2 + sin 2 1 + tan 2
−1 −1
= tan ( ) = tan ( )
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
cos 2 − sin 2 1 − tan 2
𝜋 𝜃 𝜋 𝜃
= tan−1 (tan ( + )) = +
2 2 4 2
𝜋 1
= 𝑦 = + cos −1 (𝑥 2 )
2 2
Differentiating w.r.t on both sides, we get
𝑑𝑦 1 × 2𝑥 −𝑥
=− =
𝑑𝑥 2√1 − 𝑥 4 √1 − 𝑥 4

𝑑𝑦 cos2(𝑎+𝑦)
33. If cos 𝑦 = 𝑥 cos(𝑎 + 𝑦), where cos 𝑎 ≠ ±1, prove that 𝑑𝑥 = .
sin 𝑎

17
 [CBSE 2014]

Solution

We have cos 𝑦 = 𝑥 cos(𝑎 + 𝑦)

cos 𝑦
⇒ 𝑥=
cos(𝑎 + 𝑦)
Differentiating w.r.t. y on both sides, we get
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 cos(𝑎 + 𝑦) (𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑦) − cos 𝑦 (𝑑𝑦 cos(𝑎 + 𝑦))
=
𝑑𝑦 cos2 (𝑎 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 cos(𝑎 + 𝑦) (− sin 𝑦) + cos 𝑦 sin(𝑎 + 𝑦)
⇒ =
𝑑𝑦 cos2 (𝑎 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑦 sin(𝑎 + 𝑦) − cos(𝑎 + 𝑦) sin 𝑦
⇒ =
𝑑𝑦 cos 2 (𝑎 + 𝑦)
sin[(𝑎 + 𝑦) − 𝑦] sin 𝑎
= 2
= 2
cos (𝑎 + 𝑦) cos (𝑎 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 cos 2 (𝑎 + 𝑦)
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑎

𝑑𝑦
34. If 𝑦 = sin−1{𝑥√1 − 𝑥 − √𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 } and 0 < 𝑥 < 1, then find 𝑑𝑥 .

[CBSE 2014C]

Solution

We have, 𝑦 = sin−1 (𝑥√1 − 𝑥 − √𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 )

2
⇒ 𝑦 = sin−1 (𝑥 √1 − (√𝑥) − √𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 )

⇒ 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥 − sin−1 √𝑥
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑
= − . (√𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 √𝑎 − 𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥
√1 − (√𝑥)

𝒅 𝟏
(∵ (𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙) = )
𝒅𝒙 √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐
1 1 1 1 1 1
= − . = − .
√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2√𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 2 √𝑥 − 𝑥 2
18
 𝑑𝑦 √1−𝑦 2
35. If √1 − 𝑥 2 + √1 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑦), then prove that 𝑑𝑥 = √1−𝑥 2
.

[CBSE SQP 2019-20]

Solution

We have, √1 − 𝑥 2 + √1 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑦)

Let 𝑥 = sin 𝐴 , 𝑦 = sin 𝐵

∴ √1 − sin2 𝐴 + √1 − sin2 𝐵 = 𝑎(sin 𝐴 − sin 𝐵)

⇒ cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐵 = 𝑎(sin 𝐴 − sin 𝐵)
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
⇒ 2 cos ( ) cos ( )
2 2
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
= 2𝑎 cos ( ) sin ( )
2 2
𝐴−𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
= cos ( ) = 𝑎 sin ( )
2 2
𝐴−𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
= cot ( )=𝑎 ⇒ = cot −1 𝑎
2 2
⇒ 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 2 cot −1 𝑎
⇒ sin−1 𝑥 − sin−1 𝑦 = 2 cot −1 𝑎
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
1 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 √1 − 𝑦 2
⇒ − =0 ⇒ =
√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦
36. If 𝑦 = tan−1(𝑒 2𝑥 ), then 𝑑𝑥 is equal to

2𝑒 2𝑥 1 2 1
(a) 1+𝑒 4𝑥 (b) 1+𝑒 4𝑥 (c) 𝑒 2𝑥 +𝑒 −2𝑥 (d) 𝑒 2𝑥 −𝑒 −2𝑥

[CBSE 2021-22]

Solution

(a) : Given, 𝑦 = tan−1(𝑒 2𝑥 )

𝑑𝑦 1 2𝑥
2𝑒 2𝑥
∴ = × 2𝑒 =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑒 4𝑥 1 + 𝑒 4𝑥

𝑑𝑦
37. If 𝑦 = log(cos 𝑒 𝑥 ), then find 𝑑𝑥 .

19
 [CBSE 2019]

Solution

Given, 𝑦 = log(cos 𝑒 𝑥 )

On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

𝑑𝑦 1
= (− sin 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑒 𝑥 ) = −𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑒 𝑥

𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
38. If log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 2 tan−1 (𝑥 ), show that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥−𝑦.

[CBSE 2019]

Solution

𝑦
Given, log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 2 tan−1 (𝑥 )

On differentiating w.r.t. x on both sides, we get

1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 𝑦
(2𝑥 + 2𝑦 )=2 × ( )
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1+ 2
𝑥
2𝑥 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 2 1 𝑑𝑦 −1
⇒ + = ( + 𝑦 ( ))
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2

𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 2𝑥 2𝑥 2 −𝑦 1
⇒ [ 2 2
− 2 2
] = 2 2
[ 2 − ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 𝑥
2(𝑦 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦
⇒ = ( ) ⇒ =
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑦

𝑥 cos−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 cos−1 𝑥
39. If 𝑦 = √1−𝑥 2
− log √1 − 𝑥 2 , then prove that 𝑑𝑥 = (1−𝑥2)3/2 .

[CBSE 2015C]

Solution

𝑥 cos−1 𝑥
Here 𝑦 = √1−𝑥 2
− log √1 − 𝑥 2

Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

20
 2 𝑑 −1 −1 𝑑 2
𝑑𝑦 √1 − 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 cos 𝑥) − 𝑥 cos 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 1 𝑑
= − . (√1 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥2 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 cos−1 𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2 cos−1 𝑥 − 𝑥 +
√1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥
=
1 − 𝑥2 1 − 𝑥2
(1 − 𝑥 2 ) cos−1 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 cos −1 𝑥 cos −1 𝑥
= =
1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥 2 )3/2

𝑑𝑦
40. If 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 , prove that 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦−𝑥 = 0

[CBSE 2014]

Solution

Given 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 ⇒ 1 + 𝑒 𝑦−𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦 ...(1)

Differentiating (1) w.r.t. x, we get

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦−𝑥
⇒ 𝑒 𝑦−𝑥 ( − 1) = 𝑒 𝑦 ⇒ (𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑦 ) = 𝑒 𝑦−𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ (−1) = 𝑒 𝑦−𝑥 [𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1)]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ + 𝑒 𝑦−𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥

𝑎 𝑥−𝑎 𝑑𝑦 2𝑎3
41. If 𝑦 − tan−1 (𝑥 ) + log √𝑥+𝑎, prove that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 4 −𝑎4.

[CBSE 2014C]

Solution

𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
Here, 𝑦 = tan−1 ( ) + log √
𝑥 𝑥+𝑎

𝑎 1 𝑥−𝑎
= tan−1 ( ) + log ( )
𝑥 2 𝑥+𝑎
𝑎 1
= tan−1 ( ) + [log(𝑥 − 𝑎) − log(𝑥 + 𝑎)]
𝑥 2
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get

21
 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 𝑎 1 1 1
= . ( ) + [ − ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
1+
𝑥2
𝒅 𝟏
(∵ (𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙) = )
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝑥2 1 1 (𝑥 + 𝑎) − (𝑥 − 𝑎)
= 2 2
. 𝑎. (− 2 ) + [ ]
𝑥 +𝑎 𝑥 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
−𝑎 𝑎 −𝑎(𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ) + 𝑎(𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )
= + =
𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑥 4 − 𝑎4
2𝑎3
=
𝑥 4 − 𝑎4

2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
42. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + (cos 𝑥)𝑥 , then find 𝑑𝑥 .

[CBSE 2020]

Solution
2 cos 𝑥
We have, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + (cos 𝑥)𝑥

2 cos 𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥(𝐼𝑛 cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑 2 𝑑
∴ = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 (𝑥 cos 𝑥) + 𝑒 𝑥 𝐼𝑛 cos 𝑥 (𝑥 𝐼𝑛 cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 cos 𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 (2𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥) + 𝑒 𝑥 𝐼𝑛 cos 𝑥 (𝐼𝑛 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)
cos 𝑥
2 cos 𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 (2𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥) + (cos 𝑥)𝑥 (𝐼𝑛 cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 tan 𝑥)

𝑑𝑦
43. If 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 (cos 𝑥)𝑥 + sin−1 √𝑥, find 𝑑𝑥 .

[CBSE 2020]

Solution

We have 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 (cos 𝑥)𝑥 + sin−1 √𝑥 ...(i)

Let 𝑧 = (cos 𝑥)𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 log cos 𝑥

𝑑𝑧 𝑥(− sin 𝑥)
∴ = 𝑒 𝑥 log cos 𝑥 [ + log cos 𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥
= (cos 𝑥)𝑥 × [−𝑥 tan 𝑥 + log cos 𝑥] ...(ii)
Now, differentiating (i) w.r.t. x, we get

22
 𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 (cos 𝑥)𝑥 + 𝑥 3 (cos 𝑥)𝑥 [−𝑥 tan 𝑥 + log cos 𝑥]
𝑑𝑥
1 1
+ ( ) . [𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑖𝑖)]
√1 − 𝑥 2√𝑥
1 1
= 𝑥 2 (cos 𝑥)𝑥 [3 − 𝑥 2 tan 𝑥 + 𝑥 log cos 𝑥] + ( )
2√𝑥 √1 − 𝑥

𝑑𝑦
44. If 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑏 , find 𝑑𝑥 .

[CBSE 2019]

Solution

We have, 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑏

Taking log on both sides, we get

𝑦 log 𝑥 − 𝑥 log 𝑦 = 𝑏 log 𝑎 ...(i)
Now, differentiating (i) w.r.t. x on both sides, we get
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥. 1 𝑑𝑦
+ (log 𝑥) − log 𝑦 − =0
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
⇒ ( − log 𝑦) = ( − log 𝑥)
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑦 log 𝑥
⇒ (𝑦 − 𝑥 log 𝑦) = ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 (𝑦 − 𝑥 log 𝑦)
⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 (𝑥 − 𝑦 log 𝑥)

𝑑𝑦
45. If 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑏 , then find 𝑑𝑥 .

[CBSE 2017]

Solution

We have, 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑏

Taking log on both sides, we get

𝑦 log 𝑥 + 𝑥 log 𝑦 = 𝑏 log 𝑎 … (𝑖)
Now, differentiating (i) w.r.t. on both sides, we get

23
 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 𝒅 𝟏
+ log 𝑥 ( ) + log 𝑦 + 𝑥 . . =0 (∵ (𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙) = )
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⇒ + log 𝑦 = − ( + log 𝑥)
𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −𝑦 𝑦 + 𝑥 log 𝑦
⇒ = ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 log 𝑥
2𝑥 𝑑𝑦
46. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin + (sin 𝑥)𝑥 , find 𝑑𝑥 .

[CBSE SQP 2020-21]

Solution
2𝑥
We have, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin + (sin 𝑥)𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑢 + 𝑣,

2𝑥
where 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin and 𝑣 = (sin 𝑥)𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
⇒ = + … (𝑖)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
Now, consider 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
𝑑𝑢 2
= 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 [𝑥. (2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥) + sin2 𝑥]
𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 sin [𝑥(sin 2𝑥) + sin2 𝑥] … (𝑖𝑖)
Also, 𝑣 = (sin 𝑥)𝑥
⇒ log 𝑣 = 𝑥 log(sin 𝑥)
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
1 𝑑𝑣 1
= 𝑥. . cos 𝑥 + log(sin 𝑥)
𝑣 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑣
⇒ = (sin 𝑥)𝑥 [𝑥 cot 𝑥 + log(sin 𝑥)] … (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑑𝑥
From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
𝑑𝑦 2
= 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 [𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + sin2 𝑥] + (sin 𝑥)𝑥 [𝑥 cot 𝑥 + log(sin 𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥

47. Differentiate 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + (sin 𝑥)cos 𝑥 with respect to x.

[CBSE 2016]

Solution

24
We have, 𝑦 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + (sin 𝑥)cos 𝑥

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 , 𝑣 = (sin 𝑥)cos 𝑥

∴ 𝑦 =𝑢+𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
⇒ = + … (𝑖)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Now, 𝑢 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 ⇒ log 𝑢 = sin 𝑥 . (log 𝑥)
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
1 𝑑𝑢 1
. = cos 𝑥 . (log 𝑥) + . sin 𝑥
𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1
⇒ = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 [cos 𝑥 . (log 𝑥) + sin 𝑥] … (𝑖𝑖)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Also, 𝑣 = (sin 𝑥)cos 𝑥 ⇒ log 𝑣 = cos 𝑥 (log sin 𝑥)
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
1 𝑑𝑣 1
= − sin 𝑥 (log sin 𝑥) + cos 𝑥 . . cos 𝑥
𝑣 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 cos 𝑥
cos2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥 (log sin 𝑥)
⇒ = (sin 𝑥) [ ] … (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥
From (i), (ii) & (iii), we get
𝑑𝑦 sin 𝑥
𝑥 cos 𝑥 . (log 𝑥) + sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
cos2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥 (log sin 𝑥)
=𝑥 [ ] + (sin 𝑥) [ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 sin 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑦
48. If 𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑚+𝑛 , prove that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 .

[CBSE 2014]

Solution

Given 𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑚+𝑛

Taking log on both the sides, we get

log 𝑥 𝑚 + log 𝑦 𝑛 = (𝑚 + 𝑛) log(𝑥 + 𝑦
⇒ 𝑚 log 𝑥 + 𝑛 log 𝑦 = (𝑚 + 𝑛) log(𝑥 + 𝑦)
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
1 1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
𝑚. + 𝑛. . = (𝑚 + 𝑛). (1 + )
𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑛 𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑚+𝑛 𝑚
⇒ ( − )= −
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥

25
 𝑑𝑦 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛𝑦 − 𝑚𝑦 − 𝑛𝑦 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑥 − 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑚𝑦
⇒ ( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 𝑛𝑥 − 𝑚𝑦 𝑛𝑥 − 𝑚𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
⇒ ( )= ∴ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑥
𝑑𝑦
49. If (𝑥 − 𝑦). 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 = 𝑎, prove that 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 = 2𝑦.

[CBSE 2014C]

Solution
𝑥
Here, (𝑥 − 𝑦). 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 = 𝑎

Taking log on both sides, we get

𝑥
⇒ log {(𝑥 − 𝑦). 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 } = log 𝑎
𝑥
⇒ log(𝑥 − 𝑦) + = log 𝑎
𝑥−𝑦
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
𝑑𝑦
1 𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 − 𝑦). 1 − 𝑥 (1 − )
𝑑𝑥
. (1 − ) + 2
=0
𝑥−𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ (𝑥 − 𝑦) (1 − ) + 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑥 (1 − ) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ −𝑦 (1 + ) + 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
50. If (tan−1 𝑥)𝑦 + 𝑦 cot 𝑥 = 1, then find 𝑑𝑥 .

[CBSE 2014C]

Solution

Here, (tan−1 𝑥)𝑦 + 𝑦 cot 𝑥 = 1

⇒ 𝑢 + 𝑣 = 1 where 𝑢 = (tan−1 𝑥)𝑦 and 𝑣 = 𝑦 cot 𝑥

Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
+ =0 … (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Now, 𝑢 = (tan−1 𝑥)𝑦

26
 ⇒ log 𝑢 = 𝑦 log(tan−1 𝑥)
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1 1
. = log(tan−1 𝑥) + 𝑦 . .
𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
⇒ = (tan−1 𝑥)𝑦 × [ log(tan−1 𝑥) + ] … (2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) tan−1 𝑥
And 𝑣 = 𝑦 cot 𝑥
⇒ log 𝑣 = cot 𝑥 . log 𝑦
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
1 𝑑𝑣 1 𝑑𝑦
= cot 𝑥 . . − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥. log 𝑦
𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑦 cot 𝑥 [ . − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥. log 𝑦] + 𝑦 cot 𝑥 [ . − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥. log 𝑦]
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
=0
𝑑𝑦
⇒ [(tan−1 𝑥)𝑦 . log(tan−1 𝑥) + 𝑦 cot 𝑥−1 . cot 𝑥]
𝑑𝑥
𝑦
= 𝑦 cot 𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥. log 𝑦 − (tan−1 𝑥)𝑦−1 .
(1 + 𝑥 2 )
cot 𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥. log 𝑦 − (tan−1 𝑥)𝑦−1 .
(1 + 𝑥 2 )
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 (tan−1 𝑥)𝑦 log(tan−1 𝑥) + 𝑦 cot 𝑥−1 cot 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 (1+log 𝑦)2
51. If 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦−𝑥 , prove that 𝑑𝑥 = .
log 𝑦

[CBSE 2013]

Solution

Here 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦−𝑥

Taking log on both sides, we get

𝑥 log 𝑦 = (𝑦 − 𝑥) log 𝑒 = 𝑦 − 𝑥
⇒ 𝑥(1 + log 𝑦) = 𝑦
𝑦
⇒ 𝑥=
1 + log 𝑦
Differentiating w.r.t. y, we get
1
𝑑𝑥 (1 + log 𝑦). 1 − 𝑦. 𝑦 log 𝑦
= =
𝑑𝑦 (1 + log 𝑦)2 (1 + log 𝑦)2

27
 𝑑𝑦 (1 + log 𝑦)2
⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 log 𝑦

52. Differentiate the following with respect to x:

2𝑥+1 .3𝑥
sin−1 (1+(36)𝑥 )

[CBSE 2013]

Solution

2𝑥+1 .3𝑥
Let 𝑦 = sin−1 [1+(36)𝑥 ]

2.2𝑥 . 3𝑥 2.6𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 = sin−1 [ ] = sin −1
[ ]
1 + (36)𝑥 1 + (6𝑥 )2
Put 6𝑥 = tan 𝜃 ⇒ 𝜃 = tan−1 6𝑥
2 tan 𝜃
∴ 𝑦 = sin−1 ( ) = sin−1(sin 2𝜃)
1 + tan2 𝜃
⇒ 𝑦 = 2𝜃 = 2 tan−1(6𝑥 )
Now differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
𝑑𝑦 2.1 𝑑
= 𝑥 2
. (6𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 1 + (6 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥
2 log 6 . 6𝑥
= . 6 log 6 =
1 + (36)𝑥 1 + (36)𝑥

𝑑𝑦 log 𝑥
53. If 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 , prove that 𝑑𝑥 = (1+log 𝑥)2.

[CBSE 2013]

Solution

We have, 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦

Taking log on both sides, we get

𝑦 log 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑦
⇒ 𝑦(log 𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥

28
 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦=
log 𝑥 + 1
Differentiating w.r.t. x on both sides, we get
1
𝑑𝑦 (log 𝑥 + 1). 1 − 𝑥 (𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 (1 + log 𝑥)2
log 𝑥 + 1 − 1
=
(1 + log 𝑥)2
log 𝑥
= (Hence, proved. )
(1 + log 𝑥)2

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥+1
54. Find 𝑑𝑥 , if 𝑦 = sin−1 1+4𝑥.

[CBSE 2013C]

Solution

2𝑥+1
We have, 𝑦 = sin−1 (1+4𝑥 )

2𝑥+1
⇒ sin 𝑦 =
1 + 4𝑥
Put 2𝑥 = tan 𝜃, we get
2 tan 𝜃
sin 𝑦 =
1 + tan2 𝜃
⇒ sin 𝑦 = sin 2𝜃 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2𝜃
⇒ 𝑦 = 2 tan−1 2𝑥
Now, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑
= 𝑥 2
. (2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 1 + (2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥
2𝑥+1 . log 2 𝒅 𝒙
= . 2 log 2 = (∵ (𝒂 ) = 𝒂𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝒂))
1 + 4𝑥 1 + 4𝑥 𝒅𝒙

𝑑𝑦 𝜋
55. If 𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑏 tan 𝜃, then find 𝑑𝑥 at 𝜃 = 3 .

[CBSE 2020]

Solution

We have, 𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑏 tan 𝜃

29
 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∴ = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 and = 𝑏 sec 2 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃 𝑏 sec 2 𝜃 𝑏 1 cos 𝜃
Now, = = = . .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑎 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑏 1
= .
𝑎 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝑏 1 𝑏 1 2𝑏
∴ | 𝜋= . 𝜋 = . =
𝑑𝑥 𝜃= 𝑎 sin 𝑎 √3 𝑎√3
3 3 2

56. Find the differential of sin2 𝑥 w.r.t. 𝑒 cos 𝑥 .

[CBSE 2020]

Solution

Let 𝑢 = sin2 𝑥 , 𝑣 = 𝑒 cos 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
∴ = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 and = 𝑒 cos 𝑥 (− sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 −2 cos 𝑥
Now, = . = cos 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑒 (− sin 𝑥) 𝑒

√1+𝑥2 −√1−𝑥 2
57. Differentiate tan−1 [√1+𝑥2 ] with respect to cos −1 𝑥 2 .
+√1−𝑥 2

[CBSE 2019]

Solution

√1+𝑥 2 −√1−𝑥 2
Let 𝑢 = tan−1 [√1+𝑥 2 ] … (𝑖)
+√1−𝑥2

Putting 𝑥 2 = cos 2𝜃 in (i), we get

√1 + cos 2𝜃 − √1 − cos 2𝜃
𝑢 = tan−1 [ ]
√1 + cos 2𝜃 + √1 − cos 2𝜃
√2 cos 2 𝜃 − √2 sin2 𝜃
= tan−1 [ ]
√2 cos 2 𝜃 + √2 sin2 𝜃
cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 1 − tan 𝜃
= tan−1 [ ] = tan−1 [ ]
cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 1 + tan 𝜃

30
 𝜋 𝜋
= tan−1 [tan ( − 𝜃)] = − 𝜃
4 4
𝜋 cos−1 (𝑥 2 ) 𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒙𝟐
= − (∵ 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽 ⇒ 𝜽 = )
4 2 𝟐
𝑑𝑢 1 1 𝑥
⇒ = 2𝑥 = … (𝑖𝑖)
𝑑𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 4 √1 − 𝑥 4
𝑑𝑣 −2𝑥
Let 𝑣 = cos−1 (𝑥 2 ) ⇒ = … (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 4
𝑑𝑢 1
Dividing (ii) by (iii), we get 𝑑𝑣 = − 2.

𝑑𝑦 𝜋
58. If 𝑥 = 𝑎(2𝜃 − sin 2𝜃) and 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 − cos 2𝜃), find 𝑑𝑥 when 𝜃 = 3 .

[CBSE 2018]

Solution

We have, 𝑥 = 𝑎(2𝜃 − sin 2𝜃) ...(i)

and 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 − cos 2𝜃) ...(ii)

Differentiating (i) w.r.t. θ, we get
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑎(2 − 2 cos 2𝜃) … (iii)
𝑑𝜃
Differentiating (ii) w.r.t. θ, we get
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑎 sin 2𝜃 … (iv)
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝜃 2𝑎 sin 2𝜃 sin 2𝜃
Now, = = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝜃 𝑎(2 − 2 cos 2𝜃) 1 − cos 2𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
𝑑𝑦 sin 2 (3 ) sin (𝜋 − 3 )
∴ | = =
𝑑𝑥 𝜃=𝜋 1 − cos 2𝜋 1 − cos (𝜋 − 𝜋)
3 3
3
𝜋 √3
sin ( 3 )
= 2 = √3 = 1
𝜋 =
1 + cos ( 3 ) 1 + 1 3 √3
2

𝑑𝑦
59. If 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 2𝑡(1 + cos 2𝑡) and 𝑦 = 𝑏 cos 2𝑡(1 − cos 2𝑡), find the values of 𝑑𝑥 at 𝑡 =
𝜋 𝜋
and 𝑡 = 3 .
4

[CBSE 2016]

31
 OR

𝜋 𝑑𝑦
If 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 2𝑡 (1 + cos 2𝑡) and 𝑦 = 𝑏 cos 2𝑡 (1 − cos 2𝑡), show that 𝑡 = 4 , (𝑑𝑥 ) =
𝑏
.
𝑎

[CBSE 2014]

Solution

𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 2𝑡 (1 + cos 2𝑡), 𝑦 = 𝑏 cos 2𝑡 (1 − cos 2𝑡)

𝑑𝑥
Now, = 2𝑎 cos 2𝑡 (1 + cos 2𝑡) + 𝑎 sin 2𝑡 (−2 sin 2𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
= 2𝑎 cos 2𝑡 + 2𝑎 [cos2 2𝑡 − sin2 2𝑡]

= 2𝑎 cos 2𝑡 + 2𝑎 cos 4𝑡 (∵ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 (𝒂) − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 (𝒂) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝟐𝒂))

𝑑𝑦
Also, = −2𝑏 sin 2𝑡 (1 − cos 2𝑡) + 𝑏 cos 2𝑡 (2 sin 2𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
= −2𝑏 sin 2𝑡 + 4𝑏(sin 2𝑡 cos 2𝑡)
= −2𝑏 sin 2𝑡 + 2𝑏 sin 4𝑡 (∵ 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒂) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒂) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝒂))
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡 2𝑏(sin 4𝑡 − sin 2𝑡)
So, = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 2𝑎(cos 4𝑡 + cos 2𝑡)
𝑑𝑦 𝑏 sin 𝜋 − sin(𝜋/2
∴ ( ) = [ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑡=𝜋4 𝑎 cos 𝜋 + cos(𝜋/2
−√3 √3
𝑏 2 − 2 √3𝑏
= [ ]=
𝑎 −1 − 1 𝑎
2 2

√1+𝑥 2 −1 2𝑥
60. Differentiate tan−1 ( ) w.r.t. sin−1 , if 𝑥 ∈ (−1, 1)
𝑥 1+𝑥 2

[CBSE 2016, 2014]

Solution

√1+𝑥 2 −1
Let 𝑢 = tan−1 ( )
𝑥

Put 𝑥 = tan 𝜃 ⇒ 𝜃 = tan−1 𝑥

32
 √1 + tan2 𝜃 − 1
∴ 𝑢 = tan−1 ( )
tan 𝜃
sec 𝜃 − 1 1 − cos 𝜃
⇒ 𝑢 = tan−1 ( ) ⇒ 𝑢 = tan−1 ( )
tan 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝜃
2 sin2 2 𝜃
−1
⇒ 𝑢 = tan ( ) ⇒ 𝑢 = tan−1 (tan )
𝜃 𝜃 2
2 sin 2 cos 2
𝜃 1 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
∴ 𝑢 = ⇒ 𝑢 = tan−1 𝑥 (∵ 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙, 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙)
2 2 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
𝑑𝑢 1
=
𝑑𝑥 2(1 + 𝑥 2 )
2𝑥
Also, let v = sin−1 ( ) ⇒ 𝑣 = 2 tan−1 𝑥
1 + 𝑥2
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
𝑑𝑣 2
=
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 2(1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑢 1
∴ = = ⇒ =
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣 4
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2

𝑑𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
61. If 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑡 (sin 𝑡 + cos 𝑡) and 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑡 (sin 𝑡 − cos 𝑡), prove that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥−𝑦.

[CBSE 2015C]

Solution

We have 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑡 (sin 𝑡 + cos 𝑡)

𝑑𝑥
⇒ = 𝑎𝑒 𝑡 (sin 𝑡 + cos 𝑡) + 𝑎𝑒 𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − sin 𝑡) = 2𝑎𝑒 𝑡 cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
and 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑡 (sin 𝑡 − cos 𝑡)
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑎𝑒 𝑡 (sin 𝑡 − cos 𝑡) + 𝑎𝑒 𝑡 (cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡) = 2𝑎𝑒 𝑡 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡 2𝑎𝑒 𝑡 sin 𝑡
∴ 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆. = = = = tan 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 2𝑎𝑒 𝑡 cos 𝑡
𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑎𝑒 𝑡 (sin 𝑡 + cos 𝑡) + 𝑎𝑒 𝑡 (sin 𝑡 − cos 𝑡)
Also, R. H. S. = =
𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑎𝑒 𝑡 (sin 𝑡 + cos 𝑡) − 𝑎𝑒 𝑡 (sin 𝑡 − cos 𝑡)

33
 2𝑎𝑒 𝑡 sin 𝑡
= = tan 𝑡 = 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆.
2𝑎𝑒 𝑡 cos 𝑡

√1−𝑥 2
62. Differentiate tan−1 ( ) with respect to cos −1 (2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 ), when 𝑥 ≠ 0.
𝑥

[CBSE 2014]

Solution

√1−𝑥 2
Let 𝑢 = tan−1 ( )
𝑥

Put 𝑥 = cos 𝜃
√1 − cos 2 𝜃 sin 𝜃
∴ 𝑢 = tan−1 [ ] = tan−1 ( )
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑢
= tan−1(tan 𝜃) = 𝜃 ⇒ =1
𝑑𝜃
Also let,

𝑣 = cos−1 (2𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 ) ⇒ 𝑣 = cos −1 (2 cos 𝜃 √1 − cos2 𝜃)

= cos −1(2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃) = cos−1 (sin 2𝜃)

𝜋 𝜋 𝑑𝑣
= cos −1 (cos ( − 2𝜃)) = − 2𝜃 ⇒ = −2
2 2 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢/𝑑𝜃 −1
Now = =
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣/𝑑𝜃 2

𝑥
63. Differentiate tan−1 (√1−𝑥2 ) with respect to sin−1(2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 ).

[CBSE 2014]

Solution

𝑥
Let 𝑢 = tan−1 (√1−𝑥 2)

Put 𝑥 = sin 𝜃 ⇒ 𝜃 = sin−1 𝑥

sin 𝜃
∴ 𝑢 = tan−1 ( ) = tan−1(tan 𝜃)
√1 − sin2 𝜃
⇒ 𝑢 = 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑢 = sin−1 𝑥
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

34
 𝑑𝑢 1
= … (i)
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2

Again, let 𝑣 = sin−1 (2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 )

Put 𝑥 = sin 𝜃
∴ 𝑣 = sin−1(2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃) = sin−1 (sin 2𝜃) = 2𝜃
⇒ 𝑣 = 2 sin−1 𝑥
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
𝑑𝑣 2
= … (ii)
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
From (i) & (ii), we get
𝑑𝑢 1
=
𝑑𝑣 2

𝑑𝑦 𝜋
64. Find the value of 𝑑𝑥 at 𝜃 = 4 , if

𝑥 = 𝑎𝑒 𝜃 (sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃) and 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 𝜃 (sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃).

[CBSE 2014]

Solution

We have, 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑒 𝜃 (sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃)

Differentiating w.r.t. θ, we get

𝑑𝑥
= 𝑎𝑒 𝜃 (sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃) + 𝑎𝑒 𝜃 (cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃)
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥
⇒ = 𝑎𝑒 𝜃 (2 sin 𝜃) … (i)
𝑑𝜃
Also 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 𝜃 (sin 𝜃 + cos θ)
Differentiating w.r.t. θ, we get
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎𝑒 𝜃 (sin 𝜃 + cos θ) + aeθ (cos θ − sin θ)
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑎𝑒 𝜃 (2 cos 𝜃) … (ii)
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝜃 2𝑎𝑒 𝜃 cos 𝜃
∴ = = = cot 𝜃 [𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖)& (𝑖𝑖)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝜃 2𝑎𝑒 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
⇒ | 𝜋 = cot = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝜃= 4
4

35
 𝑑𝑦 𝜋
65. If 𝑥 = cos 𝑡 (3 − 2 cos2 𝑡) and 𝑦 = sin 𝑡 (3 − 2 sin2 𝑡), find the value of 𝑑𝑥 at 𝑡 = 4 .

[CBSE 2014]

Solution

Here, 𝑥 = cos 𝑡 (3 − 2 cos2 𝑡), 𝑦 = sin 𝑡 (3 − 2 sin2 𝑡)

𝑑𝑥
⇒ = − sin 𝑡 (3 − 2 cos2 𝑡) + cos 𝑡 [2.2 cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡]
𝑑𝑡
= −3 sin 𝑡 + 6 cos2 𝑡 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 (3 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 (−2.2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
= 3 cos 𝑡 − 6 sin2 𝑡 cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡 3 cos 𝑡 − 6 sin2 𝑡 cos 𝑡
∴ = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 −3 sin 𝑡 + 6 cos 2 𝑡 sin 𝑡
3 cos 𝑡 . cos 2𝑡
= = cot 𝑡
3 sin 𝑡 . cos 2𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
⇒ | 𝜋 = cot = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑡= 4
4

𝑑𝑦 3𝜃
66. If 𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃 − cos 2𝜃 and 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝜃 − sin 2𝜃, then prove that 𝑑𝑥 = tan ( 2 ).

[CBSE 2013C

Solution

Here, 𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃 − cos 2𝜃 , 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝜃 − sin 2𝜃

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = −2 sin 𝜃 + 2 sin 2𝜃 and = 2 cos 𝜃 − 2 cos 2𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝜃 2(cos 𝜃 − cos 2𝜃)
∴ = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝜃 2(sin 2𝜃 − sin 𝜃)
3𝜃 𝜃
2 sin ( 2 ) sin (2) 3𝜃
= = tan ( ).
3𝜃 𝜃 2
2 cos ( 2 ) sin (2)

36
 𝑑2 𝑦
67. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 , then 𝑑𝑥 2 is equal to

(a) – y (b) y (c) x (d) – x

[CBSE 2021-22]

Solution

(b) : Given, 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
⇒ = −𝑒 −𝑥 ⇒ 2 = 𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦
68. If 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 + 1, 𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑡, then 𝑑𝑥 2 at 𝑡 = 𝑎 is

1 1 1
(a) − 𝑎 (b) − 2𝑎2 (c) 2𝑎2 (d) 0

[CBSE 2021-22]

Solution

(b) : Given, 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 + 1 and 𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑡

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑎
⇒ = 2𝑡 ⇒ = 2𝑎 ∴ =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑡
𝑑2 𝑦 −𝑎 𝑑𝑡 −𝑎 𝑑2 𝑦 −𝑎 −1
⇒ 2
= 2
. = 3
∴ ( 2
) = 3= 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑥 2𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑡=𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎
𝑑2 𝑦
69. If 𝑦 = 5 cos 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑥 2 is equal to

(a) – y (b) y (c) 25y (d) 9y

[CBSE SQP 2021-22]

Solution

(a) : We have, 𝑦 = 5 cos 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥

𝑑𝑦
⇒ = −5 sin 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
⇒ = −5 cos 𝑥 + 3 sin 𝑥 = −𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2

37
 𝑑2 𝑦 𝜋
70. If 𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑏 tan 𝜃, then 𝑑𝑥 2 at 𝜃 = is
6
−3√3𝑏 −2√3𝑏 −3√3𝑏 −𝑏
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3√3𝑎2
𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎

[CBSE SQP 2021-22]

Solution

(a) : We have, 𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑎 tan 𝜃 sec 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 tan 𝜃 ⇒ = 𝑏 sec 2 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝑏 sec 2 𝜃 𝑏 𝑑2 𝑦 −𝑏 𝑑𝜃
∴ = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 ⇒ 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 cot 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 tan 𝜃 sec 𝜃 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
−𝑏 1 −𝑏
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 cot 𝜃 = 2 cot 3 𝜃
𝑎 𝑎 tan 𝜃 sec 𝜃 𝑎
𝑑2𝑦 −3√3𝑏
∴ [ 2] =
𝑑𝑥 𝜃=𝜋 𝑎2
6

71. If 𝑦 = sin(2 sin−1 𝑥), then (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 is equal to

(a) – 𝑥𝑦1 + 4𝑦 (b) – 𝑥𝑦1 − 4𝑦 (c) 𝑥𝑦1 − 4𝑦 (d) 𝑥𝑦1 + 4𝑦

[CBSE 2021-22]

Solution

(c) : We have, 𝑦 = sin(2 sin−1 𝑥)

⇒ 𝑦 = sin [sin−1 (2𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 )] [∵ 2 sin−1 𝑥 = sin−1 2𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 ] … (i)

⇒ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
−2𝑥 −4𝑥 2 + 2
⇒ 𝑦1 = 2𝑥 × + 2√1 − 𝑥 2 = … (ii)
2√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2
−2𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2 (−8𝑥) − (−4𝑥 2 + 2) ×
2√1 − 𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑦2 =
1 − 𝑥2
4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥
=
(1 − 𝑥 2 )√1 − 𝑥 2
4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥
⇒ (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 =
√1 − 𝑥 2

38
 Now, consider 𝑥𝑦1 − 4𝑦
−4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
= − 8𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 [𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)]
√1 − 𝑥2
4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥
=
√1 − 𝑥 2
Thus, (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑦2 = 𝑥𝑦1 − 4𝑦

𝑥2 𝑑2 𝑦
72. If 𝑦 = log 𝑒 (𝑒 2 ), then 𝑑𝑥 2 equals

1 1 2 2
(a) − 𝑥 (b) − 𝑥 2 (c) 𝑥 2 (d) − 𝑥 2

[CBSE 2020]

Solution

𝑥2
(d) : We have, 𝑦 = log 𝑒 (𝑒 2 )

𝑑𝑦 𝑒 2 1 2 𝑑2𝑦 2
∴ = 2 . 2 . 2𝑥 = ⇒ 2 = − 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦
73. If x = at2, y = 2at, then find 𝑑𝑥 2 .

[CBSE 2020]

Solution

Given, 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑡

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2𝑎 1
∴ = 2𝑎𝑡 , = 2𝑎 ∴ = 𝑑𝑡 = =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝑎𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑡 1 1 1
So, 2
= − 2. =− 2. =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑡 2𝑎𝑡 2𝑎𝑡 3

𝑑2 𝑦
74. If x = a cos θ; y = b sin θ, then find 𝑑𝑥 2 .

[CBSE 2020]

39
 Solution

We have, 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑏 sin 𝜃

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∴ = −𝑎 sin 𝜃 , = 𝑏 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃 𝑏 cos 𝜃 𝑏
So, = × = = − cot 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑥 −𝑎 sin 𝜃 𝑎
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑏 𝑑𝜃
Now, 2
= − (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃)
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
𝑏 1 𝑏
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 (− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃) = − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃
𝑎 2 𝑎

𝑑2 𝑦 𝜋
75. If x = a sec3 θ, y = a tan3 θ, then find 𝑑𝑥 2 at 𝜃 = 4 .

[CBSE 2020, 2015C]

Solution

Here 𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 3 𝜃

𝑑𝑥
⇒ = 𝑎. 3 sec 2 𝜃 . sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 = 3𝑎 sec 3 𝜃 tan 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
and 𝑦 = 𝑎 tan3 𝜃
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑎. 3 tan2 𝜃 . sec 2 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝜃 3𝑎 tan2 𝜃 sec 2 𝜃 tan 𝜃
∴ = = = = sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝜃 3𝑎 sec 3 𝜃 tan 𝜃 sec 𝜃
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝜃 1
= cos 𝜃 . = = cos 4 𝜃 . cot 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 3𝑎 sec 3 𝜃 tan 𝜃 3𝑎
𝑑2𝑦 1 4
𝜋 𝜋 1 1 4
∴ | = cos . cot = .( ) .1
𝑑𝑥 2 𝜃=𝜋 3𝑎 4 4 3𝑎 √2
4
1 1 1
= . =
3𝑎 4 12𝑎
OR
𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 3 𝜃
Differentiating with respect to x

40
 𝑑𝑥
⇒ = 3𝑎 sec 3 𝜃 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 = 3𝑎 sec 3 𝜃 tan 𝜃.
𝑑𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑎 tan3 𝜃
Differentiating with respect to y
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 3𝑎 tan2 𝜃 sec 2 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃 3𝑎 tan2 𝜃 sec 2 𝜃 tan 𝜃
= = . . sin 𝜃 … (𝑖)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3𝑎 sec 3 𝜃 tan 𝜃 sec 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
Differencing equation (i) with respect to x
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝜃
= sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos3 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos 5 𝜃
= = =
𝑑𝑥 2 3𝑎 sec 3 𝜃 tan 𝜃 3𝑎 sin 𝜃 3 asin 𝜃
𝑑2𝑦 √2 1
( 3) = 5 =
𝑑𝑥 (𝜃=𝜋) (√2) 3𝑎 121
4

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
76. If y = (sin-1 x)2, prove that, (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 = 0.

[CBSE 2019]

Solution

We have, 𝑦 = (sin−1 𝑥)2 ...(i)

𝑑𝑦 1
⇒ = 2(sin−1 𝑥) ×
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 2 4(sin−1 𝑥)2
⇒( ) =
𝑑𝑥 (1 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑦 2 4𝑦
⇒ ( ) = [𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖)]
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 2
⇒ ( ) (1 − 𝑥 2 ) = 4𝑦 … (𝑖𝑖)
𝑑𝑥
Again, differentiating (ii) w.r.t. x on both sides, we get
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
2 2
(1 − 𝑥 ) + ( ) (−2𝑥) = 4 ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 2
−𝑥 −2=0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

41
77. If x = sin t, y = sin pt, prove that

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(1 − 𝑥 2 ) −𝑥 + 𝑝2 𝑦 = 0.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

[CBSE 2019, 2016]

Solution

We have, 𝑥 = sin 𝑡 and 𝑦 = sin 𝑝𝑡

𝑑𝑥
= cos 𝑡 and 𝑝 cos 𝑝𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑝 cos 𝑝𝑡
⇒ = 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
𝑑 2 𝑦 −𝑝2 sin 𝑝𝑡 cos 𝑡 + 𝑝 cos 𝑝𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= ×
𝑑𝑥 2 cos 2 𝑡 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 𝑝2 sin 𝑝𝑡 cos 𝑡 + 𝑝 cos 𝑝𝑡 sin 𝑡
⇒ =−
𝑑𝑥 2 cos3 𝑡
𝑑2𝑦 𝑝2 sin 𝑝𝑡 cos 𝑡 𝑝 cos 𝑝𝑡 sin 𝑡
⇒ = − +
𝑑𝑥 2 cos3 𝑡 cos3 𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦 −𝑝2 𝑦 𝑥
⇒ 2= + 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 cos 2 𝑡 cos 2 𝑡
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ cos2 𝑡 = −𝑝 2
𝑦 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ (1 − sin2 𝑡) 2
= −𝑝2 𝑦 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 2
−𝑥 + 𝑝2 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

78. If y = sin(sin x), prove that

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 cos 2 𝑥 = 0.
𝑑𝑥 2

[CBSE 2018]

Solution
42
Here, 𝑦 = sin(sin 𝑥)

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

𝑑𝑦
= cos(sin 𝑥) . cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Again, differentiating w.r.t. x both sides, we get
𝑑2𝑦
= − sin(sin 𝑥) . cos 𝑥 . cos 𝑥 + (− sin 𝑥) cos(sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2
= − cos2 𝑥 . sin(sin 𝑥) − sin 𝑥 . cos(sin 𝑥)
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Now, 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆. = 2 + tan 𝑥 + 𝑦 cos 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= − cos2 𝑥 . sin(sin 𝑥) − sin 𝑥 . cos(sin 𝑥)
+ tan 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 . cos(sin 𝑥)) + cos 2 𝑥 . sin(sin 𝑥)
= − sin 𝑥 . cos(sin 𝑥) + sin 𝑥 . cos(sin 𝑥)
= 0 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆.

𝑑2 𝑦
79. If xm yn = (x + y)m + n, prove that 𝑑𝑥 2 = 0.

[CBSE 2013, 2013C]

Solution

Given 𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑚+𝑛

Taking log on both the sides, we get

log 𝑥 𝑚 + log 𝑦 𝑛 = (𝑚 + 𝑛) log(𝑥 + 𝑦)
⇒ 𝑚 log 𝑥 + 𝑛 log 𝑦 = (𝑚 + 𝑛) log(𝑥 + 𝑦)
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
1 1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
𝑚. + 𝑛. . = (𝑚 + 𝑛). (1 + )
𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑛 𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑚+𝑛 𝑚
⇒ ( − )= −
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛𝑦 − 𝑚𝑦 − 𝑛𝑦 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑥 − 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑚𝑦
⇒ ( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 𝑛𝑥 − 𝑚𝑦 𝑛𝑥 − 𝑚𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
⇒ ( )= ∴ = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

43
 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑥 (𝑥 ) − 𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
= = =0 ∴ 2=0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
80. If 𝑒 𝑦 (𝑥 + 1) = 1, then show that 𝑑𝑥 2 = (𝑑𝑥 ) .

[CBSE 2017]

Solution

Given that 𝑒 𝑦 . (𝑥 + 1) = 1 ...(i)

Differentiating w.r.t.x, we get

𝑑 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑
𝑒𝑦 (𝑥 + 1) + (𝑥 + 1) 𝑒 = (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑒 𝑦 + (𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑒 𝑦 [1 + (𝑥 + 1) ] = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 + 1) = −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1
and = … (𝑖𝑖)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑦 2 1
𝑜𝑟 ( ) = … (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)2
Again, differentiating (ii) w.r.t. x, we get
𝑑2𝑦 1 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
= ⇒ = ( ) [𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)]
𝑑𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑦
81. If y = xx, prove that 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑦 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑥 = 0.

[CBSE 2016, 2014]

Solution

We have, 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 log 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑒 𝑥 log 𝑥 (𝑥 × + log 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + log 𝑥) ⇒ = 𝑦(1 + log 𝑥) … (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

44
 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
= (1 + log 𝑥). + 𝑦 ×
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑦
⇒ = ( ) + [𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (1)]
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 2 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑦
⇒ − ( ) − =0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
82. If y = 2cos (log x) + 3sin (log x), prove that 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 +𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥

[CBSE 2016 ]

Solution

We have, y = 2 cos (log x) + 3 sin (log x)

Differentiating w.r.t.x. we get

𝑑𝑦 1 1
= −2 sin(log 𝑥) × + 3 cos(log 𝑥) ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒𝑥 = −2 sin(log 𝑥) + 3 cos(log 𝑥) … (1)
𝑑𝑥
Again, differentiating w.rt.x, we get
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 1
𝑥 2
+ = −2 cos(log 𝑥) × − 3 sin(log 𝑥) ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑥2 2
+𝑥 = −[2 cos(log 𝑥) + 3 sin(log 𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑥2 2
+ 𝑥 = −𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 2
2
+𝑥 +𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
83. If x = a cos θ + b sin θ, y = a sin θ – b cos θ, show that 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0

[CBSE 2015, 2014, 2013C]

Solution

Given, 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 + 𝑏 sin 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃 − 𝑏 cos 𝜃

⇒ 𝑥 2 = 𝑎2 cos2 𝜃 + 𝑏 2 sin2 𝜃 + 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

and 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 sin2 𝜃 + 𝑏 2 cos2 𝜃 − 2𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
Adding (1) and (2), we get 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏²

45
 Differentiating w.r.tx, we get
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0 ⇒𝑥+𝑦 =0 … (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
1+𝑦 2+( ) =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Multiplying by y on both sides, we get
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦2 2
+ (𝑦. ) +𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑦2 2
−𝑥 +𝑦 =0 [𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (1)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

−1 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑦
84. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚 sin , −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, then show that (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 2 − − 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0.
𝑑𝑥

[CBSE 2015]

Solution
−1 𝑥
We have 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚 sin

Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑚 𝑚𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑚 sin 𝑥 ( )= … (1)
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2
Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
√1 − 𝑥 2 − . (−2𝑥)
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2√1 − 𝑥 2
=𝑚 [ ]
𝑑𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥 2 )

𝑑2𝑦 𝑥𝑦
⇒ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 2
= 𝑚 [𝑚𝑦 + ] [𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (1)]
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
2)
𝑑2 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
⇒ (1 − 𝑥 = 𝑚 [𝑚𝑦 + 𝑥. ( . )]
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑚 𝑑𝑥
2)
𝑑2 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦
⇒ (1 − 𝑥 = 𝑚 𝑦 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑥 − 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

46
 𝑛 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
85. If y = (𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 ) , then show that (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛2 𝑦.

[CBSE 2015, 2013C]

Solution
𝑛
We have, 𝑦 = (𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 )

Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

𝑑𝑦 𝑛−1 2𝑥
= 𝑛 (𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 ) (1 + )
𝑑𝑥 2√1 + 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑛−1 √1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥
⇒ √ 2
= 𝑛 (𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 ) ( )
𝑑𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 2
𝑛
𝑑𝑦 𝑛(𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑛𝑦
⇒ = = … (1)
𝑑𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 2 √1 + 𝑥 2
Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
𝑑𝑦 2(𝑥𝑦)
√1 + 𝑥 2 . 𝑑𝑥 −
𝑑2𝑦 2√1 + 𝑥 2
2
=𝑛 [ 2
]
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥

2)
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑛𝑦 𝑥𝑦
⇒ (1 + 𝑥 = 𝑛 [ √1 + 𝑥 2 × − ]
𝑑𝑥 2 √1 + 𝑥 2 √1 + 𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑛𝑥𝑦
⇒ (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 2
= 𝑛2 𝑦 −
𝑑𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 2
= 𝑛2 𝑦 − 𝑥 [𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (1)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 2
+𝑥 = 𝑛2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
86. If 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥 , show that 𝑑𝑥 2 − (𝑚 + 𝑛) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑚𝑛𝑦 = 0

[CBSE 2020]

Solution

Given 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥

Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

47
 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
= 𝐴𝑒 . 𝑚 + 𝐵𝑒 . 𝑛 ⇒ 2 = 𝑚2 𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛2 𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥
𝑚𝑥 𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Now, L. H. S. = 2 − (𝑚 + 𝑛) + 𝑚𝑛𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑚2 𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛2 𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥 − (𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑚𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥 ) + 𝑚𝑛(𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥 )
= 𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 [𝑚2 − (𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑚 + 𝑚𝑛] + 𝑏𝐸 𝑛𝑥 [𝑛2 − (𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑛 + 𝑚𝑛]
= 𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 × 0 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥 × 0 = 0 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆.

𝑑2 𝑦 𝜋
87. If x = a(cos t + t sin t) and y = a(sin t – t cos t), then find the value of 𝑑𝑥 2 at 𝑡 = 4 .

[CBSE 2014C]

Solution

Here, 𝑥 = 𝑎(cos 𝑡 + 𝑡 sin 𝑡)

𝑑𝑥
⇒ = 𝑎[− sin 𝑡 + 1. sin 𝑡 + 𝑡 cos 𝑡] = 𝑎𝑡 cos 𝑡 … (1)
𝑑𝑡
and 𝑦 = 𝑎(sin 𝑡 − 𝑡 cos 𝑡)
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑎[cos 𝑡 − (1. cos 𝑡 − 𝑡 sin 𝑡)] = 𝑎 𝑡 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡 𝑎 𝑡 sin 𝑡
∴ = = = tan 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 𝑎 𝑡 cos 𝑡
𝑑2𝑦 2
𝑑𝑡 sec 2 𝑡
⇒ = sec 𝑡 . = [𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1)]
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑡 cos 𝑡
1 1
= .
𝑎 𝑡 cos3 𝑡
𝑑2𝑦 1 1 4 3 8√2
2
| = .𝜋 𝜋 = . (√2) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑡=𝜋 𝑎 cos 3 𝜋𝑎 𝜋𝑎
4 4 4

1 𝑑2 𝑦 𝜋
88. If 𝑥 = 𝑎 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑡𝑎𝑛 2) , 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑡, evaluate 𝑑𝑥 2 at 𝑡 = 3 .

[CBSE 2014C]

Solution

𝑡
Here, 𝑥 = 𝑎 (cos 𝑡 + log tan 2)

48
 𝑑𝑥 1 1 2
𝑡
⇒ = 𝑎 (− sin 𝑡 + .
𝑡 2 sec )
𝑑𝑡 tan 2 2

𝑡
cos 2 1 1
= 𝑎 (− sin 𝑡 + 𝑡 . 𝑡 ) = 𝑎 (− sin 𝑡 + )
sin 2 2 cos2 2 sin 𝑡

(− sin2 𝑡 + 1) 𝑎 cos2 𝑡
=𝑎 =
sin 𝑡 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑦
Also, 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑡 ⇒ = 𝑎 cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡 sin 𝑡
∴ = = 𝑎 cos 𝑡 . = tan 𝑡 ..
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 𝑎 cos 2 𝑡
Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
𝑑2𝑦 2
𝑑𝑡 sec 2 𝑡 sin 𝑡
2
= sec 𝑡 . = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 cos 𝑡 / sin 𝑡 𝑎 cos 4 𝑡
2

𝜋
𝑑2𝑦 sin 3 √3/2 8√3
∴ 2
| = 𝜋 = 4
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑡=𝜋 𝑎 cos 4 𝑎(1/2) 𝑎
3 3

𝑑2 𝑦
89. If x = a sin t and y = a(cos t + log tan(t/2)), find 𝑑𝑥 2 .

[CBSE 2013]

Solution

We have, 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝑡

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

𝑑𝑥
= 𝑎 cos 𝑡 … (𝑖)
𝑑𝑡
Also, 𝑦 = 𝑎(cos 𝑡 + log tan(𝑡/2))
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
𝑑𝑦 1 1
= 𝑎 [− sin 𝑡 + . sec 2 (𝑡/2) . ]
𝑑𝑡 tan(𝑡/2) 2
1
= 𝑎 [− sin 𝑡 + ]
2 sin(𝑡/2) . cos(𝑡/2)
𝑑𝑦 1 1 − sin2 𝑡
⇒ = 𝑎 [− sin 𝑡 + ] = 𝑎( )
𝑑𝑡 sin 𝑡 sin 𝑡

49
 𝑑𝑦 𝑎 cos2 𝑡
⇒ = … (𝑖𝑖)
𝑑𝑡 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡 𝑎 cos2 𝑡 𝑑𝑦
Now, = =( ) /(𝑎 cos 𝑡) ⇒ = cot 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑥
Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, both sides, we get
𝑑2𝑦 2
𝑑𝑡
= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑡.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑡. (𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖))
𝑎 cos 𝑡
𝑑2𝑦 −1
⇒ 2
= 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 sin 𝑡 . cos 𝑡

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
90. If 𝑦 = log [𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 ], show that (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 ) 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0.

[CBSE 2017]

Solution

Given that 𝑦 = log(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 ) ...(1)

Differentiating (1) w.r.t. ‘x’ on both sides, we get

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
= . (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= (1 + . 2𝑥)
𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 2√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
1 (√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑥)
= .
𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = ⇒ √𝑥 2 + 𝑎 2 =1 … (2)
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥
Again, differentiating (2) on both sides w.r.t. x, we get
𝑑2𝑦 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦
√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 2
+ =0
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 ) 2
+𝑥 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝜋
91. If x = a cos3 θ and y = a sin3 θ, then find the value of 𝑑𝑥 2 at θ = 6 .

[CBSE 2013]

50
 Solution

Here 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 3 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin3 𝜃

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 3𝑎 cos2 𝜃 . (− sin 𝜃) and = 3𝑎 sin2 𝜃 . cos 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝜃 3𝑎 sin2 𝜃 cos 𝜃
⇒ = = = − tan 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝜃 −3𝑎 cos 2 𝜃 sin 𝜃
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
𝑑2𝑦 2
𝑑𝜃 sec 2 𝜃 1 1
= − sec 𝜃 = − = .
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 −3𝑎 cos 2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 3𝑎 cos4 𝜃 . sin 𝜃
𝑑2 𝑦 1 1 1 1 32
∴ | = . = . =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝜃=𝜋 3𝑎 cos 4 𝜋 . sin 𝜋 3𝑎 √3 4 1 27𝑎
6 6 6 ( 2 ) .2

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
92. If 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 , then show that 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0.

[CBSE SQP 2019-20]

Solution

We have, 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 ...(i)

𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 2𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 … (𝑖𝑖)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
⇒ = 4𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 … (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆. = − − 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
= (4𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 ) − (2𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 ) − 2(𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 )
[𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖), (𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)]
= 4𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 = 0 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆.
𝑑2 𝑦 𝜋
93. If 𝑥 = 𝑎(cos 2𝜃 + 2𝜃 sin 2𝜃) and 𝑦 = 𝑎(sin 2𝜃 − 2𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃), find 𝑑𝑥 2 at 𝜃 = 8 .

[CBSE SQP 2019-20]

Solution

Given, 𝑥 = 𝑎(cos 2𝜃 + 2𝜃 sin 2𝜃)

51
 𝑑𝑥
⇒ = 𝑎(−2 sin 2𝜃 + 2 sin 2𝜃 + 4𝜃 cos 2𝜃)
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥
⇒ = 𝑎(4𝜃 cos 2𝜃)
𝑑𝜃
Again, (𝑦 = 𝑎(sin 2𝜃 − 2𝜃 cos 2𝜃)
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑎(2 cos 2𝜃 + 4𝜃 sin 2𝜃 − 2 cos 2𝜃)
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑎(4𝜃 sin 2𝜃) … (𝑖𝑖)
𝑑𝜃
From (i) and (ii), we get
𝑑𝑦 𝑎(4𝜃 sin 2𝜃)
= = tan 2𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑎(4𝜃 cos 2𝜃)
Differentiating again w.r.t. x, we get
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝜃
2
= 2 sec 2 2𝜃 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 1
⇒ 2 = 2 sec 2 2𝜃 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑎(4𝜃 cos 2𝜃)
𝑑2𝑦 𝜋 1 8√2
[ 2] = 2 sec 2 . =
𝑑𝑥 𝜃=𝜋 4 𝑎 (4 𝜋 cos 𝜋) 𝜋𝑎
8 8 4

𝑥 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
94. If y = x log (𝑎+𝑏𝑥), then prove that 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 2 = (𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦) .

[CBSE 2013C]

Solution

𝑥
Here, 𝑦 = 𝑥 log (𝑎+𝑏𝑥) ...(1)

⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 [log 𝑥 − log(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥)] = 𝑥 log 𝑥 − 𝑥 log(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 1 1
⇒ = 𝑥. + 1. log 𝑥 − [1. log(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥) + 𝑥. . 𝑏]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥
𝑏𝑥
= 1− + log 𝑥 − log(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥)
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑎 𝑥
⇒ = + log ( ) … (2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑎 𝑦
⇒ = + [𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑥
Again, differentiating (2) w.r.t. x, we get

52
 𝑑2𝑦 −2
𝑎(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥)
= 𝑎. (−1)(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥) . 𝑏 +
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥)2
−𝑎𝑏 𝑎 −𝑎𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥) 𝑎2
= + = =
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥)2 𝑥(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥) 𝑥(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥)2 𝑥(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥)2
2
𝑑𝑦
Now, R. H. S. = (𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑦 2 𝑎𝑥 2 𝑑2𝑦
= {𝑥. [ + ] − 𝑦} = ( ) and L. H. S. = 𝑥 3 2
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎2 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑥 2
= = [ ] = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆.
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥)2 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥

1
95. If 𝑥 = tan (𝑎 log 𝑦), then show that

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + (2𝑥 − 𝑎) 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
𝑑𝑥 2

[CBSE 2013C]

Solution

1
We have, 𝑥 = tan (𝑎 log 𝑦)

1
⇒ log 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥
𝑎
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
1 1 𝑑𝑦 1 2)
𝑑𝑦
. . = ⇒ (1 + 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦
𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) 2
+ 2𝑥. =𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 2
+ (2𝑥 − 𝑎) =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

96. If x = cos θ and y = sin3 θ, then prove that

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 + (𝑑𝑥 ) = 3 sin2 𝜃 (5 cos2 𝜃 − 1).

[CBSE 2013C]

Solution

53
Given 𝑥 = cos 𝜃 and 𝑦 = sin3 𝜃

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = − sin 𝜃 and = 3 sin2 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝜃 3 sin2 𝜃 cos 𝜃
∴ = = = −3 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝜃 − sin 𝜃
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
𝑑2𝑦 2
𝑑𝜃 2 2
−1
= [−3 cos 𝜃 − 3 sin 𝜃 (− sin 𝜃)] = (−3 cos 𝜃 + 3 sin 𝜃).
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝜃
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
Now, L. H. S. = 𝑦 2 + ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 cos 2 𝜃 − 3 sin2 𝜃
= sin3 𝜃 ( ) + (−3 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃)2
sin 𝜃
= sin2 𝜃 (3 cos2 𝜃 − 3 sin2 𝜃) + 9 sin2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃
= 3 sin2 𝜃 (cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 + 3 cos 2 𝜃)
= 3 sin2 𝜃 (4 cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃) = 3 sin2 𝜃 (4 cos2 𝜃 − 1 + cos2 𝜃)
= 3 sin2 𝜃 (5 cos2 𝜃 − 1) = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆.
97. The derivative of
1
sin−1(2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 ) w.r.t. sin−1 𝑥 , < 𝑥 < 1, is
√2
𝜋 𝜋
(a) 2 (b) 2 − 2 (c) 2 (d) – 2

[CBSE SQP 2021-22]

Solution

(a) : Let 𝑢 = sin−1(2𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 ) ...(i)

1
and 𝑣 = sin−1 𝑥 , <𝑥<1
√2
⇒ sin 𝑣 = 𝑥 … (𝑖𝑖)
From (i) and (ii), we get
𝑢 = sin−1 (2 sin 𝑣 cos 𝑣) = sin−1(sin 2𝑣)
⇒ 𝑢 = 2𝑣
Differentiating with respect to v both sides, we get
𝑑𝑢
=2
𝑑𝑣

54